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Time-resolved diffuse scattering experiments have gained increasing attention due to their potential to reveal nonequilibrium dynamics of crystal lattice vibrations with full momentum resolution. Although progress has been made in interpreting experimental data on the basis of one-phonon scattering, understanding the role of individual phonons can be sometimes hindered by multiphonon excitations. In Ref. [M. Zacharias, H. Seiler, F. Caruso, D. Zahn, F. Giustino, P. C. Kelires, and R. Ernstorfer, Phys. Rev. Lett. 127, 207401 (2021)10.1103/PhysRevLett.127.207401], we have introduced a rigorous approach for the calculation of the all-phonon inelastic scattering intensity of solids from first-principles. In the present work, we describe our implementation in detail and show that multiphonon interactions are captured efficiently by exploiting translational and time-reversal symmetries of the crystal. We demonstrate its predictive power by calculating the scattering patterns of monolayer molybdenum disulfide (MoS2), bulk MoS2, and black phosphorus (bP), and we obtain excellent agreement with our measurements of thermal electron diffuse scattering. Remarkably, our results show that multiphonon excitations dominate in bP across multiple Brillouin zones, while in MoS2 they play a less pronounced role. We expand our analysis for each system and examine the effect of individual atomic and interatomic vibrational motion on the diffuse scattering signals. We further demonstrate the high-throughput capability of our approach by reporting all-phonon scattering maps of two-dimensional MoSe2, WSe2, WS2, graphene, and CdI2, rationalizing in each case the effect of multiphonon processes. As a side point, we show that the special displacement method reproduces the thermally distorted configuration that generates precisely the all-phonon diffuse pattern. The present methodology opens the way for systematic calculations of the scattering intensity in crystals and the accurate interpretation of static and time-resolved inelastic scattering experiments.

On the basis of first-principles calculations and the special displacement method, we demonstrate the quantum confinement scaling law of the phonon-induced gap renormalization of graphene quantum dots (GQDs). We employ zigzag-edged GQDs with hydrogen passivation and embedded in hexagonal boron nitride. Our calculations for GQDs in the sub-10 nm region reveal strong quantum confinement of the zero-point renormalization ranging from 20 to 250 meV. To obtain these values we introduce a correction to the Allen-Heine theory of temperature-dependent energy levels that arises from the phonon-induced splitting of 2-fold degenerate edge states. This correction amounts to more than 50% of the gap renormalization. We also present momentum-resolved spectral functions of GQDs, which are not reported in previous contributions. Our results lay the foundation to systematically engineer temperature-dependent electronic structures of GQDs for applications in solar cells, electronic transport, and quantum computing devices.

This chapter develops issues related to the satisfaction of Greek society with the state of the economy, democracy and the euro, as well as the attitude of Greek society regarding the state interventions and the economic policy implemented in Greece. Specifically, there are issues related to attitudes about whether or not state interventions are good for the economy, whether it is the responsibility of governments to reduce the income gaps and ensure jobs for all, whether the state whether or not it intervenes in the economy, whether the state should boost market demand by raising wages and pensions to increase consumption or whether it should provide incentives to increase investment and exports to create new jobs and whether it is in favor of or against the privatization of public utility companies.

The interconnection of attitudes, behaviors and cultural background in general with the opinions about taxation is an issue that has not been particularly interlinked in the relevant literature. This chapter presents the views and attitudes on the role of the state, taxation and state welfare. In addition to linking these views to a number of variables (gender, age, education level, income level, social class), the interconnection of these preferences with the level of happiness, the degree of rationality and political self-determination is presented.

Bipolar disorder is a heritable mental illness with complex etiology. We performed a genome-wide association study of 41,917 bipolar disorder cases and 371,549 controls of European ancestry, which identified 64 associated genomic loci. Bipolar disorder risk alleles were enriched in genes in synaptic signaling pathways and brain-expressed genes, particularly those with high specificity of expression in neurons of the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. Significant signal enrichment was found in genes encoding targets of antipsychotics, calcium channel blockers, antiepileptics and anesthetics. Integrating expression quantitative trait locus data implicated 15 genes robustly linked to bipolar disorder via gene expression, encoding druggable targets such as HTR6, MCHR1, DCLK3 and FURIN. Analyses of bipolar disorder subtypes indicated high but imperfect genetic correlation between bipolar disorder type I and II and identified additional associated loci. Together, these results advance our understanding of the biological etiology of bipolar disorder, identify novel therapeutic leads and prioritize genes for functional follow-up studies. © 2021, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature America, Inc.

The size of the Greek public sector is considered by many to be the main culprit for the long-term accumulation of deficits, which led to the debt crisis that the Greek economy was called upon to face over the last decade. As a result, the public sector has been the target of adjustment programs. At the same time, the prolonged period of economic crisis in Greece has had a significant impact on the level of investment in the economy, and there is a strong need to support them for a sustainable recovery effort. This chapter presents the attitudes of Greek society toward the size of the Greek public sector and on issues related to the permanence of civil servants. In addition, the chapter analyzes the attitudes related to foreign investment and the incentives for investment and innovation.

The main aim of the chapter is to outline how political beliefs are related to citizens’ views on the role of the state and the conduct of economic policy, rationalism and human happiness. More specifically, the chapter presents the voting intention per political party. In addition, the voting intention is distinguished based on the level of rationality of the voters. Also, the chapter presents the levels of happiness of Greek society based on the voting intention. Citizens’ views on the state and taxation are also reflected in the analysis. Finally, we combine the voting intention with the economic policy.

This chapter aims to identify the changes that have been observed in the personality traits of the modern Greeks. All personality traits have two opposite poles, and each person is characterized by a portfolio of personality traits which is more or less comprehended by each personality trait. We can, therefore, claim that each person is characterized by both poles of all personality traits, but what differentiates each person from the others is the degree of convergence in one of the two poles of each trait. The analysis, therefore, concerns the following personality traits for the Greek society: Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism.

This chapter focuses on presenting a series of concepts related to happiness, life satisfaction, health and political self-determination. Based on the relevant literature, it seems that people’s happiness is associated with all these concepts. Thus, a theoretical analysis is presented for the above concepts, and also a description of the evolution of the attitudes of the Greeks, as well as the combinations of these issues from 2002 to 2020. Also, it is being examined whether the recent crisis (Financial and Covid-19) affected severely or not the level of happiness or not, trying to give answers on how economic evolutions are correlated with happiness and human prosperity in the Greek society.

IMPORTANCE: The ENIGMA clinical high risk (CHR) for psychosis initiative, the largest pooled neuroimaging sample of individuals at CHR to date, aims to discover robust neurobiological markers of psychosis risk. OBJECTIVE: To investigate baseline structural neuroimaging differences between individuals at CHR and healthy controls as well as between participants at CHR who later developed a psychotic disorder (CHR-PS+) and those who did not (CHR-PS-). DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: In this case-control study, baseline T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data were pooled from 31 international sites participating in the ENIGMA Clinical High Risk for Psychosis Working Group. CHR status was assessed using the Comprehensive Assessment of At-Risk Mental States or Structured Interview for Prodromal Syndromes. MRI scans were processed using harmonized protocols and analyzed within a mega-analysis and meta-analysis framework from January to October 2020. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Measures of regional cortical thickness (CT), surface area, and subcortical volumes were extracted from T1-weighted MRI scans. Independent variables were group (CHR group vs control group) and conversion status (CHR-PS+ group vs CHR-PS- group vs control group). RESULTS: Of the 3169 included participants, 1428 (45.1%) were female, and the mean (SD; range) age was 21.1 (4.9; 9.5-39.9) years. This study included 1792 individuals at CHR and 1377 healthy controls. Using longitudinal clinical information, 253 in the CHR-PS+ group, 1234 in the CHR-PS- group, and 305 at CHR without follow-up data were identified. Compared with healthy controls, individuals at CHR exhibited widespread lower CT measures (mean [range] Cohen d = -0.13 [-0.17 to -0.09]), but not surface area or subcortical volume. Lower CT measures in the fusiform, superior temporal, and paracentral regions were associated with psychosis conversion (mean Cohen d = -0.22; 95% CI, -0.35 to 0.10). Among healthy controls, compared with those in the CHR-PS+ group, age showed a stronger negative association with left fusiform CT measures (F = 9.8; P < .001; q < .001) and left paracentral CT measures (F = 5.9; P = .005; q = .02). Effect sizes representing lower CT associated with psychosis conversion resembled patterns of CT differences observed in ENIGMA studies of schizophrenia (? = 0.35; 95% CI, 0.12 to 0.55; P = .004) and individuals with 22q11.2 microdeletion syndrome and a psychotic disorder diagnosis (? = 0.43; 95% CI, 0.20 to 0.61; P = .001). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: This study provides evidence for widespread subtle, lower CT measures in individuals at CHR. The pattern of CT measure differences in those in the CHR-PS+ group was similar to those reported in other large-scale investigations of psychosis. Additionally, a subset of these regions displayed abnormal age associations. Widespread disruptions in CT coupled with abnormal age associations in those at CHR may point to disruptions in postnatal brain developmental processes.

The purpose of the chapter is to highlight important aspects and attitudes of human behavior in Greek society. Through them we can outline personal behaviors that shape the way decisions are made, both at individual and collective level. More specifically, the chapter presents aspects for the development of human personality as well as the concept of creativity in order to understand the way the members of Greek society make decisions. In addition, the chapter presents the personal attitudes of Greek society and their evolution over time.

Greek society is characterized by a peculiar cultural background that directs its development potential, since, in combination with its correspondingly peculiar institutional background, leads to the perpetuation of a stagnant model of economic development. In Greece, the cultural background has a long-term homocyclic effect. This chapter presents the evolution over time of the attitudes of Greek society related to the principles and beliefs that characterize it. To this end, it presents data on the environment, family and religion, and attitudes about respect, general behavior, customs and discipline. The chapter also describes the attitudes of Greek society regarding generalized trust, social support and individuality.

Loss aversion, as well as the degree of rationality of individuals, are projections of human behavior in decision-making. Elements of human behavior, which at the individual level influence the way the individual makes decisions, are an integral part of the macroeconomic growth models. Different preferences can be associated with apparent differences in economic performance. The chapter analyses the role of needs in the decision-making process and human behavior. In addition, we present the theoretical background of rational behavior as a system of activation of human action. Then, the degree of rationality is linked to the policy of self-positioning, happiness and the state, taxation and social welfare presenting findings of the polls on Greek society.

Cannabis use during adolescence is associated with an increased risk of developing psychosis. According to a current hypothesis, this results from detrimental effects of early cannabis use on brain maturation during this vulnerable period. However, studies investigating the interaction between early cannabis use and brain structural alterations hitherto reported inconclusive findings. We investigated effects of age of cannabis initiation on psychosis using data from the multicentric Personalized Prognostic Tools for Early Psychosis Management (PRONIA) and the Cannabis Induced Psychosis (CIP) studies, yielding a total sample of 102 clinically-relevant cannabis users with recent onset psychosis. GM covariance underlies shared maturational processes. Therefore, we performed source-based morphometry analysis with spatial constraints on structural brain networks showing significant alterations in schizophrenia in a previous multisite study, thus testing associations of these networks with the age of cannabis initiation and with confounding factors. Earlier cannabis initiation was associated with more severe positive symptoms in our cohort. Greater gray matter volume (GMV) in the previously identified cerebellar schizophrenia-related network had a significant association with early cannabis use, independent of several possibly confounding factors. Moreover, GMV in the cerebellar network was associated with lower volume in another network previously associated with schizophrenia, comprising the insula, superior temporal, and inferior frontal gyrus. These findings are in line with previous investigations in healthy cannabis users, and suggest that early initiation of cannabis perturbs the developmental trajectory of certain structural brain networks in a manner imparting risk for psychosis later in life.

The scope of the chapter is to presents the main attitudes of Greek society and how they are positioned compared to the rest of the world, based on Global Preferences Survey. Most theories of human behavior agree that a set of preferences guide individuals in decision-making. These include risk-taking preferences, positive and negative reciprocity and altruism. The importance of the above attitudes is critical, especially considering that many times we make our decisions and choices depending on the interaction that will result from our actions toward third parties. After all, the heterogeneity of individual preferences is a key feature of any society, making the decision-making process a complex task under conditions of uncertainty.

This chapter examines the mechanism under which human needs are generated and take place as human actions. This process is a result of two effects; the individuals’ internal characteristics, and the society’s views and cultural background where the individuals live and evolve. That been the case, the chapter examines issues such as the creation of the needs, the personal traits as derivatives of behavior, identity theory, the bipolar pairs of behavior and the complexity of social behavior.

In recent decades, developments have been observed—especially in the developed economies of the Western world—leading to a gradual change in the cultural background of these societies from traditional to post-materialistic values. It is a silent revolution of social attitudes and is based on developments such as generational replacement, increased access to higher education, urbanization, increasing gender equality and increasing ethnic diversity. This is a development that has been observed in Greek society in recent decades, up to the onset of the 2008 crisis. This chapter aims to highlight how this case has evolved since the 2008 crisis and after the emergence of the Covid-19 pandemic. It therefore aims to highlight the question of whether or not the attitudes and values of Greek society were changed during the period under analysis.