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Sustainability and functioning of silvopastoral ecosystems are being threatened by the forecasted warmer and drier environments in the Mediterranean region. Scattered trees of these ecosystems could potentially mitigate the impact of climate change on herbaceous plant community but this issue has not yet tested experimentally. We carried out a field manipulative experiment of increased temperature (+2–3 °C) using Open Top Chambers and rainfall reduction (30%) through rain-exclusion shelters to evaluate how net primary productivity and digestibility respond to climate change over three consecutive years, and to test whether scattered trees could buffer the effects of higher aridity in Mediterranean dehesas. First, we observed that herbaceous communities located beneath tree canopy were less productive (351 g/m2) than in open grassland (493 g/m2) but had a higher digestibility (44% and 41%, respectively), likely promoted by tree shade and the higher soil fertility of this habitat. Second, both habitats responded similarly to climate change in terms of net primary productivity, with a 33% increase under warming and a 13% decrease under reduced rainfall. In contrast, biomass digestibility decreased under increased temperatures (−7.5%), since warming enhanced the fiber and lignin content and decreased the crude protein content of aerial biomass. This warming-induced effect on biomass digestibility only occurred in open grasslands, suggesting a buffering role of trees in mitigating the impact of climate change. Third, warming did not only affect these ecosystem processes in a direct way but also indirectly via changes in plant functional composition. Our findings suggest that climate change will alter both the quantity and quality of pasture production, with expected warmer conditions increasing net primary productivity but at the expense of reducing digestibility. This negative effect of warming on digestibility might be mitigated by scattered trees, highlighting the imp

Las sabanas mediterráneas (dehesas) son sistemas agrosilvopastoriles típicos, caracterizados por la presencia dispersa de robles (Quercus spp.) y especies arbustivas. Estos ecosistemas están sometidos a una marcada estacionalidad, propia del clima mediterráneo, lo que se refleja en la dinámica microbiana del suelo. La interacción de los factores que más afectan la dinámica microbiana (clima, vegetación y suelo), es clave para comprender los ciclos biogeoquímicos que, a su vez se espera que se reflejen en la estructura de la materia orgánica (MOS). Para evaluar el efecto del cambio climático, utilizamos pirólisis analítica (Py-GC/MS) para la caracterización molecular de la MOS en un experimento de imitación en campo (2017-2021). Entre los 117 compuestos biogénicos encontrados, las distribuciones y contenidos de ác. grasos y n-alcanos fueron más sensibles a los tratamientos climáticos. Además, se observa una degradación preferencial de compuestos derivados de holocelulosa y acumulación de compuestos derivados de la lignina, que se encuentra poco evolucionada, lo que apunta a condiciones desfavorables para la su degradación. Los resultados sugieren que la composición molecular de la MOS y la aplicación de Py-GC/MS aporta información sobre los cambios ambientales del suelo y que tienen valor como biomarcadores para el seguimiento del cambio climático en suelos mediterráneos.

Increasing air temperatures and decreasing rainfall can alter Mediterranean ecosystems, where summer heat and drought already limit plant regeneration. Manipulative field studies can help to understand and anticipate community responses to climate changes. In a Mediterranean oak wooded pasture, we have investigated the effects of warming (W, via open-top chambers increasing 1.4 °C mean air temperature), reduced rainfall (D, via gutters removing 33% of rainfall) and the combination of both factors (WD) on the winter-annual Geranium dissectum L. We measured reproductive phenology and output, leaf physiology during the reproductive phase, and plant relative abundance. Warming had a positive effect on plant height and little effects on leaf physiology. Rainfall reduction enhanced leaf water use efficiency. However, the most noticeable effects occurred in WD plants, which exhibited lower leaf predawn water potential and earlier flowering phenology in the first year of treatment, and a higher ratio of leaf dark respiration (R) to net CO2 assimilation (Pn) at comparable temperatures in the third year, compared to control plants. Leaf R at ambient temperature was similar across climatic treatments. The relative abundance of G. dissectum decreased by 23% over three years, but similarly across treatments. A short life cycle helps G. dissectum to escape severe late-spring heat and drought stress. Moreover, stomata closure and thermal acclimation of R can attenuate plant stress impact on reproduction. Adaptability of the short-lived annual G. dissectum could mitigate climate change impact on community composition over short periods (e.g. three years); however, a reduction in net carbon gain could eventually affect its reproductive success and persistence in the community. © 2022 The Authors

Lack of tree fecundity data across climatic gradients precludes the analysis of how seed supply contributes to global variation in forest regeneration and biotic interactions responsible for biodiversity. A global synthesis of raw seedproduction data shows a 250-fold increase in seed abundance from cold-dry to warm-wet climates, driven primarily by a 100-fold increase in seed production for a given tree size. The modest (threefold) increase in forest productivity across the same climate gradient cannot explain the magnitudes of these trends. The increase in seeds per tree can arise from adaptive evolution driven by intense species interactions or from the direct effects of a warm, moist climate on tree fecundity. Either way, the massive differences in seed supply ramify through food webs potentially explaining a disproportionate role for species interactions in the wet tropics.

Increasing temperature and aridity predicted by climate change models in the Mediterranean region will pose a significant challenge for the survival of some plant species. The mechanisms by which species modify their phenotype across generations in response to the environment have been identified as essential to cope with the new climatic conditions. However, this transgenerational transfer remains unexplored for species with contrasted resource-use strategies (fast-growing or acquisitive versus stress-tolerant or conservative species). For this purpose, transgenerational responses to warming and drought of annual plant species with different resource-use strategies were assessed by conducting three experiments. In a field experiment, climatic treatments of increased temperature and rainfall exclusion were imposed on five herbaceous species typical of Mediterranean grasslands. The descendants of the individuals sampled in the field were employed in two greenhouse experiments to: (1) analyze the transgenerational response by re-imposing warming and drought conditions, and (2) identify possible maternal effects by maintaining them at optimal conditions of air temperature and water availability and comparing with maternal performance. We measured reproductive output, plant growth and survival variables as plant performance indicators. We found contrasting transgenerational responses to warming and drought depending on the functional strategy of the species. Direct effects of the abiotic stressors on parental plants were retained or new ones appeared in their offspring, with special negative impact on one of the most acquisitive species (Crepis capillaris). In contrast, the most conservative species (Bromus madritensis) highly tolerated increased climatic stress but deleterious maternal effects were registered, given the high negative impact on the performance of the descendants of maternal plants that were subjected to climatic treatments. Our study highlights the impo

The objective of the present study was to analyse the fruit yield and the lipid and phenolic composition of the seeds from the edible halophyte Crithmum maritimum growing in different types of soil with variable physicochemical properties. Seed oil content ranged between 8.39–11.66 % and showed high nutritional value, and the phenolic composition (423−603 mg TPC 100 g−1) presented high levels of quercetin-type compounds with high pharmaceutical interest. The strong conservation of these traits, together with a high and stable fruit production, suggests that C. maritimum could be cultivated in soils with no agronomical relevance to produce seeds as an accessible and environmentally friendly source of good quality oil and phenolics for industrial purposes. © 2022 Elsevier Inc.

Crithmum maritimum L. is an edible halophyte with large potential in human nutrition field. However, it is unclear whether its nutritional value is maintained throughout the contrasting habitats where it commonly grows (cliffs, sandy and rocky beaches) and the nutritional profile of cultivated plants still remains uncertain. In this work, we provided for the first time a comparison of the nutritional profile of C. maritimum across its different type of habitats in the south of Spain and between wild plants and plant material under optimal growing conditions. The protein, amino acids, lipids, fatty acids, minerals composition and phenolic content of plants were analysed. Plants under field conditions exhibited a nutritionally balanced composition (3.8–6.2 g protein/100 g DW, 4.9–7.5 mg lipids/g WW, 3.9–5.0 g Na/100 g DW), with high phenolic content (30.2–48.0 mg/g DW) regardless of the variability of the contrasting habitats. In contrast, under optimal conditions, C. maritimum showed a greater protein and lipid content (10.2 g/100 g DW and 9.6 mg/g WW, respectively), and lower sodium accumulation (1.2 g/100 g DW), allowing a greater consumption of this halophyte without exceeding the daily intake recommendations. Conversely, phenolics were strongly decreased in these plants (6.1 mg/g DW) likely due to the absence of stress factors. © 2021 Elsevier Inc.

El permafrost costero en el Ártico es muy sensible a cambios en las variables climáticas, oceanográficas, biológicas y antrópicas, por lo que es fundamental conocer su estado térmico a través de la monitorización de dichas variables en las distintas zonas de la región. El presente trabajo se centra en la necesidad de caracterizar y entender los cambios rápidos que puedan estar ocurriendo en la costa del océano Ártico, para lo cual se ha seleccionado la costa de Utqiaġvik (Barrow) en Alaska, un área potencial por su relevancia socioeconómica y por la disponibilidad de información climática y de imágenes aéreas. Para el periodo de estudio, que va desde los años 90 del pasado siglo XX hasta la actualidad, se han obtenido datos de temperaturas del aire y suelo, precipitaciones, capa activa, cubiertas del suelo e imágenes satélite a través de distintas fuentes y herramientas. La metodología utilizada para analizar la evolución del permafrost costero a través del estudio de la línea de costa se basa en el manejo de los programas informáticos QGIS versión 3.22.6 y Surfer (Golden Software Co.). Para los datos climáticos y del suelo se han empleado ficheros de cálculo para la obtención de variaciones y tasas de variaciones de todas las variables. Los resultados muestran que las temperaturas máximas y mínimas del aire han aumentado 0,2 ºC/año y las precipitaciones 0,7 mm/año entre 1990-2022. Las temperaturas medias del suelo han ido en aumento, con una tasa de 0,19 ºC/año para el periodo 1998-2013, al igual que la profundización de la capa activa del suelo, con una tasa de 0,15 cm/año en el periodo 1995-2019. Las temperaturas obtenidas en profundidad varían especialmente a mayores profundidades (34 cm) para los meses estivales y otoñales. La línea de costa entre 1979-2022 ha sufrido cambios que varían según el periodo y el tramo. A pesar de que el balance neto es cercano a 0, los sectores afectados por erosión han aumentado un 58,8% desde 1979. Las tasas de desplazamiento de, The coastal permafrost in the Arctic is very sensitive to changes in climatic, oceanographic, biological and anthropic variables, so it is essential to know its thermal state by monitoring these variables in the different areas of the region. This paper focuses on the need to characterize and understand the rapid changes that may be occurring on the Arctic Ocean coast, for which the Utqiaġvik (Barrow) coast in Alaska has been selected, a potential area due to its socioeconomic relevance and due to the availability of climatic information and aerial images. For the study period, which goes from the 1990s to the present, data on air and soil temperatures, rainfall, active layer, land cover and satellite images have been obtained through different sources and tools. The methodology used to analyze the evolution of coastal permafrost through the study of the coastline is based on the use of QGIS software version 3.22.6 and Surfer (Golden Software Co.). For the climatic and soil data, calculation files have been used to obtain variations and rates of variation of all the variables. The results show that the maximum and minimum air temperatures have increased 0.2 ºC/year and rainfall 0.7 mm/year between 1990-2022. Average soil temperatures have been increasing, with a rate of 0.19 ºC/year for the period 1998-2013, as has the deepening of the active soil layer, with a rate of 0.15 cm/year in the period 1995-2019. The temperatures obtained in depth vary especially at greater depths (34 cm) for the summer and autumn months. The coastline between 1979-2022 has undergone changes that vary according to the period and the stretch. Even though the net balance is close to 0, the sectors affected by erosion have increased by 58.8% since 1979. The displacement rates of the coastline in the study period present maximum values of 6.1 m/ year and minimums of -4.1 m/year. The last period 2014-2022 stands out as it is the one with the most coastline affected by erosion, in 69.2% of the s

The article offers a perspective of the training process of the inspectors of the National Labor Inspection Office in Pinar del Río, as they have the social responsibility of efficiently verifying compliance with the provisions and regulations established by the Ministry of Labor and Social Security, taking into account the updating of the Cuban economic and social model that has put society before a changing scenario, generating challenges and training needs, which requires inspectors with knowledge and skills that allow them to make relevant decisions. in the performance of his work; Its main objective was to explain the historical evolution of the training process of ONIT inspectors, under the historical-cultural approach, the man-society relationship, general pedagogy and Professional Pedagogy, this study being a valid option to improve the process. training for ONIT inspectors, based on the application of a group of methods that were elementary, such as: observation, document review, survey, analysis and synthesis, logical history. Theoretical references are revealed from the consultation of bibliographies and a group of considerations from different authors are taken into account, based on the dialectic-conjugation of pedagogical and labor processes under a teaching-learning approach, which could be generalized in any labor entity. for the training of its workers., O artigo oferece uma perspectiva do processo de formação dos inspectores da Inspecção Nacional do Trabalho de Pinar del Río, uma vez que têm a responsabilidade social de verificar eficazmente o cumprimento das disposições e regulamentos estabelecidos pelo Ministério do Trabalho e Segurança. tendo em conta a atualização do modelo económico e social cubano que colocou a sociedade perante um cenário em mudança, gerando desafios e necessidades de formação, que exige inspetores com conhecimentos e competências que lhes permitam tomar decisões relevantes no desempenho do seu trabalho. Seu principal objetivo foi explicar a evolução histórica do processo de formação de inspetores da ONIT, sob a abordagem histórico-cultural, a relação homem-sociedade, a pedagogia geral e a pedagogia profissional, sendo este estudo uma opção válida para aperfeiçoar o processo de formação da ONIT. inspetores, a partir da aplicação de um conjunto de métodos elementares como: observação, revisão documental, levantamento, análise e síntese, histórico-lógico. Revelam-se referenciais teóricos a partir da consulta de bibliografias e considera-se um conjunto de considerações de diferentes autores, a partir da conjugação dialética dos processos pedagógicos e de trabalho, numa abordagem de ensino-aprendizagem, que poderia ser generalizada em qualquer entidade laboral para a formação dos seus trabalhadores., El artículo ofrece una perspectiva del proceso de capacitación de los inspectores de la Oficina Nacional de Inspección del Trabajo (ONIT) en Pinar del Río, por tener la responsabilidad social de comprobar de manera eficiente el cumplimiento de las disposiciones y regulaciones establecidas por el Ministerio de Trabajo y Seguridad Social( MTSS), teniendo en cuenta la actualización del modelo económico y social cubano que ha puesto a la sociedad ante un escenario cambiante generando retos y necesidades de capacitación, lo que requiere inspectores con conocimientos y habilidades que le permitan tomar decisiones pertinentes en el desempeño de su labor. Tuvo como principal objetivo realizar un acercamiento a la evolución histórica del proceso de capacitación de los inspectores de la ONIT, bajo el enfoque histórico-cultural, la relación hombre-sociedad, la pedagogía general y la Pedagogía Profesional, siendo este estudio una opción válida para perfeccionar el proceso de capacitación de los inspectores de la ONIT, a partir de la aplicación de un grupo de métodos que resultaron elementales como: la observación, revisión de documentos, encuesta, análisis y síntesis, histórico lógico. Se revelan referentes teóricos desde la consulta de bibliografías y se tiene en cuenta un grupo de consideraciones de diferentes autores, fundamentados desde la dialéctica-conjugación de los procesos pedagógicos y laborales bajo un enfoque de enseñanza aprendizaje, la cual pudiera ser generalizada en cualquier entidad laboral para la capacitación de sus trabajadores.

On 17 March 1791, Cayetana de la Cerda y Vera (1755–1798), Countess of Lalaing, received an unfavourable response censoring the publication of her translation entitled Las Americanas,la Prueba de la Religion Christina por las luces naturales, originally by French author Jeanne-Marie Leprince de Beaumont (1711–1776). The censors claimed that the main reason was the incitement “to methodi-cal doubt of Christian truth”. Being a work written by a woman, translated by another woman and having women as internal characters, the censors considered that it could be pernicious for women in Spain and leading to error in the Catholic faith. According to the censors, the female group to whom it was addressed lacked the metaphysical education needed. Therefore, we are faced with discrimina-tory censorship motivated mainly by gender issues. In this article, we carry out an in-depth analysis of censorial criticism and the translator’s response by means of an analytical-synthetic method designed to break down censorial criticism aided by a gender studies approach. We aim to render gender-moti-vated censorship in translation visible, since both translation itself and women translators have often been set aside, Le 17 mars 1791, Cayetana de la Cerda y Vera (1755-1798), comtesse de Lalaing, reçoit une réponse défavorable censurant la publication de sa traduction intitulée Las Americanas, o la Prueba de la Religion Christina por las luces naturales, initialement de l’autrice française Jeanne-Marie Leprince de Beaumont (1711-1776). Les censeurs ont affirmé que la raison principale était l’incitation « au doute méthodique de la vérité chrétienne ». S’agissant d’une œuvre écrite par une femme, traduite par une autre femme et dont les personnages internes sont féminins, les censeurs ont considéré que sa lecture en Espagne pouvait être pernicieuse et entraîner des erreurs dans la transmission de la foi catholique. D’après eux, le groupe féminin auquel cette publication s’adressait n’avait pas la préparation métaphysique nécessaire. Par conséquent, nous sommes confrontés à une censure discriminatoire motivée princi-palement par des questions de genre. Dans cet article, nous avons l’intention d’analyser en détail les rapports de censure et la réponse de la traductrice en utilisant la méthode synthétique-analytique afin d’étudier la critique d’un point de vue genré. Notre objectif est de rendre visible une censure motivée par des discriminations contre les femmes. À l’instar de la traduction comme discipline, les traduc-trices ont été, elles-mêmes, historiquement reléguées au second plan., Cayetana de la Cerda y Vera (1755-1798), condesa de Lalaing, recibe el 17 de marzo de 1791 la respuesta desfavorable que censura la publicación de su traducción titulada Las Americanas, o la Prueba de la Religion Christina por las luces naturales, cuya autoría original pertenece a la escritora francesa Jeanne-Marie Leprince de Beaumont (1711-1776). Los censores alegan, como principal motivo, la incitación “a la duda metódica de la verdad cristiana”. Tratándose de una obra escrita por una mujer, traducida por otra y cuyos personajes internos son femeninos, los censores consideran que su lectura en España pudiera ser perniciosa e inducir al error en la fe católica, puesto que, según estos, el colectivo femenino al que va dirigida carece de la preparación metafísica necesaria. Por tanto, nos encontramos frente a una censura discriminatoria, motivada principalmente por cuestiones de género. En este artículo analizamos minuciosamente los informes censores y la respuesta de la traductora usando el método analítico-sintético, con el fin de desglosar las críticas censoras desde un punto de vista de los estudios de género. Nuestro objetivo es visibilizar la censura motivada por cuestiones de género en el seno de la traducción, ya que tanto la traducción propiamente dicha como las mujeres traductoras han sido con frecuencia relegadas a un segundo plano.

Background: WHO considers that the threat of COVID-19 and the influence of its prevention measures are causing a strong psychological impact on societies.Objective: to assess the repercussion of the COVID-19 pandemic in the psychosocial order in Medicine students of the "Julio Trigo López" Faculty of Medical Sciences.Methods: a descriptive and cross-sectional study was carried out from April 2 to July 2, 2021, at Havana University of Medical Sciences. Theoretical methods were used for the foundation of the investigation and empirical ones: questionnaire to students of the Medicine degree. The variables were studied: sex, anxiety according to the generalized anxiety scale and factors that influenced the changes of personal facts.Results: there was a predominance of the female sex. It was found that the majority (81.7%) presented some degree of anxiety, with mild predominance, followed by moderate, the latter being more marked in the female sex. As anxiety-generating factors, academic delay predominated, followed by fear of contagion and misunderstanding by teachers. As determinant factors of changes in the personal order, the influence of the emotional given by changes in lifestyle was found.Conclusions: COVID-19 pandemic has caused changes in the personal, psychological, and social order of medical students, marked by aspects fundamentally related to academic concerns., Fundamento: la OMS considera que la amenaza de la COVID-19 y la influencia de las medidas para su prevención están causando un fuerte impacto psicológico en las sociedades.Objetivo: valorar la repercusión de la pandemia de COVID-19 en el orden psicosocial en estudiantes de Medicina de la Facultad de Ciencias Médicas “Julio Trigo López”.Métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo y transversal en el periodo comprendido entre el 2 de abril-2 de julio de 2021, en la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de La Habana. Se utilizaron métodos teóricos para la fundamentación de la investigación y empírico: cuestionario a estudiantes de la carrera de Medicina. Se estudiaron las variables: sexo, ansiedad de estado acorde con la escala de ansiedad generalizada y factores que influyeron en los cambios de orden personal.Resultados: hubo predominio del sexo femenino. Se constató que la mayoría (81,7 %) presentó algún grado de ansiedad, con supremacía de la leve, seguida de la moderada, siendo esta última más marcada en el sexo femenino. Como factores generadores de ansiedad, predominó el retraso académico, seguido del temor al contagio e incomprensión por parte de los profesores. Como factores determinantes de cambios en el orden personal, se encontró la influencia de lo emocional dado por cambios en el estilo de vida.Conclusiones: la pandemia de COVID-19 ha causado cambios en el orden personal, psicológico y social en los estudiantes de Medicina, marcados por aspectos relacionados fundamentalmente con las preocupaciones académicas.

BACKGROUND // The term trans brings together all transgender identities. The early social transition towards the affirmed gender has benefits in the child’s development. For families, transit is a period of great uncertainty, requiring support aimed at families of trans minors. The aim of this paper was to explore the needs and experiencies of parents and close-relatives who supported the social transition of their children. METHODS // We worked with focus groups of functional families of transgender minors who had begun the transition (n=14), with a medium-high educational level and who belonged to urban areas of Tenerife. Through a semi-structured interview, they commented on their experiences in the process of supporting the social transition of their children. The data was recorded in a video recording and processed through content analysis and categorization. RESULTS // Early social transition had positive and immediate benefits on child development as well as in the reduction of anxiety. There was a general improvement in mood, self-esteem, and social and family relationships. The accompaniment of specialists and associations helped in the different social situations and favoured resilience. CONCLUSIONS // Early social transition is positive in the personal and socio-family sphere of the minor. To improve their resilience, families demand accompaniment in this process, as well as meeting other trans people who serve as transpositive references. In addition, they point out the need for specific training in health professionals., FUNDAMENTOS // El término trans aglutina a todas las identidades transgénero. La transición social temprana hacia el género sentido tiene beneficios en el desarrollo del menor. Para las familias, el tránsito es un periodo de grandes incertidumbres, siendo necesario el acompañamiento dirigido a las familias de menores trans. El objetivo del artículo fue explorar, desde una perspectiva paterna y familiar, las necesidades y experiencias sobre el tránsito de menores trans que sirvieran de referente a otros padres/ madres que apoyan el tránsito social de sus hijos e hijas. MÉTODOS // Se trabajó con grupos focales de familias funcionales de menores transgénero que habían iniciado la transición (n=14), de nivel educativo medio-alto y que pertenecían a zonas urbanas de Tenerife. Mediante entrevista semiestructurada, comentaron sus experiencias en el proceso de dar soporte al tránsito social de sus hijos e hijas. Los datos fueron registrados en una videograbación y se procesaron mediante análisis de contenido y categorización. RESULTADOS // La transición social temprana tuvo beneficios positivos e inmediatos en el desarrollo del menor, además de en la disminución de la ansiedad. Hubo una mejora general en el humor, la autoestima y las relaciones tanto sociales como familiares. El acompañamiento de especialistas y asociaciones ayudó en las distintas situaciones sociales y favoreció la resiliencia. CONCLUSIONES // El tránsito social temprano es positivo en la esfera personal y sociofamiliar del menor. Para mejorar su resiliencia, las familias demandan acompañamiento en este proceso, así como conocer otras personas trans que les sirvan como referentes transpositivos. Además, señalan la necesidad de formación específica en los profesionales sanitarios.

Este estudio se centra en analizar la relación entre la morfología nasal y la dinámica del flujo de aire en la válvula nasal, con el objetivo de comprender su impacto en la función respiratoria. Se empleó una muestra de 40 tomografías computarizadas (TC) de individuos sanos de España y se aplicaron técnicas de dinámica de fluidos computacionales y morfometría geométrica 3D. Los resultados revelaron una asociación significativa entre la morfología nasal y la vorticidad en la válvula nasal. Las narices alargadas, alas nasales estrechas y vestíbulos nasales anchos (tendencia leptorrina) mostraron menor vorticidad, mientras que las narices chatas, alas nasales anchas y vestíbulos nasales estrechos (tendencia platirrina) presentaron mayor vorticidad. Estos hallazgos sugieren que la morfología nasal influye en la vorticidad del flujo en la válvula nasal, lo que podría afectar la función respiratoria en relación al acondicionamiento de aire. También se plantea la posibilidad de que estas diferencias morfológicas estén relacionadas con adaptaciones evolutivas en poblaciones humanas.

Se presenta una metodología novedosa para la obtención de modelos tridimensionales de cavidades nasales con parámetros funcionales especificados utilizando el software Flowgy (www.flowgy.com). La metodología parte de la cavidad nasal patológica de un paciente y es capaz de reconstruir su geometría de manera que cumpla con unos parámetros funcionales establecidos previamente. Esto permite generar un modelo 3D que puede servir de guía al cirujano para realizar la cirugía nasal. La metodología se basa en la combinación de técnicas de mecánica de fluidos computacional (CFD) y cirugía virtual (CV) implementadas en Flowgy, y las técnicas de morfometría geométrica 3D (MG-3D). Se describen en detalle los fundamentos técnicos de cada etapa: obtención del modelo 3D, cálculo de parámetros con CFD, selección de la cavidad de referencia, transformación con MG-3D y cirugía virtual. Los resultados muestran que es posible obtener un modelo 3D de la cavidad nasal que cumple con los parámetros funcionales deseados. Esto supone una guía objetiva para el cirujano, mejorando el diagnóstico y la cirugía nasal. Patente solicitada con Número de solicitud: P202330235.

Mediterranean savannahs (dehesas) are agro-sylvo-pastoral systems with a marked seasonality, with severe summer drought and favourable rainy spring and autumn. These conditions are forecasted to become more extreme due to the ongoing global climate change. Under such conditions, it is key to understand soil organic matter (SOM) dynamics at a molecular level. Here, analytical pyrolysis (Py-GC/MS) combined with chemometric statistical approaches was used for the molecular characterization of SOM in a five-years field manipulative experiment of single and combined rainfall exclusion (drought) and increased temperature (warming). The results indicate that SOM molecular composition in dehesas is mainly determined by the effect of the tree canopy. After only five years of the climatic experiment, the differences caused by the warming, drought and the combination of warming+drought forced climate scenarios became statistically significant with respect to the untreated controls, notably in the open pasture habitat. The climatic treatments mimicking foreseen climate changes affected mainly the lignocellulose dynamics, but also other SOM compounds (alkanes, fatty acids, isoprenoids and nitrogen compounds) pointing to accelerated humification processes and SOM degradation when soils are under warmer and dryer conditions. Therefore, it is expected that, in the short term, the foreseen climate change scenarios will exert changes in the Mediterranean savannah SOM molecular structure and in its dynamic.

There is growing interest in the consumption of halophytes due to their excellent nutritional profile and antioxidant properties, and their cultivation offers viable alternatives in the face of irreversible global salinization of soils. Nevertheless, abiotic factors strongly influence their phytochemical composition, and little is known about how growing conditions can produce plants with the best nutritional and functional properties. Crithmum maritimum is an edible halophyte with antioxidant properties and considerable potential for sustainable agriculture in marginal environments. However, it is found naturally in contrasting habitats with variable soil physicochemical properties and the extent to which edaphic factors can influence plant performance, accumulation of phytochemicals and their quality remains unknown. We investigated the influence of soil physicochemical properties (texture, pH, electrical conductivity, organic matter content and mineral element concentrations) on growth and reproductive performance, nutritional traits, and the accumulation of specific metabolites in C. maritimum. Soil, leaf and seed samples were taken from eight C. maritimum populations located on the southern coasts of Spain and Portugal. We found greater vegetative growth and seed production in coarser, sandier soils with lower microelement concentrations. The nutritional traits of leaves varied, with soil organic matter and macronutrient content associated with reduced leaf Na, protein and phenolic (mainly flavonoid) concentrations, whereas soils with lower pH and Fe concentrations, and higher clay content yielded plants with lower leaf Zn concentration and greater accumulation of hydroxycinnamic acids. The nutritional value of the seed oil composition appeared to be enhanced in soils with coarser texture and lower microelement concentrations. The accumulation of specific phenolic compounds in the seed was influenced by a wide range of soil properties including texture, pH and

Many plant species are being threatened by increasingly drought conditions due to current climate change at planetary scale. This global trend is leading to the scientific community to investigate the potential role of local adaptations through intraspecific differences in functional traits that may boost conservation strategies by modulating the plant responses to reduced water availability. We assessed under controlled conditions the effect of four different drought intensities on the survival time and morphological traits of Quercus suber seedlings collected from nine populations covering the complete latitudinal distribution of the species. Functional morphological traits related to biomass allocation and leaf and root display were analyzed. We then related these traits with the survival time after a terminal desiccation, used as a drought-resistance proxy and expressed as survival time without watering. Abundant watering availability allowed seedlings to survive for a longer period compared to drier conditions. Further, all morphological traits differed across watering levels, showing a very plastic response. Acorns from southern latitudes produced very large seedlings compared to those gathered from northern latitudes. However, the larger biomass implied higher evaporative water loss, inducing lower survival of southern populations under extreme drought conditions. We further found a clear trend toward maximizing those traits related with belowground growth (i.e., root surface area, root average diameter and root volume) in southern populations aimed to increase water uptake, overcoming the most limiting factor for plant growth in that area. Our results support that increased root development allow cork oak to maintain its functioning after being subjected to damage caused by reduced water availability, whereas high aerial biomass allocation is a handicap for survival under drought stress conditions. This study identifies drought-resistant populations and morp

Background and aims: Forecasted climate change and overgrazing are threatening the sustainability of dehesas, human-managed ecosystems where pastures, livestock and scattered trees coexist. Pasture quality is particularly sensitive to these global-change drivers, but there are still many gaps to broaden knowledge about the interactive effects of both factors on it. In addition, scattered trees might play a relevant role in maintaining high levels of pasture quality under future scenarios of higher aridity, but its role remains largely unexplored. Methods: We designed a field manipulative experiment of rainfall exclusion and increased temperature aimed to evaluate the impact of forecasted climate on pasture quality under different historical grazing intensities. To test the potential buffering effect of trees, experimental plots were installed equally in two habitat types: under trees and open grassland. Results: Warming reduced the nutrient concentration of pasture, while drought increased it. Tree canopy improved soil fertility, which translated into an increase in pasture quality. Livestock exclusion and high grazing intensity caused a decrease in pasture quality, whereas moderate grazing intensity exerted positive effects on it. Finally, warming beneath tree canopy negatively affected the P concentration of pasture, specifically in the site subjected to moderate grazing intensity. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that communities subjected to moderate grazing are more sensitive to climate change from a nutritional standpoint, likely because this management type provides high levels of P to the soil. In addition, we highlight the essential role of trees in agroforestry ecosystems to maintain high values of nutritional quality of pasture.

There is growing interest in the consumption of halophytes due to their excellent nutritional profile and antioxidant properties, and their cultivation offers viable alternatives in the face of irreversible global salinization of soils. Nevertheless, abiotic factors strongly influence their phytochemical composition, and little is known about how growing conditions can produce plants with the best nutritional and functional properties. Crithmum maritimum is an edible halophyte with antioxidant properties and considerable potential for sustainable agriculture in marginal environments. However, it is found naturally in contrasting habitats with variable soil physicochemical properties and the extent to which edaphic factors can influence plant performance, accumulation of phytochemicals and their quality remains unknown. We investigated the influence of soil physicochemical properties (texture, pH, electrical conductivity, organic matter content and mineral element concentrations) on growth and reproductive performance, nutritional traits, and the accumulation of specific metabolites in C. maritimum. Soil, leaf and seed samples were taken from eight C. maritimum populations located on the southern coasts of Spain and Portugal. We found greater vegetative growth and seed production in coarser, sandier soils with lower microelement concentrations. The nutritional traits of leaves varied, with soil organic matter and macronutrient content associated with reduced leaf Na, protein and phenolic (mainly flavonoid) concentrations, whereas soils with lower pH and Fe concentrations, and higher clay content yielded plants with lower leaf Zn concentration and greater accumulation of hydroxycinnamic acids. The nutritional value of the seed oil composition appeared to be enhanced in soils with coarser texture and lower microelement concentrations. The accumulation of specific phenolic compounds in the seed was influenced by a wide range of soil properties including texture, pH and

Aim Our understanding of the mechanisms that maintain forest diversity under changing climate can benefit from knowledge about traits that are closely linked to fitness. We tested whether the link between traits and seed number and seed size is consistent with two hypotheses, termed the leaf economics spectrum and the plant size syndrome, or whether reproduction represents an independent dimension related to a seed size–seed number trade-off. Location Most of the data come from Europe, North and Central America and East Asia. A minority of the data come from South America, Africa and Australia. Time period 1960–2022. Major taxa studied Trees. Methods We gathered 12 million observations of the number of seeds produced in 784 tree species. We estimated the number of seeds produced by individual trees and scaled it up to the species level. Next, we used principal components analysis and generalized joint attribute modelling (GJAM) to map seed number and size on the tree traits spectrum. Results Incorporating seed size and number into trait analysis while controlling for environment and phylogeny with GJAM exposes relationships in trees that might otherwise remain hidden. Production of the large total biomass of seeds [product of seed number and seed size; hereafter, species seed productivity (SSP)] is associated with high leaf area, low foliar nitrogen, low specific leaf area (SLA) and dense wood. Production of high seed numbers is associated with small seeds produced by nutrient-demanding species with softwood, small leaves and high SLA. Trait covariation is consistent with opposing strategies: one fast-growing, early successional, with high dispersal, and the other slow-growing, stress-tolerant, that recruit in shaded conditions. Main conclusions Earth system models currently assume that reproductive allocation is indifferent among plant functional types. Easily measurable seed size is a strong predictor of the seed number and species seed productivity. The connectio

As a consequence of the pressure exerted by herbivory, plants have developed complex mechanical and chemical defenses; being resistance, avoidance and tolerance the three most common functional strategies described. Several observational studies suggest that natural selection imposed by the presence of herbivores has driven the microevolution of defensive traits in plants. However, there are few studies that confirm these hypotheses. The main objective of this study was to characterize the diversity of functional mechanisms developed by herbaceous species to deal with the presence of ungulate herbivores and to analyze their evolutionary impact. With this aim, we conducted field surveys of dominant annual species in Mediterranean rangelands in ungulate-grazed areas in relation to control plots fenced to exclude large mammals. Seeds from grazed and ungrazed treatments were germinated and grown under optimal controlled conditions until completing their life cycle. Functional traits (morphological, physiological, phenological and chemical) related to their ability to cope with herbivory were evaluated both in the field and in the greenhouse. Our results showed that grazing reduced the abundance of some species in the field, but other species increased as well as species richness. Species severely affected by herbivory were able to maintain their reproductive fitness by increasing seed production. Some of the functional strategies found in the field were maintained when the offspring were subjected to optimal conditions in the greenhouse, while others disappeared when the pressure from herbivory ceased. The evolutionary implications of the inheritance of functional characters in defense of herbivory are discussed.

Soil microbes play a key role in the regulation of plant performance. Rapid microbial responses to climate change (facilitated by their short life cycles) might help plant species (with lower short term adaptation capacity) to survive under increasing aridity. To test this hypothesis, we conducted a greenhouse experiment where seedlings of three tree species (Quercus suber, Quercus canariensis, Olea europaea) were grown with different soil inoculums and subjected to a process of drought and re-wetting. Soil inoculums were collected in a rainfall exclusion infrastructure located in Los Alcornocales Natural Park (Cádiz), where soils had been subjected to 30% rainfall reduction during four years. Half of the inoculums were sterilized to explore the net role of the soil microbiome in the seedlings response to drought. Results showed that four years of rainfall exclusion significantly altered the diversity and composition of the fungal and bacterial soil community. However, this alteration only translated into a higher ability to resist a subsequent drought in seedlings of O. europaea. Quercus seedlings were relatively independent of the soil microbiome in terms of growth, but not of physiological performance. Whereas Quercus seedlings growing in unsterilized soils were able to down-regulate photosynthesis and stomatal conductance in response to drought, seedlings in sterilized soils did not, which might compromise their long-term survival. Overall, our results showed that soil microbes play a relevant role in the response to drought of Mediterranean tree seedlings, and that they might contribute to the adaptation of at least some species to a drier climate.

El aumento de aridez de las últimas décadas está induciendo eventos de mortalidad o pérdida de vigor en numerosas especies arbóreas. Especialmente relevante es el caso del alcornoque (Quercus suber), debido al alarmante incremento de mortalidad y a su importancia para la economía y numerosos servicios ecosistémicos de regulación. Para evaluar la vulnerabilidad a la sequía de las distintas poblaciones de alcornoque, analizamos bajo condiciones controladas el efecto de cuatro niveles de estrés hídrico sobre plántulas procedentes de nueve poblaciones ubicadas a lo largo de su completa distribución latitudinal. Identificamos los cambios en rasgos morfológicos, químicos y fisiológicos asociados con el estrés hídrico, y los relacionamos con el tiempo de supervivencia tras una sequía terminal usada como proxi de resistencia a la sequía. La mayoría de los rasgos mostraron una respuesta muy plástica, incrementando la producción de enzimas de estrés oxidativo y reduciendo la biomasa total y la radicular en respuesta a la sequía. Las plantas procedentes de poblaciones del sur sometidas a mayor aridez produjeron una mayor biomasa, con una importante inversión radicular comparados con las del norte. Esta mayor biomasa conllevó una mayor pérdida hídrica por evaporación, lo que redujo la supervivencia en condiciones de sequía. Los rasgos que más contribuyeron a la resistencia a la sequía fueron los asociados al desarrollo radicular y la biomasa total, mientras que la biomasa aérea se asoció negativamente con la supervivencia. Estos resultados permiten identificar los rasgos relacionados con una mayor resistencia al cambio climático y las poblaciones que las contienen.

Biodiversity plays a key role in the resilience of plant communities against abiotic and biotic disturbances. A fundamental mechanism by which biodiversity can contribute to the stability of ecosystems is through the dilution effect of pathogens. Exotic pathogens are currently causing massive tree declines worldwide, so understanding how forest biodiversity can be managed to minimize pathogen impacts on tree health is of paramount importance. Here we explored the role of the diversity of the shrub understory for tree health in Mediterranean dehesas where the exotic pathogen Phytophthora cinnamomi is causing a rapid loss of tree health. We measured the health status (crown defoliation) and the diversity of the shrub understory in 500 adult trees of Quercus rotundifolia distributed in 30 dehesas in Southwestern Spain. We fitted models that predicted tree defoliation as a function of the characteristics of the understorey (cover, taxonomic and functional diversity, composition), controlling for other abiotic and biotic variables that might affect tree health. Our results did not support the dilution effect in Mediterranean dehesas, since metrics of shrub diversity were not good predictors of tree defoliation. However, they suggested that the specific community composition of the understorey might be a relevant factor determining the likelihood of a tree of developing disease symptoms. Tree defoliation was also explained by variables related with the tree neighborhood, tree traits and soil properties. Overall, our results provide relevant information to guide management and conservations strategies aimed to improve the currently poor health status of Iberian dehesas.

Human activity affects ecosystems; therefore, the search for comprehensive actions such as ecological restoration to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals continues to be a necessity. However, a first unfavorable scenario for ecological restoration in various places is socio-environmental conflicts. The solution to these problems requires the guarantee of intermediate actors. The objective was to characterize the mediator of socio-environmental conflicts for ecological restoration. In the scientific literature, the description of the mediator's juridical responsibility is limited. Six characteristics, seven functions and two objectives to be fulfilled by the mediator are considered. Among the aspects pointed out about ecological restoration, it was indicated that it implies a focus on the provision of ecosystem services and restitution in the face of biodiversity loss. Likewise, the mediator's communication is an essential key to the satisfaction of social needs and economic development based on the rational use of natural resources. It is concluded that the mediator represents the third actor during a socio-environmental conflict, but with a neutral position where its characteristics, functions and the objectives to be fulfilled allow the dialogue between the parties to guarantee the continuity of ecosystem services from ecological restoration., La actividad humana afecta los ecosistemas; por ende, la búsqueda de acciones integrales como la restauración ecológica para el logro de los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible continúa siendo una necesidad. Sin embargo, un primer escenario desfavorable para la restauración ecológica en diversos lugares son los conflictos socioambientales. Para la solución ante tal problemática se requiere la garantía de actores intermedios. El objetivo fue caracterizar el mediador ante conflictos socioambientales para la restauración ecológica. En la literatura científica es limitada la descripción desde la responsabilidad jurídica del mediador. Se consideran seis características, siete funciones y dos objetivos a cumplir para el mediador. Entre los aspectos señalados sobre la restauración ecológica se indicó, que implica un enfoque de provisión de servicios ecosistémicos y de restitución ante la pérdida de la biodiversidad. Asimismo, la comunicación del mediador es una clave esencial hacia la satisfacción de necesidades sociales y el desarrollo económico desde el uso racional de los recursos naturales. Se concluye, que el mediador representa el tercer actor durante un conflicto socioambiental, pero de posición neutral donde sus características, funciones y los objetivos a cumplir permitan el diálogo entre las partes para garantizar, la continuidad de los servicios ecosistémicos desde la restauración ecológica.