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Sorption and desorption of phenanthrene (PHE) onto black carbon (BC) extracted from sediments were studied in the presence of three types of dissolved organic matter (DOM), including L-phenylalanine (L-PH), peptone and citric acid. The nonlinearity of the sorption isotherms increased in the presence of DOM. The presence of L-PH reduced the sorption capacity and desorption hysteresis because of the solubilization of PHE in L-PH solution. Peptone at 50–500 mg/L also led to a decrease in sorption attributed to solubilization, although the sorbed peptone on the BC surface could slightly increase PHE sorption. Unlike L-PH and peptone, citric acid enhanced the sorption capacity and irreversibility of PHE on BC mainly due to the strong sorption of citric acid on the BC surface. Our results may help to understand the different impacts of DOM on the distribution and transport of PAH in the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of electric field-induced ohmic heating for inactivation of Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, and Listeria monocytogenes in buffered peptone water (BPW) (pH 7.2) and apple juice (pH 3.5; 11.8 °Brix) was investigated in this study. BPW and apple juice were treated at different temperatures (55°C, 58°C, and 60°C) and for different times (0, 10, 20, 25, and 30 s) by ohmic heating compared with conventional heating. The electric field strength was fixed at 30 V/cm and 60 V/cm for BPW and apple juice, respectively. Bacterial reduction resulting from ohmic heating was significantly different (P<0.05) from that resulting from conventional heating at 58°C and 60°C in BPW and at 55°C, 58°C, and 60°C in apple juice for intervals of 0, 10, 20, 25, and 30 s. These results show that electric field-induced ohmic heating led to additional bacterial inactivation at sublethal temperatures. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observations and the propidium iodide (PI) uptake test were conducted after treatment at 60°C for 0, 10, 20, 25 and 30 s in BPW to observe the effects on cell permeability due to electroporation-caused cell damage. PI values when ohmic and conventional heating were compared were significantly different (P<0.05), and these differences increased with increasing levels of inactivation of three food-borne pathogens. These results demonstrate that ohmic heating can more effectively reduce bacterial populations at reduced temperatures and shorter time intervals, especially in acidic fruit juices such as apple juice. Therefore, loss of quality can be minimized in a pasteurization process incorporating ohmic heating. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The influence of certain nitrogen compounds - components of glucose-peptone medium (GPM) on the accumulation of carotenoids by some strains was investigated by surface cultivating basidiomycetes. The total carotenoid content was set in acetone extracts of mycological material spectrophotometrically and calculated using the Vetshteyn formula As the nitrogen-containing components used GPM with 9 compounds, such as peptone, DL-valine, L-asparagine, DL-serine, DL-tyrosine, L-proline, L-alanine, urea, NaNO3. The effect on the accumulation of specific compounds both in the mycelium and in the culture fluid of carotenoids by culturing certain strains of Basidiomycetes was identified. Adding to standard glucose-peptone medium peptone at 5 g/l causes an increase of carotenoid accumulation by strain L. sulphureus Ls-08, and in a concentration of 4 g/l by strains of F. hepatica Fh-18 and F. fomentarius Ff-1201. In order to increase the accumulation of carotenoids in the mycelium we suggested to make a standard glucose-peptone medium with proline or valine for cultivating of L. sulphureus Ls- 08 strain; alanine for F. fomentarius Ff-1201 strain; proline, asparagine and serine - for strain Fh-18 of F. hepatica. The results can be implemented in further optimization of the composition of the nutrient medium for culturing strains of Basidiomycetes wich producing carotenoids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was performed to optimize Salmonella Typhimurium recovery from raw duck wings with five nonselective broths (buffered peptone water, tryptic soy broth, lactose broth, universal preenrichment broth, nutrient broth) and four selective broths (selenite broth, BAX System MP media [MP], Salmonella AD media [AD], ONE broth-Salmonella [OB]). Healthy or heat-injured (50 and 85% injury) cells were inoculated at a level of 10², 10¹, or 100 CFU/25 g on raw duck wings. Growth was modeled using DMfit with four growth parameters: lag-phase duration, maximum growth rate, doubling time, and maximum population density. Most enrichments were able to recover Salmonella Typhimurium to greater than 6 log CFU/ml. AD, MP, and OB had significantly (P < 0.05) higher maximum growth rate (0.9 to 1.0/h) and lower doubling time (0.7 to 0.8 h). Buffered peptone water, AD, MP, and OB recovered healthy and 50%-injured cells at low inoculum levels to more than 6.0 log CFU/ml; OB achieved the greatest recovery (7.6 and 7.9 log CFU/ml), following 24 h of incubation. The 85%-injured cells at 100 and 10¹ CFU/25 g, however, were only recovered in OB, reaching 7.3 and 7.5 log CFU/ml, respectively. These results suggest that OB may be an appropriate enrichment broth for the recovery of Salmonella Typhimurium from raw duck wings in standard diagnostic tests or other rapid detection methods, to avoid false-negative results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article are presented the researches made in order to obtain protein biomass with the aid of lactic bacteria grown on an economically medium, achieved by using secondary products from the winery: marc and wine yeast. Therefore, there were cultivated two strains of Lactobacillus sp. on five different growth medium. The protein biosynthesis and evolution of lactic fermentation were monitored by determining the optical density (OD) of the culture at a wavelength λ = 600 nm and by counting the colony forming units (CFU) by serial dilutions and seeding on plates and by determination of lactic acid obtained. The results showed that the fermentation medium represented by diffusion solution of the marc, enriched with peptone is economically profitable compared to other culture media containing peptone, yeast extract, glucose, minerals, amino acids and vitamins presented in the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] We examine protein extracts as novel methods to control Acanthaster planci. [•] Oxbile and ox gall are promising A. planci control options. [•] Novel control method could increase efficiency of control efforts. [•] No disease transmission was observed in corals, echinoderms and fishes that were in contact with sick COTS. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The filamentous fungus Aspergillus clavatus is known to produce a variety of secondary metabolites (SM) such as patulin, pseurotin A, and cytochalasin E. In fungi, the production of most SM is strongly influenced by environmental factors and nutrients. Furthermore, it has been shown that the regulation of SM gene clusters is largely based on modulation of a chromatin structure. Communication between fungi and bacteria also triggers chromatin-based induction of silent SM gene clusters. Consequently, chemical chromatin effectors known to inhibit histone deacetylases (HDACs) and DNA-methyltransferases (DNMTs) influence the SM profile of several fungi. In this study, we tested the effect of five different chemicals, which are known to affect chromatin structure, on SM production in A. clavatus using two growth media with a different organic nitrogen source. We found that production of patulin was completely inhibited and cytochalasin E levels strongly reduced, whereas growing A. clavatus in media containing soya-derived peptone led to substantially higher pseurotin A levels. The HDAC inhibitors valproic acid, trichostatin A and butyrate, as well as the DNMT inhibitor 5-azacytidine (AZA) and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, which was used as a proxy for bacterial fungal co-cultivation, had profound influence on SM accumulation and transcription of the corresponding biosynthetic genes. However, the repressing effect of the soya-based nitrogen source on patulin production could not be bypassed by any of the small chemical chromatin effectors. Interestingly, AZA influenced some SM cluster genes and SM production although no Aspergillus species has yet been shown to carry detectable DNA methylation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are sometimes regarded as proteinophilic compounds, however, there is no research report about the effect of environmental protein on the bioaccumulation of PFASs in waters. In the present study we investigated influences of protein on the bioaccumulation of six kinds of PFASs by Daphnia magna in water; it included perfluorooctane sulfonate, perfluorooctanoic acid, perfluorononanoic acid, perfluorodecanoic acid, perfluoroundecanoic acid, and perfluorododecanoic acid. Two types of protein including bovine albumin from animal and soy peptone from plant were compared and the effects of protein concentration were investigated. Both types of protein at high concentrations (10 and 20 mg L-1) suppressed the bioaccumulation of PFASs. When protein concentration increased from 0 to 20 mg L-1, the decreasing ratios of the PFAS body burden (35.3-52.9%) in Daphnia magna induced by bovine albumin were significantly higher than those (22.0-36.6%) by soy peptone. The dialysis bag experiment results showed that the binding of PFASs to protein followed the Freundlich isotherm, suggesting it is not a linear partitioning process but an adsorption-like process. The partition coefficients of PFASs between bovine albumin and water were higher compared to soy peptone; this resulted in higher reducing rates of freely dissolved concentrations of PFASs with increasing bovine albumin concentration, leading to a stronger suppression of PFAS bioaccumulation. However, the presence of both types of protein with a low concentration (1 mg L-1) enhanced the bioaccumulation of PFASs. Furthermore, the waterbased bioaccumulation factor based on the freely dissolved concentrations of PFASs even increased with and the depuration rate constants of PFASs from Daphnia magna decreased with protein concentration, suggesting that protein would not only reduce the bioavailable concentrations and uptake rates of PFASs but also lower the elimination rates of PFASs in Daphnia magna. Because these two opposite effects would change with different protein concentrations in water, the net effect of protein on PFAS bioaccumulation would also vary with protein concentration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To investigate and optimize microbial media that substitute peptone agar using brebra seed defatted flour. Methods: Defatted process, inoculums preparation, evaluation of bacterial growth, preparation of cooked and hydrolyzed media and growth turbidity of tested bacteria were determined. Results: Two percent defatted flour was found to be suitable concentration for the growth of pathogenic bacteria: Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922) (E. coli), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853), Salmonella (NCTC 8385) and Shigella flexneri (ATCC 12022) (S. flexneri), while 3% defatted flour was suitable for Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923) (S. aureus). E. coli (93±1) and S. flexneri (524±1) colony count were significantly (P≤0.05) greater in defatted flour without supplement than in supplemented medium. E. coli [(3.72×109±2) CFU/mL], S. aureus [(7.4×109±2) CFU/mL], S. flexneri [(4.03×109±2) CFU/mL] and Salmonella [(2.37×109±1) CFU/mL] in non-hydrolyzed sample were statistically (P≤0.05) greater than hydrolyzed one and commercial peptone agar. Colony count of Salmonella [(4.55×109±3) CFU/mL], S. flexneri [(5.40×109±3) CFU/mL] and Lyesria moncytogenes (ATCC 19116) [(5.4×109±3) CFU/mL] on raw defatted flour agar was significantly (P≤0.05) greater than cooked defatted flour and commercial peptone agar. Biomass of E. coli, S. aureus, Salmonella and Enterococcus faecalis in non-hydrolyzed defatted flour is highly increased over hydrolyzed defatted flour and commercial peptone broth. Conclusions: The defatted flour agar was found to be better microbial media or comparable with peptone agar. The substances in it can serve as sources of carbon, nitrogen, vitamins and minerals that are essential to support the growth of microorganisms without any supplements. Currently, all supplements of peptone agar are very expensive in the market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Response surface methodology (RSM) was employed for the optimization of the composition of medium for the production of xylanase by Aspergillusterreus under solid state fermentation (SSF). The effect of twelve medium components was tested using Plackett-Burman designand the variables namely, peptone, soybean meal, (NH4)2SO4, and CoSO4 were found to be significant on the production of xylanase. These variables were selected for further optimization studies using central composite (CCD) design. The steepest ascent method was used to access the optimal region of the medium composition, followed by an application of response surface. The optimum values of the tested variables were peptone - 0.0161 g/gds or (g/gram dry substrate), soybean meal - 0.0429 g/gds, (NH4)2SO4 - 0.0161 g/gds, and CoSO4 - 0.0031 g/gds. Under the final optimized conditions, the predicted response for xylanase production was 356.56 IU/gds (International units of xylanase activity per gram of dry substrate), and the observed validated experimental value was 355.73 IU/gds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Owing to rapid developments in reducing investment costs for the treatment of industrial effluent and gain through release of product, this investigation focuses on simultaneous treatment and product release. Tests were conducted to reveal the potential of Cladosporium cladosporioides for biodegradation and decolorization of distillery spent wash. A 24 full factorial central composite experimental design of Response Surface Methodology was conducted obtaining a maximum decolorization of 62.5 % and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) reduction of 73.6 % at optimized conditions (fructose concentration of 7 g L-1, peptone 2 g L-1, 6 pH and 10 % (w/v) inoculum concentration). Results of the kinetic study revealed that the decolorization process follows first order kinetics with half life saturation period of 5.02 days. The products released during the degradation were separated, analyzed using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS), and identified through the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) library. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This study evaluated the effect of a new hydrolizate from poultry feathers on growth kinetics and aminopeptidase activities of eight bifidobacteria compared with common peptones. The growth kinetics results suggest that the experimental hydrolizate could be a cheaper medium ingredient without affecting the modulation of common aminopeptidase activities. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Total proteose-peptone (TPP) fractions were extracted from skimmed milk (UHT) and whey protein concentrate (WPC) on a laboratory scale. Protein solutions (0.1 %, 0.5 %, and 1 % w/w) were characterized as function of pH: 4.0, 4.6-4.7 (native pH), and 7.0. Their foaming capacities and stabilities were studied. Beforehand, the surface properties that govern them were investigated, notably the kinetics of adsorption and mechanical properties of monolayer films at the air-water interface involved in the formation and the stability of foams respectively. The TPP extracted from skimmed milk showed the lowest values as well as a significant reduction in surface tension and presented a good mechanically resistant film. The TPP extracted from WPC presented a better foaming capacity and stability which was unexpected. However, foaming properties and surface properties of TPP fractions depended on the pH. The considerable influence of extraction source and method on proteose-peptone's properties were highlighted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The efficacy of lauric arginate ( LAE) on Salmonella survivability in ground chicken containing 9.8% fat was determined under refrigerated storage. The effect of LAE treatments on total aerobes, pH and objective colour were also assessed in ground chicken. LAE was highly effective against Salmonella in 0.1% peptone with no detectable survivors following treatment with 200 ppm and 400 ppm of LAE. No difference existed ( P > 0.05) in the growth of Salmonella and total aerobes after treatment with 200 and 400 ppm of LAE in ground chicken inoculated with a four strain mixture of Salmonella. At these concentrations, LAE did not exhibit any treatment effect on the pH and colour of ground chicken ( P > 0.05). In conclusion, although LAE possesses strong inhibitory ( P < 0.05) effect against Salmonella in suspension in 0.1% peptone water, no inhibitory ( P > 0.05) effect on growth of Salmonella was observed in ground chicken at the currently approved levels of 200 ppm of LAE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The lactic acid-assimilating yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae NAM34-4C grew rapidly in minimal d-lactate medium (pH 3.5) at 35°C, compared with minimal l-lactate medium. A laboratory strain, S. cerevisiae S288C, did not grow in either medium at pH 3.5. Strain NAM34-4C produced remarkably high levels of ethanol in YPDL medium at pH 3.5, but not at pH 5.5, when d-lactate was provided as the carbon source. Optimal cultivation conditions for ethanol production from d-lactate by strain NAM34-4C were as follows: shaking speed, 60 rpm; initial pH, 3.0; cultivation temperature, 35°C; yeast extract, 5 g/L; peptone, 10 g/L; and d-lactate, 30 g/L. Under these conditions, strain NAM34-4C produced 2.7 g/L ethanol, which is 18% of the theoretical maximal yield (0.51 × initial d-lactate concentration). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Monascus sp. is known for pigment production. Monascus sp. synthesized pigment has been used as food colorants for quite a long time. According to literature, many strains have been isolated from Monascus, which are internationally acknowledged and there are many studies on Monascus purpureus, Monascus anka or other species. In the present study, Monascus strain was isolated and identified as Monascus sanguineus on the molecular basis. This strain was then compared with a reference strain Monascus purpureus MTCC 410 for red pigment production under stress condition. Both strains were treated with different stress conditions viz. different concentration of glycerol, NaCl, peptone and also with the spores treated at different temperatures. Both strains had shown increased pigmentation under stressed condition. Maximum pigment yield was observed with 0.5M glycerol concentration for both strains (Monascus sanguineus 33.4 color value units (CVU)/ml, Monascus purpureus 36.7 CVU/ ml). For salt stress, both strains produced maximum pigment with 3% NaCl concentration. At 12% NaCl concentration, both the strains showed very slow growth and almost no pigment yield. When spores were treated with different temperatures, Monascus sanguineus produced maximum pigment with spores treated at 90°C, whereas Monascus purpureus lost viability at this range. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: In this study a comparative analysis of three Corynebacterium glutamicum ATCC 13032 respiratory chain mutants lacking either the cytochrome bd branch (ΔcydAB), or the cytochrome bc 1–aa 3 branch (Δqcr), or both branches was performed. The lack of cytochrome bd oxidase was inhibitory only under conditions of oxygen limitation, whereas the absence of a functional cytochrome bc 1–aa 3 supercomplex led to decreases in growth rate, biomass yield, respiration and proton-motive force (pmf) and a strongly increased maintenance coefficient under oxygen excess. These results show that the bc 1–aa 3 supercomplex is of major importance for aerobic respiration. For the first time, a C. glutamicum strain with a completely inactivated aerobic respiratory chain was obtained (ΔcydABΔqcr), named DOOR (devoid of oxygen respiration), which was able to grow aerobically in BHI (brain–heart infusion) glucose complex medium with a 70% reduced biomass yield compared to the wild type. Surprisingly, reasonable aerobic growth was also possible in glucose minimal medium after supplementation with peptone. Under these conditions, the DOOR strain displayed a fermentative type of catabolism with l-lactate as major and acetate and succinate as minor products. The DOOR strain had about 2% of the oxygen consumption rate of the wild type, showing the absence of additional terminal oxidases. The pmf of the DOOR mutant was reduced by about 30% compared to the wild type. Candidates for pmf generation in the DOOR strain are succinate:menaquinone oxidoreductase, which probably can generate pmf in the direction of fumarate reduction, and F1FO-ATP synthase, which can couple ATP hydrolysis to the export of protons. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Two media (King's B [KB] and CSGA) commonly used for the detection of fluorescent pigment by Pseudomonas spp. were compared to a new medium proposed in this study, PGS agar. Thirty-nine strains of 10 different species of Pseudomonas from several geographic regions were screened. The efficacies of these media were examined under several conditions, including the addition of iron-binding substances or supplementation with extra iron. The medium developed, which included an iron-binding agent, was the most permissive for production of fluorescent pigments when compared to KB and CSGA. Thirty-seven of the 39 pseudomonad strains screened were highly fluorescent on this new medium compared to 15 and 16 strains, respectively, on KB or CSGA. The optimal composition of the medium per litre was Bacto peptone 10 g, gelatin 20 g, sucrose 20 g, agar 15 g, dipotassium hydrogen phosphate 1 g, magnesium sulphate heptahydrate 1 g and conalbumin 2 g. Protocol validation tests performed through an intra-laboratory study in comparison to KB demonstrated the effectiveness of the new PGS medium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The ghost ant, Tapinoma melanocephalum (F.), is a household pest and a considerable nuisance. The aim of this study is to demonstrate the toxicity and control efficacy of boric acid in liquid bait against queen and worker ghost ants. The LT50 values for workers fed with 0.5%–2.5% boric acid and 2% chicken peptone in 20% sucrose water solutions were 4.3–2.4days. The lethal times (LT50 =5.2–7.6days) for queen ghost ants fed with various concentrations of a boric acid solution depended on the feeding behavior of the queens. The high boric acid (4%) content solutions were not repellent to the ghost ant workers. The liquid bait formulation of 1% boric acid, which caused a 100% worker, brood, and queen population reduction in 4, 4, and 5weeks, respectively, was significantly more effective than the solid bait formulation containing the same concentration (p ≦0.05). The simulation tests involved using chicken peptone and sucrose as the attractant, and colonies were provided an alternate food source (20% sucrose solution and dog food) to achieve a more accurate assessment of bait acceptability in screening for the efficacy of the liquid boric acid bait. The control efficiency attained 99.9% in week 4. The results demonstrated that liquid bait, containing 2% chicken peptone, 20% sucrose as a food attractant, and 1% boric acid as the toxin, is efficient and highly recommended for ghost ant control. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The dynamics of growth and catalase activity of 57 strains of basidiomycetes were investigated. Glucose-peptone medium was used for surface cultivation of fungi. The objects of study were 57 strains, 5 of which belongs to 5 species of the order Polyporales, and others do to 7 species of the order Agaricales. The weight measurement to estimate accumulation of absolutely dry biomass was used to study growth rates. The spectrophotometric methods were used for determination of catalase activity and protein content in mycelium and culture filtrate. The specific catalase activity was calculated based on this data. The levels of biomass accumulation and catalase activity of the strains on the 9-th and 12-th days of cultivation and ability of the most fungi to synthesize mainly extracellular catalase were determined. Individual variability of the strains was shown. The results allowed selecting the strains -- active producers of catalase, including F. velutipes F-2 and P. ostreatus R-208, which are perspective for use in biotechnology of enzyme preparations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A spore germination-based concept and its transformation into a field level prototype for monitoring aflatoxin M1(AFM1) in milk was developed. Initially, 15 strains ofBacillusspp. procured from different culture collection were screened for AFM1sensitivity using spot assay and marker strain showing inhibition at 0.5 ppb was selected based upon maximum zone of inhibition. The selected strainB. megaterium2949 was further screened for different enzymes activities and subsequently its spores were produced to an extent of 73.13% ± 3.197% in newly developed sporulation medium containing beef extract (0.0075% ± 0.0004%), yeast extract (0.015% ± 0.001%), peptone (0.0375% ± 0.0016%), and sodium chloride (0.0375% ± 0.0018%). A spore germination-based concept/ assay was optimized by immobilizing spores in eppendorf with pretreated milk (80°C/15 min) containing germinant and chromogenic substrate followed by incubation at 37°C. The appearance of sky blue color within real time of 45 min indicated spores germination and release of specific marker enzyme such as acetyl esterase and its specific action on chromogenic substrate which demonstrates absence of AFM1in milk. However, if there was no color change, presence of AFM1at 0.5 ppb MRL was denoted by Codex. The developed concept on AFM1detection was validated and a correlation of 0.97 was established with AOAC approved Charm 6602 and ELISA at Codex MRL with minimal false positive and negative results. The cost effective test has potential application in dairy farms, manufacturing, and R&D units for routine monitoring of AFM1in milk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Data on the influence of substrate composition on the anaerobic degradation of peptone in a bench-scale packed-bed reactor are presented and discussed. The experiments were conducted in a horizontal-flow anaerobic immobilised biomass reactor operated with a hydraulic detention time of 4 h. Peptone was the sole carbon source in the first experiment (E1). In the second experiment (E2), the reactor was fed with peptone and carbohydrates, and in the third experiment (E3), lipids were also added. At end of each experiment, the samples were collected to obtain spatial profiles of the substrates and intermediary metabolites. A modified first-order kinetic expression fits well with the chemical oxygen demand data, allowing kinetic parameter inference in both E1 and E2. The presence of lipids in the E3 influent clearly disturbed the equilibrium of the process, which could be better represented by two first-order kinetic expressions in series. A kinetic model of irreversible first-order reactions (in series and in parallel) with two intermediate products was proposed for representing the entire process. Several modifications of the metabolic routes were clearly represented by the values of the model parameters. It was also possible to conclude that the adsorption of lipids in the fixed bed caused a decrease in the consumption rate of proteins and acetate. Microscopy examinations and fluorescence in situ hybridisation analyses corroborated the conclusions from the kinetic study. The frequencies of the microorganisms changed as the substrate composition was modified, indicating the capability of the microorganisms to adapt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research, laccase production by Pycnoporus sanguineus was investigated under liquid state fermentation. The fungus was cultured in glucose yeast peptone (GYP) liquid medium in the absence and presence of certain laccase inducers including 1.0 mM of gallic acid, copper(II) sulfate, ferulic acid, 2,5-xylidine and ethanol. The best laccase inducer was copper(II) sulfate and followed with ferulic acid, whereas the rest could not induce laccase activity by this specie. Copper(II) sulfate at low concentration tended to induce more laccase activity and the static culture condition was better than shaking at 140 rpm. Manganese independent peroxidase (MIP) activity was detected in lower level than laccase. In the presence of copper(II) sulfate, fungal biomass tended to decrease except in the case of 3.0 mM CuSO4 in which instead slightly increased in biomass. Native polyacrylamide electrophoresis (native PAGE) accompanies with activity staining and coomassie staining suggested that the laccase and MIP activities might be of the same protein. Protein pattern of CuSO4 induced was slightly different in various concentrations. The crude enzyme could decolorize RBBR approximately 60% within 24 h at 32°C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Theeffects of salt, water, and temperature on the cross-linking of peptoneswith glutaraldehyde were studied. At low reaction temperatures, aminegroups from peptones form Schiff bases with carbonyl groups of glutaraldehyde.The resulting CN bond is weak and can be easily broken byheat or dissolution in water. As the reaction temperature is increased,the more stable CN bond is formed. A network with low watersolubility and significantly improved thermal stability is produced.The presence of salt (sodium chloride) increases the miscibility ofpeptones and glutaraldehyde solution but also increases the watersolubility of the final product. The presence of water also has adual effect. Water acts as a medium to disperse peptones into glutaraldehydeand is also a hydrogen source to drive the reaction forward. However,water is a byproduct of the reaction. Its presence suppresses thereaction from the standpoint of thermodynamic equilibrium, and itmust therefore be driven off (by heat). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Monascus purpureus red pigments were produced in submerged cultivations employing sugarcane bagasse (SB) as carbon source in combination with various nitrogen sources. Peptone and soy protein isolate (SPI) as nitrogen sources generated the best pigment yields. NHCl has not supported high pigment production. Red pigments produced using SB and SPI as growth substrates were submitted to temperature and pH stability analysis. Data from thermal pigment degradation were fitted to five mathematical models, and a first-order equation was accepted as the best one to describe color decay. Red pigments showed high stability at low temperatures (30-60 °C) and at near-neutrality pH values (6.0-8.0) when compared to that at high temperatures (above 60 °C) and at acidic pH values (4.0-5.0). Monascus pigments produced using a low-cost agroindustrial waste (SB) as carbon source could be utilized as colorants in foods and foodstuffs manufactured under mild process conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Medium composition for production of cellulase by Cellulomonas fimi NCIM-5015 from tapioca stem as a substrate in submerged fermentation was optimized using a stepwise strategy. Plackett-Burman design was employed for screening, the most significant nutrient components which influence the cellulose production from 12 nutrient components. Results revealed that peptone, yeast extract, KH2PO4 and CaCl2.2H2O, have significant effects on cellulase production, with confidence levels above 95%. Central composite design (CCD) was used to determine the optimal concentrations of these four components and the experimental results were fitted with a second-order polynomial model at 95% level (P < 0.05). The optimum conditions are peptone (0.957 g/L), yeast extract (2.5 g/L), KH2PO4 (3.09 g/L), and CaCl2 2H2O (0.409 g/L). Under these conditions, the production of cellulase was found to be 0.58 IU/ml. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: In this study extruded bean was used as a nitrogen source substitute in culture medium formulation. A 3-factor simplex-lattice mixture design was used to establish better growth conditions. Completely substituted medium resulted in 43% of increase in the growth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mixtures containing 1% extruded bean and 1% yeast extract, or 1% extruded bean and 1% peptone presented growths of 76–79% higher than the commercial YPD medium for S. cerevisiae. Pichia pastoris (GS115) growth was enhanced by 20% using a completely substituted medium. The protein expression patterns in P. pastoris (GS115) remained unchanged when growth was conducted in a medium containing extruded bean as unique nitrogen source. The total amount of recombinant protein expressed in extruded bean medium was 88.5% higher than in control expression medium. These results evidenced that extruded bean can be successfully used as a substitute of peptone and yeast extract in culture media for S. cerevisiae''s and P. pastoris'' (GS115) growth. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Blastospores of Isaria fumosorosea Wize grown in a bioreactor with casaminoacids or collagen peptone as the nitrogen source were evaluated for effectiveness against nymphs of silverleaf whitefly, Bemisia argentifolii Bellows & Perring, in cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L. The I. fumosorosea blastospores produced in the two liquid culture media were formulated with and without diatomaceous earth and sprayed onto terminal leaves of cotton in the field. The effectiveness of the materials was compared with Specifik®, a commercial formulation containing 1 x 1011 conidia per gram of I. fumosorosea formulated with Rhudo®, and a mixture of insecticides (Endosulfan® + Rescate® 20 PS). Blastospores produced in the medium containing casaminoacids as the main source of nitrogen and formulated with diatomaceous earth, as well as blastospores produced in the medium containing collagen peptone and not formulated with diatomaceous earth were most effective in reducing the number of nymphs. These experimental formulations killed 23-66% of the nymphs at 4 and 6 days posttreatment. Specifik® was less effective than the best experimental formulations and was effective only at 4 days post-application in the second experiment. The insecticides Endosulfan® plus Rescate® 20 PS used by some cotton growers were not effective on any sampling date. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The genetically modified yeast strain Yarrowia lipolytica H222-S4(p67ICL1)T5 is able to utilize sucrose as a carbon source and to produce citric and isocitric acids in a more advantageous ratio as compared to its wild-type equivalent. In this study, the effect of pH of the fermentation broth (pH 6.0 and 7.0) and proteose-peptone addition on citric acid production by the recombinant yeast strain were investigated. It was found that the highest citric acid production occurred at pH 7.0 without any addition of proteose-peptone. Furthermore, two process strategies (fed-batch and repeated fed-batch) were tested for their applicability for use in citric acid production from sucrose by Y. lipolytica. Repeated fed-batch cultivation was found to be the most effective process strategy: in 3 days of cycle duration, approximately 80 g/L citric acid was produced, the yield was at least 0.57 g/g and the productivity was as much as 1.1 g/Lh. The selectivity of the bioprocess for citric acid was always higher than 90% from the very beginning of the fermentation due to the genetic modification, reaching values of up to 96.4% after 5 days of cycle duration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polypeptone is widely excluded from Schizosaccharomyces pombe growth medium. However, the reasons why polypeptone should be avoided have not been documented. Polypeptone dramatically induced cell lysis in the ura4 deletion mutant when cells approached the stationary growth phase, and this phenotype was suppressed by supplementation of uracil. To determine the specificity of this cell lysis phenotype, we created deletion mutants of other genes involved in de novo biosynthesis of uridine monophosphate (ura1, ura2, ura3, and ura5). Cell lysis was not observed in these gene deletion mutants. In addition, concomitant disruption of ura1, ura2, ura3, or ura5 in the ura4 deletion mutant suppressed cell lysis, indicating that cell lysis induced by polypeptone is specific to the ura4 deletion mutant. Furthermore, cell lysis was also suppressed when the gene involved in coenzyme Q biosynthesis was deleted. This is likely because Ura3 requires coenzyme Q for its activity. The ura4 deletion mutant was sensitive to zymolyase, which mainly degrades (1,3)-beta-D glucan, when grown in the presence of polypeptone, and cell lysis was suppressed by the osmotic stabiliser, sorbitol. Finally, the induction of cell lysis in the ura4 deletion mutant was due to the accumulation of orotidine-5-monophosphate. Cell wall integrity was dramatically impaired in the ura4 deletion mutant when grown in the presence of polypeptone. Because ura4 is widely used as a selection marker in S. pombe, caution needs to be taken when evaluating phenotypes of ura4 mutants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The influence of three effluent organic matter (EfOM) model compounds (alginic acid, peptone and natural organic matter-NOM) and alkalinity on the ozonation of cyclophosphamide (CPD) was investigated. The rate of ozone decay increased with increasing model compounds concentration in the order of peptone > NOM > alginic acid. Increasing alkalinity inhibited ozone decay at all concentrations of alginic acid and at low concentrations of NOM and peptone (DOC < 3 mg/L), while at high NOM and peptone concentrations the effect of alkalinity on ozone decay was minor. Presumably, ozone decay was mainly controlled by direct reaction with these two model compounds, resulting in •OH (hydroxyl radical) formation yield of 29% and 19%, for peptone and NOM respectively. In the presence of alginic acid •OH formation through a radical chain reaction resulted in a yield of 30%. Cyclophosphamide (CPD) removal decreased with increasing alkalinity and model compounds concentration (most pronounced for peptone and less pronounced for alginic acid); most likely due to increase in the scavenging effect on •OH. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Mold diseases, caused by fungal complexes including Alternaria, Cochliobolus, and Fusarium species, limit sorghum grain production. Media were tested by plating Fusarium thapsinum, Alternaria sp., and Curvularia lunata, individually and competitively. Dichloran chloramphenicol rose bengal (DRBC) and modified V8 juice (ModV8) agars, found to be useful, were compared with commonly used agar media, dichloran chloramphenicol peptone (DCPA) and pentachloronitrobenzene (PCNB). Radial growth, starting with mycelia or single-conidia and hyphal tips, demonstrated an effect of media. For isolation of grain fungi, DRBC and ModV8 were similar or superior to DCPA and PCNB. When seedlings were inoculated with conidia of C. lunata, Alternaria sp., F. thapsinum, or mixtures, the percentage of root infection ranged from 28% to 77%. For mixed inoculations, shoot weights, lesion lengths, and percentage of root infections were similar to F. thapsinum inoculations; most colonies recovered from roots were F. thapsinum. For Alternaria grain isolates, 5 morphological types, including Alternaria alternata, were distinguished by colony morphologies and conidial dimensions. Sequence analysis using a portion of the endo-polygalacturonase gene was able to further distinguish isolates. Cochliobolus isolates were identified morphologically as C. lunata, Curvularia sorghina, and Bipolaris sorghicola. Multiple molecular genotypes were apparent from rRNA internal transcribed spacer region sequences from Cochliobolus grain isolates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives The activity of oxidants, such as halogens and active halogen compounds, decreases generally in the presence of proteinaceous material. A quantification of consumption effects was performed to judge the suitability of different representatives as antiseptics and their compatibility with pharmaceutical additives. Methods An iodometric approach served to assess the temporal loss of oxidation capacity in the presence of peptone and fetal calf serum (FCS). The tested agents comprised active halogen compounds, well-known and in particular novel chloramine-based agents indicated for the topical treatment of infections. Key findings The decrease in oxidation capacity was higher in the presence of FCS than of peptone and correlated with the reactivity of the oxidants in both cases. The highest consumption rates were for active bromine compounds followed by hypochlorous acid and heterocyclic chlorimides, such as dichloro-isocyanuric acid, while N-chlorotaurine and related amine-based analogues were least consumed. The pH dependence was only remarkable for chloramine T. Conclusions The observed consumption effects are the result of the differing oxidizing (chlorinating) potencies. Since consumption and irritation are founded on the very same reactions, representatives with low reactivity ( N-chloro amino acids) are regarded as more tolerable and retain more oxidative capacity, which provides a more sustained antimicrobial activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present work, an antibiotic-producing marine bacterium was isolated from a seawater sample collected from Yuhuan, Zhejiang, China, identified and named as Bacillus amyloliquefaciens ESB-2 on the basis of phenotypic characteristics and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Response surface methodology was applied to optimize the fermentation conditions for rapid and efficient accumulation of macrolactin A, a pharmacologically important marine antibiotic. Eight fermentation conditions were examined for their significance on macrolactin A production using Plackett-Burman factorial design, where peptone, medium volume and temperature significantly improved production rate. Further optimization was carried out using Box-Behnken design of experiments to study the influence of process variables. The optimized fermentation condition for maximum production was peptone 14.8 mg/mL, yeast extract 1 mg/mL, FePO4 0.01 mg/mL, temperature 26.3 °C, initial pH value 6.0, medium volume 72.4%, rotation speed 150 r/min, inoculation 5% and fermented for 2 days. Under the optimized conditions, the concentration of macrolactin A reached 21.63 mg/L, representing a 2.4-fold increase compared to the original standard condition, which was also 17% higher than previous highest report of 18.5 mg/L and three times higher in terms of daily productivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several authors demonstrated a strong linkage between proteose-peptones content and foaming properties of cow milk; this is of great interest for Italian dairy industries to create a new line of fresh milk characterized by a particular foaming property and, hence, particularly appreciate in catering industry. The aim of this trial was to quantify the relation between total concentration of proteose-peptones and the entity of foaming attitude in cow fresh milk. Ninety samples of raw bulk milk were analysed for proteose-peptones content, plasmin activity, fatty acid profile and foaming attitude. A negative relation was found among proteose-peptones percentage and foaming attitude which decreased with the increase of plasmin activity and somatic cell content in milk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Some rare strains of Clostridium butyricum carry the gene encoding the botulinal type E neurotoxin and must be considered as possible hazards in certain types of food. The limiting growth conditions for C. butyricum were determined in peptone yeast glucose starch (PYGS) broth incubated anaerobically at 30°C for up to 42 days. The minimum pH values permitting growth depended on the acidulant and strain. Organic acids were more effective at inhibiting growth than HCl as expected. The lowest pH values at which growth of toxigenic and nontoxigenic strains of C. butyricum was observed in broth acidified with HCl were 4.1 and 4.2, respectively. In organic acids, however, the minimum pH varied between 4.4 and 5.1 depending on acid type and concentration. The minimum water activity for growth of toxigenic strains of C. butyricum was 0.96. The minimum growth temperatures of the toxigenic strains of C. butyricum (ca 10-11°C) were somewhat higher than for non-toxigenic ones (8°C). It was concluded that control of toxigenic C. butyricum in the food industry needs to allow for the greater pH tolerance of this species compared with proteolytic C. botulinum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Production and characterization of a thermostable alpha-amylase enzyme from Bacillus laterosporus isolate was investigated in this study. Box-Behnken design (BBD) of response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to evaluate the optimal level of four medium components (yeast extract, starch, peptone and NaCl). R 2 value of 0.867 showed that model was well fitted with the experimental data and linear effect of starch, yeast extract and peptone were found significant on alpha-amylase production. Optimum values of yeast extract, starch, peptone and NaCl were predicted as 0.58%, 2.44%, 2.34% and 0.11%, respectively, with maximum enzyme activity of 4.838U/ml. Enzyme purification was carried out by ammonium sulphate precipitation and size exclusion chromatography (SEC). Maximum purification was obtained by SEC with 4.71 fold. Effect of temperature and pH were studied on purified enzyme and the maximum activity was observed at optimal conditions of temperature (60°C) and pH 7. Presence of Ca2+ ions and EDTA does not affect the enzyme activity, however reduced activity of the enzyme was observed in presence of Mg2+ ions, SDS and β-mercaptoethanol. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The production of extracellular inulinase by eighteen Thermomyces lanuginosus strains was screened, and strain IMI 140524 was selected for further studies. The effects of various carbon and nitrogen sources on inulinase activity were investigated, and the best ones were found to be Jerusalem artichoke extract and peptone at the optimum fraction of 1.8 and 0.6 %, respectively. Effects of medium composition and fermentation conditions were also determined for the production of extracellular inulinase. The addition of 1% (by volume) Tween 80 into fermentation medium enhanced the secretion of extracellular inulinase. In bench-scale fermentor, the age and amount of inoculum were also optimized and they were determined to be 40-hour-old culture and 5.0 % (by volume), respectively. The initial pH of the medium was adjusted to 6.5 and no further pH control was needed. Optimal aeration and agitation were 0.75 L/min and 150 rpm, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim of this study was to optimize the production of Ligninolytic enzyme for the degradation of complex pollutants present in pulp paper industrial effluent (PPIE). Two ligninolytic enzyme-producing bacterial strains were isolated from PPIE and identified as Bacillus paramycoides strain BL2 (MZ676667) and Micrococcus luteus strains BL3 (MZ676668). The identified bacterial strain Bacillus paramycoides strain BL2 showed optimum production of LiP (4.30 U/ml), MnP (3.38 U/ml) at 72 h of incubation, while laccase (4.43 U/ml) at 96 h of incubation. While, Micrococcus luteus strains BL3 produced maximum LiP (3.98) and MnP (3.85 U/ml) at 96 h of incubation and maximum laccase (3.85 U/ml) at 72 h of incubation, pH 7-8, and temperatures of 30-35 °C. Furthermore, in the presence of glucose (1.0%) and peptone (0.5%) as nutrient sources, the enzyme activity of consortium leads to reduction of lignin (70%), colour (63%) along with COD (71%) and BOD (58%). The pollutants detected in control i.e. 3.6-Dioxa-2,7-disilaoctane, 2-Heptnoic acid,trimethylsilyl ester, 7-Methyldinaphtho [2,1-b,1',2'-d] silole, Hexadeconoic acid, trimethylysilyl ester, Methyl1(Z)-3,3-dipheny.1-4-hexenoale, 2,6,10,14,18,22-Tetracosahexane,2,2-dimethylpropyl(2Z,6E)-10,11epoxy5,6 Dihyrostigmasterol, acetate were completely diminished. The toxicity of PPIE was reduced up to 75%. Hence, knowledge of this study will be very useful for industrial sector for treatment of complex wastewater., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Response of microbial community to nutrient availability in anaerobic digestion (AD) remains elusive. Prokaryotic communities in AD batch cultures with 0, 1, 3, 5, 7, 11, 15, 20, and 25 g/L peptone were monitored using massive parallel sequencing and quantitative PCR over a 34-day experimental period. Methane production displayed a hump-shaped response to the nutrient gradient (peaking at 15 g/L peptone). Moreover, total and acetoclastic methanogens showed hump-shaped responses (both peaking at 11 g/L peptone). However, prokaryotic population increased with nutrient concentration (linear regression, R 2 = 0.86) while diversity decreased (R 2 = 0.94), and ordination analysis showed a gradual succession of community structure along the first axis. Network analysis revealed that extent of interspecific interactions (e.g., edge number and clustering coefficient) exhibited a hump-shaped response. The combined results indicate that abundant species became more dominated with increasing nutrient, which can result in a gain or loss of interspecific interaction within the community. Network module analysis showed that one module dominated the network at each nutrient level (comprising 41%-65% of the nodes), indicating that AD community formed a core microbial guild. The most abundant phylotypes, Macellibacteroides and Butyricicoccaceae, were consistently negative with acetoclastic methanogens in the dominant modules. Their predominance at ≥15 g/L peptone can explain the hump-shaped responses of methanogenesis and methanogens. Collectively, methanogenesis and microbial network exhibited hump-shaped responses, although microbial community exhibited monotonic responses. Therefore, nutrient availability can determine the methanogenesis through regulating the relative fitness of methanogens within the community., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

A sulphate-reducing magnetotactic bacterium, designated strain FSS-1 T , was isolated from sediments and freshwater of Suwa Pond located in Hidaka, Saitama, Japan. Strain FSS-1 T was a motile, Gram-negative and curved rod-shaped bacterium that synthesizes bullet-shaped magnetite (Fe 3 O 4 ) nanoparticles in each cell. Strain FSS-1 T was able to grow in the range of pH 6.5-8.0 (optimum, pH 7.0), 22-34 °C (optimum, 28 °C) and with 0-8.0 g l -1 NaCl (optimum, 0-2.0 g l -1 NaCl). Strain FSS-1 T grew well in the presence of 50 µM ferric quinate as an iron source. The major fatty acids were anteiso-C 15 : 0 , iso-C 15 : 0 and anteiso-C 17 : 0 . The major menaquinone was MK-7 (H 2 ). Strain FSS-1 T contained desulfoviridin, cytochrome c 3 and catalase, but did not contain oxidase. Strain FSS-1 T used fumarate, lactate, pyruvate, malate, formate/acetate, succinate, tartrate, ethanol, 1-propanol, peptone, soytone and yeast extract as electron donors, while the strain used sulphate, thiosulphate and fumarate as electron acceptors. Fumarate was fermented in the absence of electron acceptors. Analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence showed that strain FSS-1 T is a member of the genus Fundidesulfovibrio . The gene sequence showed 96.7, 95.0, 92.0, 91.2 and 91.4% similarities to the most closely related members of the genera Fundidesulfovibrio putealis B7-43 T , Fundidesulfovibrio butyratiphilus BSY T , Desulfolutivibrio sulfoxidireducens DSM 107105 T , Desulfolutivibrio sulfodismutans ThAc01 T and Solidesulfovibrio magneticus RS-1 T , respectively. The DNA G+C content of strain FSS-1 T was 67.5 mol%. The average nucleotide identity value between strain FSS-1 T and F. putealis B7-43 T was 80.7 %. Therefore, strain FSS-1 T represents a novel species within the genus Fundidesulfovibrio , for which the name Fundidesulfovibrio magnetotacticus sp. nov. is proposed (=JCM 32405 T =DSM 110007 T ).

Three semi-selective media, DTarTA, SPbc, and SPamt, were developed and tested to isolate Pseudomonas syringae pv. maculicola (Psm) and P. cannabina pv. alisalensis (Pca) from Raphanus sativus seeds. DTarTA contained D-tartaric acid as a carbon source and potassium tellurite, ampicillin sodium, and methyl violet as antibiotics. DTarTA suppressed growth in 19 of the 24 pathovars from the P. syringae complex, whereas Psm and Pca grew and formed gray to black colonies. SPamt contained sucrose and peptone as nutrient sources and was supplemented with bromothymol blue and the same antibiotics present in DTarTA and Psm and Pca formed yellowish to dark brown colonies on the SPamt medium. SPbc contained sucrose and peptone and was supplemented with cephalexin and boric acid as antibiotics and Psm and Pca formed semi-translucent to white colonies on the SPbc medium. SPamt and SPbc suppressed the growth of several plant-associated bacteria (except the P. syringae complex). The growth of saprophytic bacteria in seeds on the different media was compared with that on King's B medium, using five types of commercially available Raphanus sativus seeds. The suppression rate of DTarTA was 85-99% and was lower for seeds with more saprophytic bacteria. The suppression rates of SPamt and SPbc were 90-99%. In detection tests using 10,000 seed samples mixed with Pca or Psm-contaminated seeds, it was possible to selectively isolate Psm and Pca using SPamt and SPbc, even when the colony numbers of the target bacterium constituted less than 10% of the total colonies. KEY POINTS: • Bacterial leaf spot and blight pathogens were selectively isolated from seeds. • DTarTA medium distinguishes these pathogens from P. syringae complex pathovars. • SPamp and SPbc media have different selectivity for plant-associated bacteria., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Vero cells are one of the most frequently used cell types in virology. They can be used not only as a vehicle for the replication of viruses, but also as a model for investigating viral infectivity, cytopathology and vaccine production. There is increasing awareness of the need to limit the use of animal-derived components in cell culture media for a number of reasons, which include reducing the risk of contamination and decreasing costs related to the downstream processing of commercial products obtained via cell culture. The current study evaluates the use of protein hydrolysates (PHLs), also known as peptones, as partial substitutes for fetal bovine serum (FBS) in Vero cell culture. Eleven plant-based, two yeast-based, and three casein-based peptones were assessed, with different batches evaluated in the study. We tested the effects of three concentration ratios of FBS and peptone on Vero cell proliferation, four days after the initial cell seeding. Some of the tested peptones, when in combination with a minimal 1% level of FBS, supported cell proliferation rates equivalent to those achieved with 10% FBS. Collectively, our findings showed that plant-based peptones could represent promising options for the successful formulation of serum-reduced cell culture media for vaccine production. This is especially relevant in the context of the current COVID-19 pandemic, in view of the urgent need for SARS-CoV-2 virus production for certain types of vaccine. The current study contributes to the Three Rs principle of reduction , as well as addressing animal ethics concerns associated with FBS, by repurposing PHLs for use in cell culture.

A systematic evaluation of microorganism's potential towards biosynthesis of cellulases from inexpensive lignocellulosic feedstock through appropriate kinetic modelling facilitates understanding, optimization and designing of an effective industrial cellulase enzyme production process. The present study aims to optimize a submerged fungal cultivation strategy for cellulase production from abundantly available newspaper wastes (NPW). A combined pretreatment strategy consisting diluted, 1% (v v -1 ) H 2 SO 4 followed by 2% (w v -1 ) NaOH treatment was highly effective to convert newspaper waste to an effective cellulose-enriched inducer for the production of cellulase. In addition, the composition of the most influential nutrient components like peptone and lactose was optimized with the help of response surface methodology for enhanced cellulase production with maximum activity levels. Maximum cellulase production of 8.64 g L -1 with 7.82 FPU mL -1 total activity levels was achieved from optimized composition of pretreated NPW 3.29% (w v -1 ), lactose 2.94% (w v -1 ) and peptone 1.53% (w v -1 ). To analyse intrinsic inhibition effect of the substrate concentration on cellulase production, modified Luedeking-Piret model simulated experiments were further conducted with 1.5% (w/v), 3.29% (w/v) and 4% (w/v) NPW concentrations. The developed kinetic model perfectly captured the trends of biomass production, substrate consumption and adsorption characteristic of cellulase enzyme on its activity during production. The rate constant for cellulase synthesis was evaluated to be increased to 0.040 IU g -1 h -1 at 3.29% (w v -1 ) of NPW concentration; however, it was further reduced to 0.024 IU g -1 h -1 at higher NPW concentration of 4% (w v -1 )., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

β-cyclodextrin glucosyltransferase (β-CGTase) is an essential enzyme to catalyse the biotransformation of starch into β-cyclodextrins (β-CD). β-CD has widespread applications in the biomedical, pharmaceutical and food industries. The present study focused on β-CGTase production using an efficient natural microbial strain and statistical production optimization for enhanced production. The isolated organism Bacillus sp. NCIM 5799 was found to be 5 μm short bacilli under FE-SEM and alkalihalophilic in nature. The β-CGTase production was optimized using a combination of Plackett-Burman design (PBD) and Central Composite Design-Response Surface Methodology (CCD-RSM). On PBD screening Na 2 CO 3 , peptone and MgSO 4 .7H 2 O were found to be significant for optimal β-CGTase production, whereas the soluble starch and K 2 HPO 4 concentrations were found to be nonsignificant for β-CGTase production. The significant factors obtained after PBD were further optimized using CCD-RSM design. Peptone was found to have a significant interaction effect with Na 2 CO 3 , and MgSO 4 ·7H 2 O and Na 2 CO 3 exhibited a significant effect on the production of CGTase. The production of β-CGTase was enhanced in the presence of peptone (3%) and Na 2 CO 3 (0·8%). CGTase production obtained was 156·76 U/ml when optimized using CCD-RSM. The final optimized medium (RSM) shows 7·7- and 5·4-fold high productions as compared to un-optimized and one factor at a time production media., (© 2022 The Society for Applied Microbiology.)

Background: Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) is a biopolymer formed by some microbes in response to excess carbon sources or essential nutrient depletion. PHBs are entirely biodegradable into CO 2 and H 2 O under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. It has several applications in various fields such as medicine, pharmacy, agriculture, and food packaging due to its biocompatibility and nontoxicity nature., Result: In the present study, PHB-producing bacterium was isolated from the Dirout channel at Assiut Governorate. This isolate was characterized phenotypically and genetically as Bacillus cereus SH-02 (OM992297). According to one-way ANOVA test, the maximum PHB content was observed after 72 h of incubation at 35 °C using glucose and peptone as carbon and nitrogen source. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to study the interactive effects of glucose concentration, peptone concentration, and pH on PHB production. This result proved that all variables have a significant effect on PHB production either independently or in the interaction with each other. The optimized medium conditions with the constraint to maximize PHB content and concentration were 22.315 g/L glucose, and 15.625 g/L peptone at pH 7.048. The maximum PHB content and concentration were 3100.799 mg/L and 28.799% which was close to the actual value (3051 mg/l and 28.7%). The polymer was identified as PHB using FTIR, NMR, and mass spectrometry. FT-IR analysis showed a strong band at 1724 cm - 1 which attributed to the ester group's carbonyl while NMR analysis has different peaks at 169.15, 67.6, 40.77, and 19.75 ppm that were corresponding to carbonyl, methine, methylene, and methyl resonance. Mass spectroscopy exhibited molecular weight for methyl 3- hydroxybutyric acid., Conclusion: PHB-producing strain was identified as Bacillus cereus SH-02 (OM992297). Under optimum conditions from RSM analysis, the maximum PHB content and concentration of this strain can reach (3100.799 mg/L and 28.799%); respectively. FTIR, NMR, and Mass spectrometry were used to confirm the polymer as PHB. Our results demonstrated that optimization using RSM is one of the strategies used for reducing the production cost. RSM can determine the optimal factors to produce the polymer in a better way and in a larger quantity without consuming time., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

Bacterial cellulose (BC) is a valuable biopolymer that is increasingly used in medical, pharmaceutical and food industries with its excellent physicochemical properties as high water-holding capacity, nanofibrillar structure, large surface area, porosity, mechanical strength and biocompatibility. Accordingly, the isolation, identification and characterization of potent BC producers from grape, thorn apple and apple vinegars were performed in this study. The strains isolated from grape and apple vinegars were identified as Komagataeibacter maltaceti and the strain isolated from thorn apple vinegar was identified as Komagataeibacter nataicola with 16S rRNA analysis. Optimized conditions were found as 8% dextrin, 1.5% (peptone + yeast extract) and 10% inoculation amount at pH 6.0 with a productivity rate of 1.15 g/d/L, a yield of 8.06% and a dry weight of 6.45 g/L for K. maltaceti, and 10% maltose, 1% (peptone + yeast extract) and 10% inoculation amount at pH 6.0 with a productivity rate of 0.96 g/L/d, a yield of 5.35% and a dry weight of 5.35 g/L for K. nataicola. Obtained BC from K. maltaceti and K. nataicola strains was more than 2.56- and 1.86-fold when compared with BC obtained from HS media and exhibited 95.1% and 92.5% WHC, respectively. Based on the characterization results, BC pellicles show characteristic FT-IR bands and have ultrafine 3D structures with high thermal stability. By means of having ability to assimilate monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharide used in this study, it is predicted that both isolated Komagataeibacter species can be used in the production of biopolymers from wastes containing complex carbon sources in the future., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Lactic acid production from food waste via fermentation is environmentally sustainable. However, the characteristics of food waste fermentation to produce lactic acid are not well understood due to the complexity of food waste. This study aims to understand the effects of key variables on the characteristics of food waste fermentation to maximize lactic acid production. Food waste was enzymatically hydrolyzed and fermented by Lactobacillus pentosus. Key fermentation variables, including nitrogenous nutrient supplementation, initial sugar concentration, and pH, were investigated in batch fermentation to unveil their effects on fermentation titer, yield, and productivity. The results showed that supplementation of 0.25% (w/v%) yeast extract and peptone to the food waste fermentation media significantly improved fermentation titer and productivity, but further increase in the supplementation level did not improve fermentation. Increasing the initial sugar concentration from 40 g/L to 100 g/L increased the fermentation titer from 41.0 g/L to 93.0 g/L and productivity from 0.34 g/L/h to 0.76 g/L/h. pH 6.0 was the optimal pH for the fermentation. At the optimal conditions, food waste fermentation resulted in the highest fermentation titer, yield, and productivity of 106.7 g/L, 1.12 g/g, and 3.09 g/L/h, respectively. The high fermentation yield of 1.12 g/g might be explained by the extra lactic acid production from unidentified compounds in food waste hydrolysates. By applying fed-batch fermentation, the lactic acid concentration reached 157.0 g/L with a yield and overall productivity of 0.92 g/g and 2.0 g/L/h, respectively. Based on the mass balance, a total of 251 kg lactic acid was produced from 1000 kg food waste. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Food waste is one of the largest municipal solid wastes in the US, and most food waste ends up in landfills, causing significant economic losses and environmental concerns. In this study, we developed a fermentation process to convert food waste into biorenewable lactic acid and demonstrated that food waste is a superior feedstock for fermentation due to its embedded nutrients. Moreover, due to the embedded nutrients in food waste, the supplementation of yeast extract and peptone to fermentation can be reduced by over 50%, which can reduce the operating cost of lactic acid fermentation on an industrial scale., (© 2022 Institute of Food Technologists®.)

Enhanced ganoderic acid Me (GA-Me, an important anti-tumor triterpene) yield was attained with the medicinal fungus Ganoderma lucidum using response surface methodology (RSM). Interactions were studied with three variables, viz. glucose, peptone and culture time using a Central Composite Design (CCD). The CCD contains a total of 20 experiments with the first 14 experiments organized in a fractional factorial design, with the experimental trails from 15 to 20 involving the replications of the central points. A polynomial model, describing the relationships between the yield of GA-Me and the three factors in a second-order equation, was developed. The model predicted the maximum GA-Me yield of 11.9 mg.L-1 for glucose, peptone, culture time values of 44.4 g.L-1, 5.0 g.L-1, 437.1 h, respectively, and a maximum GA-Me yield of 12.4 mg.L-1 was obtained in the validation experiment, which represented a 129.6% increase in titre compared to that of the non-optimized conditions. In addition, 11.4 mg.L-1 of GA-Me was obtained in a 30-L agitated fermenter under the optimized conditions, suggesting the submerged culture conditions optimized in the present study were also suitable for GA-Me production on a large scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Thiosulfate–citrate–bile–sucrose agar (TCBS) has been shown to induce pathogenesis in the crown-of-thorns starfish (COTS), Acanthaster planci, providing potentially novel options to control COTS outbreaks, but the mechanistic basis for this effect is unknown. This study explores reactions of COTS to individual ingredients of TCBS, testing for allergic reactions versus pathogenesis. Four out of nine TCBS chemical ingredients tested induced allergic reactions and death in injected COTS. Peptone 10gl−1 and oxgall 8gl−1 induced 100% mortality, while yeast extract and agar induced death in 40% and 20% of COTS, respectively, 48h after injection. Peptone was evaluated at three different concentrations (10g, 5g, and 1gl−1). Peptone 10gl−1 induced 100% mortality, peptone 5gl−1 killed 60% of injected COTS, and peptone 1gl−1 induced death in only 20% of challenged COTS, indicating that toxicity of peptone is concentration-dependent. Sodium citrate induced moderate mucus production in all COTS challenged, but disease did not progress and COTS completely recovered after 52h. The remaining ingredients in TCBS did not produce any kind of clinical signs of disease. Peptone, oxgall, and yeast are potentially useful in controlling outbreaks because these protein extracts can be safer to use compared to previously used noxious chemicals. In addition, lowered concentrations are required to kill COTS, therefore increasing efficiency by saving time, money, and effort in COTS control programs. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]