Search

Phylogenetic relationships among the 16 extant genera of Ceboidea (the New World monkeys) were examined using aligned epsilon-globin gene sequences from 19 New World monkeys (representing all 16 extant ceboid genera), and seven catarrhines (one Old World monkey and six hominoids) and tarsier as the outgroups. The consensus maximum parsimony tree found for these epsilon-globin sequences and the levels of support from parsimony and bootstrap analyses, for the clades in this tree, provided strong evidence for a cladistic classification with the following clusters. Subtribes Callitrichina (Callithrix, Cebuella), Callimiconina (Callimico), Leontopithecina (Leontopithecus), and Saguina (Saguinus) constitute subfamily Callitrichinae, and subfamilies Callitrichinae, Aotinae (Aotus), Saimiriinae (Saimiri), and Cebinae (Cebus) constitute family Cebidae. In turn, subtribes Chiropotina (Chiropotes, Cacajao) and Pitheciina (Pithecia) constitute tribe Pithecini, tribes Pitheciini and Callicebini (Callicebus) constitute subfamily Pitheciinae, tribes Atelini (Brachyteles, Lagothrix, Ateles) and Alouattini (Alouatta) constitute subfamily Atelinae, and subfamilies Pitheciinae and Atelinae constitute family Atelidae. The two families (Cebidae and Atelidae) constitute the Ceboidea, the only extant superfamily of infraorder Platyrrhini. The sister-group relationships of Brachyteles and Lagothrix, Saguinus and Leontopithecus, and Callimico with a Cebuella/Callithrix clade is not as well supported by the parsimony and bootstrap analyses. Therefore, these relationships are not incorporated in the proposed cladistic classification. On determining branch lengths for the ceboid phylogenetic tree from only the more freely evolving noncoding sequences at the epsilon-globin locus and taking the reference age of 35 million years ago (MYA) for the New World monkey-catarrhine branch point, we estimated the age of the atelid-cebid branch point as about 20 MYA, and the ages of the next branch points, those between the subfamilies in each family, as 19-16 MYA.

Abstract 287 Purpose: Farnesyltransferases are key cellular enzymes involved in the prenylation of proteins. Prenylated proteins are important for malignant cell growth. The purpose of this phase II study (NCT00082888) was to assess tumor response and toxicity associated with the oral farnesyltransferase inhibitor tipifarnib (R115777, Johnson and Johnson) in patients with relapsed aggressive, indolent, or uncommon lymphoma. The uncommon group included low incidence lymphoma types such as Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) and T-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma- cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) and peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL). Patients and Methods: Patients with relapsed or refractory non-Hodgkin (NHL) or Hodgkin (HL) were eligible if they had measurable disease, performance status ≤2, platelet count ≥75,000 × 10(6)/L, an absolute neutrophil count ≥1000 × 10(6)/L and a creatinine ≤2 × upper limit of normal. Patients initially received tipifarnib 300 mg twice daily, days 1–21 every 28 days. The trial was conducted by the University of Iowa/Mayo Clinic Lymphoma SPORE. Results: Ninety-three patients with lymphoma (42 aggressive, 15 indolent, and 36 uncommon) enrolled in the trial between March 2004 and November 2008. The median age was 62 years (range, 18–91). The median number of prior therapies was 5 (range, 1–17). The overall response rate (ORR) was 20% (19/93) with 6% (6/93) complete responses (CR) and 14% (13/93) partial responses (PR). The ORR was 17%, 7%, and 31% for the aggressive, indolent, and uncommon groups, respectively (Table). Among the 19 responders were 7 diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), 7 T-cell NHL, 1 follicular grade II, and 4 HL. The overall median response duration for the 19 responders was 7.5 months (mean, 12.8; range, 1.8 – 48.1 months). The median response duration was 11.3 months (mean, 10.1; range, 1.8 – 18.5 months), 2 months, and 7.5 months (mean, 15.5; range, 1.9 – 48.1 months) for the aggressive (7), indolent (1), and uncommon (11) groups, respectively. Five patients in the uncommon group are still receiving treatment with a range of treatment duration between 25 – 60+ months. Among the 5 still receiving treatment 4 responded and 1 is stable. The range of response duration is 15.4, 17.7, 43.1, and 48.1 months. These five patients (2 with HL, 1 anaplastic large cell cutaneous, and 2 PTCL) are currently receiving doses of 400 (1), 200 (2), and 100 (2) mg twice daily. The median time to progression for all patients was 3.6 months (95% CI: 2.1 – 4.5 months). The grade 3,4 toxicities observed were primarily fatigue (10%) and reversible myelosuppression with 11% anemia, 37% neutropenia, and 32% thrombocytopenia. Correlative studies demonstrated tipifarnib-induced upregulation of Bim, a marker of tipifarnib action in lymphoma cell lines, in 7 of 9 paired lymphoma biopsies. Conclusions: Tipifarnib has activity in lymphoma, with responses in patients with heavily pretreated DLBCL, HL and T-cell types, but little activity in follicular NHL. This agent has an excellent toxicity profile and targets a novel pathway. Further studies in combination with other agents are warranted for patients with DLBCL, HL or T-cell NHL. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

Abstract 970 The mammalian target of rapamycin, mTOR, is a highly conserved serine/threonine kinase known to play a role in regulating mRNA translation, cell cycle progression, cell proliferation and apoptosis. As a downstream effector of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling pathway, mTOR is a component of two distinct complexes, TORC1 and TORC2. While TORC1 facilitates cell cycle progression from G1 into S phase by phosphorylating p70S6 kinase and eukaryotic initiation factor 4E binding protein 1 (4E-BP1), TORC2 catalyzes the activating phosphorylation of Akt on Ser473, providing a feedback loop for further activation of mTOR. Phase II trials have shown activity of the TORC1-selective inhibitor rapamycin and its analogs in a wide range of lymphoma subtypes. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic effects of the dual TORC1/TORC2 inhibitor OSI-027 in human neoplastic lymphoid cells in vitro. MTS assays demonstrated that OSI-027 inhibited proliferation in a wide range of lymphoid lines, including SeAx (Sezary syndrome), DoHH2 (large cell lymphoma), RL (follicular lymphoma) and Jurkat (T cell ALL), as well as clinical lymphoma and T cell ALL samples, with IC50 values ranging from 0.078 to 10 μM. Propidium iodide staining followed by flow cytometry for subdiploid cells revealed induction of apoptosis within 48 h of treatment with OSI-027 (but not rapamycin) in SeAx, DoHH2, and Jurkat cells. Examination of Jurkat variants with alterations in key proteins involved in the death receptor versus mitochondrial pathway revealed diminished apoptotic responses to OSI-027 when Bcl-2 was overexpressed or caspase 9 was silenced, indicating involvement of the mitochondrial pathway. Immunoblotting for Bcl-2 family members revealed upregulation of Bim and Puma after a 48-hour exposure to OSI-027 but not rapamycin. This upregulation was also seen at the mRNA level, with a 12- to 20-fold increase in Puma mRNA and 4- to 12-fold induction of Bim mRNA. Small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated knockdown of Bim and Puma significantly diminished the apoptotic response to OSI-027. Because the Foxo3a transcription factor has been implicated in Bim and Puma expression and is known to be activated when Akt is inhibited, we next examined whether Bim and Puma induction was Foxo3a-dependent. Luciferase reporter assays showed that OSI-027 activated the full-length Puma and Bim promoters and that this activation was diminished when the Foxo3a binding sites were deleted or mutated. In addition, OSI-027 induced nuclear translocation of Foxo3a, while Foxo3a siRNA diminished OSI-027-induced apoptosis in Jurkat cells. Collectively, these results indicate that OSI-027 inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis in a wide range of neoplastic lymphoid cells through a process that involves Foxo3a-mediated upregulation of Bim and Puma. These results also suggest that dual inhibition of TORC1 and TORC2 may be an effective treatment strategy in lymphoid malignancy. Disclosures: Barr: OSI Pharmaceuticals: Employment. Witzig:Novartis and Celgene: Patents & Royalties, Research Funding, Served on advisory boards with Novartis and Celgene – both uncompensated with compensation to Mayo Clinic.

Starch gel electrophoresis disclosed six transferrin phenotypes, explainable by three alleles (TF A, TF D, TF E), and three albumin phenotypes, determined by two alleles (ALB A, ALB B). Their prevalences suggest that the Brazilian populations have admixed river and swamp buffalo ancestry, the frequency of ALB A being much higher than those found in other regions.

The electrophoretic patterns of esterase D (ESD; E.C.3.1.1.1) and carbonic anhydrase 2 (CA 2, E.C.4.2.1.1) were studied in 147 specimens ofCebus apella. Three phenotypes were detected at the esterase D system,ESD1 allele showing a frequency of 44%, markedly different from those observed in Old World monkeys. CA2 also proved to be polymorphic, with three alleles being detected at the following frequencies:CA21, 98%;CA22 andCA23, both 1%. The CA2 activity was absent in newborn animals and in fetuses.

Four esterase D (ESD) phenotypes, presumably resulting from the segregation of three alleles with moderate polymorphic frequencies, were observed in a sample of the black handed tamarin, Saguinus midas niger, from the northern Amazonian region (Brazil). Previous surveys in the non-human Anthropoidea indicate that the ESD locus is polymorphic in at least 4 of the 19 taxonomic entities listed.

Summary Research programs involving the study of genetic variation of proteins have been carried out both in humans and catarrhine primates but rarely in New World species. Considering the great possibilities offered by protein variations as genetic markers in systematic and evolutionary studies in this group of organisms, the authors are specially interested in the investigation of genetic polymorphisms of blood proteins in Amazonian primates. In this paper we describe the electro phoretic patterns of erythrocyte esterases obtained from blood samples of 57 Cebus apella specimens. Blood hemolysates from Cebus display four main set of bands in azo-coupled stained gels. These bands are identified as esterases P, A1, A2 and B by their electro phoretic migration, substrate specificity and eserine reaction. The use of the fluoregenic reagent 4-methylumbelliferyl acetate revealed the presence of a fifth set of enzymes not detected by the azo-coupled staining method. This ser of enzymes, probably a polymorphic genetic system, was named ESD as in humans.

We announce here the draft genome sequence of Nostoc piscinale CENA21, a diazotrophic heterocyst-forming cyanobacterium isolated from the Solimões River, Amazon Basin, Brazil. It consists of one circular chromosome scaffold with 11 contigs and total size of 7,094,556 bp. Secondary metabolite annotations indicate a good source for the discovery of novel natural products. © 2016 Leão et al. This work has been supported by grants from the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) and from the Funda ção de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Pará (BIONORTE-CNPq/FAPESPA) to M.P.C.S. This work, including the efforts of Marli Fatima Fiore and Maria Paula Cruz Schneider, was funded by MCTI | Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) (307045/2010-2 and 306607/2012-3). This work, including the efforts of Tiago Leão and Pedro Ivo Guimaraes, was funded by Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) (13425-13-7 and 13194-13-5). This work, including the efforts of Pedro Nuno Leão, was funded by Ministry of Education and Science | Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT) (IF/01358/2014).

As toxinas produzidas por cianobactérias em ecossistemas aquáticos de superfície utilizados para abastecimento público constituem uma preocupação mundial, com casos de intoxicação relatados em diversos países.Sérios problemas de saúde e até mesmo óbito podem ocorrer como consequência dessas intoxicações. Em ambientes de água doce eutrofizados, florações de espécies de Microcystis são frequentemente observadas e, devido à sua ampla distribuição geográfica e capacidade de produzir toxinas, este é um dos gêneros de cianobactérias mais extensivamente estudados. Microcystis spp. são conhecidas pela produção da potente hepatotoxina microcistina. No entanto, um estudo recente com a linhagem M. aeruginosa SPC777 isolada da represa Billings (São Paulo, SP) relatou a sua capacidade de produção simultânea da [L-ser7] microcistina-RR e da neurotoxina saxitoxina (goniautoxinas 1, 2, 3 e 4). Esse foi o primeiro relato de produção de saxitoxina por uma cianobactéria unicelular. Nesse contexto, o presente estudo teve como objetivo identificar e sequenciar os genes envolvidos na biossíntese da microcistina e saxitoxina na linhagem M. aeruginosa SPC777 e reavaliar a produção destas toxinas após vários anos de cultivo em laboratório. Para isso, foi feito o sequenciamento do genoma de M. aeruginosa SPC777 na plataforma SOLiD V3 e a montagem ab initio das leituras foi realizada usando os algoritmos Edena e Velvet. Análises Blast no banco de dados do NCBI foram realizadas na busca de similaridade por sequências dos genes mcy e sxt e de genes que flanqueiam os agrupamentos envolvidos na biossíntese de ambas as toxinas. Além disso, PCR e sequenciamento Sanger foram empregados para auxiliar a busca dos genes de interesse. Os dez genes envolvidos na biossíntese da microcistina (mcyA-J) foram encontrados e anotados a partir do genoma da M. aeruginosa SPC777, assim como os genes dnaN e uma1, que são normalmente encontrados flanqueando o agrupamento gênico da microcistina. O arranjo dos genes mcy no agrupamento seguiu a mesma ordem de outros descritos na literatura, mas foram encontradas diferenças na sequência de nucleotídeos para alguns dos genes. Para saxitoxina, apenas cinco genes entre aqueles diretamente envolvidos na biossíntese desta neurotoxina foram encontrados usando PCR e sequenciamento Sanger. As sequências parciais dos genes sxt apresentaram alta identidade com outros encontrados em cianobactérias tóxicas. Além disso, a tradução dessas sequências em aminoácidos e as funções protéicas e domínios preditos confirmaram sua identidade como genes da sintetase de saxitoxina. Análises químicas em HPLC-MS/MS mostraram a produção de microcistina, com a detecção do íon m/z 1036, que corresponde à microcistina-YM. Entretanto, não foi observada produção de saxitoxinas. Pelo que sabemos, este é o primeiro agrupamento gênico de microcistina sequenciado de uma linhagem de Microcystis isolada da América do Sul,além de serem os primeiros genes sxt descritos em uma cianobactéria unicelular. Este estudo propiciou novos conhecimentos sobre a origem dos genes mcy e sxt e contribuiu para uma melhor compreensão da evolução destas toxinas The toxins produced by cyanobacteria in surface aquatic ecosystems used for public supply constitute a worldwide concern, with poisoning cases reported in several countries. Serious health problems and even death can occur as a consequence of these poisonings. In eutrophic freshwater environments, blooms of Microcystis species are often observed and, due to its wide geographic distribution and ability to produce toxins, this is one of the most extensively studied cyanobacterial genera. Microcystis spp. are known for the production of the potent hepatotoxin microcystin. Nonetheless, a recent study with the strain M. aeruginosa SPC777 isolated from Billings reservoir (São Paulo, SP) reported its ability for simultaneous production of [L-ser7] microcystin-RR and the neurotoxin saxitoxin (gonyautoxins 1, 2, 3 and 4). This was the first report of saxitoxin production by a unicellular cyanobacterium. In this context, the present study aimed at the identification and sequencing of the genes involved in the biosynthesis of microcystin and saxitoxin in the strain M. aeruginosa SPC777 and re-evaluation ofthe production of these toxins after several years of cultivation in laboratory. For this, whole genome sequencing of M. aeruginosa SPC777 was done in the platform SOLiD V3 and ab initio assembly of the reads was performed using the algorithms Edena and Velvet. Blast analyses in the NCBI database were performed in the searchfor similarity to mcy and sxt gene sequences and to genes flanking the clusters involvedin the biosynthesis of both toxins. Furthermore, PCR and Sanger sequencing were employed to help the search for the genes of interest. The ten genes involved in microcystin biosynthesis (mcyA-J) were found and annotated from the genome of M. aeruginosa SPC777, as well as the genes dnaN and uma1, which are usually found flanking the microcystin gene cluster. The arrangement of mcy genes in the cluster has followed the same order than others described in literature, but differences were found in the sequence of nucleotides for some of the genes. For saxitoxin, only five genes among those directly involved in the biosynthesis of this neurotoxin were found using PCR and Sanger sequencing. The partial sxt gene sequences have shown high identities to others found in toxic cyanobacteria. Additionally, their translation into amino acids and the predicted protein functions and domains confirmed their identity as saxitoxin synthetase genes.HPLC-MS/MS chemical analyses have shown the production of microcystin, with the detection of the ion m/z1036, which corresponds to the microcystin-YM. Nevertheless, saxitoxin production was not observed. As far as we know, this is the first microcystin gene cluster sequenced from a Microcystis strain isolated from South America and it is also the first time that sxt genes are described in a unicellular cyanobacterium. This study has brought new insightson the origin of the mcy and sxt genes and contributed to a better understanding of the evolution of these toxins