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Potato tuber yield were simulated at Jorhat, Assam under various Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) scenarios for 2020, 2050 and 2080 using DSSAT SUBSTOR-Potato model. The model was calibrated and validated for three potato cultivars, viz., Kufri Jyoti, Kufri Pokhraj and Kufri Himalini with the experimental data collected during 2014-15 and 2015-16. Results revealed that if planting is delayed beyond November, all these cultivars are likely to record drastic reduction in tuber yield. Cultivar Kufri Himalini may incur tuber yield loss of 64 per cent in 2020 to 75 per cent in 2080, followed by Kufri Jyoti (57.6% in 2020 to 71.5% in 2080) and Kufri Pokhraj (45.2% in 2020 to 56.2% in 2080). Among the cultivars, Kufri Pokhraj may remain a viable cultivar up to 2050, but Kufri Himalini may lose its sustainability by 2020 itself. Hence, adjustment of planting time and development of improved adaptive potato cultivars only will ascertai n future potato production in this region.

Abstract Background There is increasing evidence that the geographic distribution of tick species is changing. Whilst correlative Species Distribution Models (SDMs) have been used to predict areas that are potentially suitable for ticks, models have often been assessed without due consideration for spatial patterns in the data that may inflate the influence of predictor variables on species distributions. This study used null models to rigorously evaluate the role of climate and the potential for climate change to affect future climate suitability for eight European tick species, including several important disease vectors. Methods We undertook a comparative assessment of the performance of Maxent and Mahalanobis Distance SDMs based on observed data against those of null models based on null species distributions or null climate data. This enabled the identification of species whose distributions demonstrate a significant association with climate variables. Latest generation (AR5) climate projections were subsequently used to project future climate suitability under four Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs). Results Seven out of eight tick species exhibited strong climatic signals within their observed distributions. Future projections intimate varying degrees of northward shift in climate suitability for these tick species, with the greatest shifts forecasted under the most extreme RCPs. Despite the high performance measure obtained for the observed model of Hyalomma lusitanicum, it did not perform significantly better than null models; this may result from the effects of non-climatic factors on its distribution. Conclusions By comparing observed SDMs with null models, our results allow confidence that we have identified climate signals in tick distributions that are not simply a consequence of spatial patterns in the data. Observed climate-driven SDMs for seven out of eight species performed significantly better than null models, demonstrating the vulnerability of these tick species to the effects of climate change in the future.

Summary: Within the framework of the displacement‐based virtual element method (VEM), namely, for plane elasticity, an important topic is the development of optimal techniques for the evaluation of the stress field. In fact, in the classical VEM formulation, the same projection operator used to approximate the strain field (and then evaluate the stiffness matrix) is employed to recover, via constitutive law, the stress field. Considering a first‐order formulation, strains are locally mapped onto constant functions, and stresses are piecewise constant. However, the virtual displacements might engender more complex strain fields for polygons, which are not triangles. This leads to an undesirable loss of information with respect to the underlying virtual stress field. The recovery by compatibility in patches, originally proposed for finite element schemes, is here extended to VEM, aiming at mitigating such an effect. Stresses are recovered by minimizing the complementary energy of patches of elements over an assumed set of equilibrated stress modes. The procedure is simple, efficient, and can be readily implemented in existing codes. Numerical tests confirm the good performance of the proposed technique in terms of accuracy and indicate an increase of convergence rate with respect to the classical approach in many cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The future air traffic management in Europe and the USA is being defined by the SESAR and NextGen programs, respectively. In the mid-2020s, air–ground air traffic control communications will be primarily data-centric as opposed to current voice-centric communications. The International Civilian Aviation Organization has proposed the required communication performance (RCP) metric to define the requirements to support the new data communication services. In this paper, we propose a model to calculate the expected performance using the RCP metric based on the air–ground data link characteristics. Then, we present the results of using the model to obtain the characteristics that an air–ground data link must have to support the future ATC communication requirements proposed by Eurocontrol and the Federal Aviation Administration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indus River Basin (IRB) in the western Himalayas is very important for the sustainability of livelihood, food and water security of its inhabitants. In the present work, changing climate and its impact on water budget of IRB is discussed. For this, simulation from a regional climate model (REMO) is studied for present (1970–2005) and future (till 2099) climate under various representative concentration pathways (RCPs). It is distinctly seen that, there is a likely increased (decreased) precipitation over upper (lower) IRB under both the RCPs. Moreover, a heterogeneous warming pattern is projected over the region with season‐specific response of warming towards increasing greenhouse gases (GHGs). Higher (lower) evapotranspiration over the lower (central) IRB raise serious concerns about water issues. The changes in climatic parameters will have huge impact on the associated water budget. Linkages of water budget with the corresponding precipitation, temperature, evapotranspiration and runoff provide possible mechanisms for depleting (enhancing) water storage over the lower (upper) IRB during DJF (JJAS). This will have impact on agriculture, crop and water security of the region and thus underlines the need for adaptation policies at governance level. (A) Trend of seasonal mean precipitation (mm day−1 year−1) during 1970–2099 over Indus River Basin (IRB) from regional climate model (REMO) regional model driven by MPI‐ESM‐LR global model under CORDEX‐SA, under RCP2.6 (a–d) and RCP8.5 (e–h) for DJF, MAM, JJAS and ON seasons. (B) Time series of precipitation (mm/day) averaged over the same. The series in grey corresponds to observation data (APHRODITE) for the period 1970–2005. The series in blue, green and red correspond to Present (1970–2005), RCP2.6 and RCP8.5 warming scenarios (2006–2099), respectively, from REMO regional model forced with MPI‐ESM‐LR global model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The maximal lactate steady state (MLSS) represents the highest exercise intensity at which an elevated blood lactate concentration ([Lac]b) is stabilized above resting values. MLSS quantifies the boundary between the heavy-to-very-heavy intensity domains but its determination is not widely performed due to the number of trials required.Design: This study aimed to: (i) develop a mathematical equation capable of predicting MLSS using variables measured during a single ramp-incremental cycling test and (ii) test the accuracy of the optimized mathematical equation.Methods: The predictive MLSS equation was determined by stepwise backward regression analysis of twelve independent variables measured in sixty individuals who had previously performed ramp-incremental exercise and in whom MLSS was known (MLSSobs). Next, twenty-nine different individuals were prospectively recruited to test the accuracy of the equation. These participants performed ramp-incremental exercise to exhaustion and two-to-three 30-min constant-power output cycling bouts with [Lac]b sampled at regular intervals for determination of MLSSobs. Predicted MLSS (MLSSpred) and MLSSobs in both phases of the study were compared by paired t-test, major-axis regression and Bland-Altman analysis.Results: The predictor variables of MLSS were: respiratory compensation point (Wkg-1), peak oxygen uptake (V˙O2peak) (mlkg-1min-1) and body mass (kg). MLSSpred was highly correlated with MLSSobs (r=0.93; p<0.01). When this equation was tested on the independent group, MLSSpred was not different from MLSSobs (234±43 vs. 234±44W; SEE 4.8W; r=0.99; p<0.01).Conclusions: These data support the validity of the predictive MLSS equation. We advocate its use as a time-efficient alternative to traditional MLSS testing in cycling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study applies the nested-grid version of Goddard Earth Observing System (GEOS) chemical transport model (GEOS-Chem) to examine future changes (2000–2050) in SOA concentration and associated direct radiative forcing (DRF) over China under the Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs). The projected changes in SOA concentrations over 2010–2050 generally follow future changes in emissions of toluene and xylene. On an annual mean basis, the largest increase in SOA over eastern China is simulated to be 25.1% in 2020 under RCP2.6, 20.4% in 2020 under RCP4.5, 56.3% in 2050 under RCP6.0, and 44.6% in 2030 under RCP8.5. The role of SOA in PM 2.5 increases with each decade in 2010–2050 under RCP2.6, RCP4.5, and RCP8.5, with a maximum ratio of concentration of SOA to that of PM 2.5 of 16.3% in 2050 under RCP4.5 as averaged over eastern China (20°–45°N, 100°–125°E). Concentrations of SOA are projected to be able to exceed those of sulfate, ammonium, and black carbon (BC) in the future. The future changes in SOA levels over eastern China are simulated to lead to domain-averaged (20°–45°N, 100°–125°E) DRFs of +0.19 W m −2 , +0.12 W m −2 , − 0.28 W m −2 , and −0.17 W m −2 in 2050 relative to 2000 under RCP2.6, RCP4.5, RCP6.0, and RCP8.5, respectively. Model results indicate that future changes in SOA owing to future changes in anthropogenic precursor emissions are important for future air quality planning and climate mitigation measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The assessment of climate change and its impacts on hydropower generation is a complex issue. This paper evaluates the application of representative concentration pathways (RCPs, 2.6, 4.5, and 8.5) with the change factor (CF) method and the statistical downscaling method (SDSM) to generate six climatic scenarios of monthly temperature and rainfall over the period 2020-2049 in the Karkheh basin, Iran. The identification of unit hydrographs and component flows from rainfall, evaporation and streamflow data (IHACRES) model was employed to simulate runoff for the purpose of designing a run-of-river hydropower plant in the Karkheh basin. The non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA)-II was employed to maximize yearly energy generation and the plant factor, simultaneously. Results indicate the runoff scenarios associated with the SDSM lead to higher run-of-river hydropower generation in 2020-2049 compared to the CF results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the era of global warning, the insight of future climate and their changing extremes is critical for climate-vulnerable regions of the world. In this study, we have conducted a robust assessment of Regional Climate Model (RCM) results in a monsoon-dominated region within the new Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) and the latest Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) scenarios. We have applied an advanced bias correction approach to five RCM simulations in order to project future climate and associated extremes over Bangladesh, a critically climate-vulnerable country with a complex monsoon system. We have also generated a new gridded product that performed better in capturing observed climatic extremes than existing products. The bias-correction approach provided a notable improvement in capturing the precipitation extremes as well as mean climate. The majority of projected multi-model RCMs indicate an increase of rainfall, where one model shows contrary results during the 2080s (2071-2100) era. The multi-model mean shows that nighttime temperatures will increase much faster than daytime temperatures and the average annual temperatures are projected to be as hot as present-day summer temperatures. The expected increase of precipitation and temperature over the hilly areas are higher compared to other parts of the country. Overall, the projected extremities of future rainfall are more variable than temperature. According to the majority of the models, the number of the heavy rainy days will increase in future years. The severity of summer-day temperatures will be alarming, especially over hilly regions, where winters are relatively warm. The projected rise of both precipitation and temperature extremes over the intense rainfall-prone northeastern region of the country creates a possibility of devastating flash floods with harmful impacts on agriculture. Moreover, the effect of bias-correction, as presented in probable changes of both bias-corrected and uncorrected extremes, can be considered in future policy making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Optimizing the conjunctive use of surface water and groundwater at the regional scale. • Promoting the economic benefits of water resource systems while considering the penalties and risks. • Reflecting uncertainties expressed as discrete intervals and probability distributions. • Obtaining various water planning alternatives under different climate change scenarios. Abstract The shortage of water resources and the increasing competition among water users have highlighted the importance of the water allocation problem. Water availability is crucial for water resource allocation and changes frequently, leading to the necessity to predict available water. This paper develops a framework aimed to plan regional water allocations under different representative concentration pathways (RCP) scenarios using an interval parameter conditional value-at-risk (CVaR) two-stage stochastic programming model. This framework combines prediction and optimization to reflect climate change, the uncertainty of water system and the coordination between water resources allocation and risk. The feasibility and practicality of the framework are demonstrated by its application in a real-world case study in the Lower Songhua River Basin in northeast China. Comparison between the results of the developed model and actual conditions show that 11.61 × 108 m3 volume of water supply can be saved after optimization, indicating that the developed model tends to allocate water in a more efficient way. The ratio of surface water to groundwater is reduced from 2:1 to 1.62:1. The proposed model has practical relevance for saving water and alleviating groundwater overexploitation. The approach is applicable to most areas with severe water shortages and groundwater overexploitation, and decision makers can determine the appropriate options for water resources allocation based on risk preferences and actual conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Built environment, which includes some major investments in Oman, has been designed based on historical data and do not incorporate the climate change effects. This study estimates potential variations of the hourly annual maximum rainfall (AMR) in the future in Salalah, Oman. Of the five climate models, two were selected based on their ability to simulate local rainfall characteristics. A two-stage downscaling-disaggregation approach was applied. In the first stage, daily rainfall projections in 2040-2059 and 2080-2099 periods from MRI-CGCM3 and CNRM-CM5 models based on two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP8.5 and RCP4.5) were downscaled to the local daily scale using a stochastic downscaling software (LARS-WG5.5). In the second stage, the stochastically downscaled daily rainfall time series were disaggregated using K-nearest neighbour technique into hourly series. The AMRs, extracted from 20 years of projections for four scenarios and two future periods were then fitted with the generalized extreme value distribution to obtain the rainfall intensity-frequency relationship. These results were compared with a similar relationship developed for the AMRs in baseline period. The results show that the reduction in number of wet days and increases in total rainfall will collectively intensify the future rainfall regime. A marked difference between future and historical intensity-frequency relationships was found with greater changes estimated for higher return periods. Furthermore, intensification of rainfall regime was projected to be stronger towards the end of the twenty-first century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Global climate change is likely to increase the geographic range and seasonality of malaria transmission. Areas suitable for distribution of malaria vectors are predicted to increase with climate change but evidence is limited on future distribution of malaria with climate in China. Objective Our aim was to assess a potential effect of climate change on Plasmodium vivax ( P . vivax ) and Plasmodium falciparum ( P . falciparum ) malaria under climate change scenarios. Methods National malaria surveillance data during 2005–2014 were integrated with corresponding climate data to model current weather-malaria relationship. We used the Generalized Additive Model (GAM) with a spatial component, assuming a quasi-Poisson distribution and including an offset for the population while accounting for potential non-linearity and long-term trend. The association was applied to future climate to project county-level malaria distribution using ensembles of Global Climate Models under two climate scenarios - Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5). Results Climate change could substantially increase P . vivax and P . falciparum malaria, under both climate scenarios, but by larger amount under RCP8.5, compared to the baseline. P . falciparum is projected to increase more than P . vivax . The distributions of P . vivax and P . falciparum malaria are expected to increase in most regions regardless of the climate scenarios. A high percentage (>50%) increases are projected in some counties of the northwest, north, northeast, including northern tip of the northeast China, with a clearer spatial change for P . vivax than P . falciparum under both scenarios, highlighting potential changes in the latitudinal extent of the malaria. Conclusion Our findings suggest that spatial and temporal distribution of P . vivax and P . falciparum malaria in China will change due to future climate change, if there is no policy to mitigate it. These findings are important to guide the malaria elimination goal for China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Hindu Kush-Himalayan region is an important global freshwater resource. The hydrological regime of the region is vulnerable to climatic variations, especially precipitation and temperature. In our study, we modelled the impact of climate change on the water balance and hydrological regime of the snow dominated Kaligandaki Basin. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) was used for a future projection of changes in the hydrological regime of the Kaligandaki basin based on Representative Concentration Pathways Scenarios (RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5) of ensemble downscaled Coupled Model Intercomparison Project's (CMIP5) General Circulation Model (GCM) outputs. It is predicted to be a rise in the average annual temperature of over 4 °C, and an increase in the average annual precipitation of over 26% by the end of the 21st century under RCP 8.5 scenario. Modeling results show these will lead to significant changes in the basin's water balance and hydrological regime. In particular, a 50% increase in discharge is expected at the outlet of the basin. Snowmelt contribution will largely be affected by climate change, and it is projected to increase by 90% by 2090.Water availability in the basin is not likely to decrease during the 21st century. The study demonstrates that the important water balance components of snowmelt, evapotranspiration, and water yield at higher elevations in the upper and middle sub-basins of the Kaligandaki Basin will be most affected by the increasing temperatures and precipitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Potato tuber yield were simulated at Jorhat, Assam under various Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) scenarios for 2020, 2050 and 2080 using DSSAT SUBSTOR-Potato model. The model was calibrated and validated for three potato cultivars, viz., Kufri Jyoti, Kufri Pokhraj and Kufri Himalini with the experimental data collected during 2014-15 and 2015-16. Results revealed that if planting is delayed beyond November, all these cultivars are likely to record drastic reduction in tuber yield. Cultivar Kufri Himalini may incur tuber yield loss of 64 per cent in 2020 to 75 per cent in 2080, followed by Kufri Jyoti (57.6% in 2020 to 71.5% in 2080) and Kufri Pokhraj (45.2% in 2020 to 56.2% in 2080). Among the cultivars, Kufri Pokhraj may remain a viable cultivar up to 2050, but Kufri Himalini may lose its sustainability by 2020 itself. Hence, adjustment of planting time and development of improved adaptive potato cultivars only will ascertain future potato production in this region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The objective of the study was to analyze the understanding of the nursing team of the basic health care network in the care of the victims in CRP. Method used integrative literature review. The results show that survival with CRP is related to a series of fundamental interventions characterized by the immediate recognition of PCR signals, request for help, immediate onset of CPR maneuvers, and that there is a need to update the team about the Guidelines for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and the standardization of nursing behaviors in the care of these victims. Conclusion: With the reduced number of scientific publications, the low production and understanding of these professionals on the process of attending to the victims in CRP is already evident. It should be noted that the broad incorporation of this subject into the curricula of all levels of education is necessary, especially a broader approach in technical and undergraduate courses. This study continues to support this research, supporting the need to invest in the training of nursing staff since its action is directly linked to the direct care of these patients to better elucidate the issue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A multi-model ensemble provides useful information about the uncertainty of the future changes of climate. High-emission scenarios using representative concentration pathways (RCP8.5) of the Fifth Phase Coupled Model Inter-comparison Project (CMIP5) in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) also aids to capture the possible extremity of the climate change. Using the CMIP5 regional climate modelling predictions, this study analyses the distribution of the temperature and precipitation in Bangladesh in the recent years (1971–2000) and in three future periods (2010–2040, 2041–2070 and 2070–2100) considering RCP8.5 scenarios. Climate changes are expressed in terms of 30-year return values of annual near-surface temperature and 24-h precipitation amounts. At the end of the century, the mean temperature increase over Bangladesh among the 11 RCMs will vary from 5.77 to 3.24 °C. Spatial analysis of the 11 RCMs exhibited that the southwest and the south central parts of Bangladesh will experience a greater temperature rise in the future. Possible changes in rainfall are also exhibited both temporally and spatially. Based on the analysis of all the RCMs, a significant increase of rainfall in the pre- and post-monsoon period is observed. It is also evident thatmonsoon rainfall will not increase in comparison with pre-monsoon season. Zonal statistics of 64 districts of Bangladesh are also conducted for the 2020s, 2050s and 2080s to find out the most exposed regions in terms of the highest rise in temperature and changes in precipitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An assessment of the projection of near surface air temperature over the Himalayan region from the COordinated Regional Climate Downscaling EXperiment- South Asia (hereafter, CORDEX-SA) regional climate model (RCM) experiments have been carried out for different Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) scenarios. The purpose of this study is to assess the probable future changes in the mean temperature climatology and its long term trend for different seasons under greenhouse gas forcing scenarios for different seasons till the end of 21st century. A number of statistical measures such as changes in mean climatology, long term trend and probability distribution function have been used in order to detect the signals of changes in climate. Moreover, the associated uncertainties among different model experiments and their ensemble in space, time and different seasons in particular have been quantified. Despite of strong cold bias in the model experiments over Himalayan region (Nengker et al., 2017), statistically significant strong rate of warming (0.03–0.09 °C/year) across all the seasons and RCPs have been projected by all the models and their ensemble. Season specific response towards the warming is indicated by ensemble under future climate while ON season shows comparable magnitude of warming than DJF. Such warming intensifies with the increase in the radiative forcing under a range of greenhouse gas scenarios from RCP2.6 to RCP8.5. In addition to this, a wide range of spatial variability and disagreements in the trend magnitude between different models describes the uncertainty associated with the model projections and scenarios. A substantial seasonal response to warming with respect to elevation was also found, as DJF season followed by ON portrays highest rate of warming, specifically at higher elevation sites such as western Himalayas and northern part of central Himalayas. The different elevation classes respond differently to the projected future warming under different RCPs and seasons. Such higher warming during DJF may have consequences as changes in the fractional distribution of the solid and liquid precipitation as well as the melting of the glacial deposits with ultimately affecting the streamflow response and water resources in the downstream areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The magnetic properties and magnetocaloric effect in YMnO3 have been investigated using Monte Carlo simulations. The thermal magnetization, specific heat and magnetic entropy have been obtained for different values of exchange interactions and for a several external magnetic field values. The variation of adiabatic temperature change with the temperatures has been obtained for several values of external magnetic field. It has been found that the sample exhibited a paramagnetic to ferromagnetic phase transition at 30 K. The transition temperature of YMnO3 has been deduced for different values of size (1/L) and different values of exchange interactions. The relative cooling power with several values of external magnetic field has been established. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzed the evolution of climate data in the Rio Bravo Basin in Mexico from 1980-2009 and projects future climate conditions in this region. Then, the potential impacts of climate change on water resources for crops in the nine irrigation districts (IDs) of the Rio Bravo Basin were evaluated. Specifically, climate data on precipitation, maximum and minimum temperatures, and evapotranspiration from the baseline period of 1980-2009 were compared with projected climate conditions for 2015-2039, 2045-2069, and 2075-2099. The projections were based on two representative concentration pathways (RCPs) of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5). Patterns in the behavior of the analyzed climate variables over the past ten decades were examined and compared to the projected evolution of these variables through to the end of the century. Overall, in the future, temperatures, rates of evapotranspiration, and crop water demand are expected to increase. Also, the future precipitation patterns of all IDs were modified under the considered scenarios. Finally, the IDs of Acuña-Falcón and Delicias will be the most impacted by climate changes, while Palestina will be the least affected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• TiO 2 was coupled with RCP through carbon chain self-assembly. • PDMS and RCPT were used to prepare building self-cleaning coating. • Hydrophilicity and photocatalytic activity were regulated by changing RCPT content. • A new definition of surface roughness was proposed based on fractal dimensions. • 'Lotus effect' and photocatalytic effect jointly improved the self-cleaning capacity. Photocatalytic super-hydrophobic coating is highly appealing due to its exceptional self-cleaning capacity. In this study, recycled concrete powder (RCP) was used to support TiO 2 , and RCP@TiO 2 composites (RCPT) were incorporated into polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) to fabricate an exterior wall self-cleaning coating. The super-hydrophobicity and photocatalytic activity of the resulting coating were modulated by adjusting the dosage of RCPT. The surface roughness was determined through fractal analysis. The findings indicated that the incorporation of RCPT generated micro-/nano-scale structures on the coating surface, which significantly enhanced its hydrophobicity. The water contact angle (WCA) of the coating surface increased with the content of RCPT. When the mass ratio of RCPT to PDMS reached 1, the sliding angle (SA) sharply decreased, resulting in a super-hydrophobic surface with WCA greater than 150° and SA less than 10°. According to the surface roughness, critical points of wetting state transition can be accurately identified. Meanwhile, the coating with the same addition of RCPT exhibited the highest photocatalytic activity. The synergistic effect of super-hydrophobicity and photocatalytic degradation contributed to the enhanced self-cleaning capacity. Due to the lotus effect, the coating exhibited high stain resistance and water repellency. Most pollutants adhering to the coating surface can be removed by rainwater rolling off. In case of fouling by organic pollutants, photocatalytic degradation can decompose adsorbed pollutants, thus restoring the lotus effect. The coating also demonstrated exceptional stability against photo-thermal erosion, mechanical abrasion, and water impact. Our research has unveiled the correlation between surface structure and properties of coating, providing valuable insights for the development of building self-cleaning coatings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Warming oceans are causing changes in the distribution of numerous species. If greenhouse gas production continues to follow current trends, further distribution changes will result. It is often assumed that range shifts into higher latitudes may mitigate threats to susceptible species. Sabellaria alveolata is an important intertidal ecosystem engineer and protected by the UK Biodiversity Action Plan. In this study we created a habitat suitability model for S. alveolata around Great Britain and quantified changes in coastal suitability with increasing sea surface temperatures (SST) using Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) scenarios modelled by the International Panel on Climate Change. The model included maximum and minimum SST, substrate, slope, kinetic energy due to waves and currents, photosynthetically active radiation, and the coefficient of light attenuation. The model performed very well (AUC = 0.932, 50.2% of deviance explained) and all variables explaining comparable deviance (up to 10%). Recent SST was then combined with predicted SST increases, leading to suitable habitat locations expanding across the southern and western GB coastlines and resulting in larger patches, hence potential for connectivity. Some northern extension was observed; however, this was limited and patchy. The greatest extensions were seen on the south coast, with most of the south coast becoming a continuous network with excellent suitability. With an increase of 1.2 °C, the extent of coast in the excellent suitability class was increased by 5.75% compared to 2020, and by 38.1% with 3.2 °C. Despite the importance of winter temperature in driving S. alveolata distribution, over-riding environmental constraints prevented any major northward migration. The assertion that potential for range shifts to higher latitudes may mitigate the effects of climate change depends on niche availability which may not always be realised. • Sabellaria alveolata is a bioengineer, likely to be impacted by climate change. • We developed a GB wide habitat suitability model for S alveolata. • After substrate, coefficient of light attenuation was the most influential variable. • Warming oceans increased overall suitability of GB coast to S. alveolata. • This demonstrates a sensitivity of sessile marine species to climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change and land use/cover (LULC) changes are considered as main agents of soil erosion by water. Hence, evaluating both the past and future trends in rainfall and LULC patterns is crucial to seek their multi-temporal impacts on the erosion. In this line, the main objective of the present study was to assess the past and project the future variabilities of water-induced soil erosion under changes in rainfall and LULC patterns for the Mediterranean island of Crete (Greece). They were based on the estimation of soil loss rate by the GIS-based empirical model of RUSLE, and referred to three past periods (1991–2000, 2001–2010 and 2011–2020) and four periods of near and far future (2021–2030, 2031–2040, 2041–2050 and 2051–2100) under three different climate change scenarios (RCP2.6, RCP4.5 and RCP8.5). The relevant dynamics of R and C-factors incorporated in RUSLE were determined by using rainfall multi-historical observations and future simulations for the former, and LULC outputs derived from satellite images and CA-Markov model for the latter. The RUSLE outputs showed a gradual increase of mean soil loss during the past periods as a result of continuously increasing rainfall erosivity and bare land extent. However, the generally decreased levels projected for them in the future are expected to lead to a subsequent decrease of mean soil loss. In all cases, the mountainous parts of Crete and especially in the west were found to be more affected by erosion. Compared to the more recent past period of 2011–2020, the future period of 2041–2050 was projected to be the most notable in terms of potential risk, indicating the only scenario of increase (+0.4) in mean soil loss as well as the highest coverage (a total of 8 %) by areas of high and extreme loss. The RCP8.5 and RCP2.6 were projected to be the most negative climate change scenarios for the near (until 2040) and far (2040 onwards) future, respectively, presenting the smallest decreases (about −16 % and −5 %, respectively) in mean soil loss. The study's findings can offer knowledge indispensable for future sustainable policy-making and spatial planning. • Past/future assessments/projections of water-induced soil erosion in a Mediterranean island. • Under the impacts of climate and land use/cover changes. • Both climate and LULC changes seem to have an impact on soil erosion over time. • Projected soil erosion risk varies depending on the future period and climate change scenario (RCP). • The study fills a gap in terms of spatial scale, analyzing high-quality input datasets at regional scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introducción: El paro cardiorrespiratorio es la documentación de la pérdida del pulso y respiración. La resucitación cardiopulmonar (RCP) está compuesta por compresiones torácicas interpuestas por ventilaciones, las cuales pueden producir el retorno de circulación espontánea, un ritmo y pulso viable. Los parámetros de cómo realizar RCP están definidas por guías consensuadas, pero estos no son rutinariamente medidos, por lo que la calidad es desconocida. Objetivos: Determinar el grado de conocimiento teórico y práctico del manejo del paro cardiorrespiratorio en estudiantes de 6to. año de la Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad Francisco Marroquín utilizando simuladores clínicos. Metodología: Estudio descriptivo y abierto, donde se incluyeron 26 estudiantes usando simuladores de alta fidelidad de RCP, las cuales proveen respuestas fisiológicas realísticas, por medio de algoritmos matemáticos generados por programas en computadoras. Resultados: De los 26 estudiantes, 0% aprobó el examen teórico con un promedio de 77.4 puntos; en la evaluación práctica ninguna pareja logró una efectividad mayor al 80%. El promedio de la profundidad de las compresiones fue de 3.38 cm, el promedio de liberación post-compresión fue de 51% y el promedio de tiempo de interrupción total fue 79 segundos. El análisis estadístico demostró que no hay relación entre los resultados del test teórico y la efectividad en las compresiones y ventilaciones en el manejo del paro cardiorrespiratorio. Conclusiones: Se pudo evidenciar que los estudiantes no tienen la competencia apropiada en Soporte Vital Básico y Avanzado, por lo que se recomienda enfocar los cursos de Advance Cardiac Life Support (ACLS) a un mayor abordaje práctico con simuladores fisiológicos y que los estudiantes realicen el curso en periodos de tiempo más seguidos.

Abstract: A pilot system for treating municipal waste was evaluated to verify its ability to remove viral pathogens. The presence of Adenovirus, Calicivirus, Enterovirus and Hepatitis A and E was determined using RT-PCR. The efficiency of coliphages as indicators and the presence of classic bacterial indicators were also investigated. A 100% positivity was obtained for the presence of all viruses at the entrance and exit of the system; therefore, the system was not able to remove them. Coliphages weren’t removed by the system, but they were effective as indicators of enteric viral presence in it. Bacterial indicators reduced their number going through the system, but even at the end of the system, coliforms had numbers above the limits dictated by Venezuelan law. Therefore, it would be necessary to add additional steps to the system in order to obtain an effluent that meets the laws and to ensure the absence of enteric viruses. Resumen: Se evaluó un sistema piloto de tratamiento de aguas residuales municipales para verificar su capacidad de remoción de patógenos virales. La presencia de Adenovirus, Calicivirus, Enterovirus, Virus de Hepatitis A y Virus de Hepatitis E. Se determinó mediante RT-PCR (Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa con Transcriptasa Reversa). Además, se examinó la eficacia de los colifagos como indicadores y se verificó la presencia de indicadores bacterianos clásicos. Se obtuvo un 100% de positividad para la presencia de todos los virus en la entrada y salida del sistema, por lo que el sistema no es capaz de eliminarlos. Los colifagos no fueron removidos por este sistema, pero sirvieron como indicadores para la presencia de virus entéricos en el mismo. Los indicadores bacterianos redujeron su número a su paso por el sistema, pero aún al final del sistema, los coliformes se encontraban en números por encima de los límites establecidos por las leyes venezolanas. Por lo tanto, sería necesario agregar otros pasos al sistema, para poder obtener un efluente que cumpla las leyes y que garantice la ausencia de virus entéricos.

It is anticipated that climate change will impact sediment yield in watersheds. The purpose of this study was to investigate the impacts of climate change on sediment yield from the Logiya watershed in the lower Awash Basin, Ethiopia. Here, we used the coordinated regional climate downscaling experiment (CORDEX)-Africa data outputs of Hadley Global Environment Model 2-Earth System (HadGEM2-ES) under representative concentration pathway (RCP) scenarios (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5). Future scenarios of climate change were analyzed in two-time frames: 2020−2049 (2030s) and 2050−2079 (2060s). Both time frames were analyzed using both RCP scenarios from the baseline period (1971−2000). A Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model was constructed to simulate the hydrological and the sedimentological responses to climate change. The model performance was calibrated and validated using the coefficient of determination (R2), Nash−Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE), and percent bias (PBIAS). The results of the calibration and the validation of the sediment yield R2, NSE, and PBIAS were 0.83, 0.79, and −23.4 and 0.85, 0.76, and −25.0, respectively. The results of downscaled precipitation, temperature, and estimated evapotranspiration increased in both emission scenarios. These climate variable increments were expected to result in intensifications in the mean annual sediment yield of 4.42% and 8.08% for RCP4.5 and 7.19% and 10.79% for RCP8.5 by the 2030s and the 2060s, respectively.