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Pigmented lesions are commonly found in the oral cavity. Oral pigmentations may be physiological or pathological in nature. It may represent as a localized anomaly of limited significance or the presentation of potentially life threatening multisystem disease. Oral pigmentation has a multifactorial etiology. Most of the oral pigmentations are physiologic. Evaluation of a patient with pigmented lesions should include a full medical and dental history, extraoral and intraoral examinations. In this article, we report a case of extensive physiologic pigmentation of the oral cavity in a 12 year old female patient, posing a diagnostic challenge.

The conjunctiva is frequently involved by congenital and acquired benign melanocytic proliferations. The entities we discuss herein are mostly melanocytic nevi. Congenital, racial, and acquired epithelial pigmentations and oculardermal melanocytoses will be only shortly mentioned.

Multiple myeloma (MM) can be defined as a malignancy with monoclonal plasma cell proliferation. A 66-year-old man presented with pruritic erythematous to purplish plaque grouped nodule with black pigmentations and purpura on the right forearm. The patient was diagnosed with MM about five years prior to the visit at our hospital. Erythematous plaque on his right arm grew rapidly in size over one month and appeared about seven months after the fracture surgery. Skin biopsy showed multiple plasma cell infiltration with monoclonality for lambda light chain, which was consistent with cutaneous plasmacytoma. The patient refused to be treated and died two months later. We herein report an interesting case of cutaneous plasmacytoma at the surgical site of fracture repair.

The buccal cavity can be affected by lesions with different clinical aspects. The pigmented lesions are distinguished by their various causes and consequently, numerous treatments and prognoses. Exogenous pigmentations, melanocytic nevus, and melanocytic melanoma may present very similar clinical characteristics, which makes diagnosis difficult and compromises treatment. The objective of this study was to report the case of a patient diagnosed with melanoma and surgical indication but who, after careful clinical examination and biopsy, received the final diagnosis of exogenous pigmentation. The ABCDE criterion served as a guide to the distinction between benign and malignant lesions; however, complementary tests are essential to conclusive diagnoses, as in the reported case. Radiographic examination may be useful in the differentiation of pigmentation from metallic material; however, as observed in the present case, the examination is not always conclusive. The biopsy was fundamental to obtain the diagnosis and determine the ideal treatment approach. From the case reported, it was possible to conclude that detailed anamnesis and physical examination were essential to guide clinical management.

The melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) gene is related to the plumage color variations in chicken. Initially, the MC1R gene from 30 individuals was sequenced and nine polymorphisms were obtained. Of these, three and six single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were confirmed as synonymous and nonsynonymous mutations, respectively. Among these, three selected SNPs were genotyped using the restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) method in 150 individuals from five chicken breeds, which identified the plumage color responding alleles. The neighbor-joining phylogenetic tree using MC1R gene sequences indicated three well-differentiated different plumage pigmentations (eumelanin, pheomelanin and albino). Also, the genotype analyses indicated that the TT, AA and GG genotypes corresponded to the eumelanin, pheomelanin and albino plumage pigmentations at nucleotide positions 69, 376 and 427, respectively. In contrast, high allele frequencies with T, A and G alleles corresponded to black, red/yellow and white plumage color in 69, 376 and 427 nucleotide positions, respectively. Also, amino acids changes at position Asn23Asn, Val126Ile and Thr143Ala were observed in melanin synthesis with identified possible alleles, respectively. In addition, high haplotype frequencies in TGA, CGG and CAA haplotypes were well discriminated based on the plumage pigmentation in chicken breeds. The results obtained in this study can be used for designing proper breeding and conservation strategies for the Korean native chicken breeds, as well as for the developing breed identification markers in chicken.

Cilj ovog rada jest kroz pregled literature i prikaz slučaja proučiti pigmentacije oralne sluznice. Pigmentacije su čest nalaz u usnoj šupljini i uzrokovane su brojnim čimbenicima egzogene i endogene prirode. To su diskoloracije sluznice koje predstavljaju benigne, fiziološke promjene, manifestaciju sustavnih oboljenja ili čak maligne neoplazme. Pigmentacije sluznice usne šupljine razlikuju se po morfologiji, boji i uzroku. Mogu biti lokalizirane, žarišne, difuzne, te širokog spektra koloracije. Pigmentacije zahvaćaju različite lokalizacije u usnoj šupljini. Dijagnostika ovih promjena obuhvaća detaljno uzimanje anamnestičkih podataka, počevši od medicinske, obiteljske, dentalne, do anamneze sadašnje bolesti. Također, u svrhu dijagnostike potrebno je provesti detaljan klinički ekstraoralni i intraoralni pregled, kao i radiografsko snimanje, biopsiju i katkada laboratorijske pretrage krvi i hormona. U radu je prikazan slučaj pacijentice s oralnim pigmentacijama uzrokovanim pušenjem. The aim of this graduate thesis isto study pigmentations of the oral mucosa througha review ofliterature and a case report. Pigmentations of the oral mucosa are very common finding lesions in the oral cavity. Discolorations can appear as a result from many causes, causes that can be exogenus and endogenus in origin. Pigmentations can represent physiologic changes, some systemic disordes, hormonal disorders or even malignant change. Also, pigmentations can represent in a large spectrum of colors. Oral pigmentations can be solitary, multifocal or diffuse and can reflect on any side of the oral mucosa. Diagnose of a patient with this kind of lesion includes full medical history, family history, informations about duration and simptoms of lesion. Also, extraoral and intraoral review must be given in a combination with radiographic investigations, sometimes biopsy and laboratory investigations. This graduate thesis also reports a case of oral pigmented lesions associated with smoking in a young female patient.

The present report describes a case of Laugier-Hunziker syndrome (LHS), a rare benign condition. A patient with LHS develops acquired melanotic pigmentation of the lips and buccal mucosa, often with pigmentation of the nails occurring. No systemic symptoms are associated with this syndrome. Normally, no treatment is required for this condition, unless for aesthetic reason, mainly due to pigmentation on the lip mucosa. We present a case of LHS, 37-year-old female, whose pigmentations on her lip and in the oral cavity were treated with an Er:YAG laser. At the postoperative 12th month followup, the lesions recurred. The effects of any surgical attempt to treat pigmentations associated with LHS were discussed.

Barley grain at maturity can have yellow, purple, blue, and black pigmentations which are suggested to play a protective role under stress conditions. The first three types of the colors are caused by phenolic compounds flavonoids; the last one is caused by phytomelanins, oxidized and polymerized phenolic compounds. Although the genetic basis of the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway in barley has been thoroughly studied, there is no data yet on its regulation in purple and black barley grains. In the current study, genetic model of Hordeum vulgare 'Bowman' near-isogenic lines (NILs) was used to investigate the regulation of the flavonoid biosynthesis in white, purple, and black barley grains. Microsatellite genotyping revealed donor segments in the purple- and black-grained lines on chromosomes 2H (in region of the Ant2 gene determining purple color of grains) and 1H (in region of the Blp gene determining black lemma and pericarp), respectively. The isolated dominant Ant2 allele of the purple-grained line has high level of sequence similarity with the recessive Bowman's ant2 in coding region, whereas an insertion of 179 bp was detected in promoter region of ant2. This structural divergence between Ant2 and ant2 alleles may underlie their different expression in grain pericarp: Bowman's Ant2 is not transcribed, whereas it was up-regulated in the purple-grained line with coordinately co-expressed flavonoid biosynthesis structural genes (Chs, Chi, F3h, F3'h, Dfr, Ans). This led to total anthocyain content increase in purple-grained line identified by ultra-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Collectively, these results proved the regulatory function of the Ant2 gene in anthocyanin biosynthesis in barley grain pericarp. In the black-grained line, the specific transcriptional regulation of the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway genes was not detected, suggesting that flavonoid pigments are not involved in development of black lemma and pericarp trait.

The interaction of black fungi such as Phoma and Alternaria with marble surfaces, the pattern of growth of these organisms and the causes and reasons of physical and chemical damage are described. Special attention is given to the penetration pattern of the organisms under study as well as to their capability of altering the colour and mineralogical composition of rock surfaces. Some attention is given to special techniques of differentiating between different pigmentations of rock surfaces from cultural monuments. Further we discuss future techniques and approaches, which can be developed and used to protect the rock surfaces from this damage.

Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF-1) is an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by cutaneous pigmentations, neurofibromas, Lisch nodules and neuroectodermal tumors. Supra-aortic vessel aneurysms may affect patients with NF-1 and can be associated with rupture, ischemic complications and compression symptoms. We describe a 48-year-old woman with NF-1 and an extracranial 3×5 cm right internal carotid artery aneurysm. After balloon test occlusion the patient was treated with parent artery sacrifice which led to significant shrinkage on follow-up MR and reduction of compression symptoms. The literature concerning internal carotid artery aneurysms associated with NF-1 is reviewed evaluating the possible therapeutic options.

Several drugs may have a number of adverse reactions (ADRs) involving the oro-facial region. The dose of the drug and the time required for the reaction to take place are relevant parameters; nonetheless, ADRs mechanisms are not always known and ADRs are not always predictable since aspects other than drug pharmacodynamics and/or pharmacokinetics, as well as various interacting variables contribute to the final outcome. All tissues and many functions of the oral cavity can be affected. In particular, salivary function is fre- quently involved and hypo-salivation is the main manifestation; several mucosal lesions with different morphology (ulcerations, vesiculo- bullous lesions, white lesions, pigmentations, swelling) are also possible. Taste, sensation and trigeminal function alterations have been reported and the recent evidence regarding the occurrence of jawbones osteonecrosis, especially in bisphosphonates treated patients, is increasing. Clinical management may be quite difficult due to the multiplicity of involved classes of drugs and substances (dental materials, foods), the variety of affected tissues and functions, the type of produced lesions and disturbances, the complexity of related pathogenetic mechanisms (if known), the difficulties in assessing causality and managing drug withdrawal and/or dose adjustment, as well as in estab- lishing specific treatments, if any. In this paper the most common and significant oral ADRs, their related aspects and importance (including medico-legal implications) for health care providers will be discussed

Objetivo. Describir el perfil epidemiológico oral y las necesidades de tratamiento odontológico en pacientes VIH/SIDA atendidos en una institución. Diseño. Estudio descriptivo transversal. Emplazamiento. Facultad de Odontología Universidad de Cartagena. Participantes. Pacientes con diagnóstico de VIH/SIDA y bajo tratamiento antirretroviral. Mediciones principales. Se evaluaron variables sociodemográficas, estado de Higiene Oral, historia de Caries, Enfermedad Periodontal, manifestaciones orales asociadas a VIH/SIDA, necesidad de tratamiento odontológico. Resultados. De los 53 sujetos del estudio un59,9% presentaron higiene oral regular, un 66% mostró cálculo supragingival y un 15,1% sangrado gingival. Se observó caries en el 92,5% de los participantes y ausencia de dientes en el 73,6%. La prevalencia de manifestaciones orales de VIH/SIDA fue de un 45,3%, destacando las de origen infeccioso con un 28,3%. La presencia de lesiones no asociadas a VIH fue del 81,1%, sobresaliendo con un 28,3% las pigmentaciones orales asociadas a medicamentos antirretrovirales. El 100% de los sujetos precisó asistencia odontológica, necesitando 4 tipos de tratamiento diferentes el 60,4% de ellos. Sobresale la promoción y prevención en un 98,1% de los casos, seguida por la eliminación de cálculo en el 73,6% y la necesidad protésica en el 81,2% de los individuos. Conclusión. Se hace evidente la falta de atención y la necesidad de tratamiento de esta población. La cual presenta un estado de salud oral regular, afirmando el derecho a la atención integral que este tipo de pacientes merece.

Physiological and biochemical properties were tested in 45 isolates of Aspergillus egyptiacus (16 isolates), Emericella nidulans (16) and Aspergillus versicolor (13). The three fungal species exhibited common and similar features. The big similarity between A. egyptiacus and E. nidulans was greater than between A. egyptiacus and A. versicolor. It included the inability to produce base either from sodium citrate or lactic acid media, growth at 45 degrees C (thermophilicity), and production of very similar pigmentations on Aspergillus flavus and parasiticus agar. A. egyptiacus is therefore better placed in the Aspergillus nidulans-Emericella assemblage.

background. Reston foam (3M, St. Paul, MN) has been used in the past for the reduction of ecchymoses postliposuction surgery. The application of this modality, however, can cause allergic dermatitis, bullae formation and postinflammatory hyper-pigmentation, and it takes approximately 30 minutes to apply. objective. To develop a girdle that protects the skin from the aforementioned problems while incorporating the concepts of foam compression. methods. A garment was developed that incorporates foam into a lycra covering. Velcro straps are placed throughout the entire length of the girdle so that the surgeon can adjust the pressure according to specific needs. This garment is kept on for two to three days. results. No cases of allergic dermatitis, bullae formation or postinflammatory pigmentations were found with using this garment in over 800 cases. conclusion. In most cases, Reston foam is a good adjunct to liposuction surgery. However, it can occasionally cause allergic dermatitis, bullae formation or postinflammatory hyper-pigmentation and can take an inordinately long time to apply. The author presents a new garment that incorporates the foam into a lycra covering that includes velcro-adjustable straps along the entire length of the girdle. This garment has not caused the aforementioned problems of dermatitis, bullae formation or postinflammatory hyper-pigmentation in over 800 cases.

The focus in this chapter is on hair form or fiber diameter and curvature and on hair color or pigmentation. These important hair characteristics are controlled by single nucleotide polymorphisms which are single nucleotide changes in genes. The three primary hair forms today (African, Asian and Caucasian) and their hair pigmentations arose from genetic mutations that are consistent with geographic migrations of Asians and Caucasians. Therefore, these hair forms and pigmentations are probably remnants of prior adaptations to temperature, sun exposure and other environmental influences. Other hair traits related to genetics including different alopecia and several genetically involved hair abnormalities are described along with a brief summary of current directions in forensic science which has expanded into DNA analysis and is moving into the analysis of SNPs.

Tyrosinase is a multi-copper enzyme widely distributed in different organisms, including plants & mammals, etc., which is responsible for pigmentations, undesired browning of fruits and vegetables. This is the key enzyme in the melanogenesis in human and molting process of insects. Therefore the inhibitors of the enzyme may lead to novel skin whitening agents, anti-browning substances or compounds for insect control. A large numbers of moderate to potent tyrosinase inhibitors have been reported during the last decade. From our group, we reported a number of potent inhibitors from synthetic, semi-synthetic and natural origins. The compounds are from several chemical classes, like phenolics, terpenes, steroids, chalcones, flavonoids, alkaloids, long-chain fatty acids, coumarins, sildenafil analogs, bipiperidines, biscoumarins, oxadiazole, tetraketones, etc. More recently, the crystal structure of mushroom and couple of other tyrosinases has been published and more recently the crystal structure of mushroom tyrosinase complexes with a highly potent inhibitor tropolone has been reported. Yet there is a lack of information of inhibitor-tyrosinase intermolecular interactions. To overcome such issues, some researchers started utilizing in silico tools, like molecular docking simulations, for such purposes. There are also few papers published about the successful utilization of computational tools like QSAR-based and ligand-based virtual screening to identify novel and potent inhibitors of the enzyme. In our group, we are using all possible computational tools, like ligand-based as well structure-based approaches, to identify new inhibitors. In this review, some of such examples are briefly described.

Peutz–Jeghers syndrome is a rare autosomal dominantly inherited disease characterized by mucocutaneous pigmentations and gastrointestinal polyps. The polyps are located predominantly in the small intestine and usually cause intussusceptions. Adult intussusception caused by Peutz–Jeghers syndrome occurs very rarely. The purpose of this study was to analyze the clinical characteristics, preoperative diagnosis, and surgical management of Peutz–Jeghers syndrome associated with acute intussusception in adult patients. Consecutive patients with the postoperative diagnosis of acute intussusception caused by Peutz–Jeghers syndrome from 1995 to 2010 were reviewed retrospectively for this study. Data concerning clinical considerations, morphological examinations, and surgical procedure were analyzed. Different clinical manifestations were presented in patients with intussusception due to Peutz–Jeghers syndrome. Computed tomography associated or not with ultrasonography may be the most accurate examination for acute intussusceptions caused by Peutz–Jeghers syndrome. Surgical intervention is the first choice regimen in acute intussusceptions caused by Peutz–Jeghers syndrome. Prophylaxis and polypectomy of the entire small bowel is a worthy way in Peutz–Jeghers syndrome patients to reduce the frequency of laparotomies.

Objectives Toxins, such as PCBs, dramatically affect patients even decades after exposure. Although 40 years have passed since the accidental poisoning with polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) in Western Japan in 1968, high concentrations of PCBs are still detected in the serum of the “Yusho” (oil disease) patients. In this study, an epidemiological examination was carried out to reveal the prevalence of the oral pigmentation and blood concentrations of PCBs and polychlorinated quaterphenyl (PCQ) in Yusho victims. Design We performed a group examination of patients (Yusho victims) from 2004 to 2006, including 72 Yusho victims and 15 control subjects. The oral examination was performed by two oral and maxillofacial surgeons. The serum concentrations of PCB and PCQ were determined using gas chromatography; blood samples from Yusho victims were analyzed for PCB and PCQ by saponification in 1 M NaOH ethanol solution, extraction with n-hexane column chromatography on silica gel, and then gas chromatography with electron capture detection. Results The mean Yusho victim's serum PCB and PCQ concentrations were 3.3 ppb and 0.9 ppb, respectively. In controls, these were 0.7 ppb and 0 ppb, respectively. Oral pigmentation was observed in 24 out of 72 Yusho patients. In controls, oral pigmentation was observed in one out of 15 persons. Oral pigmentation was most frequently observed in the buccal mucosa, followed by gingival mucosa. The blood concentration of PCB in Yusho patients with oral pigmentations was significantly higher than that in Yusho patients without oral pigmentation. Conclusion These results indicated that PCB-related compounds may be responsible for the higher prevalence of oral pigmentation in Yusho victims, even though a long time has passed since the Yusho poisoning accident.

Two cases of breast cancer associated with von Recklinghausen's disease are reported. Case 1: A 58-year-old woman was admitted to the hospital because of a palpable right breast tumor in March 1986. The tumor, 2.5×2cm in size, was located in C portion of the right breast. Preoperative staging was considered as T2a, N0, M0, and Stage II. Simple mastectomy was carried out, and its histological diagnosis was squamous cell carcinoma. Case 2: A 32-year-old woman was admitted to the hospital because of a left breast tumor in September 1990. The tumor was 2×2cm in size locating in D portion of the left breast, and preoperative staging was T1, N0, M0, and Stage I. Quadrantectomy of mammary gland with axillaly lymph node cleaning (Glp+Ax) was carried out. Histologically it was solid carcinoma. In both cases, there were some neurofibromas and cafe au lait spot like pigmentations of the skin in the neck and the chest. Among 17 cases reported in Japan, their preoperative stagings were more than Stage II except only two cases in Stage I. It was considered that the detection of the breast cancer associated with von Recklinghausen's disease was often delayed because of the neiboring locations of both lesions.

The inhibitory effects of magnesium ascorbyl phosphate (VC-PMG) on melanogenesis were investigated in vitro using purified tyrosinase, B16F10 murine melanoma cell extract, and KHm-1/4 human melanoma cells. VC-PMG inhibited tyrosinase activity at a concentration of more than 0.001% for the purified tyrosinase, at a concentration of more than 0.01% for the B16F10 murine melanoma cells extract, and at a concentration of 0.1% for the KHm-1/4 human melanoma cells.Percutaneous absorption of 14C-labeled VC-PMG was examined by applying creams containing 3% VC-PMG onto dermatomed human cadaver skin. After 48 hours, VC-PMG was retained in the skin at levels of less than 2% of the applied dose.The lightening effects of VC-PMG on hyperpigmentation disorders, such as ephelides, chloasma, and senile freckle, in human skin in vivo were also studied. Cream containing 10% VC-PMG was applied to the pigmented area of 34 patients' faces twice a day for three months. Measurement by a color difference meter showed that the color of those pigmentations for 26 patients was lightened due to the topical application of VC-PMG cream. VC-PMG cream was also applied to non-pigmented area of 27 out of 34 patients. VC-PMG cream was also effective in lightening on 11 out of 27 healthy skin.These results suggested that VC-PMG was absorbed by topical application, and stayed in the skin, and inhibited tyrosinase activity of melanocytes. In vivo results clearly showed that topical application of VC-PMG can be effective in lightening human skin pigmentations.

Retinopathy is a surgical process in which maladies of the human eye are treated by laser irradiation. A two-dimensional numerical model of the human eye geometry has been developed to investigate steady and transient thermal effects due to laser radiation. In particular, the influence of choroidal pigmentations and choroidal blood convection — parameterized as a function of choroidal blood perfusion are investigated in detail. The Pennes bio-heat transfer equation is invoked as the governing equation and a finite volume formulation is employed in the numerical method. The numerical model is validated with available experimental and two-dimensional numerical results. For a 500 μm diameter spot size, laser power of 0.2 W, with 100% absorption of laser radiation in the Retinal Pigmented Epithelium (RPE) region, the peak RPE temperature is observed to be 175 °C at steady state, with no blood perfusion in choroid. It reduces to 168.5 °C when the choroidal blood perfusion rate is increased to 23.3 kgm−3s−1. However, under transient simulations, the peak RPE temperature is observed to remain constant at 104 °C after 100 ms of the laser surgery period. A truncated three-dimensional model incorporating multiple laser irradiation spots is also developed to observe the spatial effect of choroidal blood perfusion. For a circular array of seven uniformly distributed spots of identical diameter and laser power of 0.2 W, steady and transient temperature evolution are presented with analysis.

Redpolls (Carduelis flammea and C. hornemanni) are well known for their extensive phenotypic variability. Various explanations have been proposed for the phenomenon, ranging from extreme variability within a single inclusive taxon, to more modest variation within frequently hybridizing or strictly isolated taxa. The predominant view favors the recognition of two largely sympatric and only slightly differentiated species: the Common Redpoll (C. flammea), comprised of the four subspecies flammea, cabaret, islandica, and rostrata; and the Hoary Redpoll (C. hornemanni) comprised of the two subspecies hornemanni and exilipes. We investigated the possible existence of sympatric redpoll forms in a large sample (n = 209) of breeding individuals from Churchill, Manitoba, where the putative forms flammea and exilipes were reported to co-occur. Groups of individuals of specific age and sex were analyzed independently. The sample was not divided a priori into flammea and exilipes subgroups. The pattern of variation within each age-and-sex group is described, and the differences between these groups are analyzed. We show that several pigmentation characters in specific age-andsex groups are not distributed normally, and that pale and dark subgroups of second-year (SY) and after-second-year (ASY) males can be identified in a principal-components analysis (PCA) of seven characters reflecting the extent of melanin and carotenoid pigmentation. The pinkand red-breasted subgroups of ASY males match almost perfectly the pale and dark groups found in the PCA analysis. Further, when ASY males of different breast color (pink vs. red) are analyzed independently, all plumage characters are distributed normally. The analyses of SY and ASY females failed to provide good evidence for a plumage polymorphism. Our results support the idea that two relatively distinct redpoll forms breed at Churchill, which differ in several plumage characteristics involving both melanin and carotenoid pigmentations. These forms are more clearly differentiated in males than in females. They may be specifically distinct (C. f. flammea and C. hornemanni exilipes), as has frequently been suggested, but they also could be the product of different types of intraspecific genetic or ecophenotypic polymorphisms. Preliminary observations are presented that support the idea that plumage variants are largely genetically determined, but experimental work is needed to confirm this suggestion. Received 28 May 1991, accepted 19 February 1992. ORNITHOLOGISTS HAVE long been intrigued by the extensive plumage variability seen in redpolls (Carduelis [flammea] spp.). Based roughly on the same type of data and analytical approach (i.e. colorimetric and morphometric studies), different investigators have described that variation as continuous (e.g. Harris et al. 1965, Troy 1985) or dimorphic (e.g. Todd 1963, Molau 1985, Knox 1988), and have divided the "complex" into one to four species (see Knox 1988:table 1). The taxonomic disagreement comes mainly from the different interpretations given to the origin of birds having intermediate attributes in sympatric populations. Some re1 Present addresses: Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA; and Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Unit 0948, APO AA 34002, USA. searchers hold that intermediate birds are common in many populations and represent either hybrids and backcross individuals (e.g. Williamson 1961, Harris et al. 1965), or merely central points in a homogeneous distribution of phenotypic variants within a single highly variable species (Troy 1985). Other investigators (e.g. Molau 1985, Knox 1988) have suggested that, when sexual and age dimorphisms are carefully taken into account, very few redpolls qualify as intermediate, and these probably are convergent variants of distinct sympatric species. The most commonly encountered classification of redpolls is one in which two polytypic species are recognized, the Common Redpoll (C. flammea) comprised of the subspecies cabaret, flammea, and rostrata, and the Hoary Redpoll (C. hornemanni) comprised of the subspecies exilipes and hornemanni (Knox 1988). The taxonomic affinities of redpolls breeding in Iceland are un

1. 1. In this paper the chemical origin of the various pigmentations of Dysdercus species and some mutants was investigated. Fluorescent compounds of different species of Dysdercus and their mutants, which differ from the standard form by various yellow and red pigmentations, were analyzed by means of thin-layer chromatography (TLC), column chromatography (CC), high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC), electrophoresis, and by their absorption and fluorescent spectra. 2. 2. The pterins, erythropterin, isoxanthopterin, leucopterin, 7-methyl-xanthopterin and the purine, uric acid, could be recorded as main compounds in larvae and adults of D. cardinalis and D. nigrofasciatus and their mutants, and of D. intermedius as well. Additional indications of xanthopterin could be found in D. nigrofasciatus and its mutant. Some other rarely detected fluorescent compounds were registered but not identified. 3. 3. Uric acid and kynurenin were detected in the excreta of the adults of D. intermedius. 4. 4. In eggs of up to 4 days of age only erythropterin was present. On days 4 or 5 of embryogenesis, isoxanthopterin, leucopterin and uric acid could also be found. 5. 5. Red D. intermedius and yellow (D. nigrofasciatus) pieces of the integument were found to contain the same pterins (erythropterin, isoxanthopterin, leucoptein, 7-methyl-xanthopterin) in addition to uric acid. In the white pieces only uric acid was present. 6. 6. The same pterin pattern could be found in the testes of both species. But in the dark red testes of D. nigrofasciatus uric acid was absent, whereas it was present in the light red coloured ones of D. intermedius.

This paper deals with the phylogenies of section Camellia of Chinese origin using a floweranthocyanin as a chemical marker.Wild forms of camellias, C. semiserrata Chi and C. chekiangoleosa Hu, were characterized by the presence of pigments with lower Rf-values on two-dimensional thin layer chromatograms (TLC-plate). Of these pigments, both species contained exclusively or mainly spot 1, a mixture of cyanidin-3-glucoside and 3-galactoside. In addition, the latter C. chekiangoleosa contained a relatively large amount of cyanidin-3-galactoside within spot 1, which is associated with C. japonica subsp. rusticana (Honda) Kitamura, and the former C. semiserrata contained extremely small amount of this pigment.On the other hand, C. polyodonta How contained some individuals with the saluenensisspecific higher Rf pigments together with main lower Rf pigments.From the standpoints of these pigmentations, the manner of pigment-inheritance previously reported and the geographic distribution of the species in and around China, section Camellia may be arranged in the following two phylogenetic sequences; 1) from C. saluenensis Stapf ex Bean or its allied species to C. polyodonta and 2) from C. polyodonta or its primitive forms through C. semiserrata and/or C. chekiangoleosa to the groups of C. japonica Linn.Consequently, as the species extended north-eastwards from the so-called centre of origin, the anthocyanins became chemically simpler, since the genes favouring their production are recessive to those favouring the production of more complex anthocyanins.

Background The ectodermal dysplasias are a large and complex group of diseases. Case presentation This article presents a case in a 37 years old female patient, referred to the dental clinic for impairment patients maintained by the University of Pernambuco. She presented typical characteristics of Christ Siemens Touraine syndrome such as alterations of the inferior members, a great number of diffuse pigmentations, poor oral hygiene, periodontal disease, oligodontia, enamel hypoplasia, including alteration in the form and size of the teeth. Conclusion The optimal treatment for these patients should require the multidisciplinary collaborative efforts of health professionals.

Extensive studies on laser lithotripsy of urinary and gall calculi using a microsecond pulsed dye laser have yielded information on the mechanism of plasma initiation, expansion and shock wave fragmentation relevant to the determination of optimum fragmentation conditions. The key to plasma formation lies in the initial absorption of laser energy by the calculus surface to produce a sufficient density of localized vapour to absorb strongly laser energy. The subsequent ionization of the vapour by the further absorption of laser energy leads to plasma formation. The absorbance of several calculi pigmentations have been measured giving an indication of the individual susceptibility to laser induced breakdown. The plasma threshold is measured to be fluence dependence, which is caused by the vaporization and the further heating of the vapour. The transient expansion of the plasma imparts an impulse on stone and induces a sharp shock wave with peak pressure as high as 10 kilobar leading to the fragmentation of calculi.

In 1980 we started a long-term study at our department examining 54 Patients with p.c.t. (42 male, 12 female). Out of these patients, 32 were re-examined (23 male, 9 female) in 1986. No ocular lesions were found that might be attributable to the underlying disease. Possible symptoms of p.c.t. are an increased filling of the conjunctival vessels, a decreased tear's formation, as well as brownish pigmentations in conjunctiva, in the lid margin. These changes occur in the anterior eye segment. At the fundus, a dry, in part side-different macular destruction and uncharacteristic peripheral retinal degeneration were found. The most prominent functional disorders are the acquired colour vision deficiency Verriest Type III and FSM Type I, respectively. It is based upon the small decrease of the visual acuity (relative central scotoma), the decline in immediate adaption and the macular destruction. Possible etiopathogenetical links between the underlying disease and the tapetoretinal degeneration are discussed. The morphological and functional eye lesions are limited and show hardly any progression.

Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) includes early development of up to thousands of colorectal adenomas and of colorectal adenocarcinoma in all untreated cases. Moreover, a variety of extracolonic manifestations are seen. Proctosigmoidoscopy is used for screening; when adenomas are found, the diagnostic evaluation includes colonoscopy and gastroduodenoscopy. Screening of first degree relatives should start at the age of 10 years, using proctosigmoidoscopy at regular intervals. The recent detection of a specific FAP gene at chromosome 5 and of congenital retinal pigmentations will allow an early preclinical diagnosis in the future. A centralized registration of FAP has resulted in an improved prognosis, and the establishment of international groups will contribute to increased research of this disease.

Twenty-one patients with varicose vein incompetence of the legs have been treated with the TriVex system (Smith & Nephew, Andover, MA, USA). The technique is designed for treatment of local varicosities to provide a good cosmetic result (remaining varicosities and pigmentation) and less morbidity (pain and loss of work days). These parameters showed good results with few remaining varicosities and pigmentations. Reasonable number of days out of work and moderate pain. Eighteen of the 21 patients had an overall good outcome with no complaints.

Linear and whorled nevoid hypermelanosis (LWNH) is a pigmentation disorder characterized by macular hyperpigmentation following the lines of Blaschko. Dermatoscopy can be used in the differential diagnosis of this pigmentation disorder. To our knowledge, the dermatoscopic features of pigmented lesions in LWNH have not been described previously. Here, a case of LWNH is discussed together with its dermatoscopic findings. An 11-year-old girl presented to our department with hyperpigmentation along the lines of Blaschko over the entire body. The mental status of the patient was normal and no associated anomaly was detected in the physical examination or genetic analysis. Dermatologic examination revealed a whorled-like configuration of hyperpigmented macules on the neck, trunk, and buttocks, and a linear configuration of hyperpigmented macules, some of which were arranged in a parallel linear fashion on the extremities along the lines of Blaschko. Histopathologic examination confirmed the diagnosis. Dermatoscopic examination revealed linear or circular arrangement of streak-like pigmentations arranged in a parallel manner. This is the first known reported case of LWNH that describes its dermatoscopic findings. Dermatoscopy may be used to facilitate the differential diagnosis of melanotic lesions of this pigmentation disorder.

Background Macular amyloidosis is a primary form of skin amyloidosis with deposition of small to moderate amyloid material in the upper dermis and mild pigmentary incontinence with resultant clinical hyperpigmentation. Objectives To determine the efficiency of Q-switched Nd:YAG laser (532 and 1064 nm) in reducing the pigmentations due to skin macular amyloidosis. Methods A prospective, side by side, controlled, clinical trial study was designed. Twenty subjects with clinical diagnosis and pathology confirmation of macular amyloidosis were treated with Q-switched Nd:YAG laser: 532 nm in a part of their plaques and with 1064 nm in another part of their plaques. Assessment of efficiency was done by colorimetric scores based on Mexameter measurement and also digital photographs before laser therapy and 8 weeks after treatment. Results Mexameter-based data analysis showed that the two lasers (Q-switched 532 and 1064 Nd:YAG) are effective in reducing the degree of macular amyloidosis patches pigmentation, and 532 nm is meaningfully more effective than 1064 nm in this matter. Photograph-based analysis showed that 90% of cases treated by 532 nm had good or very good response, and for the 1064 nm–treated patches, 60% of cases had the good or very good response. Conclusions The results of study showed the net positive effect of Q-switched Nd:YAG laser, either 532 nm or 1064 nm, in pigment reduction of macular amyloidosis patches, but the 532-nm laser was more effective than 1064 laser.

The occurrence of blue-grey areas in the soft tissue represents one of the problems affecting patients whose teeth have been restored using metallic materials. It is generally accepted that it is caused by mechanical penetration of a metallic material into the soft tissue. Several facts indicate that this mechanism is not general. The aim of the study was to determine an alternative mechanism of the origin of pigmentations, based on the corrosion interaction of metallic materials used in prosthodontics with the oral environment. The study was comprised of an analysis of pigment particles, determination of exposure conditions of metallic materials in vivo and laboratory evaluation of corrosion properties of the studied materials. Particles containing silver, sulphur and/or selenium could be seen in ultra-thin sections in the lamina propria gingivae. Comparison of the corrosion laboratory results with the results of in vivo measurements indicated the intensification of corrosion under these conditions. Amalgams and silver-containing alloys used for teeth restorations may release silver under the conditions of the oral cavity. The formation of soluble silver compounds in the sulcular area or in a crevice between the crown and the cast post-and-core reconstruction facilitates their transport to the soft tissue and subsequent deposition.

The level of pigmentation varies in different types of alkyd coatings. Obviously, the properties of a coating are influenced by the pigment volume concentration (PVC). Especially, around the so-called critical pigment volume concentration (CPVC) the properties change dramatically, since the coating structure changes considerably around this point. Although it is known that the permeability changes at the CPVC, the effect on the chemical drying of alkyd coatings as a function of depth has never been investigated because of the lack of experimental techniques. For the first time 1D high spatial resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is applied to monitor the curing of alkyd coatings with different degrees of pigmentations as a function of depth. The MRI depth profiles clearly show a change in curing behavior around the CPVC. Below the CPVC a macroscopic reaction front is observed, of which the speed does not depend on the degree of pigmentation and moves with View the MathML source. Such fronts develop because the cross-linking process is limited by oxygen diffusion towards the reaction front. Above the CPVC a coating seems to cure homogeneously. This sudden change in curing behavior is attributed to the existence of coating spanning pore networks above the CPVC. Therefore, oxygen easily penetrates the complete coating. SEM images confirm the existence of porosity at high degrees of pigmentation. Since above the CPVC the reaction still proceeds with View the MathML source, it is assumed that on a local scale reaction fronts also develop and the curing speed is limited by oxygen transport. Due to the presence of the porous network the reaction front has complex 3D shape and fills the complete pore space. Therefore, the curing process seems to occur homogeneously above the CPVC.

Three unusual types of oral pigmentation are presented. The first is a brown orange pigmentation caused by the habit of using the bark of Juglans regia for teeth cleaning. The second is a bright yellow pigmentation associated with the habit of chewing the seeds of Cola nitida. The third is a generalized mousy brown pigmentation related to the habit of chewing the leaves of Catha edulis. The purpose of this article is to describe the nature of these pigmentations and to present their clinical and histologic features.

The processes of formation of two pigmented cells, the statocyte and the ocellar pigment cell, in the cerebral vesicle of larvae of the ascidian Styela plicata were investigated in whole mount specimens and serial paraffin sections by light microscopy. The pigmentations of the two cells became visible simultaneously in embryos at the stage of tail elongation, 5–6 hr after fertilization. The pigmented cells were at first located side by side in the dorsal wall of the neurocoel. Growth of the pigment mass in the ocellus ceased at about 6.5 hr, while that in the statocyte continued through the hatching period (9–10 hr) up to the swimming stage. The pigment mass in the statocyte consisted of two blocks which joined together during their growth. The statocyte migrated from the dorsal to the ventral wall of the cerebral vesicle by the swimming stage. In swimming larvae, the more ventral of the two pigment blocks of the statocyte formed an inverted pigment cup and a cluster of protuberances projected into it from the ventral wall of the cerebral vesicle. Phylogenetically, the sensory organs in the cerebral vesicle of Styela plicata seem intermediate between those in Pyuridae and Botryllinae with respect of their structure and process of differentiation.

The composition of metallic pigmentations in gingiva and dental roots was determined by means of transmission electron microscopy with energy dispersive x-ray microanalysis. The systemic immune response to the metals found in the oral cavity was evaluated in 10 patients by using a modified lymphocyte proliferation test. Immunological results were compared with a group of five controls without metallic materials and pigmentation. Dense particles of various shapes and sizes, as well as of diverse extracellular and intracellular localization patterns, were detected in the pigmented lamina propria gingivae. Metallic deposits consisted predominantly of silver accompanied by selenium or sulfur or both. Besides, Ag, Au, Cr, Ni, Fe, Hg, Cu, and Ti were identified in dentinal tubules of teeth reconstructed with dental alloys. Nine patients with metallic pigmentations had a positive lymphocyte proliferative response to one or more metals present in their own metal reconstructions. Results of this study thus indicated that dental alloys-by virtue of their corrosion process-might pose a significant risk to immunologically susceptible patients.

The diagnosis of melanonychia striata is often difficult, and a biopsy of the nail matrix is required in doubtful cases. However, dermoscopic examination of the nail plate offers interesting information in order to better select the cases in which pathologic examination is indicated. In the case of brown longitudinal pigmentation with parallel regular lines, the diagnosis of nail apparatus melanocytic nevus could be made. On the other hand, the presence of a brown pigmentation overlaid by longitudinal lines irregular in their thickness, spacing, color, or parallelism is highly in favor of a melanoma. Gray homogeneous lines are observed in case of lentigo, lentiginoses, ethnic or drug-induced pigmentations, and in post-traumatic pigmentations. Blood spots are characterized by their round-shaped proximal edge and their filamentous distal edge and are highly suggestive of subungual hemorrhages. Dermoscopic examination of the free edge of the nail plate gives information on the lesion location; pigmentation of the dorsum of the nail plate is in favor of a proximal nail matrix lesion, whereas pigmentation the lower part of the nail edge is in favor of a lesion of the distal matrix.

A 75-year-old man with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis was started on active treatment with minocycline hydrochloride, an investigational neuronal anti-apoptotic agent,1 in February 2005 starting at 100 mg twice daily tapered up to 200 mg twice daily or identical placebo. Within 2 …

UNLABELLED Acellular dermal matrix (ADM) has been used as a substitute for gingival allografts. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of ADM with partial thickness flap in the elimination of gingival melanic pigmentations. Fifteen patients presenting bilateral gingival melanin pigmentation were selected for this study. Each side of the pigmentation was randomly assigned to be part of a group. The sites of the experimental group had a partial thickness flap raised, excised, followed by adaptation and suture of the ADM. On the opposite side (ie, sites from the control group), the oral epithelium was removed with a diamond bur. The healing process was evaluated at 1 and 2 weeks, and 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months postoperatively. Images of the patient's follow-up were digitalized, and occurrence and quantification of clinical repigmentation were evaluated. After 12 months, minimal repigmentation (mean 3.14 +/- 7.45%) was noted in 8 of 15 sites from the ADM group, while significant repigmentation (mean 55.84 +/- 27.25%) was seen in 15 of 15 abrasion sites. According to our results, it can be concluded that ADM may be successfully used in the elimination or greater reduction of gingival melanic pigmentations, and is more efficient than epithelium abrasion after 12 months (p < 0.0001). CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Gingival pigmentation is a common finding in several ethnic groups. Although physiologic melanin pigmentation is not a medical problem, cosmetic demands may turn it into a problem of social acceptance in different cultures. In this way, different treatment modalities have been used with the aim of removing pigmentations for esthetic reasons. In the present study, the use of ADM with partial thickness flap resulted in more effective elimination of gingival melanin pigmentation, as repigmentation occurred later and was much weaker when compared to the outcomes of epithelial abrasion.

Oral amalgam tattoos (AT) are distinct pigmentations of the oral mucosa resulting from accidental incorporation of dental amalgam in the oral soft tissues. Dental amalgams and in particular mercury, one of the constituents of dental amalgams, have for long been considered toxic. Oral ATs are easily accessable to study soft tissue reaction to amalgam and its degradation products. In this study, 17 oral ATs were examined by transmission electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis. Ultrastructurally, in the ATs, three kinds of electron-dense particles were observed. The largest particles ranged in size from 0.5 up to several 100 μm. Smaller electron-dense inclusions (0.5–0.1 μm) were seen extracellularly associated with meshworks of elastic fibers and collagen bundles. The third and smallest type of particles (5–30 nm in diameter) was found with basement membranes of small vessels and pericytes and particularly decorating collagen bundles. Element analysis regularly revealed the presence of silver, sulphur, copper and lead in the AT decay products. Mercury was found in only one instance. Tissue reactions due to ATs seem to be minimal. No acute inflammatory changes were seen. Larger inclusions occasionally were surrounded by macrophages and multinucleated cells. TEM and element analysis may in specific cases be helpful in the differential diagnosis of pigmented lesions of the oral mucosa.

The transcriptional regulators for anthocyanin biosynthesis include members of proteins containing an R2R3-MYB domain, a bHLH (basic helix-loop-helix) domain and conserved WD40 repeats (WDRs). Spacial and temporal expression of the structural genes encoding the enzymes for anthocyanin biosynthesis is thought to be determined by combinations of the R2R3-MYB, bHLH and WDR factors and their interactions. While the wild-type Japanese morning glory (Ipomoea nil) exhibits blue flowers with colored stems and dark-brown seeds, the c mutants display white flowers with red stems and colored seeds, and the ca mutants exhibit white flowers with green stems and ivory seeds. Here, we characterize the tissue-specific expression of three MYB genes, three bHLH genes and two WDR genes in I. nil. We also show that the recessive c-1 and ca alleles are frameshift mutations caused by a 2 bp deletion and 7 bp insertions in the genes for the R2R3-MYB and WDR transcriptional regulators designated as InMYB1 and InWDR1, respectively. In addition to defects in flower, stem and seed pigmentations, the ca mutants were found to show reduced trichome formation in seeds but to produce leaf and stem trichomes and root hairs normally. Except for the gene for chalcone synthase E in the ca mutant, all structural genes tested were coordinately reduced in both c-1 and ca mutant flower limbs. However, slight but significant expression of the genes for chalcone synthase D, chalcone isomerase and flavanone 3-hydroxylase in the pathway for flavonol biosynthesis was detectable in c-1 and ca mutants, whereas no such residual expression could be observed in other genes involved in the later anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway. The biological roles of the C-1 and Ca genes in I. nil epidermal traits and their evolutionary implications are also discussed.

Pigmentations of the oral cavity are commonly noted in clinical practice and may have physiologic, non-physiologic, or pathologic etiologies. The most common non-physiologic localized pigmentation is the amalgam tattoo; another, less common, non-physiologic pigmentation is the graphite tattoo. Graphite tattoos may easily be confused with amalgam tattoos but have only infrequently been reported in the literature.This case report discusses a patient with a localized pigmented lesion involving the free gingiva, attached gingiva, and alveolar mucosa. The patient was referred for esthetic enhancement of the area in question. Dental history revealed trauma to the area involving falling on a pencil as a child. The lesion was excised and submitted for histologic examination; a subepithelial connective tissue graft was harvested and utilized to prevent an esthetic defect.Histologic evaluation confirmed graphite within the soft tissue as the etiology of the discoloration. At the 2-month postoperative appointment, a highly esthetic outcome was obtained utilizing a connective tissue graft.Although less common than the amalgam tattoo, the graphite tattoo may be encountered in the course of routine dental examinations and should be included in a differential diagnosis of any localized pigmented lesion. Although histologic evaluation is necessary to rule out pathology, if the dental history is consistent with the clinical impression of a nonpathologic lesion, such as the graphite tattoo in this case report, treatment with an autogenous connective tissue graft at the time of excision can produce a highly esthetic result and avoid additional surgical procedures in the future.

N ail pigmentation (melanonychia) is a common problem in dermatological practice. For the management of nail pigmentations, it is important to know the exact anatomic location of the pathologic feature (proximal or distal nail matrix). This enables the surgeon to choose the correct biopsy site and the adequate surgical technique. For the patient this is important because biopsy of the proximal nail matrix is much more likely to result in a permanent nail dystrophy. On the other hand, a biopsy specimen up to 3 mm in size taken from the distal part of the nail matrix usually does not affect nail growth. It is currently possible to identify the origin of nail pigmentation by using Fontana-Masson staining of a nail plate clipping specimen. This is the standard technique, which is relatively expensive and most important does not provide the answer immediately

Aged skin is characterized by rhytides but also by epidermal and dermal atrophy, rough skin texture, irregular pigmentation, telangiectasias, and laxity. Microdermabrasion is an office-based mechanical resurfacing technique alternative to traditional dermabrasion. It has been used in Europe since 1992 with great acceptance. The purpose of this study was to evaluate and quantify the degree of visible improvement in photodamaged skin and fine rhytides following a series of microdermabrasion treatments. A single operator treated 20 patients with varying degrees of photodamage and rhytides with a series of eight microdermabrasion treatments at 1-week intervals; 17 subjects completed the entire study protocol. Standardized photographic documentation was performed before and after each treatment, and a survey questionnaire was completed by each subject. Punch biopsy specimens (3 mm) were collected on treated and matched nontreated control sites and evaluated for histological characteristics. Preprocedure and postprocedure photographs were rated on a 5-point scale by independent blinded observers. A total of 30 blinded observers (16 plastic surgeons and 14 laypersons) rated all photographs. The results showed that all observers rated a significant improvement of hyperchromic discoloration (p = 0.004), while only nonmedical observers observed improvement in fine rhytides. All patients were very satisfied with the results. Common side effects were mild to moderate discomfort occurring on bony areas during the treatment and an itching and tingling sensation for 2 days after treatment. No infections or scars were observed postoperatively. The average epidermal thickness in the untreated samples was 103 +/- 23 microM (mean +/- SD) before treatment compared with 148 +/- 41 microM after treatment (p < 0.001). Histologic analysis of the matched punch biopsy specimens showed an increase in organized collagen in treated versus nontreated sites. Treatment of aged skin using a series of microdermabrasion treatments is an effective, noninvasive method of skin rejuvenation with minimal risk and patient downtime. It is safe and improves skin quality by minimizing certain hyperchromic pigmentations.

Purpose To determine whether sectorial-oriented grouped pigmentations of the retina follow developmental patterns of pigmentary mosaicism. Design Systematic literature review. Participants Fundus images from patients with grouped congenital hypertrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium (CHRPE). Methods An extensive Internet and library search was performed to obtain articles dealing with grouped CHRPE. Each article was carefully screened for fundus images and inclusion criteria. Fundus images of sufficient quality were scanned, digitized, and matched in size using Adobe Photo Shop to compare the pattern location and extension of the pigmented lesion. These obtained patterns of grouped CHRPE were than mapped and superimposed. Results Forty-five images were retrieved from 32 articles with grouped CHRPE. The lesions extended from the margin of the optic disc and radiated in sectors to the fundus periphery. The stream of growth did not follow the pattern of the retinal nerve fiber layer, because the clusters of pigmented cells crossed the midline raphe not sparing the macular area. Smaller lesion clusters were mainly located near the optic disc, whereas larger lesions were found in the periphery. Conclusions The growth pattern of grouped CHRPE is similar to cutaneous sectorial pigmentations. We speculate that pigmentary mosaicisms may be a modified wild-type allele in a somatic cell clone during early embryogenesis following developmental lines analogous to the cutaneous lines of Blaschko. The sectorial pigmentations on the ocular fundus may reflect the stream, outgrowth, and migration of retinal pigment epithelium cells during embryogenesis.

The conjunctiva is frequently involved by congenital and acquired benign melanocytic proliferations. The entities we discuss herein are: congenital, racial and acquired epithelial pigmentations, ocular-dermal melanocytoses and melanocytic nevi.

A76-YEAR-OLD white woman (patient 1), who had taken minocycline hydrochloridefor12years to treat bronchiectasis, demonstrated gray scleral pigmentation (Figure 1 and Figure 2). Patient 2, a 70-year-old white woman, was noted to have conjunctival pigmented inclusions on routine ophthalmic evaluation after a 5-year historyofminocyclineuseforrheumatoid arthritis (Figure 3). There were no pigmentations of the cornea, sclera, or lens. Both maculae contained discrete, unusual-appearing pigment clumps of the retinal pigment epithelium (Figure 4), unlike the pigmentations characteristic of age-related macular degeneration. A fluorescein angiogram revealed blocking of the background fluorescence by the pigment clumps. Both patients denied having used mascara or eyedrops to treat glaucoma. Light microscopic evaluation of conjunctival inclusions confirmed the presence of eosinophilic amorphous concretions with yellow autofluorescence (Figure 5), characteristic of tetracycline therapy. COMMENT Minocycline, a semisynthetic derivative of tetracycline, has antiinflammatory properties that are used in the treatment of chronic inflammation. Deposition of minocyclinehasbeenreportedinskin,nails, teeth,mucosa,thyroid,bones, 1-3 and sclera. 4 To the best of our knowledge, no cases of minocyclineinduced retinal pigmentation have been reported. We believe that the unusual macular pigmentation in patient 2 is likely related to minocycline therapy. She had no other findings of age-related macular disease, nor was she using any other medications known to cause retinal pigmentation.

Die Melanosis oculi ist eine meist einseitige angeborene Hyperpigmentation des Uvealtraktes und der Episklera, die als auffallende Heterochromie imponiert. Falldemonstration einer 33jahrigen Patientin, bei der am linken Auge seit 1986 eine Melanose der Sklera mit umschriebenem Melanocytom bei ipsilateraler Heterochromie der Iris und diffuser Hyperpigmentation der Aderhaut dokumentiert wurde. Die durch Spaltlampen- und Fundusfotografie sowie Bulbusechographie durchgefuhrte Verlaufsbeobachtung zeigte keine Veranderung der Lasion uber einen Zeitraum von 6 Jahren. Wahrend einer 2maligen Graviditat traten keine Veranderungen der Pigmentation auf. Die Wahrscheinlichkeit der Transformation einer okularen Melanosis in ein uveales malignes Melanom wird von Shields auf 5% geschatzt [11], wobei sich diese Wahrscheinlichkeit wahrend einer Schwangerschaft durch fraglich hormonellen Einflus noch erhoht. Regelmasige Kontrollen sind daher unbedingt indiziert, im Falle einer Schwangerschaft sollten Kontrolluntersuchungen alle drei Monate stattfinden. Ocular melanocytosis is a congenital unilateral hyperpigmentation of the uveal tract and episclera. A common feature is a striking heterochromia. We present a case report of a 33-year-old woman, with an unilateral melanosis of the sclera and a circumscript melanocytoma accompanied by ipsilateral heterochromia of iris and uvea. No change of these pigmentations even during pregnancy could be found during a followup of 6 years. The probability of a transformation from ocular melanosis to an uveal malignant melanoma is estimated by Shields about 5% [11], this percentage is suspected to become even higher during pregnancy and lactation due to an until yet unknown hormonel influence [12]. Therefore regular examinations are indicated, in case of pregnancy they should be every three months.

Pigmentations are commonly found in the mouth. They represent in various clinical patterns that can range from just physiologic changes to oral manifestations of systemic diseases and malignancies. Color changes in the oral mucosa can be attributed to the deposition of either endogenous or exogenous pigments as a result of various mucosal diseases. The various pigmentations can be in the form of blue/purple vascular lesions, brown melanotic lesions, brown heme-associated lesions, gray/black pigmentations.

Retinal laser photocoagulation has been used for a decade, but no real improvement in results has been observed. The simulator described here, by separating actual practice from apprenticeship, allows one both to learn the use of the equipment and the training in diagnosing and operating. It has been designed as close as possible to the actual device and gives the opportunity to deal with a widespread library of pathologic cases. An actual slit-lamp is supplied with sensors measuring all the degrees of freedom of the system. The images are calculated by a PC computer and are displayed at a rate of 15/s on a miniature screen located inside the binocular. A user interface is provided by means of a computer assisted training software, allowing the users to manage the pigmentations and pathologies database, to follow-up the students' skill level and to plan critical operations.