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Beamforming theory is used to measure the phase angle between two input signals. Automatic adjustment of height and position of MIC using dc motors. Horizontal and vertical DC motors are attached with the mic. Microphone array signal processing is to enhance and extract information carried by acoustic waves received from a number of microphones. Differently placed microphones are receiving more or less the same signal but with a small time shift. The time delay estimation is calculated using LabVIEW software.

Abdomen is the central part of human body. Abdomen (waist) circumference >90cm in men and >85cm in women are a state of person in low health quality (obese). Sit up is one of physical activity-resistance training to abdomen muscles by lifting the upper body from lie back position then creating 90° of sit up angle. There are variations by changing the 90° of sit up angle to 45° and 120°. There are also moderately strong evidences that prove sit up changes the abdomen adiposity, so it wills benefits health quality. The goals of this study are not only to understand the correlation between sit up angles and changes of waist circumference but also to compare the changes of waist circumference between sit up angle 45°, 90° and 120°. 25 Students of Medical Faculty of Sam Ratulangi University were divided into 3 groups of sit up angle (45°,90°and 120°), each sample instructed to do 50 sit ups a day within 15 days of study. Before the first day of training and the last day after training, waist circumference was measured. Then, data were analyzed by IBM SPSS version 20 with the univariate analysis test. IBM SPSS version 20 with the univariate analysis test (α= 0, 05) shows the mean differences of waist circumference in group 45° sit up angle is 10 mm (p= 0,015), in group 90° sit up angle is 12,22 mm (p= 0,005), and in group 120° sit up angle is 13,75 (p= 0,045). Conclusion: There’s significant correlation between sit ups angle (45°, 90°, 120°) and waist circumference changes (p90cm bagi pria dan >85cm bagi wanita adalah tanda rendahnya kualitas kesehatan seseorang (obesitas). Sit up merupakan salah satu aktivitas fisik-latihan resistensi yang gerakannya melatih otot-otot perut mengangkat beban tubuh sampai membentuk sudut 90° dari posisi berbaring. Variasi dari sit up antara lain dengan mengubah sudut sit up dari 90° menjadi sudut 45° dan 120°. Sit up memiliki bukti cukup kuat mengurangi ukuran lingkar perut yang akhirnya meningkatkan kualitas kesehatan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengetahui hubungan sudut sit up dengan perubahan lingkar perut dan juga mengetahui perbandingan perubahan lingkar perut pada sudut sit up 45°, 90° dan 120°. 25 mahasiswa fakultas kedokteran UNSRAT dibagi dalam tiga kelompok sudut sit up (45°,90°dan 120°), tiap sampel diinstruksikan untuk 50 kali sit up sehari selama 15 hari penelitian. Sebelum latihan hari pertama dan setelah latihan hari ke-15 dilakukan pengukuran lingkar perut. Kemudian data dianalisa dengan uji analisis univariat menggunakan aplikasi pengolah data statistik IBM SPSS version 20. Uji analisis univariat IBM SPSS version 20 dengan α= 0,05 didapatkan perbandingan rata-rata perubahan lingkar perut pada sudut sit up 45° adalah 10 mm (p = 0,015), pada sudut sit up 90° adalah 12,22 mm (p = 0,005), sedangkan pada sudut sit up 120° adalah 13,75 mm (p = 0,045). Simpulan: Terdapat hubungan signifikan antara sudut sit up dengan perubahan lingkar perut (p

OBJECTIVES: The primary objective of this retrospective study was to evaluate whether abnormal predicted postoperative variables and predicted postoperative product are useful in predicting postoperative complications. The secondary objective was to assess whether an abnormal diffusion heterogeneity index is associated with increased postoperative complications. METHODS: In this retrospective study we evaluated the medical records of 57 patients who underwent lung resection for lung cancer. Calculations of the predicted postoperative variables were done using preoperative testing data, including the extent of the resected lung segments. Predicted postoperative product was obtained by multiplying the predicted postoperative percent-of-predicted FEV 1 by the predicted postoperative percent-of-predicted single-breath diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide (DLCO). The measured product was obtained by multiplying FEV1 by DLCO. We derived diffusion heterogeneity index from measurements of the single-breath DLCO with the 3-equation method, as a measure of the heterogeneity of the distribution of gas exchange in the lung. RESULTS: Patients with complications had lower predicted postoperative FEV1 (P < .001), lower predicted postoperative DLCO (P < .001), lower predicted postoperative maximal oxygen uptake (P < .001), lower predicted postoperative increase in percent-of-predicted DLCO at 70% work load from at-rest percent-of-predicted DLCO (DLCO%) (P < .001), lower predicted postoperative product (P < .001), and lower measured product (P .004). Interestingly, diffusion heterogeneity index increased with exercise in all patients with complications but decreased with exercise in all patients without complications. CONCLUSIONS: The predicted postoperative variables, predicted postoperative product, measured product, and diffusion heterogeneity index are potentially useful predictors of complications in candidates for lung resection. Key words: diffusing capacity; exercise testing; lung resection; predicted postoperative product; preoperative evaluation; spirometry. [Respir Care 2011;56(4):449–455. © 2011 Daedalus Enterprises]

An abnormal increase in proteolytic enzymes is thought to play a key role in pulmonary emphysema. Alveolar macrophage proteolytic enzymes include cathepsin L, cathepsin S, matrix metalloproteinase 1, 9, and 12, and a number of studies have implicated these proteinases in the alveolar destruction that characterizes emphysema. The aim of this study was to investigate cathepsin L, cathepsin S, matrix metalloproteinase 1, 9, and 12 mRNA expression in alveolar macrophages isolated from patients with varying degrees of emphysema and to correlate their level of expression with measures of emphysema. Alveolar macrophages were isolated from fifty-four patients who underwent surgical resection for lung carcinoma. The level of mRNA expression was determined using real-time PCR. Emphysema was quantified using high-resolution CT scans. Alveolar macrophages were also cultured for 24 h and 48 h; the effect of proinflammatory mediators and promoter polymorphisms on expression was analyzed. There was a significant correlation between matrix metalloproteinase 1 mRNA expression and emphysema. A higher level of matrix metalloproteinase 1 mRNA was associated with more severe emphysema. Matrix metalloproteinase 12 mRNA expression was increased in current smokers as compared with former smokers. Furthermore, there was a negative correlation between matrix metalloproteinase 12 gene expression and carbon monoxide diffusing capacity. The matrix metalloproteinase 9 C-1562T polymorphism significantly influenced matrix metalloproteinase 9 mRNA expression in alveolar macrophages. These results suggest that alveolar macrophage matrix metalloproteinase 1 and 12 may have a role in the lung structural changes leading to the development of emphysema. Furthermore, these data provide evidence to support the concept that multiple proteinases, causing both elastin and collagen degradation, are important in the pathogenesis of pulmonary emphysema.