Search

Wilkinson talks about the US policy towards Cuba under the new Democratic regime. If the aim of the US is to engender political change in Cuba, it is clear that the policy of trying to starve the country of foreign investment and trade has not worked. Instead of facilitating the advance and growth of private enterprise on the Island, the policies of Donald Trump have had the opposite effect. It is simply high time the US helped Cuba reform economically.

The East Asian maritime trade between 11th century and 14th century is represented by the remarkable activities of the maritime merchants. Private enterprise, rather than state regulation, played the salient role in the emergence and expansion of maritime trade in East Asia. Although the amazing performances of the East Asian merchants such as Koryo merchants, Song merchants, and Hakata merchants had caught the eyes of historians, the previous researches on them had been mainly carried out from national historical perspective. The book, Koryo Merchants and the History of East Asian Maritime Trade, however, challenges the existing common ideas about the medieval East Asian maritime trade with the transnational perspective. In terms of the nationality of the maritime merchants, the author of the book argues that the China-born merchants who settled down in Koryo or Japan owned the Peaked-bottom-ship (尖底船) and led the trade between China and Koryo or Japan. In addition, according to his research, the traders were not largely constrained by the seasonal wind on the East Asian seas. The author of this book shows several typical East Asian maritime merchants who was born in China but later on settled down in Koryo and married Korean women. They did not only carry out the trade between Koryo and Song but played the significant diplomatic roles. Their trading goods, however, included cheap household goods besides luxury items. Since the household goods had price competitiveness, the traders could export them overseas. Due to his devoted studies, many aspects of the East Asian maritime trade during the Medieval period could be restored. As the author mentioned in this book, however, there are still in many aspects open to future further researches, which will be carried out with the transnational perspective, in the true sense of word.

Purpose This paper aims to introduce the history and major achievement of the Chinese private enterprise survey (CPES), which is one of the most enduring large-scale nationwide sample surveys in China, providing important micro firm-level data for understanding and studying the development of Chinese enterprises and entrepreneurs over the past 26 years. Design/methodology/approach The main body of this paper is based on a bibliometric analysis of all literature using CPES until 2017. Findings This paper discusses problems that users may encounter during data mining. By doing so, it can assist other researchers to get a better understanding of what has been done (e.g. journals, topics, scholars and institutions) and do their research in a more targeted way. Research limitations/implications As members of the survey project team, the authors also take a prospect of the future data design and use, as well as offer some suggestions about how to use the CPES data to improve high-quality development and business environment evaluation in China. Originality/value This paper is the first to provide an overall picture of academic papers in China and abroad that have used the CPES data.

With the occupation of the western parts of the Soviet Union and the political und administrative reorganization of ministries in Berlin, a keen debate started on how to expropriate the new part of the “German Empire”. Especially the reconstruction and the exploitation of heavy industry in the Ukraine and its iron and steel works became subject to intensive dispute between several ministries in Berlin, local authorities in the Ukraine and the Reichswerke Hermann Göring, the most important of state-commanded heavy industries. However, in time the Reichwerke – and its decisive director Paul Pleiger – had to admit that the business figures required by the Berlin ministries could not be achieved. This opened up the opportunity for private enterprise to expand und invest in the Ukraine too. The different measures chosen to build up business in the Ukraine und the results of this expansion are the subject of the following article.

The survival of indigenous private enterprises is usually threatened by the demise of their founders. While previous studies on enterprise (dis)continuity have focused largely on business failure before founders’ death, little attention is paid to why indigenous private businesses do not outlive their founders in Nigeria. This study, therefore, examined the factors accounting for post-founder business discontinuity among selected indigenous private enterprises in the South-West, Nigeria. Theory of Loss and continuity in the family firm provided the framework. The research design was exploratory, using qualitative methods of data collection. Three states (Lagos, Ogun and Oyo) were purposively selected on the basis of being home to many defunct indigenous enterprises. Case studies were done on 16 purposively selected indigenous private enterprises (eight discontinued and eight surviving) whose founders had died. The qualitative data were analysed with Nvivo 8. Findings show that disharmony in the deceased founders’ family, ineffective implementation of succession plans as well as inheritance crises emerged as the most prevalent factors that accounted for postfounder enterprise discontinuity. The study recommended that indigenous enterprise founders should make efforts to foster harmonious relationships among members of their families in order to increase enterprise survival after their death.

We examine the optimal proportion of employee stocks in two kinds of duopoly markets: The first market includes two mixed‐ownership state‐owned enterprises (SOEs), and the second market includes one mixed‐ownership SOE and one private enterprise. We introduce the particularities of employee stock ownership plans in SOEs in China to the subjective function and cost function. We find that partial holding, full holding, or non‐holding can be optimal, and the optimal proportion depends on the types of rival firms, the efficiency gap in different kinds of shares, and employee behavioral tendencies. Moreover, the optimal proportion of employee stocks is subject to external institutional environment.

The two largest cities in Ecuador each implemented three bus rapid transit (BRT) corridors from 1995 to 2013. The projects present similar characteristics, and thus a unique opportunity to analyze factors that influenced their performance. This paper identifies the level of private participation and the extent to which it influenced the outcomes of the projects. Two approaches were identified: 1) including incumbent operators by delegating vehicle acquisitions and operations; and 2) replacing them with a public company. The financial strength and interest of the incumbent operators in continuing to function along parallel routes were major issues. Quito was successful in the implementation of the first corridor through public delivery but failed in its attempts with private participation. Guayaquil surmounted the barriers for effective private participation through a special purpose vehicle (SPV) that managed the risk created by the inherent nature of the consortiums. It is expected that a deeper understanding of these processes will contribute to more efficient and sustainable transportation investments in Ecuador.

We re-examine the relation between taxes and corporate leverage, using variation in state corporate income tax rates. In contrast with prior research, we document that corporate leverage increases following tax cuts for both privately held and publicly listed firms. We use an estimated dynamic equilibrium model to show that tax cuts result in lower default spreads and more distant default thresholds. These effects outweigh the loss of benefits from the interest tax deduction and lead to higher leverage, especially for privately held firms. Overall, debt tax shields appear to be a secondary capital structure consideration.

Aiming at exploring the effect of four factors on fresh graduate’s three popular career choices of continuing studying, working in state-owned enterprises, and working in private enterprises, this paper collects the specific information of 3237 students and builds the GM (0, N) model. The four variables include student’s grade point average (GPA), socioeconomic status (SES), gender, and whether the student comes from an urban household. Furthermore, this paper also considers the effect of the fractional order and proposes a fractional grey model (FGM (0, N) model) to enhance the performance of the traditional model. Eventually, the study finds that there are still some students with financial problems, which makes some negative effects on their choices of continuing studying and working in state-owned enterprises. Additionally, all the other three factors show the positive influence on the three choices. Besides, GPA shows the most positive effect on the choices of continuing studying as well as working in a state-owned enterprise; gender and SES have the greatest impact on the choice of working in a private enterprise.

Sport tourism within the Czech Republic has deep roots and a relatively long tradition. There are no special statistical data on sport tourism but the tourism represents important part of Czech economy with almost 3% contribution to GDP. Sport and tourism are included separately in important stat documents and legislation. Nevertheless, official documents deal with topics important for sustainability of sport and tourism. After 1990, new opportunities for private enterprise led to the emergence of business in sport and tourism. It has helped a lot to develop sport tourism and give offer to many new participants. The cycling and running belong to most popular sport tourism activities. The Mattoni ½ Marathon in Usti nad Labem was analysed as an example of sport tourism and route races development. The run is highly professionalised, organised by for-profit agency and supported by municipal and regional authorities. This race attracts mainly participants with a higher socio-economic status in the productive age of 30–50 years. The education level and the reasons for taking part in the race indicate that most respondents consciously reflect on their own life. This run with fast-growing popularity is more attended by non-resident than local people.

This paper analyzes the theoretical model of private enterprise institutional entrepreneurship, and takes Shenzhen based Flying Landscape Company (FLC) as an example to construct the institutional entrepreneurship model. The institutional entrepreneurship process is divided into three stages including foundation of change, theorization, and institutionalization, the specific institutional constraints are analyzed, and some institutional entrepreneurship tactics are adopted in the model. The application effects of the institutional entrepreneurship model to FLC are introduced. The results show that the theory of private enterprise institutional entrepreneurship is feasible and effective for the institutional innovation of small and medium-sized private construction enterprises.

Уголовное право СССР стояло на страже социалистических отношений, устанавливая ответственность за любые посягательства на существующий общественно-экономический порядок. Однако отказ от этого порядка и переход к капиталистической системе хозяйствования предопределил коренные изменения Особенной части советского уголовного права. Существовавшее в конце 1980-х годов в СССР явление «ни плана, ни рынка» зеркально отразилось на состоянии уголовноправовых норм экономического характера., The criminal law of the USSR stood guard over socialist relations, establishing responsibility for any encroachments on the existing socio-economic order. However, the rejection of this order and the transition to a capitalist economic system predetermined fundamental changes in the special part of Soviet criminal law. The phenomenon of «no plan, no market» that existed in the USSR in the late 1980s mirrored the state of criminal law norms of an economic nature.

The establishment of organisations to take care of the interests of engineers came in a time when the cultural patterns of European nations were sharply divided but also in rapid change. The social value of being an engineer was rising in several countries, but their standing in society was unstable. France was getting an established practice of giving engineers from the Ecole polytechnique high posts in the state as well as in industry. However in industry the Ecole centrale was a strong competitor, as its engineers were educated for private enterprise and not for state service. Yet, France was the only country where engineers had an inroad to the elite. Germany and Britain were traditional in their favouring humanistic learning and a doctor’s degree in science or humanities before the new technological degrees. The pressed situation made many engineers long for a protection of the title of engineer, like the protection of the medical title of physicians.

The article presents the history of the ownership of Zlatoust mining plants by three generations of the Luginin family. It shows direct dependence of the dynamics of ownership and inheritance of plants on the vicissitudes of the family history. It is established that the founder of the Zlatoust factory farm, L. I. Luginin, relied in his business activities on the help of his son Maxim, who took over the management and control of a new part of the family business — the Ural factories in 1769. M. L. Luginin died in the middle of 1770s and L. I. Luginin was left without an assistant and a trained heir. The grandchildren of the factory owner, due to the life circumstances associated with their new noble status, character traits and age, failed to adopt the grandfather’s experience and did not become an equivalent replacement for their father. After the death of the founder, during the period of guardianship management of the factories, the middle grandson, Larion Maksimovich, showed interest in the factories, but he also died before he had been in the factories for two years. The transfer of ownership of the district to the most unworthy of the heirs, I. M. Luginin, eventually led to the exit of the estate from the possession of the family. Zlatoust factories, located far from the rest of the family’s possessions, required constant control of the owner, his participation in the management. In this case, the succession should have been manifested in the active participation of the heirs in the management of the district, personal control over the execution of orders. It is concluded that the succession of generations of the family is of great importance in the early stages of the organization of the business, when the personal control of the owner is a significant factor in the preservation of the business in the hands of the family. © 2021 Institute of History and Archeology of the Ural Branch of RAS. All rights reserved.