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Teaching the craft of written science communication is an arduous task that requires familiarity with disciplinary writing conventions. With the burgeoning of technological advancements, practitioners preparing novice research writers can begin to augment teaching and learning with activities in digital writing environments attuned to the conventions of scientific writing in the disciplines. The Research Writing Tutor (RWT) is one such technology. Grounded in an integrative theoretical framework, it was designed to help students acquire knowledge about the research article genre and develop research writing competence. One of its modules was designed to facilitate revision by providing different forms of automated feedback and scaffolding that are genre-based and discipline-specific. This study explores whether and how the features of the RWT may impact revision while using this module of the tool. Drawing from cognitive writing modeling, this study investigates the behaviors of a multidisciplinary group of 11 graduate-student writers by exploring how they interacted with the RWT's features and how this interaction may create conditions for enhanced revision processes and text modifications. Findings demonstrate promising potential for the use of this automated feedback tool in fostering writers' metacognitive processing during revision. This research adds to theory on cognitive writing models by acknowledging the evolving role of digital environments in writing practices and offering insights into future development of automated tools for genre-based writing instruction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Loosening of the trapezial component is a main cause of failure of trapeziometacarpal prostheses. This report presents the preliminary results of scaphometacarpal prostheses used for revision of trapeziometacarpal prostheses and failed trapeziectomies. A retrospective multicentre study was conducted on ten patients. Four had revision surgery after failure of trapeziometacarpal prostheses, five after trapeziectomy and one after a trapezial silicone implant. Pain, mobility, strength, QuickDASH, satisfaction score and radiographs were assessed. Nine patients were assessed (one was lost to follow-up), with a mean follow-up of 34 months. The mean pain score was 1.2/10, Quick-DASH was 39 and opposition according to the Kapandji score was 8.6. Strength was 3 kg for key pinch and 13.6 kg for power grip. One failure was observed, with early loosening of the scaphoid cup. Scaphometacarpal arthroplasty is a reliable medium-term solution for revision of the loosening of a trapeziometacarpal prosthesis with trapezial damage and for failed trapeziectomy. Level of evidence: IV [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Background: Jainemys pisdurensis comb. nov. is an extinct pleurodiran turtle from the Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) of India, previously referred to Carteremys and Shweboemys. The holotype, an eroded skull, had been collected near the village of Pisdura, south of Nagpur, in Maharashtra State, while all referred shell material originates from coeval sediments exposed at the nearby village of Dongargaon. Initial estimates believed this turtle to either be an early representative of Podocnemididae or a basal representative of Pelomedusoides. Methods: We here figure and describe all specimens that had previously been referred to Jainemys pisdurensis comb. nov. We furthermore re-evaluate the validity of this fossil turtle and explore its phylogenetic relationships within Pleurodira. Results: The holotype of Jainemys pisdurensis comb. nov. displays a morphology that differs substantially from that originally reported. Most notably, the palatines only have a minor contribution to the broad triturating surfaces but have a broad midline contact with each other, the pterygoids only have a midline contact of intermediate length and do not contact the opisthotics posteriorly, the basisphenoid is broad and short, and the opisthotics do not contribute to the flooring of the cavum acustico-jugulare. The referred shell material also displays a morphology different from that reported originally, in particular in that vertebral I does not contribute to the anterior margin of the carapace while the nuchal does. Phylogenetic analysis places the cranial material within the bothremydid clade Kurmademydini, while the shell material is placed in an unresolved polytomy at the base of this clade. Jainemys pisdurensis is confirmed to be a valid species of pleurodiran turtle, but the high diversity of coeval kurmademydines in India demands removal of the postcranial remains from this taxon. The realization that all valid species of Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) turtles from India form a clade supports the hypothesis that India was physically separated from the rest of Gondwana at this time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Failure of sleeve gastrectomy poses a potential challenge for surgeons as variable options exist for revision. One anastomosis gastric bypass (OAGB) is a potential revisional option, and in this study, we sought to determine the safety and efficacy of OAGB post sleeve gastrectomy. Method: Prospective study on our initial experience with a consecutive group of patients who underwent OAGB as a revisional surgery for sleeve gastrectomy in the period between January 2015 and December 2018 was carried out. Morbidity and mortality data were recorded as well as the effect on comorbidities and weight loss. Results: A total of 56 patients underwent OAGB as a revision of sleeve gastrectomy. The average weight prior to OAGB was 112 ± 24.6 kg. The minimum weight they have reached after is 85 ± 21.3 kg after a duration of 19 ± 9.2 months. Percentage of total weight loss (TWL%) at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months postoperatively was found to be 7.6%, 9.8%, 14.1%, and 28.8%, respectively. TWL% on the last day of follow-up was 24%. Two patients had marginal ulcers, in which one had a perforation. Conclusion: OAGB is safe and effective for weight regain post sleeve gastrectomy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many commentators have accused Aquinas of committing either a formal or an informal fallacy in his Third Way argument. I believe it is possible to revise the Third Way argument so as to avoid such errors. I here present a revision of the first part of the Third Way that is (a) immune to the objections most commonly raised against it, (b) consonant with the basic tenets of Thomism, and (c) plausible from a contemporary point of view. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated how practice-based science methods courses, at three different institutions, provided opportunities for preservice teachers (PSTs) to develop new ways of enacting and noticing ambitious teaching through analyzing rehearsal lessons. We examined 194 written rehearsal reflections for similarities and differences in the types of evidence the PSTs attended to, how they reasoned about what they noticed, and their revision ideas for improving their instruction. The findings suggest the PSTs at the three institutions (a) attended to aspects of their teacher practice and student actions as evidence to decide how to adapt their teaching; (b) used improvement to learning as a key reason to modify the instruction; and (c) focused on ways to revise how they scaffolded science practices for students and supported student sensemaking of core ideas. These findings offer insights into the unique affordances of rehearsal-based reflections in providing opportunities for PSTs to notice and analyze critical features of science teaching. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Despite the importance of some species of Culex (Melanoconion) (Diptera: Culicidae) as vectors of several arboviruses that cause diseases in humans and other animals, there are few taxonomic studies focusing on species of the subgenus, especially providing morphological keys for species identification. Results: Thirteen species of the Atratus Group of Culex (Melanoconion) were reviewed, five new species are described, and two taxonomic changes are proposed: Cx. (Mel.) exedrus Root, 1927 and Cx. (Mel.) loturus Dyar, 1925 are resurrected from synonymy with Cx. (Mel.) dunni Dyar, 1918 and Cx. (Mel.) zeteki Dyar, 1918, respectively. The Atratus Group now includes fourteen species: Cx. (Mel.) atratus Theobald, 1901; Cx. (Mel.) caribeanus Galindo & Blanton, 1954; Cx. (Mel.) columnaris Sá & Hutchings n. sp.; Cx. (Mel.) commevynensis Bonne-Wepster & Bonne, 1919; Cx. (Mel.) comptus Sá & Sallum n. sp.; Cx. (Mel.) dunni; Cx. (Mel.) ensiformis Bonne-Wepster & Bonne, 1919; Cx. (Mel.) exedrus; Cx. (Mel.) longisetosus Sá & Sallum n. sp.; Cx. (Mel.) longistylus Sá & Sallum n. sp.; Cx. (Mel.) loturus; Cx. (Mel.) spinifer Sá & Sallum n. sp.; Cx. (Mel.) trigeminatus Clastrier, 1970; and Cx. (Mel.) zeteki. Keys, descriptions and illustrations for the identification of the male, female, pupal and fourth-instar larval stages of each species are provided. The treatment of each species includes a complete synonymy, descriptions of available life stages, a taxonomic discussion, updated bionomics and geographical distribution, and a list of material examined. Conclusions: The taxonomy of the Atratus Group of Culex (Melanoconion) is updated, including descriptions of five new species. The number of valid species is greater than the number recognized in the previous taxonomic study of the group, increasing from seven to 14 species. Distributional and bionomical data are updated. Morphology-based identification keys for females, males, fourth-instar larvae and pupae provided in this study will facilitate species identification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neusticomys peruviensis is a poorly known sigmodontine rodent of the tribe Ichthyomyini, represented in collections by only five specimens collected in five localities from lowland forests of central and southern Peru. Recent expeditions in Llanchama, in northern Peru, north of the Río Amazonas, and near Allpahuayo Mishana Natural Reserve (Loreto, Peru), were successful in obtaining three specimens of Neusticomys. Based on morphological and meristic data, we found the population at Llanchama is distinct from the allopatric populations of N. peruviensis , and other species of Neusticomys. A species distribution model also shows the population at Llanchama is not highly predicted by the set of variables of the known localities of N. peruviensis. However, sequence data from the mitochondrial cytochrome- b gene indicate that genetic distinctiveness is low. Because intraspecific variability is important to understand evolutionary and biogeographic processes, and in concordance with the polytypic species concept, we interpret the population at Llanchama to represent a new subspecies of N. peruviensis that we describe in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Species of the spider family Telemidae Fage, 1913 from East and Southeast Asia are revised. Four new genera are erected: Mekonglema Zhao & Li, gen. nov. with the type species Mekonglema bailang Zhao & Li, sp. nov. (♂♀, Yunnan, China), Siamlema Zhao & Li, gen. nov. with the type species Siamlema changhai Zhao & Li, sp. nov. (♂♀, southern Thailand), Sundalema Zhao & Li, gen. nov. with the type species Sundalema bonjol Zhao & Li, sp. nov. (♂♀, Sumatra), and Zhuanlema Zhao & Li, gen. nov. with the type species Zhuanlema peteri Zhao & Li, sp. nov. (♂♀, northern Laos). Eight additional new species are described: Mekonglema kaorao Zhao & Li, sp. nov. (♂♀, northern Laos), M. walayaku Zhao & Li, sp. nov. (♂♀, Yunnan, China), M. yan Zhao & Li, sp. nov. (♂♀, Yunnan, China), Pinelema daguaiwan Zhao & Li, sp. nov. (♂♀, Guangxi, China), P. shiba Zhao & Li, sp. nov. (♂♀, Guangxi, China), P. tham Zhao & Li, sp. nov. (♂♀, northern Laos), Siamlema suea Zhao & Li, sp. nov. (♂♀, southern Thailand), and Sundalema khaorakkiat Zhao & Li, sp. nov. (♂♀, southern Thailand). Thirty species are transferred from the genus Telema Simon, 1882 to the genera Pinelema Wang & Li, 2012, Sundalema gen. nov., and Telemofila Wunderlich, 1995. Seychellia xinpingi Lin & Li, 2008 is transferred to Mekonglema gen. nov. as M. xinpingi comb. nov. Furthermore, the genus Pinelema is divided into seven species groups based on male morphological characters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dynamic travelling salesman problem (DTSP) is a natural extension of the standard travelling salesman problem, and it has attracted significant interest in recent years due to is practical applications. In this article, we propose an efficient solution for DTSP, based on a genetic algorithm (GA), and on the one-by-one revision of two sides (GORTS). More specifically, GORTS combines the global search ability of GA with the fast convergence feature of the method of one-by-one revision of two sides, in order to find the optimal solution in a short time. An experimental platform was designed to evaluate the performance of GORTS with TSPLIB. The experimental results show that the efficiency of GORTS compares favourably against other popular heuristic algorithms for DTSP. In particular, a prototype logistics system based on GORTS for a supermarket with an online map was designed and implemented. It was shown that this can provide optimised goods distribution routes for delivery staff, while considering real-time traffic information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The South American genus Scatonomus is revised. Diagnoses, descriptions, distribution data, an identification key and illustrations are provided for the 11 species assigned to the genus, including the new species Scatonomus canhedoae sp. nov., Scatonomus mitzae sp. nov. and Scatonomus foresti sp. nov. Scatonomus barbatus, which has been historically regarded as a variety of S. fasciculatus, is revalidated. A new synonymy, of S. xanthopygus Pereira with Scatonomus chalybaeus Erichson, is proposed. Scatonomus lauropalui Vulcano and Pereira is transferred to Anomiopus Westwood, 1842. Lectotypes are designated for S. viridis viridis, S. fasciculatus, S. chalybaeus and S. barbatus stat. rev. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We review the generic limits and classification of the little studied Australian fauna of the soldier fly subfamily Chiromyzinae. Among chiromyzines are many species that are confirmed agricultural pests of sugar cane, maize and grasses, including Inopus rubriceps (Macquart, 1847) that has been introduced in New Zealand and the United States. A taxonomic treatment is provided for the genera that occur in Australia, including illustrations and the first robust identification key. Several nomenclatural changes are made. The monotypic genera Archimyza Enderlein, 1921, and Stenimas Enderlein, 1921, are synonymised under Chiromyza Wiedemann, 1820, and the status of four species is revised: Inopus grandicornis (Hardy, 1920a) comb. nov. and Inopus longicornis (Hardy, 1924) comb. nov. are transferred from their previous position in Chiromyza; and Chiromyza australis (Macquart, 1850) stat. rev. and Chiromyza matruelis (Enderlein, 1921) stat. rev. are transferred from their previous position in Hylorops Enderlein, 1921, rendering Hylorops a monotypic genus, endemic to Chile. A total of 13 genera are now recognised in the Chiromyzinae, with four genera and 18 described species known from Australia. We also present the first record for New Zealand of the Australian species Boreoides tasmaniensis Bezzi, 1922, which was most likely accidentally introduced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Englerodaphne is revised. • Three species are recognised. • All taxa are described and fully illustrated. • Distribution maps are provided. • Englerodaphne ovalifolia is lecotypified. Englerodaphne Gilg (Thymelaeaceae) is distinguished from allied genera in subfamily Thymelaeoideae with an articulated hypanthium and unilocular ovary by its arborescent habit, broad membranous leaves, and ebracteate inflorescences of tetramerous flowers with four petaloid scales, each divided nearly to the base into two narrow segments. Three species are recognised, two endemic to southern Africa and the third with a disjunct distribution in southern and tropical east Africa. The three species differ in inflorescence type, foliage and hypanthium indumentum, flower colour and hypanthium length, and in details of the petaloid scales. Each species is described and illustrated, with notes on nomenclature, typification, ecology, and distribution. A lectotype is designated for Englerodaphne ovalifolia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A new revision of Ancylobothrys in South Africa is provided. • A new species, Ancylobothrys pumilus , endemic to the Maputaland Centre of Endemism, is described. • The new species is geoxylic. In South Africa, Ancylobothrys Pierre was last revised in 1963, although the taxa were maintained within the genus Landolphia P. Beauv. Later authors separated Ancylobothrys from Landolphia citing the tendril-like inflorescence and the softly pubescent fruit of Ancylobothrys as two of the most obvious characters separating these genera. A geoxylic form related to Ancylobothrys petersiana (Klotzsch) Pierre occurs in deep sandy soils of the Maputaland woody grassland in northern KwaZulu-Natal and is endemic to the Maputaland Centre of Endemism. This study shows that there is sufficient morphological distinction for this taxon to be considered a separate species, Ancylobothrys pumilus K. Balkwill & R.A. Reddy. The separation of A. pumilus from A. petersiana has necessitated a revision of the genus in South Africa. A key and descriptions to the South African species of Ancylobothrys are provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Part 2 of a revision of the Schoenus cuspidatus and allies group is presented. • An identification key is presented. • Six existing species are described and distributions mapped. • Three new species are described—all South African endemics. • Outstanding taxonomic issues in this group are outlined. This is the second half of a two-part taxonomic revision on the morphologically complex Schoenus cuspidatus and allies group. This revision is a continuation of recent taxonomic work that has transferred 24 southern African species from Tetraria and Epischoenus into Schoenus , revised the taxonomy of the Schoenus compar — Schoenus pictus and allies group, as well as part of the S. cuspidatus group. Most recently, we presented descriptions of three new species and a new combination among the Southern African Schoenus species. Here, we revise the delimitations and distributions of five species (Schoenus compactus, Schoenus crassus , S. cuspidatus, Schoenus galpinii and Schoenus riparius) based on data from a review of specimens from twelve herbaria and recent field collections. We also describe three new species to science: Schoenus australis, Schoenus brunnescens and Schoenus graciliculmis —the first two of which are endemic to the Western Cape Province of South Africa, while S. graciliculmis is endemic to the Eastern Cape Province. We present a taxonomic key, an updated nomenclature and provide revised descriptions and distribution maps for these nine Schoenus species. Finally, we discuss unresolved taxonomic issues within this group, especially within the broadly circumscribed S. cuspidatus , and outline circumscriptions and specimens that require further study. Species within this group are perennial, caespitose graminoids with terete, leafless culms, and although most of these species have broad elliptic nutlets, there are differences in growth and spikelet forms that differentiate species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We revise the genus Mesotipula Handlirsch, 1920 (Diptera, Limoniidae) described from the Lower Toarcian (Lower Jurassic) of Northeast Germany. Mesotipula was originally separated from other Architipulinae on the base of a bifurcated vein M3, which appeared artificial after the restudy of its holotype. Holotypes of all Limoniidae described by Handlirsch and Krzeminski and Zessin from the Lower Toarcian deposits of Northeast Germany (Dobbertin and Grimmen) are revised to provide an updated diagnosis of Mesotipula and to distinguish it from other genera. As a result, the following species described by Handlirsch within the genus Architipula are transferred to the genus Mesotipula: A. geinitzi Handlirsch syn. nov., A. minuta Handlirsch comb. nov. and A. parva Handlirsch syn. nov. In addition Eotipula lapidaria Handlirsch is also transferred to Mesotipula. Now we regard six species of Mesotipula as being valid in the Lower Toarcian of Northeast Germany. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A revision of Dehaasia (Lauraceae) in Sumatra is presented. Eight species are recognized, including two newly described species (D. bandaharense and D. pilosa). A key to the eight species, descriptions and distribution maps of each species and illustrations of newly described species are provided. A neotype for D. incrassata is designated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pelliciera is a genus of mangrove trees with distinct showy flowers with five petals subtended by two large foliaceous bracts. The genus, thought to be monotypic, only containing P. rhizophorae, was classified recently in the small diverse family, the Tetrameristaceae. This distinctive genus occurs in a relatively restricted distribution in Central and northern South America in the Atlantic-East Pacific region. In this recent decade, two varietal forms have been reported across its range, of which one appears to be a colour morph referred to much earlier as P. rhizophorae var. benthamii. The taxonomic status of the earlier morph was, however, insufficient to warrant individual recognition at the time, so the genus remained monotypic with no varietal forms. The aim of this treatment has been to review the systematic history of the genus, to thoroughly re-assess available observations and to re-evaluate the current taxonomic status. In conclusion, the genus is recognised now as having two closely related species, described here as P. benthamii along with a redefined P. rhizophorae. Characters such as leafy bract colour, leaf dentition and petal shape used in their discrimination are provided, along with notes on the ecology, phenology, a diagnostic key, and a revised distribution map that displays the oddly overlapping occurrences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The study aim is to determine if patients who have undergone endoscopic gastrojejunostomy revision (EGJR) maintain weight loss up to 5 years postoperatively.Methods: This is a retrospective review of patients who underwent EGJR with a full-thickness endoscopic suturing device between April 2009 and June 2018. Percent of excess body weight loss (%EBWL) was calculated using the weight on day of EGJR consult as baseline. The paired t test and McNemar's test were used to compare weight and comorbidities between preoperative and postoperative time points.Results: A total of 70 patients regained a mean of 42.8 ± 18.7% of the weight lost after gastric bypass. On day of EGJR consult, average was 116.1 ± 25.2 kg and BMI of 42.3 ± 8.5. Weight loss and %EBWL at follow-up was as follows: 10.7 ± 11.6 kg and 18.5 ± 18.2% at 6 months, 8.5 ± 11.5 kg and 14.9 ± 20.6% at 1 year, 6.9 ± 10.7 kg and 12.2 ± 19.8% at 2 years, 5.3 ± 9.1 kg and 8.7 ± 14.9% at 3 years, 3.1 ± 12.0 kg and 3.2 ± 21.6% at 4 years, and 3.9 ± 13.1 kg and 7.0 ± 23.8% at 5 years. The percentage of patients with obstructive sleep apnea, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and diabetes did not change over time. Patients who received a pursestring revision or had a greater percent reduction in stoma diameter had more significant %EBWL.Conclusions: Weight loss after EGJR is sustained up to 5 years after revision with little effect on medical comorbidities. Patients with a greater reduction in stoma diameter experienced superior weight loss. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This manuscript describes predicted NMR shifts for the limonoid natural product xylogranatin F. The 1H and 13C NMR shifts of four diastereomers were evaluated by GIAO and hybrid DFT/parametric DU8+ methods. The results of the 1H and 13C NMR calculations for both the GIAO method and the DU8+ calculations suggest the revised structure that was recently reassigned by chemical synthesis. Furthermore, we show that while DU8+ provides superior accuracy with less computation time, GIAO points to the correct structure with more distinguishable data in this case study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a need − both conceptual and practical − to distinguish clearly the procedures applicable to interpretation and revision at the ICJ. To do so, the article first undertakes an analysis of the relevant provisions of the Statute – Articles 60 and 61 – and of the Rules of Court. The differences between both proceedings with regard to their introduction before the Court, the ICJ's jurisdiction to consider them, and their different admissibility requirements will be addressed. Then, it considers issues pertaining to the relationship between an original judgment – the one to be interpreted or revised – and the judgment in interpretation or revision. The pivotal role of the principle of res judicata is taken into account. Furthermore, the piece attempts to attribute a proper characterisation to interpretation and revision proceedings, as either new cases, incidental proceedings, or a hybrid conception between those two more conventional denominations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Basidiomata of Phallales have a diversified morphology with adhesive gleba that exudes an odor, usually unpleasant that attracts mainly insects, which disperse the basidiospores. The genus Blumenavia belongs to the family Clathraceae and, based on morphological features, only two species are currently recognized: B. rhacodes and B. angolensis. However, the morphological characters adopted in species delimitations within this genus are inconsistent, and molecular data are scarce. The present study aimed to review and identify informative characters that contribute to the delimitation of Blumenavia species. Exsiccates from America and Africa were analyzed morphologically, and molecularly, using ITS, LSU, ATP6, RPB2 and TEF-1α markers for Maximum Parsimony, Bayesian and Maximum likelihood analyses, and also for coalescent based species delimitations (BP&P), as well as for bPTP, PhyloMap, Topo-phylogenetic and Geophylogenetic reconstructions. According to our studies, seven species can be considered in the genus: B. rhacodes and B. angolensis are maintained, B. usambarensis and B. toribiotalpaensis are reassessed, and three new species are proposed, B. baturitensis Melanda, M.P. Martín & Baseia, sp. nov., B. crucis-hellenicae G. Coelho, Sulzbacher, Grebenc & Cortez, sp. nov., and B. heroica Melanda, Baseia & M.P. Martín, sp. nov. Blumenavia rhacodes is typified by selecting a lectotype and an epitype. Macromorphological characters considered informative to segregate and delimit the species through integrative taxonomy include length of the basidiomata, color, width and presence of grooves on each arm as well as the glebifer position and shape. These must be clearly observed while the basidiomata are still fresh. Since most materials are usually analyzed after dehydration and deposit in collections, field techniques and protocols to describe fugacious characters from fresh specimen are demanded, as well as the use of molecular analysis, in order to better assess recognition and delimitation of species in Blumenavia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A phylogenetic study of deep-sea dendrobranchiate genera Altelatipes , Benthesicymus and Benthonectes based on four molecular markers and 91 morphological characters is presented. All currently recognized species of these genera, representatives of all other genera and species groups of Benthesicymidae, and three outgroups were included in the analyses. The molecular and morphological methods retrieved similar results, the molecular methods provided better resolution of deeper nodes and higher clade support. Both types of analyses showed paraphyly of Benthesicymus , which encompass five robust clades, four of which are diagnosed as new genera (type species in parentheses): Benthesicymus s.s. (B. crenatus), Bathicaris gen. nov. (Benthesicymus brasiliensis), Dalicaris gen. nov. (Benthesicymus altus), Trichocaris gen. nov. (Benthesicymus bartletti) and Maorrancaris gen. nov. (Benthesicymus investigatoris). Altelatipes was found to be monophyletic. The evolution of the major clades of Benthesicymidae is shown to be linked to trophic specialization, while further divergence at the genus level is mainly related to sexual evolution seen in the elaboration of the copulatory structures. We provide amended diagnoses of the previously recognized and new genera, key to species of each of these genera and include an updated key to genera of Benthesicymidae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of the present set of experiments was to identify the conditions under which readers evoked prepotent-response inhibition to prevent interference from reactivated misconceptions. In Experiment 1, participants with varying inhibition ability read refutation texts that addressed common misconceptions and control texts. Overall, participants read target sentences that stated the correct idea faster in the refutation texts than in the control texts, suggesting that refutation texts were sufficient to reduce interference from misconceptions and facilitate knowledge revision. In the control texts, participants with higher inhibition ability read target sentences slower than participants with lower inhibition ability, suggesting that participants with higher inhibition ability may have engaged in some extra processing to cope with the interference from misconceptions. In Experiment 2, we used a probe-verification paradigm to evaluate the extent to which readers' misconceptions were indeed reactivated during reading of the control texts. Results showed no evidence of reactivation in the refutation texts, but misconceptions continued to be reactivated in the control texts. Taken together, these findings suggest that prepotent-response inhibition may be one means by which readers manage interference from reactivated misconceptions from prior knowledge. Educational Impact and Implications Statement: This set of experiments suggests that readers evoked inhibition during reading to manage interference from reactivated misconceptions when texts do not refute or explain those misconceptions. Specifically, higher-inhibition readers showed greater slowdowns in processing compared with lower-inhibition readers when their misconceptions were reactivated during reading, which suggests that higher-inhibition readers may have engaged in extra processing aimed at resolving the conflict that arises from reactivating misconceptions. Given growing evidence that executive functions (EF) such as inhibition may be malleable, the present findings have implications for the potential of training EF to strengthen readers' abilities to effectively respond to conflicting information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents the experience of the City Library in Novi Sad (CLNS) in the process of preparation for the revision and during the revision and write-off, as well as the problems and doubts encountered during these procedures. A basic overview of legal regulations and standards for revision and write-off in public libraries is also given. In the City Library in Novi Sad the revision and write-off of library materials are performed regularly and according to the legal regulations. The entire fund of CLNS, consisting of more than 550,000 publications, is located in the twenty-seven branches of this library. According to the law, in cases like this, revision should be performed at least once every ten years. Having in mind this, as well as the fact that publications inevitably outdate, CLNS strives to conduct a revision of the entire fund over a ten-year period. Since it is performed in addition to regular and additional activities from the wide scope of current affairs that a public library deals with, this work requires great effort of library professionals. The biggest problem arises by defining and recognizing write-off only within the revision procedure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ancient and intense migration of Haitians around the world has helped transform Haiti into a transnational society, deeply connected to various destinations through social networks between migrants and non-migrants. As of 2010, in addition to continuing migration to traditional destinations, Haitians have incorporated South American countries into their migratory space. However, the mobility and border crossing strategies are directly linked to the migration policies adopted by the countries of destination and transit of these migrants, contributing to the reconfiguration of these movements. Therefore, the present study aimed to analyze the relationship between contemporary Haitian migration and the migratory politicals of some of its destinations. For this, the methodology used was based on a bibliographical and documentary revision published in the countries that currently constitute themselves as destinations of this intense mobility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Íkala: Revista de Lenguaje y Cultura is the property of Universidad de Antioquia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The genus Chespiritos Marshall, 2000 (Diptera: Sphaeroceridae) is revised, including C. sindecimus Marshall, 2000, C. pervadens Roháček and Buck, 2003 and 19 new species. The following new species are described, keyed and placed in a morphological phylogeny: C. anguineus sp. n. from Bolivia, C. attenboroughi sp. n. from Argentina, C. balrogiformis sp. n. from Peru, C. bolanosi sp. n. from Mexico, C. calceus sp. n. from Peru, C. chicobrazos sp. n. from Costa Rica, C. coronatus sp. n. from Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador and Trinidad, C. dolabratus sp. n. from Costa Rica, C. elephantus sp. n. from Ecuador and Peru, C. extendido sp. n. from Bolivia, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Mexico, Panama and Venezuela, C. ganchopico sp. n. from Argentina, Bolivia, Ecuador, Panama and Tobago, C. gladiator sp. n. from Costa Rica, C. hojagrande sp. n. from Costa Rica and Mexico, C. jamaicensis sp. n. from Jamaica, C. lepustergum sp. n. from Costa Rica and Venezuela, C. metroidiformis sp. n. from Costa Rica, C. paraiso sp. n. from Dominican Republic, C. peckorum sp. n. from Ecuador, and C. ventrisetis sp. n. from Brazil, Costa Rica and Venezuela. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Twenty-six Anthophora species belonging to Subgenus Lophanthophra Brooks (10 species) & Subgenus Paramegilla Friese (16 species) are revised taxonomically. A. rutilans Dours is transferred from the first Subgenus Lophanthophra Brooks to Subgenus Paramegilla Friese due to its obvious dilated & hunped hind basitarsus as most related Paramegillian species than the not conspicuous weak mid-leg brushes. Many specimens are collected from various localities and genitalia are desiccated. Keys, diagnostic characters, synonyms, coloured pictures, line drawing illustrations, and the distribution are introduced, in addition to Scanning Electron Microscopic photographs are taken for A. hispanica (Fabricius). A. Shoumarae Rawda is redescribed, A. boops Alfken still considered as distinct species, not as a synonym of A. vidua (Klug). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This is the last paper on the revision of Noctuidae in Egypt, we revised 11 subfamilies (from total 16 subfamilies). In this study, we are exposed to revise the last five subfamilies which are Bryophilinae, Condicinae, Cuculliinae, Eriopinae, and Eustrotiinae. These subfamilies contain 40 species under 10 genera. Subfamily Eustrotiinae Grote, 1882 is the largest subfamily (in this study) with 11 species and 3 genera, followed by Subfamily Bryophilinae Guenée, 1852 with 11 species under one genera while Subfamily Eriopinae Herrich-Schäffer, [1851] is the smallest subfamily containing two species under one genus. We added three Annexes, one for the recent situation of Family Noctuidae; 2nd a list of noctuid types in Egypt and the 3rd is the complete recent list of family Noctuidae in Egypt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aethiopomyia Malloch (Diptera, Muscidae) is a small genus with occurrence restricted to the Afrotropical region. Only five species are currently known in this genus: A. patersoni Zumpt, 1969, A. williamsi Snyder, 1951, A. arguta (Karsch, 1879), A. steini Curran, 1935, and A. gigas (Stein, 1906). All Aethiopomyia species are large, reaching up to 15 mm, as in A. patersoni and the most visible differences among them are based in the color pattern of the body. The species are mostly yellow, with a broad scutum and abdomen, males and females are dichoptic, the anepimeron is haired and they have stubby spines on the upper side of the palpi. Phylogenetically, Aethiopomyia, together with two other genera restricted to the Afrotropical region, Alluaudinella Giglio-Tos and Ochromusca Malloch, appear to form a monophyletic group, defined by the presence of the remarkably short stubby spines on the upper side of the palpi. Four species deposited in the Museum für Naturkunde, Berlin (Germany) were analyzed; three of them are types. Diagnosis for all species, colored illustrations, male dissections and illustrations and a key to separate them are presented herein. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: There is no consensus regarding systematic screening for infection in aseptic revision total hip arthroplasty (THA). The rationale for systematic intra-operative samples is to increase the sensitivity of latent infections detection, which may require specific treatment. However, the incidence of occult infection in revision THAs is not precisely known. As such, the aim of the study was to evaluate the incidence of occult infection in presumed aseptic revision THAs and identify associated risk factors.Method: Bacteriological samples from 523 aseptic THA revisions performed for five years were analyzed. Revisions performed for periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) or clinical suspicion of PJI were excluded. Microbiological cultures were performed using tissue samples in 505 cases (97%), synovial fluid in blood culture vials in 158 (30%), and in dry tubes in 263 (50%). Implants were sent for sonication in 12 cases (2.6%). The mean number of microbiological samples per patient was 3.6 (range, 1-15). Histology samples were collected for 300 patients (57%).Results: The incidence of occult infection was 7% (36 cases) and contamination 8% (42 cases). Among occult infections, the primary reasons for revision were dislocation (42%), aseptic loosening (25%), fracture (19%), and others (14%). The infection rate in the dislocation group was significantly higher than that of other reasons for revision (p < 0.001). Among the patients determined with PJI, the revision THA was performed less than a year after primary in 19 (53%).Conclusion: The incidence of occult PJI justifies systematic intraoperative sampling. A short time between primary arthroplasty and revision or an early postoperative dislocation is a factor to suspect infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, uncertainty theory has become a branch of axiomatic mathematics and has been studied by many researchers. In particular, uncertainty distribution is one of the most important tools to deal with indeterminate quantity in uncertainty theory. Peng and Iwamura (2010) presented a sufficient and necessary condition of a function being an uncertainty distribution. This paper gives a counterexample to illustrate this condition is not appropriate. A revision of the sufficient and necessary condition is also provided in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Case: We report the case of a 44-year-old woman with previous anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction 25 years ago in the right knee, who sustained a bucket-handle medial meniscus tear after pain and instability while pivoting during tennis. Magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated an intact but vertical and anterior ACL graft. A novel ACL retensioning procedure with suture augmentation (SA) was performed as the revision procedure. Excellent clinical outcomes and knee stability were obtained at both 17 and 36 months postoperatively. Conclusions: In certain cases, ACL retensioning with SA may be performed as the revision procedure for unsuccessful primary ACL reconstruction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Specific scope: This Standard describes a diagnostic protocol for 'Candidatus Phytoplasma mali', 'Ca. P. pyri' and 'Ca. P. prunorum'. This Standard should be used in conjunction with PM 7/76 Use of EPPO diagnostic protocols Specific approval and amendment: Approved as PM 7/62 Candidatus Phytoplasma mali and PM 7/63 Ca. P. pyri in 2006. First revision in 2017‐02 as a single Standard as PM 7/62 (2) with the addition of 'Ca. P. prunorum'. Second revision in 2019‐06. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Corsican Painted Frog Discoglossus montalentii has received little research attention since its discovery, which creates uncertainty about its distribution and conservation status. We here use a combination of field surveys, ecological niche modelling (ENM) and niche overlap analyses to (i) update the D. montalentii distribution; (ii) determine its potential range, and (iii) assess if presence of Discoglossus sardus influences that of D. montalentii. Our surveys reveal presence of D. montalentii at low and mid-altitudes throughout Cap Corse and near the north-western coast, while ENMs suggest that similar climatically and topographically suitable habitats occur beyond the confirmed range in northern- and westernmost Corsica. No evidence for competitive exclusion by D. sardus was found, with both species displaying broad niche overlap at macroscale. Whether potential differences between these species do exist at microhabitat level remains worth exploring. We finally review the conservation status of D. montalentii , and assemble practical knowledge to inform future conservation assessments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Neotropical genus Scleronema is revised based on the re-examination of the type specimens and 1,713 newly collected specimens. Scleronema is diagnosed from other trichomycterids by the following unambiguous derived characters: fleshy flap at the base of the maxillary barbell; skin flap in the posterior margin of the opercle; articulation between the autopalatine and the vomer ventrally located, with the medial margins of the autopalatines very close to each other; and autopalatine with an interrupted or not interrupted ossified arch-shaped process on its dorsal surface forming a canal. Scleronema minutum and S. operculatum are redescribed, S. angustirostre is considered a junior synonym of S. minutum, and six new species are described. A lectotype is designated for Trichomycterus minutus. The type localities of S. angustirostre, S. minutum, and S. operculatum are reviewed in order to correct erroneous information cited in articles and catalogs subsequent to the original descriptions. Species of Scleronema are geographically distributed in the La Plata basin and Atlantic coastal drainages from Southern Brazil, Southern Paraguay, Northeastern Argentina and Uruguay. They inhabit rivers or streams with sand- or gravel-bottoms across the Pampa grasslands. We provide evidences to recognize two putative monophyletic units within the genus, namely the S. minutum species group and the S. operculatum species group, and discuss the distribution patterns of their species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies on Pseudomonas nautica Baumann et al. 1972 (Approved Lists 1980) and Marinobacter hydrocarbonoclasticus Gauthier et al. 1992 have shown that they should be treated as heterotypic synonyms. As a consequence, they have been treated as belonging to a single species, Marinobacter hydrocarbonoclasticus Gauthier et al. 1992. This interpretation of the International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria/Prokaryotes is, however, based on a fundamental flaw in the interpretation of the wording of Rule 15 as documented in the 1975 and 1990 revisions where the wording has been partially corrected in the 2008 revision. A key aspect of the incorrect interpretation is that the nomenclatural type of a taxon, in this case Marinobacter hydrocarbonoclasticus Gauthier et al. 1992 (the nomenclatural type of the Marinobacter Gauthier et al. 1992) must be used instead of recognising the priority of the epithet in Pseudomonas nautica Baumann et al. 1972 (Approved Lists 1980), with the creation of a new combination Marinobacter nauticus (Baumann et al. 1972). It is now clear that there is no justification for that interpretation and it is necessary to create a new combination, Marinobacter nauticus (Baumann et al. 1972) in the situation where Marinobacter hydrocarbonoclasticus Gauthier et al. 1992 and Pseudomonas nautica Baumann et al. 1972 (Approved Lists 1980) are treated as heterotypic synonyms. Additional studies have shown that Marinobacter aquaeolei Nguyen et al. 1993 and Marinobacter hydrocarbonoclasticus Gauthier et al. 1992 should also be treated as heterotypic synonyms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The thelypteroid fern genus Stegnogramma s.l. contains around 18–35 species and has a global, cross‐continental distribution ranging from tropical to temperate regions. Several genera and infrageneric sections have been recognized previously in Stegnogramma s.l., but their phylogenetic relationships are still unclear. In this study, we present a global phylogeny of Stegnogramma s.l. with the most comprehensive sampling to date and aim to pinpoint the phylogenetic positions of biogeographically and taxonomically important taxa. Based on the reconstructed historical biogeography and character evolution, we propose a new (infra)generic classification and discuss the diversification of Stegnogramma s.l. in a biogeographical context. New names or combinations are made for 12 (infra)species, including transferring the monotypic species of Craspedosorus to Leptogramma. Finally, we discuss a possible link between leaf architecture and ecological adaptation, and hypothesize that the increase in leaf dissection and free‐vein proportion is an adaptive feature to cool climates in Stegnogramma s.l. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the last 2 papers for the revision of Noctuidae in Egypt, we revised 7 subfamilies (Xyleninae, Acronictinae, Heliothinae, Metoponiinae, Noctuinae, Oncocnemidinae, and Plusiinae) from the 16 subfamilies belonging to family Noctuidae. In this study, we are exposed to revise four subfamilies which are Acontiinae, Agaristinae, Amphipyrinae, and Hadeninae. These subfamilies contain 22 genera contain 55 species. Subfamily Hadeninae is the most representative subfamily with 29 species under 12 genera, while subfamilies Agaristinae and Amphipyrinae are the smallest subfamilies containing three species under two genera. Subfamily Acontiinae in the 2nd subfamily with 20 species under 6 genera. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In an account of 13 taxa (12 species and one variety) of Dalechampia occurring in Madagascar, ten species were lectotypified, two were synonymized, and one species was reestablished. Information about typifications as well as maps of distribution for each species are provided herein. Illustrations and a key for identifying species of Dalechampia in Madagascar are also provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agencies use notice-and-comment rulemaking to issue countless regulations with substantial economic stakes. The empirical literature on rulemaking has produced a complex set of descriptive findings yet has struggled with informal concerns about selection bias. This article characterizes notice and comment as a persuasion game played between regulators and outside interests. Analysis of this stakeholder-balancing model yields three key theoretical payoffs: an informational rationale for regulators to write rules with higher private and social costs, an explanation for strategic positioning by regulators even without oversight, and clarification that adverse priors are a more powerful mobilizing force than adverse policies. The model's two-sided selection dynamics reveal that well-established empirical regularities are inconsistent with extreme public-interest zealotry and strong capture but fit a range of intermediate outcomes. To obtain deeper insights about bias in rulemaking, the model suggests focusing on the cost of rule revision, rule movement following abstention, and variation in stakeholder preferences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we present a taxonomic review of a rarely collected subfamily of lace bugs (Vianaidinae: Tingidae: Heteroptera), including the description of nine new species and one new genus, and a phylogenetic analysis targeting its internal relationships. Anommatocoris araguanus sp. nov., A. knudsoni sp. nov., A. schuhi sp. nov., A. serratus sp. nov., A. sucreanus sp. nov., Thaumamannia insolita sp. nov. and T. urucuana sp. nov. are proposed, in addition to the new genus Henryvianaida gen. nov. with its two macropterous species, H. colombiensis sp. nov. and H. machupicchuensis sp. nov. The monophyly of all vianaidine genera is recovered and their synapomorphies are highlighted. Comments on fossil forms and insights on the future of Vianaidinae taxonomy and systematics are also included. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The platycephalid genus Leviprora Whitley 1931 is taxonomically revised. Although the genus has been regarded as monotypic, including only Leviprora inops (Jenyns 1840) known from southern Australia, this study shows that Platycephalus semermis De Vis 1883, which was originally described from South Australia and has been considered to be possibly a junior synonym of L. inops, is the second nominal species of the genus. The two species are distinguished from each other by the number of pectoral-fin rays (18–19 in L. inops vs. 20–21 in L. semermis), the preocular spine (absent vs. present), fleshy sensory tubes on the cheek region (absent vs. developed), number of ducts of pored scales in the lateral line (one vs. two) and ratio of orbital diameter/interorbital width (2.3–4.7 vs. 1.5–2.8, both tending to decrease with growth). The present study presents a key to the species of the genus, detailed redescriptions and a comparison of the two species, and designates a neotype for L. semermis. This study also provides a revised diagnosis of the genus, owing to the new member of the genus and intraspecific variation in diagnostic characters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The extensive melodic revision of plainchant in editions of the Graduale Romanum published in Italy from the late sixteenth century onward resulted in musically diverse repertoires that could depart widely from earlier chant traditions. The scale of the changes in these sources, both in type and in number, has obscured certain aspects of their editors' work: their familiarity with the corpus, their aims and techniques, and their approach to the task. Previous analyses concluded that the editors worked on a chant-by-chant basis, and were either unaware of or ignored any shared melodic relationships between pieces of plainchant. An examination of the revisions to the recurrent melody used by the eight Ostende alleluias in three influential Italian printed graduals – Gardano 1591, Giunta 1596 and Medici 1614/15 – provides a different perspective. Analyses of the reshaped chants reveal that the editors possessed knowledge of the repertoire guiding aims, and favoured revision techniques. The combination of these factors, whether intentionally or not, resulted in the chants' continued structural connection in the midst of increased melodic diversity. The individuation evident the chants did not necessarily signal the editors' unfamiliarity with the repertoire, but could have been indicative of their intentional rejection of shared elements. Further, the revisions to the Ostende alleluias reveal that the editorial process could be flexible, with the chants approached both as individual entities and as groups. These findings demonstrate the complexity of the editorial process in early modern Italian printed graduals, and deepen our understanding of this multifaceted repertoire. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biscutella L. ser. Biscutella (5Biscutella ser. Lyratae Malin.) comprises mostly annual or short-lived perennial plants occurring in the Mediterranean basin and the Middle East, which exhibit some diagnostic floral features. Taxa in the series have considerable morphological plasticity, which is not well correlated with clear geographic or ecologic patterns. Traditional taxonomic accounts have focused on a number of vegetative and floral characters that have proved to be highly variable, a fact that contributed to taxonomic inflation mostly in northern Africa. A detailed study and re-evaluation of morphological characters, together with recent phylogenetic data based on concatenation of two plastid and one nuclear region sequence data, yielded the basis for a taxonomic reappraisal of the series. In this respect, a new comprehensive integrative taxonomic arrangement for Biscutella ser. Biscutella is presented in which 10 taxa are accepted, namely seven species and three additional varieties. The name B. eriocarpa DC. is reinterpreted and suggested to include the highest morphological variation found in northern Morocco. Its treatment here accepts two varieties, one of which is described as new (B. eriocarpa var. riphaea A. Vicente,M. A'. Alonso&M. B. Crespo). In addition, the circumscriptions of several species, such as B. boetica Boiss. & Reut., B. didyma L., B. lyrata L., and B. maritima Ten., are revisited. Nomenclatural types, synonymy, brief descriptions, cytogenetic data, conservation status, distribution maps, and identification keys are included for the accepted taxa, with seven lectotypes and one epitype being designated here. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recent re-interpretation of the Lower Palaeozoic euarthropod group Mollisonia as belonging to Chelicerata has triggered a renewed interest for the poorly known family Mollisoniidae. In this contribution, we revise the anatomy, taxonomic diversity, and systematics of Thelxiope, the sister-taxon of Mollisonia. This mollisoniid genus comprises four species, and is characterized by the presence of one cephalic, seven thoracic (one per tergite), and three pygidial long sagittal spines. The type species, T. palaeothalassia Simonetta & Delle Cave, is a rare taxon in the Wuliuan Burgess Shale Formation of Canada, which can be recognized by the hypertrophy of a single of its sagittal spines, the posteriomost one. T. spinosa (Conway Morris & Robison)–a species originally assigned to a distinct genus ‘Ecnomocaris’ herein synonymised with Thelxiope–is known from a single specimen found in the Drumian Wheeler Formation of the House Range of Utah. It differs from the type-species in the hypertrophy of both the anteriormost (cephalic) and the posteriormost (third pygidial) sagittal spines. The same Wheeler strata have also yielded a single specimen of a new taxon, T. holmani sp. nov., which lacks hypertrophied sagittal spines and features blunt thoracic tergopleural tips. A putative fourth species, referred to Thelxiope sp. nov. A, extends the stratigraphical range of Thelxiope to the Lower Ordovician (Tremadocian), and its palaeographic range to West Gondwana. Currently under study, this relatively common component of the lower Fezouata Shale fauna is only briefly discussed. Features characterizing the genus Thelxiope and its components almost exclusively pertain to the sagittal spines, for the scarcity and inconsistent preservation of the Cambrian materials as-yet available preclude a confident assessment of the variability of other morphological features. The pygidium in Thelxiope and Mollisonia is not composed of four, but three tergites essentially similar to thoracic ones, except for the lack of articulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Acta Edulis Fungi is the property of Acta Edulis Fungi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Belief revision theories aim to model the dynamics of epistemic states. Besides beliefs, epistemic states comprise most importantly justificational structures. Typically, belief revision theories, however, model the dynamics of beliefs while neglecting justificational structures over and above logical relations. Despite some awareness that this approach is problematic, how devastating the consequences of this neglect are has not yet been fully grasped. In this paper, I argue that taking justificational structures into account could solve four well-known problems of belief revision. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]