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The article focuses on the implication of the humanistic philosophy of Saint Anselm on early Medieval drama. It mentions the opposing views on the birth and rebirth of medieval drama and theatre in the tenth century via liturgical celebration of the Christian church. It highlights the monastic document from the tenth century "Regularis Concordia" that sets as evidence of drama in the Middle Ages. It also suggests to use the strategy described by Michel Foucault in his book "The Archeology of Knowledge" to avoid any pitfalls of retrospective methodology or hypothesis.

It became obvious in classroom case discussions in a required MBA course, Corporate Social Responsibility and Business Ethics, that subjective opinion often prohibited complete and thorough case analyses. Over a two-year period an attempt was made to identify the parameters of situations involving corporate social responsibility in order to develop a methodology which would facilitate classroom learning. The model described in the following manuscript is the result of these efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Applied linguistics goes beyond ideal matters of linguistic meaning and into the real world of human interaction It relates theory (and theories) to practice So its concerns reach into questions of ‘being’ itself The influential philosophy of the human sciences, critical realism, begins with questions of being It views the non-human properties of the social world as real entities, especially the reasons and accounts that people offer to interpret the material and immaterial aspects of their worlds If applied linguists were to take these accounts more seriously, applied linguistics might contribute more directly to improving the human condition After locating applied linguistics within its implicit theories of knowledge, this article outlines critical realism as a philosophy, comparing it with the work of prominent social theorists, and arguing for its clear relevance to applied linguistics The article presents six areas in applied linguistics that might be reformed the hegemonic nature of theories, dictionary-making, language planning, linguistic nomenclatures, the treatment of standard and non-standard varieties, and the delivery of second language programs The author ends by arguing that if critical realism were to become a guiding philosophy for applied linguistics, then the epistemology ethically suited to the field would be a much more inclusive theory of knowledge than the one that presently dominate [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines one form of recent conservative argument: the 'cultural conservatism' connected with the work of Roger Scruton and the Salisbury Review. It focuses on the claim that a feeling of allegiance to a common culture is a source of authority. The fact that feelings of this kind are often incapable of discursive expression except in the form of myth poses a critical problem for cultural conservatives. To analyse the myths that sustain authority is at the same time to question them. To identify a myth as a myth is to destroy its usefulness in politics, as radical demythologizers are aware. It is argued that this paradox appears in a split between those conservatives who believe in an immutable human nature and those for whom 'human nature' is a convenient political fiction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses an analysis of the depiction of Indians in the cartouche of historical maps of America. It is said that these maps were often printed on large scale, with color and ornamental devices and decorative borders. The decoration were said to be Native American figures derived from the late sixteenth-century publication "Historia Americae," by Theodor de Bry. As geographical knowledge increased, the Native American images were replaced with details such as printed names and depictions of natural features. It is said that the ornamental cartouche that were soon developed still contained images from de Bry, but the regional identity of the Native Americans were removed and distinct peoples were instead grouped together as a composite image of the American Indian.

As an account of the cognitive processes that support psychological essentialism, the inherence heuristic clarifies the basis of individual differences in essentialist thinking, and how they are associated with prejudice. It also illuminates die contextual variability of social essentialism, and where its conceptual boundaries should be drawn. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses Gabriel Marcel's philosophical concept and its development. It provides a brief biographical information on Marcel and his philosophical methods, which he derived from his music, plays, essays and his observations of reality prevalent in his time. Moreover, it discusses Marcel's philosophical principle of ontological communion and concludes that Marcel's philosophy is considered an important political and social tool during his time.

A reprint of the article "The Revolt Against Reason" by Bertrand Russell, F.R.S., which appeared in the January 1935 issue, is presented. Topics include the roles of philosophers David Hume and Immanuel Kant in shaping society, the role of rationalism in Great Britain and Germany, and the thought of philosopher Johann Gottlieb Fichte in his book "Addresses to the German Nation."

The article discusses philosophy in speech. It mentions that the said belief refers to the collection of general principles under which all facts related to such field are fully understood. Furthermore, Tulane University professor James K. Feibleman notes its ability in providing a driving force and focus to a many-sided society.

Philosophers and others with inquisitive minds have busied their brains for millennia with questions such as: ‘Does god exist? What is the meaning of life? Are we free or determined? What is truth? Is there any knowledge which is so certain that no reasonable person could doubt it? What is reality? What is good? What is beautiful? Why exist? What is “to be”? What is justice? What did Kant mean by the categorical imperative?’ Are all these topics equally (un)important or is there a ranking of philosophical problems? If there is such a ranking, is there a need to set priorities? What philosophical problem is most urgent? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A critical response to the article “Relativismus und Menschenrechte” by Marie-Luisa Frick, published in this issue of the journal, is presented. The author addresses several issues, including the philosophy of human rights from the perspectives of cultural relativism and universalism, the sources of human rights history, and the social and political contexts in which political philosophy takes place.

This article describes how an alternative school integrates the Circle of Courage model with Peter Senge's management philosophy as articulated in his book The Fifth Discipline: The Art and Practice of the Learning Organization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents authors reply to Phil Oliver. He agrees that philosophy is highly suitable to deal with problems of ordinary life and one can have philosophical reflection to the conduct of their existence. They differ on William James's relation to moral holidays and place of immediacy in the complete life.

The article presents preface which discusses philosopher John Lachs teachings on love and happiness and context of the relation between the individual and society and self development.

Focuses on the philosophies presented in the study concerning infrastructure and sustainable development. Discussion on the engineering philosophy; Comments on bureaucratic philosophy; How the partnering philosophy is presented.

Background: The World Health Organization prioritises a more holistic global response to end the tuberculosis (TB) epidemic by 2030. Based on experiences in the HIV response, social protection, and in particular cash transfers, show promise for contributing to this. Currently, individual-level evidence for the potential of cash transfers to prevent TB by addressing the structural social determinants of disease is lacking. To identify priority actions for the TB research agenda, we appraised efforts by the HIV response to establish the role of cash transfers in preventing HIV infection.Main Body: The HIV response has evaluated the effects of cash transfers on risky sexual behaviours and HIV incidence. Work has also evaluated the added effects of supplementing cash transfers with psychosocial support. The HIV response has focused research on populations with disproportionate HIV risk, and used a mix of explanatory evaluations, which use ideal conditions, and pragmatic evaluations, which use operational conditions, to generate evidence that is both causally valid and applicable to the real world. It has always collaborated with multiple stakeholders in funding and evaluating projects. Learning from the HIV response, priority actions for the TB response should be to investigate the effect of cash transfers on intermediary social determinants of active TB disease, and TB incidence, as well as the added effects of supplementing cash transfers with psychosocial support. Work should be focused on key groups in high burden settings, and look to build a combination of explanatory and pragmatic evidence to inform policy decisions in this field. To achieve this, there is an urgent need to facilitate collaborations between groups interested in evaluating the impact of cash transfers on TB risk.Conclusions: The HIV response highlights several priority actions necessary for the TB response to establish the potential of cash transfers to prevent TB by addresing the structural social determinants of disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Psychological essentialism operates in two realms that have consequences for our attitudes towards groups and individuals. Although essentialism is more familiar in the context of biological group membership, it can also be evoked when considering unique artefacts, especially when they are emotionally significant items. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A letter is presented from French writer and essayist Albert Memmi to Néméla, preferring to the meaning of philosophy which is the conflict to capture and retrieve solidarity and the foundations of true humanism.

In this article, the authors express their views on an article by L. C. Messer et al. on the socioeconomic effects of adverse birth outcomes that was published in this issue of the "American Journal of Epidemiology." The research done by Messer and colleagues demonstrated the biologic plausibility of the impacts of the social environment on birth outcomes. The authors point out that there were limitations on social causation research which may be attributed to a theoretical framework that dominated life sciences.