Search

Septal and turbinate surgeries are often performed concurrently for nasal obstruction, yet the causative pathology for each structure becoming symptomatic can usually be attributed to structural deformity and mucosal problems respectively. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

This paper will present the first successful application of ceramic sand screen in Malaysia. Oil production from the field has a long history beginning with the first production in 1972. A great number of sand control methods have been tested and applied in the field. Production history has showed instances of sand production contributed by factors such as in-situ stress changes, increase in water production and cascading effect from production operation activities. A few wells completed with primary sand control equipment have failed and remedial action by metallic through tubing sand screen experiencing rapid wear, forcing the operator to control sand production by beaning down the wells and closely monitoring sand production at surface overtime. Worse still, some of the wells had to be closed-in. Hence ceramic sand screen was considered as remedial sand control due to its superior durability and resistance compared to metallic sand screen. This paper incorporates sand retention tests conducted using actual core samples to customize the slot opening/size, impact test conducted using actual ceramic sand screen assemblies in a training well to look closely at the installation mode and tool assemblies, newly-developedinstallationand well unloading procedure as guidance for offshore personnel and actual field result of the wells installed with the ceramic sand screen. Through tubing remedial sand control using ceramic sand screen has successfully revived the idle wells back to production at a lower total cost, oil gain beyond the initial target and higher Return OfInvestment (ROI). It has proven to be a great new technique which enables the effective sand control in highly erosive environment and would openup bigger opportunities to unleash locked-in potential of wells with sand production problem throughout PETRONAS’ operation.

The current state of oil and gas economics has emphasized focus in managing and optimizing production from mature fields. It is estimated that approximately 70% of the world's oil and gas production are contributed by mature fields. Sand production is common as pressure declines and water breakthrough takes place. Clastic reservoirs with unconsolidated formation sand with moderate and high permeability are prone to produce sand under these conditions. In gas producing environments, conventional sand control can place demands for continued expensive remediation investment through the wells producing life as high gas velocity increases the chances of erosion and failure of downhole equipment. Gas reservoirs have always been an integral part Malaysia's oil and gas business. As the well the portfolio expands to cater for the regional energy demand, focus on fit for purpose sand control in gas wells is crucial in ensuring continuous production delivery to customers. As a current practice, sand production has been handled by standalone metal screens or combined with gravel packing. One of the cheaper options available in the market is the ceramic sand screen that allows for rigless installation while providing durable material which is resistant to erosion caused by high gas velocity for a continuous production as the ceramic material is 10 times harder than steel (Jackson et al., 2015) and it is more resistant to corrosion in comparison to steel (Wheeler et al., 2014). This paper will focus on the revival strategy of a gas well with a currently damaged screen due to erosion. As this is the first through tubing ceramic sand screen deployment in a gas well in Malaysia, a feasibility process was put place to ensure safe operation and deployment success. Depending on the current well completion profiles, the assessment includes selection of sand screen specification, actual installation sequence, methodology in ensuring safe and successful deployment of ceramic sand screen downhole are focused. The study and assessment has provided future reference for superior downhole sand control options in gas well applications.

Objective Unlocking the data contained within both structured and unstructured components of electronic health records (EHRs) has the potential to provide a step change in data available for secondary research use, generation of actionable medical insights, hospital management, and trial recruitment. To achieve this, we implemented SemEHR, an open source semantic search and analytics tool for EHRs. Methods SemEHR implements a generic information extraction (IE) and retrieval infrastructure by identifying contextualized mentions of a wide range of biomedical concepts within EHRs. Natural language processing annotations are further assembled at the patient level and extended with EHR-specific knowledge to generate a timeline for each patient. The semantic data are serviced via ontology-based search and analytics interfaces. Results SemEHR has been deployed at a number of UK hospitals, including the Clinical Record Interactive Search, an anonymized replica of the EHR of the UK South London and Maudsley National Health Service Foundation Trust, one of Europe’s largest providers of mental health services. In 2 Clinical Record Interactive Search–based studies, SemEHR achieved 93% (hepatitis C) and 99% (HIV) F-measure results in identifying true positive patients. At King’s College Hospital in London, as part of the CogStack program (github.com/cogstack), SemEHR is being used to recruit patients into the UK Department of Health 100 000 Genomes Project (genomicsengland.co.uk). The validation study suggests that the tool can validate previously recruited cases and is very fast at searching phenotypes; time for recruitment criteria checking was reduced from days to minutes. Validated on open intensive care EHR data, Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care III, the vital signs extracted by SemEHR can achieve around 97% accuracy. Conclusion Results from the multiple case studies demonstrate SemEHR’s efficiency: weeks or months of work can be done within hours or minutes in some cases. SemEHR provides a more comprehensive view of patients, bringing in more and unexpected insight compared to study-oriented bespoke IE systems. SemEHR is open source, available at https://github.com/CogStack/SemEHR.

Evaluate retention efforts in an ongoing longitudinal multi-site study to develop a self-administered, simple-to-score caries risk tool to identify young children at risk of developing dental caries through medical settings. Preliminary study data had suggested that expected retention rates within a year of follow up, without any intermediate contact, would be approx. 75% in the target population. 1,326 primary caregiver/infant (1 year ± 3 months) pairs were enrolled at baseline across three study sites (Duke University, Indiana University, University of Iowa). Children were …

BACKGROUND There is growing interest in the potential for wearable and mobile devices to deliver clinically relevant information in real-world contexts. However, there is limited information on their acceptability and barriers to long-term use in people living with psychosis. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to describe the development, implementation, feasibility, acceptability, and user experiences of the Sleepsight platform, which harnesses consumer wearable devices and smartphones for the passive and unobtrusive capture of sleep and rest-activity profiles in people with schizophrenia living in their homes. METHODS A total of 15 outpatients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia used a consumer wrist-worn device and smartphone to continuously and remotely gather rest-activity profiles over 2 months. Once-daily sleep and self-rated symptom diaries were also collected via a smartphone app. Adherence with the devices and smartphone app, end-of-study user experiences, and agreement between subjective and objective sleep measures were analyzed. Thresholds for acceptability were set at a wear time or diary response rate of 70% or greater. RESULTS Overall, 14 out of 15 participants completed the study. In individuals with a mild to moderate symptom severity at baseline (mean total Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale score 58.4 [SD 14.4]), we demonstrated high rates of engagement with the wearable device (all participants meeting acceptability criteria), sleep diary, and symptom diary (93% and 86% meeting criteria, respectively), with negative symptoms being associated with lower diary completion rate. The end-of-study usability and acceptability questionnaire and qualitative analysis identified facilitators and barriers to long-term use, and paranoia with study devices was not a significant barrier to engagement. Comparison between sleep diary and wearable estimated sleep times showed good correspondence (ρ=0.50, P CONCLUSIONS Extended use of wearable and mobile technologies are acceptable to people with schizophrenia living in a community setting. In the future, these technologies may allow predictive, objective markers of clinical status, including early markers of impending relapse.

When the editors of Critical Studies on Terrorism wrote their introduction to the inaugural issue in April 2008, they noted that “terrorism” was a “growth industry” which generated a huge amount of social and political activity, and affected an extensive list of areas of social and cultural life (Breen Smyth et al, 2008: 1). They also noted that there was a yawning gap between the actual material threat posed by terrorists, and the level of investment and activity devoted to responding to it. They suggested that a central analytical task facing critical scholars of terrorism was therefore to explain “how such a small set of behaviours by such small numbers of individuals generates such a pervasive, intrusive and complex series of effects across the world” (Ibid). Lastly, they noted that the political, legal, cultural and academic context in which the journal was being launched was characterised by a very violent global war on terror, frequent moral panics and the political manipulation of terrorism fears, increasingly draconian anti-terrorism legislation, and the mass proliferation of academic and cultural terrorism-related texts.

Introduction: There are very few opportunities for long term, comprehensive post-graduate education in developing countries because of fiscal and human resource constraints. Therefore, physiotherapists have little opportunity following graduation to advance their skills through the improvement of clinical reasoning and treatment planning and application. Background: To address the need for sustainable advanced instruction in physiotherapy within the country, a post-graduate Residency program was initiated in Nairobi, Kenya in 2012. The mission of the program is to graduate advanced orthopaedic practitioners who can lead their communities and local profession in the advancement of clinical care and education. Since its inception, six cohorts have been initiated for a total of 90 resident participants. In addition, six program graduates are being trained to continue the Residency program and are serving as teaching assistants for the on campus modules. This training will result in a self-sustaining program by 2020. Discussion: The manual therapy Residency education model allowed for advancement of the participating physiotherapists professional development utilizing evidence based practice. This was done without altering the current education system within the country, or accessing expensive equipment. Concluding Remarks: The Residency program was developed and established with the cooperation of a local education institution and a non-profit corporation in the United States. This collaboration has facilitated the advancement of orthopaedic clinical standards in the country and will, hopefully, one day serve an as a template for future programs.

This chapter argues that despite all the media attention, punditry, scholarly analysis, and official commentary, Osama bin Laden's death remains an essentially meaningless (non-)event. His death is meaningless or without consequence in two main senses of the word. First, it is meaningless in real-world strategic and material terms. For example, as a direct consequence of bin Laden's death, no counterterrorism programs have been scaled back or ended, counterterrorism laws repealed, military or security funding reduced, security agencies scaled down or closed, foreign training programs ended, overseas military forces withdrawn, or military bases closed. Instead, the global counterterrorism effort remains completely unchanged by his death and continues on as it has for the past ten years. Second, and perhaps more importantly, bin Laden's death has generated so many divergent meanings that it has been rendered ultimately meaningless in terms of its analytical consequences, symbolism, and epistemological significance.

Diclofenac is one of the most widely prescribed nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs worldwide. It is frequently detected in surface waters; however, whether this pharmaceutical poses a risk to aquatic organisms is debated. Here we quantified the uptake of diclofenac by the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) following aqueous exposure (0.2-25.0 μg L

This article proposes a general analytical framework for how we might better understand intrastate war and related forms of organised political violence. It begins by setting out our understanding of agency and structure, before outlining the key structures and agents central to the social construction of political violence. This is followed by a discussion of some of the common discursive practices frequently observed in the lead-up to the outbreak of organised violence, such as the widespread articulation of threat and victimhood narratives, the demonisation and dehumanisation of an enemy other, the renegotiation of norms of violence and the suppression of counter-hegemonic and anti-violence voices. The article argues that organised and sustained political violence is contingent on two key facilitating conditions. First, the presence of a particular set of material and discursive structures, including the military instruments for sustained violence, an economic basis for prosecuting war and a set of soc...

Introduction: In this 3-year longitudinal study, parent/child attended 3 dental visits and in between, parents were called every 4 months and asked if their child had visited the dentist and if fluoride varnish had been applied. Methods: Objectives were to assess changes in parents’ perceptions of how well they do in taking care of their children’s teeth and/or gums across these 3 time points (at age 1, 2.5, and 4 years), assess differences in parents’ perceptions of how well they do taking care of their children’s teeth and/or gums versus taking care of their children’s medical health, and determine factors associated with parental perceptions of how well they do in taking care of the children’s teeth and/or gums longitudinally. Results: Participant pairs (1325) were enrolled and over time there was a significant improvement in parental perceptions of their job taking care of their children’s teeth and/or gums, increasing from 86% perceiving it to be excellent/very good/good at their child’s 1 year of age to 92% at child’s age 4 years. The estimated odds of parents perceiving they provided excellent/very good/good versus fair/poor care for the children’s teeth and/or gums were higher for those who cleaned and checked inside the children’s mouth and/or gums daily (odds ratio 4.74) or took their children to the dentist yearly or twice yearly (odds ratio; 2.73). Conclusions: Parents’ perceptions of the care of their children’s teeth and/or gums improved over time. Parents consistently perceived that they provided better medical care than dental care for their child.

Three studies investigated the effects of presentation modality and redundancy of verbal content on recognition memory for entertainment film dialogue. U.S. participants watched two brief movie clips and afterward answered multiple-choice questions about information from the dialogue. Experiment 1 compared recognition memory for spoken dialogue in the native language (English) with subtitles in English, French, or no subtitles. Experiment 2 compared memory for material in English subtitles with spoken dialogue in English, French, or no sound. Experiment 3 examined three control conditions with no spoken or captioned material in the native language. All participants watched the same video clips and answered the same questions. Performance was consistently good whenever English dialogue appeared in either the subtitles or sound, and best of all when it appeared in both, supporting the facilitation of verbal redundancy. Performance was also better when English was only in the subtitles than when it was only spoken. Unexpectedly, sound or subtitles in an unfamiliar language (French) modestly improved performance, as long as there was also a familiar channel. Results extend multimedia research on verbal redundancy for expository material to verbal information in entertainment media.

I am grateful to Jacob Sump for his thoughtful engagement with my article, and to the editors of BS TPA for allowing me the opportunity to reply to some of the concerns and issues raised in Stumps comments. The publication of these kinds of intellectual exchanges is important for the continued development of the wider field of terrorism studies, not least because the nature and definition of the fumes central concept remains highly contested, and how we conceive of terrorism as an object of research will have a real and lasting impact on how we study, speak about and respond to it. In this case, it is also an important means of bringing together different sides of the field and allowing new kinds of questions and issues to be raised in a public scholarly forum. In this brief reply, I will direct my comments mainly to a few clarifications about the aims and purposes of the original article as a way of addressing some of the criticisms raised by stone. I would leave the more complex and broader ontological and epistemological issues to be debated by others for qualified. My purpose in writing the article and publishing it in this journal (rather than in Critical Studies on Terrorism, for example) was, to use Stumps terms, to try and find a middle way between duelist and monist approaches to the study of terrorism. That is, I tried to tentatively suggest a set of definitional anchorages and provide a definition which charts of course between the extremes of ontological essentialism and radical contingency. To my view, dualists take an ontologically essential view of what terrorism is, while monists are radically contingent in treating terrorism as a metaphor or social construction. In other words, my purpose was actually to try to open up and widen the field by, first, encouraging those terrorism scholars who adapt to a dualist ontology to be more reflexive in their use of categories and to a college historical and cultural contingency and therefore limitations of the term, and second, encouraging those critical scholars who adopt a monist position like stump himself, to refrain from throwing the baby out with the bathwater and retreating into a form of terrorism studies that restricts itself to the study of the discourses, metaphors, and representational practices of terrorism.... In addition, my intention in the article was to try and contribute some thoughts to a very specific but important problem within the wider terrorism studies view, That is the definitional problem, While at the same time, responding to critics of critical terrorism studies CTS who the wisdom and utility of retaining the term"terrorism" at all within our critical project. The article was certainly not intended to "clarify and advance CTS" as a whole or contribute to...

The study had 2 major purposes. First, it showed that the same task (Brown-Peterson task) can be used to test the memory abilities of both young children and adults, given an appropriate distracter task. Second, it illustrated that children can perform as accurately as adults on working memory tasks when prompted to use memory techniques such as rehearsal. Specifically, a modified version of the Brown-Peterson task (typically used with adults), tested working memory of adults and children aged 5-6 years. The modification was reciting the pledge of allegiance as the distracter task, as the pledge is at a level where young children are just learning it, and thus they know it, but not exceptionally well. Adults would have previously overlearned it as children but may not have recited it recently. This allows for the use of the same distracter task, thus allowing for a direct comparison of children and adults. Under experimental conditions, both groups showed a typical Brown-Peterson decay curve, with children showing a steeper decay than adults. With no distracter, adults performed at ceiling level, but only when rehearsal was encouraged did the accuracy of recalling the trigrams in the Brown-Peterson task improve for children, resulting in similar performance as adults.

This paper reviews several central theoretical cnstructs in contemporary cognitive psychology and argues that such knowledge can be useful for the applied Iinguist. An example of such a use is then discussed: the study of the way consumers draw inferences about products from advertisements and then remember those inferences as facts. A second example of the influence of the wording of a question on eyewitness memory is also examined.

Cet article traite, comme le suggère le titre, des dilemmes stratégiques auxquels les Sassanides étaient confrontés : la série de guerres contre les Romains, celle contre les Hephtalites, la montée du pouvoir des Turcs pendant le règne de Ḫosrow Anūšīrvān, et la succession de crises annonçant la chute de l’empire sassanide. Dans son style inimitable, l’A. décrit et analyse l’histoire de la grande offensive militaire lancée par Ḫosrow II contre l’empire romain et la sévère contre-attaque menée...

Une œuvre classique traitant de l’historiographie de la naissance de l’Islam, de la chute des empires romain et sassanide, et de l’établissement de l’empire des Arabes. L’analyse de ces événements, qui se sont déroulés à une vitesse étonnante au cours d’une seule génération (AD 610-652), demande une large vue, car une telle étude peut être affaiblie par une sorte de pointillisme au niveau de l’historiographie. Cependant la critique de Howard-Johnston, imprégnée de détails et de profondeur, ne...

OBJECTIVES: To determine the effect of enhanced cleaning of the near-patient environment on the isolation of hospital pathogens from the bed area and staff hands. DESIGN: Prospective randomized crossover study over the course of 1 yr. SETTING: Intensive care units at two teaching hospitals. PATIENTS: There were 1252 patients staying during enhanced cleaning and 1331 staying during standard cleaning. INTERVENTIONS: In each of six 2-month periods, one unit was randomly selected for additional twice-daily enhanced cleaning of hand contact surfaces. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Agar contact samples were taken at five sites around randomly selected bed areas, from staff hands, and from communal sites three times daily for 12 bed days per week. Patients admitted in the year commencing April 2007 were analyzed for hospital-acquired colonization and infection. Over the course of 1152 bed days, 20,736 samples were collected. Detection of environmental methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus per bed-area day was reduced during enhanced cleaning phases from 82 of 561 (14.6%) to 51 of 559 (9.1%) (adjusted odds ratio, 0.59; 95% confidence interval, 0.40-0.86; p = .006). Other targeted pathogens (Acinetobacter baumannii, extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Gram-negative bacteria, vancomycin-resistant enterococci, and Clostridium difficile) were rarely detected. Subgroup analyses showed reduced methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus contamination on doctors' hands during enhanced cleaning (3 of 425; 0.7% vs. 11 of 423; 2.6%; adjusted odds ratio, 0.26; 95% confidence interval, 0.07-0.95; p = .025) and a trend to reduction on nurses' hands (16 of 1647; 1.0% vs. 28 of 1694; 1.7%; adjusted odds ratio 0.56; 95% confidence interval, 0.29-1.08; p = .077). All 1252 critical care patients staying during enhanced and 1,331 during standard cleaning were included, but no significant effect on patient methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus acquisition was observed (adjusted odds ratio, 0.98; 95% confidence interval, 0.58-1.65; p = .93). CONCLUSIONS: Enhanced cleaning reduced environmental contamination and hand carriage, but no significant effect was observed on patient acquisition of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. TRIAL REGISTRY: ISRCTN. Identifier: 06298448. http://www.controlled-trials.com/isrctn/.

The present studies examined the effects of varying degrees of unfamiliar vocabulary within written discourse on individuals' abilities to use linguistic context for the purposes of translation and comprehension (i.e., lexical inferencing). Prose varied in the number of foreign words introduced into each sentence (e.g., 0 through 7 content words per sentence). Furthermore, Krashen's Input Hypothesis and the Evaluation component of the Involvement Load Hypothesis were tested to determine the degree at which non-comprehensible input hinders the ability of a learner to successfully use linguistic context for translation and comprehension. Results indicated that, as the number of foreign words per sentence, i.e., non-comprehensible input, increased the ability to successfully translate foreign words and create situational models for comprehension begins to decrease especially beyond five unfamiliar words per sentence. This result suggests that there is an optimal level of effectiveness in the use of a linguistic context strategy for learning foreign language vocabulary, but also that there is a limit to the strategy's effectiveness. Implications and applications to the field of foreign language learning are discussed.

A series of high-profile terrorism attacks, as well as international concern about the military successes and social media activities of Islamic State (IS) in Syria and Iraq, means that fourteen years after the beginning of the global “war on terror,” academic, media, and political interest in terrorism and counterterrorism remain as high as they have ever been. Since that momentous day in September 2001, terrorism – and the global response to it – has taken on a prominent role in foreign and security policy, policing, intelligence gathering, lawmaking, immigration, banking, homeland security, the news media, art, literature and movies, international relations, and academic research, among a multitude of other aspects of social, economic, political, and cultural life. In fact, in many respects, terrorism – or more accurately, the response to it – has become the fulcrum for a series of deep and profound transformations in the processes of international relations, the conduct of the state, culture and society, and the subjectivity of the citizen-subject. The rise and consolidation of the new academic field of critical terrorism studies (CTS) have been parts of this social history since 2001.

Trauma is one of the leading causes of death worldwide, with road traffic accidents being the leading cause of death in the age group of 15–29 years However, with modern advances in management and the introduction of specialised trauma centres, more and more are surviving severe and life-threatening trauma. The ideal timing of fracture fixation has been the subject of debate for a number of decades. There is evidence to suggest that fracture fixation in the patient with polytrauma is best achieved early on to reduce the incidence of morbidity and mortality, with damage control surgery in the more appropriate option in those patients who are haemodynamically unstable. However, early fracture fixation is not always possible, and the focus of this article is to review the common contributing factors resulting in delayed fixation. For the purpose of this discussion, we will consider all trauma as a single entity, taking into account that each type of fixation has its own complications, which are outside the scope of this article.

Political science and international relations scholarship increasingly places substantive emphasis on, to put it broadly, the power of discourse in shaping world politics. This Special Issue develops a research agenda that seeks to consolidate a set of data collection and analysis strategies that can be used in studying the way in which elite-driven discourses are legitimated and challenged – in other words, an agenda for studying everyday narratives in world politics. In doing so, the Special Issue makes a threefold contribution: it analyses how key themes with world politics are reproduced and narrated; it demonstrates the need to go beyond ‘methodological elitism’ in understanding narratives, legitimacy, and world politics; and it highlights some of the methodological and practical issues in researching everyday narratives. In this introductory article, we situate the Special Issue within a critique of constructivist methodology broadly conceived, conceptualise everyday sites of politics, and finally, provide an overview of the articles in the issue.

This article employs Foucault's concept of ‘subjugated knowledges’ to explore forms of knowledge which provide explanations of the nature, causes and solutions to terrorism and political violence, but which have been suppressed and silenced within the terrorism studies field. Subjugated knowledges include historical knowledges that are present within the functional and systemic ensemble of terrorism studies itself, but which have been masked by more dominant forms of knowledge, as well as knowledges outside of the field that have been disqualified and excluded as naive, inferior or below the required level of scientificity. This article analyses some of the primary mechanisms and processes by which knowledge subjugation takes place in terrorism studies and the consequences of such suppressions and exclusions. It argues that the presence of subjugated knowledge means that the field exists in a highly unstable condition where certain forms of knowledge are simultaneously known and unknown and where eruption...

This article assesses the validity of the concept of ‘religious terrorism’ and its consequences for research and policy practices. It explores the origins, assumptions and primary arguments of the term and subjects them to an analytical assessment. It argues that the distinctions typically drawn between ‘religious’ and ‘secular’ terrorism are problematic, both conceptually and empirically, and that the term is misleading in its typical assumptions about the motives, causes and behaviour of groups classified as ‘religious terrorist’. In particular, it shows that the behaviour of those thus labelled is so diverse, and often so indistinguishable from their ‘secular’ counterparts, that the term has little meaning without further qualification, while simultaneously obscuring important aspects of both ‘religious’ and ‘secular’ violence. It then goes on to illustrate how the term, rooted in a particular historically situated understanding of religion and a particular set of power structures, serves as a discipli...

This article offers a revisionary re‐description of the central characteristics of terrorism in an attempt to put forward a persuasive definition under which scholars could converge. It accepts that there are valid reasons for rejecting the term, not least because it is a socially constructed label that has been misused in public discourse. Nonetheless, it argues that, based on a ‘minimal foundationalist’ ontological position, it is possible to define and describe the key characteristics of terrorist violence. The article then attempts to re‐describe the characteristics of terrorism by dealing with a number of common misconceptions, such as the notion that terrorism is violence directed at civilians or non‐combatants by non‐state actors, before offering a contingent definition of terrorism relevant to the present historical moment. The article concludes by outlining a range of additional pragmatic and normative reasons for retaining the term as a research concept.

The Olympic Park site in east London was fragmented, polluted and divided by pylons and railways. In preparation for the London 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games, the UK's Olympic Delivery Authority has implemented environmental improvement on a huge scale – including remediating large swathes of the former industrial land, repairing and improving the waterways, removing invasive plants in river and rail corridors, and creating new habitats for native flora and fauna. This paper considers the London 2012 environmental strategy, the challenges in developing and implementing the strategy across the project, the achievements with regard to ecology, air quality, noise and waste, and the lessons which have been learned.

Although stress is frequently claimed to impede foreign language (FL) reading comprehension, it is usually not explained how. We investigated the effects of stress, working memory (WM) capacity, and inferential complexity on Spanish FL readers’ inferential processing during comprehension. Inferences, although necessary for reading comprehension, vary in inferential complexity and WM demands. We measured 55 intermediate-level Spanish FL learners’ reading comprehension, using questions with three levels of inferential complexity: non-inference (factual), bridging inference (pronoun referent), and pragmatic inference. We measured participants’ WM capacity and varied their stress level between blocks using a video camera. Results showed that higher WM learners were more accurate overall. Inference construction during comprehension was negatively related to inferential complexity. Stress increased processing time overall, with a trend toward greater effect on response times (RTs) for questions requiring greater inferential complexity. Higher WM learners showed a greater effect of inferential complexity on RTs than lower WM learners. More generally, and consistent with the Eysenck, Santos, Derekschan, and Calvo's (2007) Attentional Control Theory, analyses showed that higher WM learners strategically traded reading speed (processing efficiency) for greater comprehension accuracy (processing effectiveness), whereas lower WM learners only did so under stress and did so less successfully. Thus, stress impedes FL reading comprehension through interactions between WM capacity and inferential complexity, and such effects are moderated by strategy use.

The risk of social and political upheaval could grow throughout the developing world—even as the developed world's capacity to deal with such threats declines.

The purpose of this study was to identify risk factors to predict caries progression in toddlers in primary-healthcare settings for the cost-effective targeting of preventive and referral strategies. We examined 329 children (26 ± 6 mos old) twice, one year apart, in Indiana, USA. A 107-item structured interview was used to collect information from the primary caregiver and child on factors/beliefs/perceptions/behaviors that could affect caries development, transmission of bacteria, medical-dental health, and access to care. Bacterial levels, gingivitis, dental plaque, and caries experience were assessed. Multiple-variable logistic regression models of caries progression toward cavitation included family caries experience, transmission-related behaviors, dietary factors, health beliefs, and lower income, but differed in selected predictors/predictive power by race/ethnicity. Addition of clinical variables did not significantly improve the prediction.

Summary: Although watching movies is typically enjoyable, they also can elicit discomfort. The present studies investigated what makes some moviegoing experiences emotionally uncomfortable. Using autobiographical memory (Study 1) and scenarios/ vignettes methodology (Study 2), young adults remembered watching a movie that had made them uncomfortable or responded to scenarios about watching a particular type of movie with particular co-viewers (e.g. violent movie with one’s spouse). Movies eliciting discomfort were most often dramas (39%) or comedies (26%). Discomfort most often arose from content, particularly fairly explicit sex or violence, and secondarily from the presence of co-viewers. Often the two interacted, for example, being uncomfortable watching explicit sex with one’s parents. In terms of dealing with the discomfort, women were overall more direct and men more avoidant. A sizable minority was glad they had seen the film, in spite of the discomfort, and was open to seeing it again. Arguing from converging evidence, these different methodologies produced consistent results. Copyright # 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. People generally watch movies because they enjoy them and are entertained (Vorderer & Hartmann, 2009). Sometimes, however, they end up not enjoying a film as much as they had anticipated and may even be quite uncomfortable watching a particular movie. The present studies explored this type of

In 2003, the U.S. Department of Education's National Center for Education Statistics conducted the National Assessment of Adult Literacy (NAAL). The NAAL reported that over 90 million adults were functionally or marginally illiterate. When these individuals encounter the health care system, they often have difficulties with reading and understanding basic text and, as a result, have difficulty managing their disease or using medications. The purpose of this article is to describe our initial efforts to educate our students concerning health literacy, its consequences, and our assessment. As part of a new segment of the allied health curriculum, second-year dental hygiene students received a lecture concerning the prevalence of poor literacy in America and the possible consequences of poor literacy on their patients' ability to maintain oral health. To provide clinical experience with assessing health literacy, the students were instructed in the administration of a validated medical health literacy tool. This clinical exercise had two functions: 1) to familiarize students with assessing health literacy as part of their clinical experience and 2) to continue to gather preliminary data concerning the level of health literacy of adult patients at Indiana University School of Dentistry using a standardized methodology, the Short Test of Functional Health Literacy in Adults (S-TOFHLA). The results indicated that 13 percent of those assessed had "inadequate" or "marginal" literacy as measured by the S-TOFHLA. As a result, we plan to continue to expand our educational efforts and develop a larger investigation of the prevalence in our dental school population. With these data, we hope to develop effective educational programs and experiences for our students, faculty, and staff to improve their awareness and communication skills and ultimately improve the oral health of our patients.