947 results on '"PETROLOGIE"'
Search Results
252. Interpretation of GLORIA side-scan sonar imagery for the Coriolis Troughs of the New Hebrides backarc
- Author
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R. Price, P. C. Maillet, and D. P. Johnson
- Subjects
Side-scan sonar ,Lava ,IMAGERIE ,New Hebrides ,Trough (geology) ,Escarpment ,Volcanism ,Environmental Science (miscellaneous) ,Oceanography ,Lava field ,Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous) ,SONAR ,geography ,FOND MARIN ,geography.geographical_feature_category ,PETROLOGIE ,GEOMORPHOLOGIE ,Geotechnical Engineering and Engineering Geology ,Debris ,BATHYMETRIE ,FOSSE OCEANIQUE ,ARC INSULAIRE ,GEOLOGIE STRUCTURALE ,Geology ,Seismology ,TECTONIQUE - Abstract
The Coriolis backarc troughs in southern Vanuatu are elongate, rhomboidal depressions with steep walls and flat floors, formed by extension. The Futuna Trough is relatively immature and, like Erromango Basin, shows no recent volcanism. Vate Trough is most developed, and its floor is largely covered by lava fields. Between Vate and Banks Islands, the backarc has three distinct characters: in the south it is sediment-draped; centrally, either lava projects through sediment cover or the area is covered by slide debris; in the north, a steep escarpment may result from collision of the arc with the D'Entrecasteaux Ridge.
- Published
- 1993
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
253. Formation des chondres : précurseurs et chronologie
- Author
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Villeneuve, Johan, Centre de Recherches Pétrographiques et Géochimiques (CRPG), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National Polytechnique de Lorraine, Marc Chaussidon, Guy Libourel, Institut National Polytechnique de Lorraine - INPL, Marc Chaussidon(chocho@crpg.cnrs-nancy.fr), and UL, Thèses
- Subjects
[SPI.OTHER]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Other ,Experimental petrology ,[SPI.OTHER] Engineering Sciences [physics]/Other ,early solar system ,Isotopic chronology ,Chondres ,Précurseurs ,Pétrologie ,Precursors ,[SDU.STU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences ,Ion microprobe ,Jeune système solaire ,26Al ,²Al ,Chondrules ,[SDU.STU] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences ,jeune système solaire ,Early sola system ,Chronologie isotopique ,Sonde ionique ,[SDU.OTHER]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Other ,Pétrologie expérimentale ,[SDU.STU.AG]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Applied geology ,Système solaire - Abstract
Chondrules are the major constituent of primitive meteorites. The large variability of textures and chemical compositions within chondrules is indicative of a complex history. This work is focused on the chronology of formation of chondrules and of their precursors by using two complementary tools: the short-lived radio-isotopes ²Al-²Mg and the experimental petrology.The development of a high precision analytical methodology for in situ measurements of the Mg and Al isotopic compositions by ion probe allows to demonstrate that the distribution of ²Al was homogeneous within the accretion disk. This result has important implications for the chronology and process of chondrule formation and also for the origin of ²Al in the Solar System. By using the same methodology with relict olivines in chondrules, we were able to constrain their origin and their formation process.From experimental petrology studies, we show that it was easy to form type II PO chondrules analogues from type I PO analogues. Such a process for chondrules formation implies an isothermal heating followed by a quick quench which is incompatible with the classical shock-waves model. Moreover, we show that the chemical compositions for major and trace elements of the different types of porphyritic chondrules can be easily reproduced by a mixing model composed of three refractory phases inherited from chondrules precursors (refractory olivine, refractory liquid and iron metal) and a gas phase enriched in volatile and moderately volatile elements. Finally, we propose a model of genetic linkage between the different types of porphyritic chondrules, Les chondres, sphérules infra-millimétriques composées de minéraux silicatés de haute température, sont les constituants majeurs des météorites primitives. Ils présentent d'importantes variabilités texturales et chimiques révélatrices d'une histoire complexe. Cette thèse s'est intéressée à la chronologie de formation des chondres et de leurs précurseurs à deux échelles de temps distinctes aux moyens de deux approches complémentaires : la géochimie isotopique via le chronomètre isotopique à courte période ²lAl-²Mg et la pétrologie expérimentale. Le développement au cours de cette thèse d'un protocole analytique innovant de mesure in situ de haute précision par sonde ionique des compositions isotopiques du Mg et Al, a permis de démontrer l'homogénéité de la distribution de l'²Al dans le disque d'accrétion, ce qui présente d'importantes implications sur la chronologie relative et les processus de formation des chondres, mais aussi sur l'origine de l'²Al dans le Système Solaire. L'application de ce protocole analytique aux olivines reliques des chondres permet de préciser leur origine, ainsi que leur chronologie et leur processus de formation. Les expérimentations permettent de montrer qu'il est aisé de former des analogues de chondres de type II PO à partir de chondres de type I PO. Un tel processus de formation des chondres implique l'application de régimes thermiques isothermes suivis d'une trempe rapide, incompatibles avec les mécanismes classiques d'ondes de choc. D'autre part, nous montrons que les compositions chimiques en éléments majeurs et traces des différents types de chondres porphyriques peuvent être reproduites par le mélange de trois phases réfractaires solides héritées des précurseurs des chondres (olivine réfractaire, liquide réfractaire et métal) et d'une phase gazeuse riche en éléments volatils et modérément volatils. Ces résultats nous ont conduit à proposer un modèle de filiation entre les chondres
- Published
- 2010
254. Caractérisation des pierres naturelles de construction : Exemple de granitoïdes bretons
- Author
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Malfilatre, Claudine, Chauvin, Annick, Hallot, Erwan, Boulvais, Philippe, Gapais, Denis, Al., Et, Dubigeon, Isabelle, Géosciences Rennes (GR), Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre Armoricain de Recherches en Environnement-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre Armoricain de Recherches en Environnement-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
- Subjects
Petrologie ,[SHS.ARCHI]Humanities and Social Sciences/Architecture, space management ,[SDE.MCG] Environmental Sciences/Global Changes ,[SDU.STU.GC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geochemistry ,[SDU.STU.GP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph] ,[PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-GEO-PH] Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph] ,[SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes ,[SDU.STU.GC] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geochemistry ,[PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-GEO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph] ,[SDU.STU.GP] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph] ,[SHS.ARCHI] Humanities and Social Sciences/Architecture, space management ,ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS - Abstract
National audience
- Published
- 2010
255. The nature and chronostratigraphy of Quaternary pyroclastic accumulations from lake Barombi Mbo (West-Cameroon)
- Author
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G. Cornen, Y. Bande, Jean Maley, and Pierre Giresse
- Subjects
Basalt ,LAC ,QUATERNAIRE ,geography ,geography.geographical_feature_category ,Limburgite ,Geochemistry ,PETROLOGIE ,Pyroclastic rock ,STRATIGRAPHIE ,COMPOSITION CHIMIQUE ,Maar ,Volcanic rock ,VOLCANISME ,Paleontology ,Geophysics ,GEOCHIMIE ,Geochemistry and Petrology ,Phenocryst ,PYROCLASTITE ,Sideromelane ,CHRONOLOGIE ,Geology ,Labradorite - Abstract
The K/Ar dating of a limburgitic flow indicates that the Barombi Mbo maar was active a million years ago. The morphology of the maar and the unusual high K 2 O/Na 2 O ratio of the limburgite suggest either that this age is too old or that this flow is not the last activity of the maar. Twenty three meters of sediments were cored from the bottom (core BM6) of the 110-m-deep lake which currently fills the maar. They are composed of clayey and sideritic laminae with interstratified ash layers in the lower half of the core. These ashes, composed of slightly vesiculated sideromelane with olivine and labradorite phenocrysts, have been dated between 21,000 and 11,000 yr. B.P. They show no alteration and correspond to aerial fallout of alkaline (sodic) basaltic affinity, which is common in the area, but are distinct from the mafic magmas which generated the maar. The origin of the tilting and uplifting of a 1.5-m sedimentary column in the lower part of the core remains controversial. Holocene-age pyroclastites are rare and consist of a mixture of granulitic xenocrysts and typically transitional tachylite similar to volcanics from the northeast (Manengouba). Magnetite microspherules occurring in Holocene layers have no volcanic equivalent. They could be related to biogenic or pedogenetic processes induced by more humid climatic conditions.
- Published
- 1992
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
256. L’apport de l’analyse morphologique, microscopique et chimique des scories en forme de culot à la restitution des activités de forge
- Author
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Paul Merluzzo, Marc Leroy, Cécile Le Carlier, Institut de Recherches sur les Archéomatériaux (IRAMAT), Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Bordeaux Montaigne-Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM), Ministère de la Culture (MC), IRAMAT - Laboratoire Métallurgies et Cultures (IRAMAT - LMC), Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Bordeaux Montaigne-Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Bordeaux Montaigne-Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM), Le Carlier de Veslud, Cécile, Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Université Bordeaux Montaigne (UBM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Université Bordeaux Montaigne (UBM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Université Bordeaux Montaigne (UBM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
- Subjects
Archeology ,forge ,[SHS.ARCHEO] Humanities and Social Sciences/Archaeology and Prehistory ,[SHS.ARCHEO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Archaeology and Prehistory ,archéométallurgie ,scorie ,study method ,010501 environmental sciences ,16. Peace & justice ,010502 geochemistry & geophysics ,01 natural sciences ,méthodologie ,petrology ,[SHS]Humanities and Social Sciences ,fer ,iron ,pétrologie ,smithing ,archaeometallurgy ,[SHS] Humanities and Social Sciences ,ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences - Abstract
Si les différents travaux réalisés dans une forge sont assez bien connus, il est difficile de les retrouver au travers de l’analyse des seuls déchets. Ce sont pourtant ceux-ci que l’on retrouve presque exclusivement sur les ateliers dégagés au cours de fouilles archéologiques. Pour en extraire un maximum de renseignements, il est nécessaire de mettre en place une méthodologie rigoureuse d’étude, depuis l’échantillonnage sur le terrain jusqu’aux analyses chimiques en laboratoire. Les notions de quantification et de représentativité sont extrêmement importantes pour tenter de qualifier et quantifier les travaux effectués par le forgeron, pour déterminer la nature des matériaux employés et pour tenter d’estimer une quantité minimale de fer travaillé. L’étude, bien que ciblée sur les scories en culot, montre que l’ensemble des déchets produits dans un atelier doit être pris en considération lors des études paléométallurgiques si l’on veut réellement appréhender l’atelier. L’exemple du site du Puy-de-Grâce (La Tène finale) permet de documenter les apports de cette méthodologie. If the different works produced in a smithing workshop are well known, it is difficult to identify them only from the analyses from the wastes. However, these wastes are generally the only remnants that can be found during excavation of archaeological ironworkshops. To obtain the maximum of informations of these wastes, it is necessary to propose a rigorous methodology, from the sampling in the archaeological site to chemical analyses in laboratory. The quantification and representativeness notions are very important to qualify and quantify the works operated by the blacksmith, to determine the nature of used materials and to estimate the minimal quantity of worked iron. This study, although targeted on the tape slags, shows that it is necessary to take into account the totality of the wastes found in the archaeological smithy during the archeaometallurgical studies for a good comprehension of this smithy functioning. The Puy-de-Grâce example (France) allows documenting the contribution of this methodology.
- Published
- 2009
257. Télédétection hyperspectrale : minéralogie et pétrologie, Application au volcan Syrtis Major (Mars) et à l'ophiolite d'Oman
- Author
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Clenet, Harold, Dynamique terrestre et planétaire (DTP), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, Patrick PINET, Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), and Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
- Subjects
Oman ,hyperspectral remote sensing ,Mars ,[SDU.STU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences ,Modèle Gaussien Modifié MGM ,visible-near infrared ,petrology ,Modified Gaussian Model MGM ,mafique ,minéralogie ,reflectance spectroscopy ,pyroxène ,OMEGA ,pétrologie ,ophiolite ,mafic ,visible-proche infrarouge ,spectroscopie de réflectance ,mineralogy ,télédétection hyperspectrale ,Syrtis Major ,olivine ,HyMap ,Sumail - Abstract
Mafic to ultramafic rocks can trace formation and evolution processes of planetary surfaces. To characterize these surfaces, visible-near infrared reflectance spectroscopy is well-suited because of its sensitivity to iron present in minerals. The objective of this thesis is to determine the modal composition of rocks and the chemical composition of minerals (olivine and pyroxenes).A systematic procedure based on the Modified Gaussian Model (MGM) has been developed for characterizing spectra associated with complex mineralogies involving mixtures of olivine, orthopyroxene and clinopyroxene. Once this procedure is validated on simple cases (powders), it is implemented on complex cases corresponding to natural rocks (Martian meteorites and ophiolite samples).Based on these learnings, mineralogical mappings are then produced from airborne and space data, respectively for the Syrtis Major volcano on Mars and the Sumail ophiolite (Oman). Our results demonstrate that Syrtis Major lavas present an enrichment in olivine (Fo50-80) and that the pyroxenes, depending on crystallisation conditions, may have compositions ranging from augite to enstatite. For Oman's ophiolite, we identify and map for the first time organized spatial variations of the modal composition within the harzburgite unit. We also characterize changes in crustal clinopyroxene compositions with petrogenetic implications.These contributions are essential in characterizing and understanding petrologic processes inherent to the formation of planetary surfaces and should motivate the use of imaging spectroscopy for geological purposes.; Les roches mafiques à ultramafiques permettent de tracer les processus de formation et d'évolution des surfaces planétaires. Pour caractériser ces surfaces, la spectroscopie de réflectance visible-proche infrarouge est une technique adaptée de part sa sensibilité aux absorptions du fer présent dans les minéraux. L'objectif de cette thèse est de déterminer la composition modale des roches, ainsi que la composition chimique des minéraux constitutifs.Nous avons développé une procédure basée sur la mise en oeuvre du Modèle Gaussien Modifié (MGM) qui permet de modéliser les spectres pour des assemblages minéralogiques complexes (olivine - orthopyroxène - clinopyroxène). Après validation de cette approche sur des données simples (poudres), la méthode a été appliquée à des roches naturelles complexes (météorites martiennes et roches d'Oman). Fort de l'expertise acquise dans cette étape intermédiaire, des cartographies minéralogiques ont alors pu être réalisées à partir de données spatiales et aéroportées, respectivement pour le volcan Syrtis Major sur Mars et le massif ophiolitique de Sumail (Oman). Nous avons ainsi montré que les laves de l'édifice volcanique présentent un enrichissement en olivine (Fo50-80) et que les pyroxènes, suivant les conditions de mise en place, peuvent avoir des compositions allant des augites aux enstatites. Pour l'ophiolite d'Oman, nous avons mis en évidence et cartographié pour la première fois des variations spatiales organisées de composition modale au sein même de l'unité harzburgitique. Nous avons également caractérisé des variations de composition dans les clinopyroxènes de la zone crustale ayant des implications pétrogénétiques.Ces apports sont essentiels dans la caractérisation et la compréhension des processus pétrologiques inhérents à la formation des surfaces planétaires et devraient stimuler l'utilisation de l'imagerie spectroscopique à des fins géologiques.
- Published
- 2009
258. Hyperspectral remote sensing: mineralogy and petrology, Application to Syrtis Major volcano (Mars) and to the Oman ophiolite
- Author
-
Clenet, Harold, Dynamique terrestre et planétaire (DTP), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, and Patrick PINET
- Subjects
Oman ,hyperspectral remote sensing ,Mars ,[SDU.STU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences ,Modèle Gaussien Modifié MGM ,visible-near infrared ,petrology ,Modified Gaussian Model MGM ,mafique ,minéralogie ,reflectance spectroscopy ,pyroxène ,OMEGA ,pétrologie ,ophiolite ,mafic ,visible-proche infrarouge ,spectroscopie de réflectance ,mineralogy ,télédétection hyperspectrale ,Syrtis Major ,olivine ,HyMap ,Sumail - Abstract
Mafic to ultramafic rocks can trace formation and evolution processes of planetary surfaces. To characterize these surfaces, visible-near infrared reflectance spectroscopy is well-suited because of its sensitivity to iron present in minerals. The objective of this thesis is to determine the modal composition of rocks and the chemical composition of minerals (olivine and pyroxenes).A systematic procedure based on the Modified Gaussian Model (MGM) has been developed for characterizing spectra associated with complex mineralogies involving mixtures of olivine, orthopyroxene and clinopyroxene. Once this procedure is validated on simple cases (powders), it is implemented on complex cases corresponding to natural rocks (Martian meteorites and ophiolite samples).Based on these learnings, mineralogical mappings are then produced from airborne and space data, respectively for the Syrtis Major volcano on Mars and the Sumail ophiolite (Oman). Our results demonstrate that Syrtis Major lavas present an enrichment in olivine (Fo50-80) and that the pyroxenes, depending on crystallisation conditions, may have compositions ranging from augite to enstatite. For Oman's ophiolite, we identify and map for the first time organized spatial variations of the modal composition within the harzburgite unit. We also characterize changes in crustal clinopyroxene compositions with petrogenetic implications.These contributions are essential in characterizing and understanding petrologic processes inherent to the formation of planetary surfaces and should motivate the use of imaging spectroscopy for geological purposes.; Les roches mafiques à ultramafiques permettent de tracer les processus de formation et d'évolution des surfaces planétaires. Pour caractériser ces surfaces, la spectroscopie de réflectance visible-proche infrarouge est une technique adaptée de part sa sensibilité aux absorptions du fer présent dans les minéraux. L'objectif de cette thèse est de déterminer la composition modale des roches, ainsi que la composition chimique des minéraux constitutifs.Nous avons développé une procédure basée sur la mise en oeuvre du Modèle Gaussien Modifié (MGM) qui permet de modéliser les spectres pour des assemblages minéralogiques complexes (olivine - orthopyroxène - clinopyroxène). Après validation de cette approche sur des données simples (poudres), la méthode a été appliquée à des roches naturelles complexes (météorites martiennes et roches d'Oman). Fort de l'expertise acquise dans cette étape intermédiaire, des cartographies minéralogiques ont alors pu être réalisées à partir de données spatiales et aéroportées, respectivement pour le volcan Syrtis Major sur Mars et le massif ophiolitique de Sumail (Oman). Nous avons ainsi montré que les laves de l'édifice volcanique présentent un enrichissement en olivine (Fo50-80) et que les pyroxènes, suivant les conditions de mise en place, peuvent avoir des compositions allant des augites aux enstatites. Pour l'ophiolite d'Oman, nous avons mis en évidence et cartographié pour la première fois des variations spatiales organisées de composition modale au sein même de l'unité harzburgitique. Nous avons également caractérisé des variations de composition dans les clinopyroxènes de la zone crustale ayant des implications pétrogénétiques.Ces apports sont essentiels dans la caractérisation et la compréhension des processus pétrologiques inhérents à la formation des surfaces planétaires et devraient stimuler l'utilisation de l'imagerie spectroscopique à des fins géologiques.
- Published
- 2009
259. Subduction zone geodynamics
- Author
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Calo, M., Dorbath, Catherine, Luzio, D., Rotolo, S.G., D'anna, G., Lallemand, S. (ed.), and Funiciello, F. (ed.)
- Subjects
SUBDUCTION ,SEISME ,PETROLOGIE ,TOMOGRAPHIE ,MODELISATION - Published
- 2009
260. Petrology and geochemistry of the central North Fiji Basin spreading centre (Southwest Pacific) between 16°S and 22°S
- Author
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Masato Nohara, Patrick Maillet, Gilles Morvan, Jean-Philippe Eissen, and Christian Lefe`vre
- Subjects
Basalt ,geography ,geography.geographical_feature_category ,Pillow lava ,TECTONIQUE DE PLAQUES ,biology ,Lau Basin ,Geochemistry ,PETROLOGIE ,Geology ,Mid-ocean ridge ,Oceanography ,biology.organism_classification ,BASALTE ,MINERALOGIE ,COMPOSITION CHIMIQUE ,Igneous rock ,GEOCHIMIE ,Geochemistry and Petrology ,Back-arc basin ,GEOLOGIE STRUCTURALE ,Petrology ,Lile ,Petrogenesis - Abstract
The North Fiji Basin (NFB) is a 12 m.y. old back-arc basin that has a complex multi-stage history. The presently active spreading system can be divided into four segments between 16°S and 22°S, which from north to south trend N160, N15 and N-S (the fourth segment is the N-S trending segment located near 174E). The main N-S segment is morphologically similar to other medium-rate oceanic ridges, whereas the other segments have rougher morphologies which have been severely disturbed by a triple junction at 16°45′S and several instability features such as overlapping spreading centres (OSCs) and propagating rifts. The spreading rate seems to diminish from 7.8 cm/yr near 20°S to 4.6 cm/yr near 18°S. Mineralogical, pertological and geochemical data were obtained on 24 new stations located along all the four segments. The petrogenesis of the basalts collected is essentially controlled by low-pressure crystal fractionation of plagioclase±olivine±clinopyroxene (plagioclase>olivine>clinopyroxene) with 52% of the NFB basalts reaching the four-phase cotectic. Locally, some magma mixing occurs, but this is limited to magma batches of closely related composition, as might be expected to occur inside a magma reservoir. The N-S segment, which, since 3 m.y., is the only steady-state segment, is also petrologically and geochemically very comparable to other medium-rate oceanic spreading centres, producing moderately evolved LILE and LREE-depleted N-MORB. In contrast, the three other segments produce basalts of much more variable petrology and geochemistry characterized by LILE and slightly LREE-enriched magmas cf back-arc basin basalt (BABB) affinity (but not as enriched as, for example, the Mariana BABB); MORB is, however, also found on the N160, N15 and 174E segments. Diagrams using Ba, Rb, K/P and (K/Ti)N (Normalized to the chondrites) plotted against latitude clearly show along-strike variations. Beneath the recently formed segments, the mantle source is heterogeneous, and locally has some BABB affinities, whereas beneath the more steady-state N-S segment the magma source is more homogeneous, being generally depleted in LILE and REE as is the case for classical N-MORB mantle sources. Simple evolution from an early stage of BABB production to MORB described in the Lau basin and proposed for the NFB does not seem to occur. Present-day activity still produces large amounts of BABB along the less-stable and more recently created segments, and MORB was produced in the earlier stages of the development of the NFB.
- Published
- 1991
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
261. Magmatism of the troughs behind the New Hebrides island arc (RV Jean Charcot SEAPSO 2 cruise): K-Ar geochronology and petrology
- Author
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Patrick Maillet, Hervé Bellon, and Marie-Claire Monjaret
- Subjects
Basalt ,geography ,geography.geographical_feature_category ,TECTONIQUE DE PLAQUES ,ARGON ,Andesite ,New Hebrides ,PETROLOGIE ,DATATION ABSOLUE ,Diachronous ,MAGMATISME ,POTASSIUM ,Volcanic rock ,VOLCANISME ,Paleontology ,Geophysics ,GEOCHIMIE ,Geochemistry and Petrology ,Back-arc basin ,Geochronology ,ISOTOPE ,ARC INSULAIRE ,Island arc ,Geology - Abstract
The chronological, petrological and geochemical studies of lavas dredged from the New Hebrides back-arc troughs allow a new interpretation of the origin of these troughs. In every area, volcanism from the troughs precedes that of the adjacent islands. Four main periods of volcanic activity have been defined: 6.5 to 4.8, 4.1 to 2, 2 to 1 and 1 to 0 Ma. The volcanic affinity is generally orogenic. But some variation exists and two geochemical types (Mg-IAT basalts and hyper-K acid lavas) seem to mark the trough structuration. The succession of the different geochemical types reveals a polyphased and diachronous formation of the troughs from south to north on an arc substratum. Only the Vanikoro area (the most northern one) shows basalts with geochemical characteristics intermediate between MORB and island-arc tholeiites and acid lavas near primitive island-arc lavas, which illustrate the initiation of the arc in this area. So, the New Hebrides back-arc troughs must be considered as intra-arc troughs and are back-arc structures only because of their location at the rear of the active emerging arc.
- Published
- 1991
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
262. Stagnant-lid tectonics in early Earth revealed by 142Nd variations in late Archean rocks
- Author
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Debaille, Vinciane, O'Neill, Craig, Brandon, Alan A.D., Haenecour, Pierre, Yin, Qing-Zhu, Mattielli, Nadine, Treiman, Allan A.H., Debaille, Vinciane, O'Neill, Craig, Brandon, Alan A.D., Haenecour, Pierre, Yin, Qing-Zhu, Mattielli, Nadine, and Treiman, Allan A.H.
- Abstract
A major change in Earth's geodynamics occurred ~3billionyears (Ga) ago, likely related to the onset of modern and continuous plate tectonics. However, the question of how Earth functioned prior to this time is poorly constrained. Here, we find a resolvable positive 142Nd anomaly in a 2.7Ga old tholeiitic lava flow from the Abitibi Greenstone Belt indicating that early-formed mantle heterogeneities persisted at least 1.8Ga after Earth's formation. This result contradicts the expected rapid early (~0.1Ga), as well as the slower present-day (~1Ga) mixing rates in the convecting mantle. Using a numerical modeling approach, we show that convective mixing is inefficient in absence of mobile-lid plate tectonics. The preservation of a 142Nd anomaly until 2.7Ga ago can be explained if throughout the Hadean and Archean, Earth was characterized by a stagnant-lid regime, possibly with sporadic and short subduction episodes. The major change in geodynamics observed around ~3Ga ago can then reflect the transition from stagnant-lid plate tectonics to modern mobile-lid plate tectonics. Solving the paradox of a convective but poorly-mixed mantle has implications not only for Archean Earth, but also for other planets in the solar system such as Mars. © 2013 Elsevier B.V., SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published
- Published
- 2013
263. Petrogenesis of Archean PGM-bearing chromitites and associated ultramafic-mafic-anorthositic rocks from the Guelb el Azib layered complex (West African craton, Mauritania)
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Berger, Julien, Diot, Hervé, Lo, Khalidou, Ohnenstetter, Daniel, Femenias, Olivier, Pivin, Marjorie, Demaiffe, Daniel, Bernard, Alain, Charlier, Bernard, Berger, Julien, Diot, Hervé, Lo, Khalidou, Ohnenstetter, Daniel, Femenias, Olivier, Pivin, Marjorie, Demaiffe, Daniel, Bernard, Alain, and Charlier, Bernard
- Abstract
The Archean Guelb el Azib layered complex (GAC) in the West African craton of Mauritania is composed of an association of serpentinites, chromitites, amphibolites and anorthosites with few fine-grained amphibolite dykes. The complex forms tectonic slices in 2.9-3.5. Ga TTG gneiss terrains in close association with supracrustal rocks (BIFs, impure marbles, amphibolites). It was affected by a main granulite-facies grade metamorphism (up to 900. °C at 5-6. kbar) with subsequent retrogression in amphibolite and greenschist facies conditions. The preserved igneous macrostructures, the mineral compositions and the nature of relic magmatic assemblages have been used to constrain the composition of the parental melts and the conditions of crystallization. According to petrological observations and to comparison with experimental data, the formation of the complex can be explained by fractionation of a slightly hydrous high-alumina basaltic melt at low pressure. The early fractionation of olivine and the absence of massive clinopyroxene fractionation before plagioclase saturation led to crystallization of highly calcic plagioclase with Fe-, Al-rich but Cr-poor chromite from a hydrous tholeiitic parental magma, similar to worldwide Archean tholeiites. The complex shares many similarities with Archean anorthosite layered complexes, possibly formed in a supra-subduction zone environment according to results obtained on similar 2.9-3.0. Ga complexes from Greenland and India (namely Fiskenaesset and Sittampundi). Three phases of PGE mineralization affected the GAC chromitites: (i) igneous crystallization of laurite; (ii) formation of late magmatic IPGE sulpho-arsenides (irarsite-hollingworthite) and (iii) hydrothermal Pt-Pd mineralization represented by sperrylite and rustenburgite. © 2012 Elsevier B.V., SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published
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- 2013
264. REE and Hf distribution among mineral phases in the CV-CK clan: A way to explain present-day Hf isotopic variations in chondrites
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Martin, Céline, Debaille, Vinciane, Lanari, Pierre, Goderis, Steven, Vandendael, Isabelle, Vanhaecke, Frank, Vidal, Olivier, Claeys, Philippe, Martin, Céline, Debaille, Vinciane, Lanari, Pierre, Goderis, Steven, Vandendael, Isabelle, Vanhaecke, Frank, Vidal, Olivier, and Claeys, Philippe
- Abstract
Chondrites are among the most primitive objects in the Solar System and constitute the main building blocks of telluric planets. Among the radiochronometers currently used for dating geological events, Sm-Nd and Lu-Hf are both composed of refractory, lithophile element. They are thought to behave similarly as the parent elements (Sm and Lu) are generally less incompatible than the daughter elements (Nd and Hf) during geological processes. As such, their respective average isotopic compositions for the solar system should be well defined by the average of chondrites, called Chondritic Uniform Reservoir (CHUR). However, while the Sm-Nd isotopic system shows an actual spread of less than 4% in the average chondritic record, the Lu-Hf system shows a larger variation range of 28% [Bouvier A. Vervoort J. D. and Patchett P. J. (2008) The Lu-Hf and Sm-Nd isotopic composition of CHUR: Constraints from unequilibrated chondrites and implications for the bulk composition of terrestrial planets. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 273, 48-57]. To better understand the contrast between Sm-Nd and Lu-Hf systems, the REE and Hf distribution among mineral phases during metamorphism of Karoonda (CK) and Vigarano-type (CV) carbonaceous chondrites has been examined. Mineral modes were determined from elemental mapping on a set of five CK chondrites (from types 3-6) and one CV3 chondrite. Trace-element patterns are obtained for the first time in all the chondrite-forming minerals of a given class (CK chondrites) as well as one CV3 sample. This study reveals that REE are distributed among both phosphates and silicates. Only 30-50% of Sm and Nd are stored in phosphates (at least in chondrites types 3-5); as such, they are not mobilized during early stages of metamorphism. The remaining fraction of Sm and Nd is distributed among the same mineral phases; these elements are therefore not decoupled during metamorphism. Of the whole-rock total of Lu, the fraction held in phosphate decreases significantly, SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published
- Published
- 2013
265. What controls the spatial patterns of the riverine carbonate system? - A case study for North America
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Lauerwald, Ronny, Hartmann, Jens, Moosdorf, Nils, Kempe, Stephan, Raymond, Peter A., Lauerwald, Ronny, Hartmann, Jens, Moosdorf, Nils, Kempe, Stephan, and Raymond, Peter A.
- Abstract
In this study we analyzed the large scale spatial patterns of river pH, alkalinity, and CO2 partial pressure (PCO2) in North America and their relation to river catchment properties. The goal was to set up empirical equations which can predict these hydrochemical properties for non-monitored river stretches from geodata of e.g. terrain attributes, lithology, soils, land cover and climate.For an extensive dataset of 1120 river water sampling locations average values of river water pH, alkalinity and PCO2 were calculated. The catchment boundaries and catchment properties were calculated using GIS and different sets of geodata. The correlations between the hydrochemical properties and the catchment properties were explored using simple and multiple linear regression analysis.For each of the considered hydrochemical parameters, a multiple regression equation was fitted: for pH with the predictor's mean annual precipitation and areal proportions of carbonate rocks (r2=0.60); for alkalinity, in addition to these two predictors, with subsoil pH and areal proportions agricultural lands (r2=0.66); and for pPCO2 (i.e. the negative logarithm of PCO2) with mean air temperature, mean catchment slope gradient, and mean annual precipitation (r2=0.43). Based on these results, we argue that spatial patterns in river water pH and alkalinity are governed by catchment processes related to chemical rock weathering. For the PCO2, on the other hand, the spatial patterns are governed by in-river processes on which catchment properties can have an indirect effect. We conclude that our approach can be used to predict averages of these parameters for non-monitored river stretches, which in-turn allows for a better spatially explicit representation of the rivers' carbonate system at the regional to global scale, which will be needed for a refined analysis of rivers in the global carbon cycle. © 2012 Elsevier B.V.., SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published
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- 2013
266. Modelling Estuarine Biogeochemical Dynamics: From the Local to the Global Scale
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Regnier, Pierre, Arndt, Sandra, Goossens, Nicolas, Volta, Chiara, Laruelle, Goulven Gildas, Lauerwald, Ronny, Hartmann, Jens, Regnier, Pierre, Arndt, Sandra, Goossens, Nicolas, Volta, Chiara, Laruelle, Goulven Gildas, Lauerwald, Ronny, and Hartmann, Jens
- Abstract
Estuaries act as strong carbon and nutrient filters and are relevant contributors to the atmospheric CO2 budget. They thus play an important, yet poorly constrained, role for global biogeochemical cycles and climate. This manuscript reviews recent developments in the modelling of estuarine biogeochemical dynamics. The first part provides an overview of the dominant physical and biogeochemical processes that control the transformations and fluxes of carbon and nutrients along the estuarine gradient. It highlights the tight links between estuarine geometry, hydrodynamics and scalar transport, as well as the role of transient and nonlinear dynamics. The most important biogeochemical processes are then discussed in the context of key biogeochemical indicators such as the net ecosystem metabolism (NEM), air-water CO2 fluxes, nutrient-filtering capacities and element budgets. In the second part of the paper, we illustrate, on the basis of local estuarine modelling studies, the power of reaction-transport models (RTMs) in understanding and quantifying estuarine biogeochemical dynamics. We show how a combination of RTM and high-resolution data can help disentangle the complex process interplay, which underlies the estuarine NEM, carbon and nutrient fluxes, and how such approaches can provide integrated assessments of the air-water CO2 fluxes along river-estuary-coastal zone continua. In addition, trends in estuarine biogeochemical dynamics across estuarine geometries and environmental scenario are explored, and the results are discussed in the context of improving the modelling of estuarine carbon and CO2 dynamics at regional and global scales. © 2013 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht., SCOPUS: re.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published
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- 2013
267. Fred T. Mackenzie: Gentleman, Scholar, Mountaineer and Model Colleague
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De Carlo, Eric Heinen, Arvidson, Rolf S., Chou, Lei, Sabine, Christopher L., Luther, George W., De Carlo, Eric Heinen, Arvidson, Rolf S., Chou, Lei, Sabine, Christopher L., and Luther, George W.
- Abstract
SCOPUS: ed.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published
- Published
- 2013
268. Petrology and geochemistry of Late Holocene felsic magmas from Rungwe volcano (Tanzania), with implications for trachytic Rungwe Pumice eruption dynamics
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Fontijn, Karen, Elburg, Marlina A, Nikogosian, Igor I.K., Van Bergen, Manfred J, Ernst, Gérald J., Fontijn, Karen, Elburg, Marlina A, Nikogosian, Igor I.K., Van Bergen, Manfred J, and Ernst, Gérald J.
- Abstract
info:eu-repo/semantics/published
- Published
- 2013
269. Formation of a cold ophiolitic sole at the base of the Devonian Balkan Carpathian Ophiolite (Romania, Serbia, Bulgaria)
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Plissart, Gaëlle, Diot, Hervé, Monnier, Christophe, Maruntiu, Marcel, Debaille, Vinciane, Neubauer, Franz, Plissart, Gaëlle, Diot, Hervé, Monnier, Christophe, Maruntiu, Marcel, Debaille, Vinciane, and Neubauer, Franz
- Abstract
info:eu-repo/semantics/published
- Published
- 2013
270. Nd-Hf isotope systematics of megacrysts from the Mbuji-Mayi kimberlites, D. R. Congo: Evidence for a metasomatic origin related to kimberlite interaction with the cratonic lithospheric mantle
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Pivin, Marjorie, Debaille, Vinciane, Mattielli, Nadine, Demaiffe, Daniel, Pivin, Marjorie, Debaille, Vinciane, Mattielli, Nadine, and Demaiffe, Daniel
- Abstract
info:eu-repo/semantics/published
- Published
- 2013
271. Investigation of Archean mantle plume components from 2.7Ga komatiites (Abitibi, Canada)
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Duchemin, Claire, Mattielli, Nadine, Debaille, Vinciane, Arndt, Nick, Chauvel, Catherine, Duchemin, Claire, Mattielli, Nadine, Debaille, Vinciane, Arndt, Nick, and Chauvel, Catherine
- Abstract
info:eu-repo/semantics/published
- Published
- 2013
272. The alkaline core of Messum complex, Namibia : Petrological description, interpretation of the mineralogical evolution, and relations between silica under- and over-saturated rocks
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Blancher, Simon, Minéralogie, Pétrologie (MP), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, and Philippe d'Arco(philippe.d_arco@upmc.fr)
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réaction minéralogique ,roches alcalines ,théralite ,pétrologie ,Messum ,chevkinite : mineralogical reaction ,petrology ,[SDU.STU.AG]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Applied geology ,chevkinite ,alkaline rocks - Abstract
The anorogenic annular Messum complex, associated with the basaltic province of Etendeka (Namibia), show the coexistence of silica under- and over-saturated rocks. A petrological detailed study is necessary to understand the mineralogical evolution of these two groups of rocks. In the first one, all the observations allowed us to propose a path of crystallization involving peritectic lines and explaining the late development of nepheline at the expense of the primary phases (olivine, plagioclase, aluminous clinopyroxene) and the intermediate meaning of pargasite. Not yet indicated significant minerals are described: spinels in the basic rocks, wohlérite and hiortdahlite in the most evolved syénites, as well as pyrochlores considered as potential indicators of the presence of cabonatitic material. Quartz-syenites appears as a composite set with several comings differently evolved. Paragenesis are more or less peralcalines, with fayalite, acmitic hedenbergite, and late development of riebeckite. The chevkinite, rare titano-silicate, is described in relatively plentiful quantity as a magmatic mineral. No mineralogical link exists between these two groups of rocks and its make difficult to pass from one to another by crustal contamination.; Le complexe anorogénique annulaire du Messum, associé à la province basaltique de l'Etendeka (Namibie), montre la coexistence de roches sous- et sur-saturées en silice. Une étude pétrologique détaillée est nécessaire pour comprendre l'évolution minéralogique de ces deux ensembles de roches. Dans le premier, l'ensemble des observations a permis de proposer une route de cristallisation mettant en jeu des lignes péritectiques et expliquant le développement de la néphéline tardivement aux dépens des phases précoces (olivine, plagioclase, clinopyroxène alumineux) et la signification intermédiaire de la pargasite. Des minéraux significatifs non encore signalés sont décrits : spinelles dans les roches basiques, wohlérite et hiortdahlite dans les syénites les plus évoluées, ainsi que des pyrochlores considérés comme des indices potentiels de la présence de matériaux à affinités carbonatitique. Les syénites à quartz apparaissent comme un ensemble composite avec plusieurs venues différemment évoluées. Les paragenèses sont plus ou moins peralcalines, avec fayalite, hédenbergite acmitique, et développement tardif de riebéckite. La chevkinite, titano-silicate rare, y est décrit en quantité relativement abondante comme un minéral magmatique. Aucun lien minéralogique entre ces deux ensembles ne peut être établi ce qui rend peut crédible l'hypothèse du passage de l'un à l'autre par contamination crustale.
- Published
- 2008
273. Le cœur alcalin du complexe du Messum, Namibie : Description pétrologique, interprétation de l'évolution minéralogique et relations roches sous- et sur-saturées en silice
- Author
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Blancher, Simon, Minéralogie, Pétrologie (MP), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, Philippe d'Arco(philippe.d_arco@upmc.fr), and Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)
- Subjects
réaction minéralogique ,roches alcalines ,théralite ,pétrologie ,Messum ,chevkinite : mineralogical reaction ,petrology ,[SDU.STU.AG]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Applied geology ,chevkinite ,alkaline rocks - Abstract
The anorogenic annular Messum complex, associated with the basaltic province of Etendeka (Namibia), show the coexistence of silica under- and over-saturated rocks. A petrological detailed study is necessary to understand the mineralogical evolution of these two groups of rocks. In the first one, all the observations allowed us to propose a path of crystallization involving peritectic lines and explaining the late development of nepheline at the expense of the primary phases (olivine, plagioclase, aluminous clinopyroxene) and the intermediate meaning of pargasite. Not yet indicated significant minerals are described: spinels in the basic rocks, wohlérite and hiortdahlite in the most evolved syénites, as well as pyrochlores considered as potential indicators of the presence of cabonatitic material. Quartz-syenites appears as a composite set with several comings differently evolved. Paragenesis are more or less peralcalines, with fayalite, acmitic hedenbergite, and late development of riebeckite. The chevkinite, rare titano-silicate, is described in relatively plentiful quantity as a magmatic mineral. No mineralogical link exists between these two groups of rocks and its make difficult to pass from one to another by crustal contamination.; Le complexe anorogénique annulaire du Messum, associé à la province basaltique de l'Etendeka (Namibie), montre la coexistence de roches sous- et sur-saturées en silice. Une étude pétrologique détaillée est nécessaire pour comprendre l'évolution minéralogique de ces deux ensembles de roches. Dans le premier, l'ensemble des observations a permis de proposer une route de cristallisation mettant en jeu des lignes péritectiques et expliquant le développement de la néphéline tardivement aux dépens des phases précoces (olivine, plagioclase, clinopyroxène alumineux) et la signification intermédiaire de la pargasite. Des minéraux significatifs non encore signalés sont décrits : spinelles dans les roches basiques, wohlérite et hiortdahlite dans les syénites les plus évoluées, ainsi que des pyrochlores considérés comme des indices potentiels de la présence de matériaux à affinités carbonatitique. Les syénites à quartz apparaissent comme un ensemble composite avec plusieurs venues différemment évoluées. Les paragenèses sont plus ou moins peralcalines, avec fayalite, hédenbergite acmitique, et développement tardif de riebéckite. La chevkinite, titano-silicate rare, y est décrit en quantité relativement abondante comme un minéral magmatique. Aucun lien minéralogique entre ces deux ensembles ne peut être établi ce qui rend peut crédible l'hypothèse du passage de l'un à l'autre par contamination crustale.
- Published
- 2008
274. Petrogenese und Geochronologie der Deliktas-, Sivrikaya- und Devrekani-Granitoide sowie des Basements des Kastamonu-Gürtels, Zentralen Pontiden (NW Türkei): Nachweis für spätpaläozoisch-mesozoischen Plutonismus und dessen Geodynamische Interpretation
- Author
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Nzegge, Odilia Mbonguh and Satir, Muharrem (Prof. Dr. )
- Subjects
Geochemie , Geochronologie , Gesteinskunde ,Petrologie ,Geochemistry , Geochronology , Petrology - Abstract
The Pontides orogenic belt (Ketin, 1966), is the central portion of an extensive belt running from western Bulgaria (Rhodope Mountains) through northern Turkey to the Caucasus. Three tectono-stratigraphically different sectors can be distinguished: the Western Pontides (Istanbul zone), the Central Pontides and the Eastern Pontides (Sakarya zone). The Central Pontides, located between the Izmir-Ankara suture to the south and the Black Sea to the north is the geographical term for the arched central part of the Pontides orogenic belt (Fig. 1.1). The Central Pontides is one of the well preserved areas where the late Early Cretaceous juxtaposition of the Western Pontides (Istanbul Zone) and the Eastern Pontides (Sakarya Zone) (Okay and Tüysüz, 1999; Tüysüz, 1999) can be observed (Sengör and Yilmaz, 1981). Four main units are comprised in the Central Pontides: two major tectonic units, the Devrekani metamorphic unit (Eurasian-derived basement) and the Çangaldag arc complex separated by two oceanic basins, the Küre and the Domuzdag-Saraycikadag complexes. The study area is marked by the Çangaldag arc complex, and numerous granitoids and associated volcanics collectively called the Kastamonu granitoid belt (KGB) (Yilmaz and Boztug, 1986), that pierced the imbricated Palaeotethyan continental and oceanic basement assemblage. The Kastamonu belt documents large scale, multi-episodic magmatism, formed in response to subduction of the Palaeotethys and the subsequent late orogenic tectonics. The occurrence of these plutons and ophiolites in the Central Pontides has attracted geologists for several decades, because of their importance in understanding Palaeotethyan evolution, and the Tethysides-Variscides connection. However, data necessary to identify the type and origin of all the intrusions are not available. On the basis of stratigraphic correlation and a few K-Ar data earlier workers assigned Middle Jurassic emplacement time to all the plutons of the KGB. In an attempt to elucidate the petrogenetic and magmatic evolution of this belt, zircons from Deliktas, Sivrikaya and Devrekani granitoids and their basement have been analyzed by means of Pb-Pb evaporation and U-Pb isotope dilution combined with isotope and geochemical data. Geochemical compositions, isotopic data and geochronological constraints are presented and interpreted for the evolution of the Palaeotethys in the Central Pontides. The Late Carboniferous Sivrikaya granitoid (SG) comprises biotite-hornblende granodiorite, tonalites and minor two-mica granites. Sivrikaya rocks are slightly metaluminous to peraluminous, and transitional to S-type (ASI= 0.9 to > 1.1). The rocks are characterized by variably low initial 87Sr/86Sr ratios [Sr(i)= 0.705 - 0.708], moderate eNd(t) values (-1 to -3.8) and young Nd-model ages (TDM= 0.75 - 1.05 Ga), suggesting variable degrees of mixing between mantle and crustal components. Chondrite-normalized (cn) rare earth element (REE) patterns are characterized by fractionation between the light (LREE, [La/Yb]cn= 9 - 49) and heavy REEs (HREE, [Gd/Yb]cn= 0.79 - 2.37) and no to strong Eu depletion (Eu/Eu*= 1.19 - 0.18). All these characteristics, combined with moderate d18O(whole-rock) values (10 - 11.6 per mil) point to dehydration melting of heterogeneous amphibolites-metagreywackes-type sources with variable mantle contribution. The Early Permian Deliktas leucogranite (DLG) is host to muscovite-bearing monzogranites. Deliktas rocks are strongly peraluminous S-type granites (ASI >1.1), as reflected in the mineralogy that includes highly aluminous phases such as muscovite and cordierite. DLG samples exhibit strongly fractionated REE patterns ([La/Yb]cn= 3.6 - 35), rather flat HREE ([Gd/Yb]cn= 0.59 - 0.78) and small positive to distinct negative Eu- anomalies (Eu/Eu*= 1.15 - 0.42) suggesting melting of metapelitic-type source with residual plagioclase and/or high degree fractional crystallization. Rocks from this intrusion have high Sr(i) ratios (0.7103 - 0.7123) and low eNd(t) values (-2.2 to -5.0), indicating an arc underlain by a mature continental crust. Nearly constant d18O(whole-rock) values (~11.5 per mil) and old Nd-model ages (TDM= 1.2 - 2.2 Ga) of the rocks, in conjunction with the geochemical characteristics further support material contribution from mature continental crust in their genesis. The Middle Jurassic Devrekani pluton (DG) consists of metaluminous I-type (ASI= 0.55 - 0.88) hornblende-biotite diorites and tonalites. The samples have low Sr(i) ratios (0.705 - 0.706) and very low negative eNd(t) values (-0.8 to -2.2). These features together with the low d18O(whole-rock) values (7 - 9 per mil), very high Mg# values, young model TDM ages (1.04 - 1.6 Ga) and high CaO/Al2O3 ratios suggests dehydration melting of mafic lower crustal rocks, and/or derivation from amphibolite-type source with significant upper mantle-derived material input. DG rocks are further characterized by moderately fractionated REE patterns ([La/Yb]cn= 2 - 11), flat HREE patterns (Gd/Yb)cn= 1.35 - 1.68) indicating garnet and zircon accumulation. The high Sr/Y ratios (10-37), no to distinct positive Eu-anomalies (Eu/Eu*= 0.72 - 0.95), and Sr-spikes, indicate plagioclase accumulation. These geochemical characteristics indicate magmas derivation from an enriched mantle and/or metasomatized mantle sources with minor crustal contamination. It is suggested that, after the Cimmeridgian continent collided with the south Eurasian margin subsequent slab break-off and flip in subduction polarity, resulted in asthenospheric upwelling and the production of the near primary melts of the Devrekani pluton. The melts en route to higher levels interacted or not with mantle- and crustal-derived magmas. It can be concluded that the Middle Mesozoic magmatism was initiated by the brief southward subduction of the Küre marginal basin (e.g. Ustaömer and Robertson, 1997) beneath the newly formed Late Carboniferous orogen (e.g. Okay et al. 2006). The mineralogy and geochemistry of the rocks distinct from those closer to the Black sea coast, and their location in the far south of the Küre ophiolite, the similar WSW-ENE orientation of the Devrekani pluton and the major thrust system that resulted from the gravitational collapse, indicate a juvenile stage of a subduction system (Nzegge et al. in review). Because the intrusion is late syn-tectonic with respect to the shear fabric it is reasonable to assume that its generation in some way is related to the extension-collapse events. According to Dewey (1988) large volumes of mantle partial melts are injected into the lower crust during gravitational collapse of mountain chains by detachment faulting. I speculate that during this collapse event the geotherm crossed the garnet-lherzolite solidus and mafic melts were produced. The melt had little interaction with the felsic upper crust, accumulated plagioclase, and intruded in the shear zones, giving rise to the Devrekani I-type pluton. Geochronologic analyses yielded ages ranging from 295-270 Ma for DLG, and 303-300 Ma for SG and in the south of the belt DG 190-165 Ma. Zircon xenocryst ages as old as ~2.7 Ga provide evidence for Proterozoic protolith, and highlights the association of the Central Ponitdes with Laurasia and Gondwana. The 360-340-320 Ma episodes of Pb loss in zircons are indicative of Variscan metamorphism. These new geochemical and age data from the Sivrikaya, Deliktas and Devrekani granitoids indicate the evolution of the Kastamonu magmatism from tholeiitic to calc-alkaline to tholeiitic compositions with time. Furthermore, the presence of Late Palaeozoic pre- to post-collisional, transitional to peraluminous granites and Middle Mesozoic juvenile arc (post-collisioinal) rocks challenges previous evolution models for the Kastamonu granitoid belt and the Central Pontides. The data presented herein underlines the complex thermo-tectonic history of the Central Pontides, and the magmatism associated with a “long-lasting” northward and a “short-lived” southward subduction of the Palaeotethys respectively during the Palaeozoic and Mesozoic times (proposed model), and the subsequent crustal growth processes (collision-accretion of Gondwanan-derived continental fragments with Laurasia). The Precambrian-Palaeozoic Eurasian-derived basement (Devrekani metamorphic unit) of the Central Pontides is exposed between the Küre and Çangaldag complexes. Evidence of the Precambrian basement in the Central Pontides comes from a Büyükçay sample (BÜ-20, ortho-amphigneiss, ~502 Ma), from inherited zircons (U-Pb upper intercept ages) and Nd isotope data. Probably the BÜ-20 zircons crystallized in the Late Cambrian-Early Ordovician magmatic event as part of the wide-spread subduction-related magmatism in the Gondwana-derived terranes (e.g. Linnemann et al. 2000 and the references therein). Die Pontiden (Ketin, 1966), sind der zentrale Teil eines ausgedehnten Gebirgsgürtels der sich von West-Bulgarien (Rhodope Berge) über die Nord-Türkei bis in den Kaukasus erstreckt. Sie lassen sich in drei tektono-stratigrafische Abschnitte gliedern: die West-Pontiden (Istanbul Zone), die Zentral-Pontiden und die Ost-Pontiden (Sakarya Zone). Die Zentral-Pontiden, zwischen der Izmir-Ankara-Sutur im Süden und dem Schwarzen Meer im Norden gelegen, sind geographisch gesehen der gebogene, zentrale Teil des Pontidengürtels (Fig. 1.1). Die Zentral-Pontiden sind eines der am besten erhaltenen Gebiete wo die frühkretazische Nebeneinanderstellung der West- und Ost-Pontiden (Okay and Tüysüz, 1999; Tüysüz, 1999) beobachtet werden kann (Sengör and Yilmaz, 1981). Die Zentral-Pontiden umfassen vier Hauptabschnitte: Zwei tektonische Großeinheiten, die metamorphe Eurasische Devrekani- und die Çangaldag-Einheit, die durch zwei ozeanische Becken, den Küre- und den Domuzdag-Saraycikadag-Komplex getrennt sind. Der metamorphe präkambrisch-paläozoische Devrekani Abschnitt ist ein Störungsgebundenes tektonisches Fenster, das zwischen der Küre- und der Çangaldag-Einheit liegt, und die zusammen das Grundgebirge der zentralen Pontiden bilden. Im Untersuchungsgebiet liegen der Çangaldag-Inselbogen-Komplex und zahlreiche Granitoide und mit ihnen verbunden Vulkanite, die als Kastamonu-Granitoid-Gürtel (KGB) bezeichnet werden. Die Magmen durchdrangen die Vergesellschaftung der paläotethischen Kontinental- und Ozeanboden-Einheiten. Der KGB dokumentiert großmaßstäblichen, vielphasigen Magmatismus, der im Zusammenhang mit der Subduktion der Paläotethys und spätorogener Kollisions-Tektonik der Pontiden gebildet wurde. Für das Verständnis des Tethys-Varisziden-Übergangs hat das Auftreten dieser Granitoide und Ophiolite in den zentralen Pontiden große Bedeutung. Wie auch immer, Daten über Typ und Ursprung der Intrusionskörper sind nicht vorhanden. Auf Grundlage stratigrafischer Korrelationen und wenigen K-Ar-Daten haben frühere Geologen mitteljurassische Alter für die gesamten Kastamonu-Plutone angenommen. Um über Petrogenese und Magmenentwicklung die Bildung des Gebirgsgürtels zu klären, wurden Zirkone von den Deliktas-, Sivrikaya- and Devrekani-Granitoiden mit der Pb-Pb-Evaporationsmethode und der U-Pb-Isotopenverdünnungsmethode untersucht und mit geochemischen Daten kombiniert. Die spätkarbonische Sivrikaya Granitoide (SG) besteht aus Biotit-Hornblende-Granodioriten, Tonaliten und wenigen Zweiglimmer-Graniten. Sivrikaya Gesteine sind schwach metaluminöse bis peraluminöse, und in Richtung S-Typ entwickelt (ASI = 0.9 to > 1.1). Die Gesteine zeichnen sich durch niedrige initiale Sr-Verhältnisse [Sri= 0.705 - 0.708], moderate initiale eNd(t)-Werte (-1 to -3.8) und junge Nd-Modellalter (TDM= 0.75 - 1.05 Ga) aus, die auf unterschiedliche Mischungsverhältnisse zwischen Mantel- und Krustenkomponenten hinweisen. Chondritnormierte (cn) Seltene Erden-Elementmuster zeigen Fraktionierung zwischen leichten ( [La/Yb]cn= 9 - 49) und schweren Seltenen Erden ([Gd/Yb]cn= 0.79 - 2.37), sowie keine zu starke Eu-Abreicherung (Eu/Eu* = 1.19-0.18) an. Diese Charakteristika kombiniert mit moderaten d18O-Werte (10 - 11.6 Promille) weisen auf Dehydrationsschmelzen von heterogenen Amphibolit-Metagrauwacken-Typen mit variabler Mantelmaterialbeteiligung hin (Nzegge et al. 2006). Der frühpermische Deliktas-Leukogranit (DLG) enthält muskovitführende Monzogranite. Deliktas Gesteine sind stark peraluminöse S-Typ Granite (ASI >1.1), was die Mineralogie mit hochaluminösen Phasen wie Muskovit und Cordierit zeigt. DLG Proben zeigen stark fraktionierte Seltene Erden- ([La/Yb]cn= 3.6 - 35), eher flache schwere Seltene Erden-Elementmuster ([Gd/Yb]cn= 0.59 - 0.78) und kleine, positive bis deutlich negative Eu-Anomalien (Eu/Eu*= 1.15 - 0.42), die auf Schmelzen von metapeltischen Gesteinen mit Rest-plagioklas und/oder hochgradige Kristallisationsfraktionierung hinweisen. Gesteine dieser Intrusion haben hohe Sr(i)-Verhältnisse (0.7103 - 0.7123) und niedrige eNd(t)-Werte (-2.2 bis -5.0), die einen Inselbogen mit unterlagernder, entwickelter kontinentalen Kruste nahelegen. Nahezu konstante d18O-Werte (~11.5 Promille) und alte Nd-Modelalter (TDM= 1.2 - 2.2 Ga) der Gesteine, in Verbindung mit geochemischen Charakteristika unterstützen weiter die Beteiligung von entwickelter kontinentaler Kruste in ihrer Genese. Der mitteljurassische Devrekani pluton (DG) besteht hauptsächlich aus metaluminösen I-Typ (ASI = 0.55 - 0.88) Hornblende-Biotit Dioriten und wenigen Tonaliten. Die Proben haben niedrige Sr(i)-Verhältnisse (0.705 - 0.706), sehr niedrige negative eNd(t)-Werte (-0.8 bis -2.2). Diese Merkmale zusammen mit den niedrigen d18O-Werten (7 - 9 Promille), sehr hohen Mg# Werten, jungen Nd-Modellaltern (TDM = 1.04 - 1.6 Ga) und hohen CaO/Al2O3-Verhältnissen legen Dehydrationsschmelzen von mafischen Unterkrusten-Gesteinen und/oder die Abstammung von amphibolithischen Quellen mit einem signifikantem Beitrag von Material aus dem oberen Mantel nahe. DG Gesteine sind weiterhin durch moderat fraktionierte leichte Seltene Erden- ([La/Yb]cn= 2 - 11), flache schwere Seltene Erden-Elementmuster ([Gd/Yb]cn= 1.35 - 1.68), welche Granat- und Zirkon-Anreicherung anzeigen, charakterisiert. Die hohen Sr/Y-Verhältnisse (10 - 37), keine bis deutlich positive Eu-Anomalien (Eu/Eu* = 0.72 - 0.95), und Sr-spikes, zeigen Plagioklas-Anreicherung an. Diese chemischen Charakteristika zeigen Magmenabstammung von einer angereicherten und/oder metasomatischen Mantelquelle mit geringer krustaler Kontamination an. Es liegt nahe, dass nachdem der kimmeridgische Kontinent mit dem Südrand Eurasiens kollidierte, Platten-Abbruch und Subduktion eintraten, was in einer Asthenospärenaufwölbung und der Produktion von nahezu primären Schmelzen des Devrekani-Plutons führte. Die aufsteigenden Schmelzen interagierten mit vom Mantel und der Kruste abstammenden Magmen. Es kann gefolgert werden, dass der mittelmesozoische Magmatismus durch die kurze südwärts gerichtete Subduktion des Küre-Randbeckens (Ustaömer and Robertson, 1997) unter das neu gebildete spätkarbonische Orogen (Okay et al. 2006) ausgelöst wurde. Die WSW-ENE-Orientierung des Devrekani-Plutons und der Scherzone, die mit dem gravitativen Kollaps verbunden sind, die Mineralogie und Chemie der Gesteine Verschieden von der, die näher an der Schwarzmeerküste liegen, und der DG Lage weit im Süden des Küre-Ophioliths zeigt ein Subduktionssystem in jungem Stadium (Nzegge et al. in review). Da die Intrusion bezogen auf die Schergefüge spät syn-tektonisch ist, kann angenommen werden, dass ihre Bildung mit dem Dehnungs-Kollaps-Ereignis zusammenhängt. Nach Dewey (1988) spritzen, verursacht durch Trennungsbruch während Gravitations-Kollaps eines Gebirges große Volumina von Mantelpartiellschmelzen in die untere Kruste. Es ist vorgeschlagen, dass während dieser Einstürzung die Geotherme den Granat-Lherzolith-Solidus überschritten hat und mafischen Schmelzen erzeugt wurden. Die Schmelze wurde kaum von der felsischen Oberkruste beeinflusst, reicherte Plagioklas an, und drang in die Scherzonen ein, den Devrekani metaluminöse I-Typ Pluton bildend. Geochronologische Analysen lieferten Alter, die für Deliktas zwischen 295-270 Ma, für Sivrikaya zwischen 303-300 Ma und für den Devrekani Granitoid im Süden des Gürtels bei 190-165 Ma liegen. Zirkonxenokristall-Alter von ~2,7 Ga liefern den Nachweis für proterozoischen Protolith, und unterstreichen die Verbindung der zentralen Pontiden mit Laurasia und Gondwana. Die 360-340-320 Ma Phasen von Bleiverlust in Zirkonen sind für variskischen Metamorphismus bezeichnend. Diese neuen geochemischen Daten, und Altersdaten der Sivrikaya-, Deliktas- und Devrekani- Granitoide zeigen die Entwicklung des Kastanmonu Magmatismus mit tholeiitischer bis kalk-alkaliner zu tholeiitischer Zusammensetzung in Abhängigkeit der Zeit an. Weiterhin stellt das Vorkommen von spätpaläozoischen prä- bis postkollisionalen Graniten, Übergangsgraniten und peraluminösen Graniten, sowie mittelmesozoische junge Inselbögen bisherige Enwicklungsmodelle für den Kastamonu-Granitgürtel und die zentralen Pontiden in Frage. Die hier präsentierten Daten unterstreichen die komplexe thermo-tektonische Geschichte der Zentralen Pontiden, den damit verbundenen Magmatismus mit einer “long-lasting” nordwärtigen und einer “short-lived” südwärtigen Subduktionsphase der Paläotethys (beziehungsweise während des Paläozoikums und Mesozoikums??) (vorgeschlagenes Modell), und der folgende Krustenwachstumsprozess (Kollison-Akkretion von Gondwana Kontinent Fragmenten mit Laurasia). Das präkambrisch-paläozoisch von Eurasien stammende Basement (Devrekani Metamorphe Einheit) der Zentralen Pontiden liegt zwischen den Küre und Çangaldag-Komplexen. Der Nachweis des präkambrischen Basements in den Zentralen Pontiden kommt von einer Büyükçay-Probe (BÜ-20, Ortho-Amphigneis, ~502 Ma), von ererbten Zirkone und Nd Isotopen Daten. Wahrscheinlich kristallierten die BÜ-20 Zirkone in einem spätkambrischen-frühordovizischen magmatischen Ereignis als Teil des weit verbreiteten subduktionsgebundenen Magmatismus Nördliche von Gondwana (e.g. Linnemann et al. 2000).
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- 2008
275. The effects of weathering variability and anthropogenic pressures upon silicon cycling in an intertropical watershed (Tana River, Kenya)
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Hughes, Harold, André, Luc, Cardinal, Damien, Bouillon, Steven, Hughes, Harold, André, Luc, Cardinal, Damien, and Bouillon, Steven
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We present the first study of the Si isotopic composition of dry season river waters from the Tana River, Kenya. Data encompasses the entire river basin, with samples collected from headwaters to the estuary, thereby capturing a salinity gradient. In the headwaters, the isotopic signature is affected by climate, as a result of its control on soil drainage and weathering. The δ 30Si signatures in the basin range from +0.69‰ up to +2.23‰. Signatures are clearly affected by dams: an increase in δ 30Si ratios of 0.54‰ and a decrease in the dissolved Si (DSi) concentration by 41% were observed downstream of the Masinga dam, the largest of a succession of 5 hydroelectric dams. This reduction in Si load is most likely due to increased diatom productivity as the corresponding change in δ 30Si signature is consistent with the known fractionation by these organisms. The δ 30Si composition of waters entering the estuary is ca. +2‰ and DSi concentrations are 349μM. In the estuary, the DSi concentrations decrease linearly following the salinity, while the δ 30Si ratio remains stable, indicating the absence of processes affecting the DSi pool for the studied range of salinity. © 2012 Elsevier B.V., SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published
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- 2012
276. Stratigraphic changes of Ge/Si, REE+Y and silicon isotopes as insights into the deposition of a Mesoarchaean banded iron formation
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Delvigne, Camille, Cardinal, Damien, Hofmann, Axel, André, Luc, Delvigne, Camille, Cardinal, Damien, Hofmann, Axel, and André, Luc
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In order to determine the origin of silicon (Si) in banded iron formation (BIF), we have undertaken a multi-tracer study combining REE+Y data, Ge/Si ratios and Si isotopes (δ30Si) on stratigraphically resolved layers from a ~2.95Ga BIF from the Pongola Supergroup, South Africa. Si in both Si-rich and Fe-rich layers has a common origin, represented by a seawater reservoir strongly influenced by continent-derived freshwaters (~10%) and very limited (<0.1%) high-T hydrothermal fluids as indicated by Eu anomalies and Y/Ho ratios. The coevolution of δ30Si signatures of Si- and Fe-rich layers of the BIF coupled with similar Eu and Y anomalies in both types of layers is in accordance with a common silica precipitation promoted by Si adsorption onto Fe-oxyhydroxides from Archaean seawater. An increase in δ30Si values from -2.27‰ to -0.53‰ stratigraphically upwards in the BIF is inferred to be the result of two successive isotopic fractionation processes during (1) silicon adsorption onto the Fe-oxyhydroxide precursor and (2) silica precipitation at the sediment-water interface from pore fluid triggered by the local silica saturation consecutive to an early diagenetic Si desorption from the precursor Fe-oxyhydroxide. The first fractionation process depleted the parental water in 28Si while the second released 30Si back into the parental water, resulting in an increase of the δ30Si value of the parental water reservoir over time. © 2012 Elsevier B.V., SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published
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- 2012
277. Polychromy, Religion and Power: The Forum of Alba Fucens
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Association for the Study of Marble and Other Stones in Antiquity (10: 21-26.05.2012: Roma), Evers, Cécile, Massar, Natacha, Association for the Study of Marble and Other Stones in Antiquity (10: 21-26.05.2012: Roma), Evers, Cécile, and Massar, Natacha
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info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
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- 2012
278. Space- and ground-based measurements of sulphur dioxide emissions from Turrialba Volcano (Costa Rica)
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Campion, Robin, Bernard, Alain, Martinez-Cruz, Maria, Pacheco, Javier, Lecocq, Thomas, Caudron, Corentin, Pinardi, Gaia S., Hermans, Christian, Carn, Simon, Campion, Robin, Bernard, Alain, Martinez-Cruz, Maria, Pacheco, Javier, Lecocq, Thomas, Caudron, Corentin, Pinardi, Gaia S., Hermans, Christian, and Carn, Simon
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Remotely sensed measurements of sulphur dioxide (SO2) emitted by Turrialba Volcano (Costa Rica) are reported for the period September 2009-January 2011. These measurements were obtained using images from Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflexion radiometer, Ozone Monitoring Instrument and a ground-based UV camera. These three very different instruments provide flux measurements in good agreement with each other, which demonstrate that they can be integrated for monitoring SO2 fluxes. Fluxes from Turrialba increased fourfold in January 2010, following a phreatic explosion that formed a degassing vent in the W crater of Turrialba. Since then, the SO2 flux has remained high (30-50 kg/s) but seems to be showing a slowly decreasing trend. We interpret this evolution as the start of open vent degassing from a recently intruded magma body. The opening of the degassing vent decreased the confining pressure of the magma body and allowed the gases to bypass the hydrothermal system. © 2012 Springer-Verlag., SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published
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- 2012
279. Response of diffusive equilibrium in thin films (DET) and diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) trace metal profiles in sediments to phytodetritus mineralisation
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Gao, Yue, Leermakers, Martine, Magnier, Aurélie, Baeyens, Willy, Gillan, David, Pede, Annelies, Sabbe, Koen, Billon, Gabriel, Lourino Cabana, Beatriz, Gao, Yue, Leermakers, Martine, Magnier, Aurélie, Baeyens, Willy, Gillan, David, Pede, Annelies, Sabbe, Koen, Billon, Gabriel, and Lourino Cabana, Beatriz
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Field data from the Belgian Continental Zone showed elevated trace metal concentrations at the sedimentwater interface after the occurrence of a phytoplankton bloom. In the present study, laboratory incubation experiments were used to investigate the effect of the phytodetritus remineralisation process on the release of trace metals from contaminated muddy sediments. This remineralisation process was followed by the measurement of chlorophyll-a and dissolved organic carbon levels in the top sediment layers. Two gel techniques, diffusive equilibrium in thin films (DET) and diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT), were used to assess vertical metal profiles in the sediment pore waters and to calculate the metal effluxes. These metal effluxes compared very well with the trace metal concentration variations in the overlying water of the sediment. Much higher effluxes of Mn, Co and As were observed after 2 days of incubation in the microcosms which received additions of phytodetritus. This trend gradually decreased after 7 days of incubation, suggesting that the elevated efflux of trace metals was proportional to the quantity of phytodetritus mineralised at the sedimentwater interface. The release of large amounts of toxic elements from the sediments after phytoplankton blooms can therefore potentially affect the marine ecosystem in the Belgian Continental Zone. © 2012 CSIRO., SCOPUS: re.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published
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- 2012
280. Empirical Pt 7Cu from an alluvial platinum concentrate and its significance for platiniferous quartz lodes in the lubero region, dr congo
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Cabral, Alexandre Raphael, Lehmann, Bernd, Jedwab, Jacques, Cabral, Alexandre Raphael, Lehmann, Bernd, and Jedwab, Jacques
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An alluvial platinum grain from Lubero, DRC, is compositionally analogous to Pt 7Cu. This phase is so far unknown in nature, but is known from the binary platinum-copper system to have an ordered structure and formed below 500 °C, and as low as 100 °C. Such low temperatures rule out magmatic platinum mineralisation as source rock. The presence of previously reported inclusions of vein quartz and hematite in some alluvial grains of platinum, together with the relatively low formation temperatures of the Pt 7Cu compound, suggests that hydrothermal quartz lodes were the source of the platinum found in the Lubero alluvia. © 2012 E. Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung Stuttgart Germany., SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published
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- 2012
281. The 2010 explosive eruption of Java's Merapi volcano-A '100-year' event
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Surono, Andreastuti, Supriyati, Jousset, Philippe, Pallister, John, Griswold, Julie, Boichu, Marie, Oppenheimer, Clive, Buongiorno, Maria Fabrizia, Bignami, Christian, Budisantoso, Agus, Humaida, Hanik, Sumarti, Sri, Costa, Fidel, Prata, Fred, Schneider, David, Clarisse, Lieven, Carn, Simon, Lavigne, Franck, Surono, Andreastuti, Supriyati, Jousset, Philippe, Pallister, John, Griswold, Julie, Boichu, Marie, Oppenheimer, Clive, Buongiorno, Maria Fabrizia, Bignami, Christian, Budisantoso, Agus, Humaida, Hanik, Sumarti, Sri, Costa, Fidel, Prata, Fred, Schneider, David, Clarisse, Lieven, Carn, Simon, and Lavigne, Franck
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Merapi volcano (Indonesia) is one of the most active and hazardous volcanoes in the world. It is known for frequent small to moderate eruptions, pyroclastic flows produced by lava dome collapse, and the large population settled on and around the flanks of the volcano that is at risk. Its usual behavior for the last decades abruptly changed in late October and early November 2010, when the volcano produced its largest and most explosive eruptions in more than a century, displacing at least a third of a million people, and claiming nearly 400 lives. Despite the challenges involved in forecasting this 'hundred year eruption', we show that the magnitude of precursory signals (seismicity, ground deformation, gas emissions) was proportional to the large size and intensity of the eruption. In addition and for the first time, near-real-time satellite radar imagery played an equal role with seismic, geodetic, and gas observations in monitoring eruptive activity during a major volcanic crisis. The Indonesian Center of Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation (CVGHM) issued timely forecasts of the magnitude of the eruption phases, saving 10,000-20,000 lives. In addition to reporting on aspects of the crisis management, we report the first synthesis of scientific observations of the eruption. Our monitoring and petrologic data show that the 2010 eruption was fed by rapid ascent of magma from depths ranging from 5 to 30km. Magma reached the surface with variable gas content resulting in alternating explosive and rapid effusive eruptions, and released a total of ~0.44Tg of SO2. The eruptive behavior seems also related to the seismicity along a tectonic fault more than 40km from the volcano, highlighting both the complex stress pattern of the Merapi region of Java and the role of magmatic pressurization in activating regional faults. We suggest a dynamic triggering of the main explosions on 3 and 4 November by the passing seismic waves generated by regional earthquakes on thes, SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published
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- 2012
282. Review: Inertial sensors for low-frequency seismic vibration measurement
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Collette, Christophe, Janssens, Stefan, Fernandez-Carmona, Pablo, Artoos, Kurt, Guinchard, Michael, HAUVILLER, Claude, Preumont, André, Collette, Christophe, Janssens, Stefan, Fernandez-Carmona, Pablo, Artoos, Kurt, Guinchard, Michael, HAUVILLER, Claude, and Preumont, André
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The objective of this paper is to review recent advances in the sensors used to measure seismic linear vibrations at low frequencies. The main types of inertial sensors are reviewed: absolute displacement sensors, geophones, accelerometers, and seismometers. The working principle of each of them is explained, along with the general strategies to extend their bandwidth. Finally, the principle fundamental limitations of all inertial sensors are reviewed: tilt-to-horizontal coupling, zerolength springs, and sources of noise., SCOPUS: re.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published
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- 2012
283. Predicting radar attenuation within the Antarctic ice sheet
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Matsuoka, Kenichi, MacGregor, Joseph A., Pattyn, Frank, Matsuoka, Kenichi, MacGregor, Joseph A., and Pattyn, Frank
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To better understand the ability of ice-penetrating radar to diagnose the subglacial environment from bed-returned power, we model the englacial radar attenuation of Antarctic ice. First, we use a one-dimensional thermo-mechanical model to evaluate the sensitivity of the depth-averaged attenuation rates to ice temperature as a function of surface accumulation rate, geothermal flux, and ice thickness. We find that attenuation is most sensitive to variations in geothermal flux and accumulation rate when the bed temperature is close to the pressure-melting point. But even if geothermal flux and accumulation rate remain fixed, attenuation can easily vary with ice thickness. Such high sensitivities show that one should not assume a uniform attenuation rate in the radar data analysis. Then, using ensembles of modeled ice temperatures with different boundary conditions, we generate multiple attenuation predictions for the Antarctic ice sheet and evaluate the resulting uncertainties. The largest contributor to uncertainty in these predictions is the geothermal flux. This uncertainty is localized within the deeper half of the ice sheet. By combining these temperature ensembles with ice-core chemistry data, we show that the sea salt adds little to the attenuation, but the contribution from acids accounts for ~29% (inland) to ~53% (coast) of the total attenuation. We conclude that improving radar diagnosis of the subglacial environment using bed-returned power requires both (1) better data-interpretation algorithms that account for attenuation variations and (2) better constraints of geothermal flux and bulk chemistry. © 2012 Elsevier B.V., SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published
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- 2012
284. Late Precambrian M-type granitoid genesis in the Cadomian belt of NW France
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Pierrick Graviou, Bernard Auvray, Dubigeon, Isabelle, D'Lemos R.S., and Topely C.G. (Eds.)
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Geochemistry ,PETROLOGIE ,BATHOLITE ,GRANITOIDE ,PETROGENESE ,Geology ,Ocean Engineering ,CADOMIEN ,PROTEROZOIQUE ,Precambrian ,Type (biology) ,GEOCHIMIE ,[SDU.STU.AG] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Applied geology ,[SDU.STU.GC] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geochemistry ,ISOTOPE ,GEODYNAMIQUE ,Petrology ,MASSIF ARMORICAIN ,Water Science and Technology - Abstract
pas de résumé
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- 1990
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285. Evolution of deformation of the Himalayan prism: from imaging to modelling
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Hetényi, György, Laboratoire de géologie de l'ENS (LGENS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, Rodolphe Cattin(cattin@geologie.ens.fr), and Hetényi, György
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modélisation numérique ,[SDU.STU.AG] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Applied geology ,pétrologie ,receiver function ,numerical modelling ,anomalie de gravité ,éclogite ,Tibet ,petrology ,[SDU.STU.AG]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Applied geology ,gravity anomaly ,lithosphère ,fonction récepteur - Abstract
The Himalayas and the Tibetan Plateau are considered as the classical case of continental collision. In the meantime, some fundamental questions concerning the structure, rheology and physical processes influencing the evolution of the region's lithosphere are still pending.The Hi-CLIMB seismology experiment deployed a large number (255) of broadband stations during three years on an 800 km profile along 85°E, across the Himalayas and the southern half of the Tibetan Plateau. The close station spacing (~4-9 km), the large amount of data (1.5 terabyte), the high-frequency receiver functions and the use of multiply converted waves result in a detailed image of lithospheric structures at all scales. These images allow to follow: (1) faults at shallow (~3-4 km) depth; (2) the Main Himalayan Thrust from its shallow part to its deep and ductile continuation; (3) shallow and localized low-velocity layers (previously referred to as "bright spots") in Tibet in correlation with grabens; and (4) underplating of the Indian lower crust beneath Lhasa block. Furthermore, our results show (5) that the Indian lower lithosphere advances northward to about the centre of the Tibetan Plateau, where it is opposed to the Eurasian lithospheric mantle; (6) that the main sutures at the surface have no pronounced signature at depth; and (7) that the upper mantle discontinuities at 410 and 670 km do not seem to be affected by the ongoing orogeny. The obtained information on geometries are then used in two applications.Based on the improved knowledge on flexural geometry beneath the foreland basin, the rheology of the India plate is re-assessed. Thermomechanical modelling results reveal that the effective elastic thickness decreases from south to north due to decoupling, caused by flexural and thermal weakening. To explain the support of the Tibetan Plateau's topography as well as regional isostasy in the Himalayas, a strong upper mantle is required.Combining the geometry of underplating with Bouguer anomaly data, localized densification of the Indian lower crust is shown to occur where it reaches its maximal depth. This effect is associated to eclogitization. Investigations of the thermal field and pressure--temperature--density relations assuming different hydration levels are performed using thermo-kinematic and petrological models, respectively. The results suggest that the Indian lower crust is partially hydrated, and that eclogitization is kinetically hindered compared to phase equilibria. Overstepping is explained by the absence of free water in the system, and subsists until dehydration reactions occur at higher P-T conditions.In conclusion, constraints on geometry and internal properties, as well as evaluation of the importance of physical processes are necessary in order to better understand the build-up of the observed lithospheric structures and the evolution of their deformation., RésuméL'Himalaya et le Plateau Tibétain sont considérés comme l'exemple classique de collision continentale. Cependant, de nombreuses questions fondamentales sur la structure, la rhéologie et les processus physiques liés à l'évolution de la lithosphère de cette région restent ouvertes.Dans le cadre de l'expérience sismologique Hi-CLIMB, un grand nombre de stations large-bande (255) a été déployé pendant trois ans sur un profil de 800 km, à travers l'Himalaya et la moitié sud du Plateau Tibétain. L'espacement serré des stations (~4-9 km), la quantité importante des données (1.5 téraoctets), et l'utilisation de méthodes comme les fonctions récepteurs haute-fréquence ainsi que les conversions multiples ont permis d'obtenir une image détaillée des structures lithosphériques à toute échelle. Ces images permettent un suivi: (1) des failles à faible profondeur (~3-4 km); (2) du chevauchement majeur (MHT) de sa partie superficielle jusqu'à sa continuité profonde et ductile; (3) des zones à vitesses lentes localisées et peu profondes ("bright spots") sous le Tibet en corrélation avec des grabens; (4) de la croûte inférieure indienne sous-plaquée au bloc Lhasa. De plus, nos résultats suggèrent que (5) la lithosphère inférieure indienne avance vers le nord jusqu'au centre du Plateau Tibétain, où elle est opposée au manteau lithosphérique de l'Eurasie; que (6) les sutures en surface n'ont pas de signature marquée en profondeur; et que (7) les discontinuités du manteau supérieur à 410 et 670 km ne sont pas affectées par l'orogenèse. Les informations obtenues sur les géométries sont ensuite utilisées dans deux applications.La rhéologie de la plaque Inde est réévaluée en utilisant l'image améliorée de sa flexure sous le bassin avant-arc. Les résultats des modélisations thermomécaniques montrent que l'épaisseur élastique équivalente diminue du sud au nord dû au découplage lié à l'affaiblissement flexural et thermique. Le support de la topographie du Plateau Tibétain ainsi que l'isostasie régionale en Himalaya nécessitent un manteau résistant.En combinant la géométrie du sous-plaquage avec des anomalies de Bouguer, une densification localisée de la croûte inférieure indienne est mise en évidence à l'endroit où elle atteint sa profondeur maximale. Cette densification est associée à l'éclogitisation. Des analyses du champ thermique et les relations pression--température--densité en supposant différents niveaux d'hydratation sont effectuées par des modélisations thermo-cinématiques et pétrologiques. Les résultats suggèrent que la croûte inférieure indienne est partiellement hydratée, et que l'éclogitisation subit un retard. Ce dernier effet est expliqué par l'absence d'eau libre dans le système, l'éclogitisation n'ayant pas lieu jusqu'à l'occurrence des réactions de déshydratation à des P-T plus élevées que les conditions d'équilibre.En conclusion, cette thèse apporte de nouvelles contraintes sur la géométrie et les propriétés internes de la lithosphère, éléments clés pour mieux évaluer l'importance des différents processus physiques impliqués dans la mise en place des structures et l'évolution de la déformation en Himalaya-Tibet.
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- 2007
286. Caractéristiques pétrographiques et géochimiques et évolution diagénétique des bassins silicoclastiques mésoprotérozoïques intracontinentaux : Implications sur la genèse des gisements d'uranium de type discordance
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Ibrahim, Ahlam, Géologie et gestion des ressources minérales et énergétiques (G2R), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre de recherches sur la géologie des matières premières minérales et énergétiques (CREGU)-Institut National Polytechnique de Lorraine (INPL)-Université Henri Poincaré - Nancy 1 (UHP), Université Henri Poincaré - Nancy 1, and Michel Cuney
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Analyse géochimique ,Altération hydrothermale ,Pétrologie ,[SDU.STU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences ,Uranium Gisements ,Diagenèse ,Bassin protérozoïque - Abstract
A mineralogical, petrographic and geochemical study of the proterozoic siliciclastic sedimentary intracontinental basins of Waterberg (Kaapvaal Craton, South Africa), Cariewerloo (Gawler Craton, South Australia), Satakunta and Muhos (Fennoscandian Shield, Finland), unconformably overlying archaean and paleoproterozoic basement, have been characterized and compared with other districts throughout the world similar in age and lithology (the basin of Athabasca in Canada, the basin of Kombolgie in Australia, and the basin of Pasha-Ladoga in Russia) which are associated with uranium ore deposits. The realized study made it possible to reconstitute the nature of the detrital phases and their evolution during diagenesis and hydrothermal events, in order to evaluate the interests that represent the sediments of these basins for the exploration of uranium by reference to strongly mineralized Athabasca and Kombolgie basins. This study shows that the clastic rocks of all of these basins are characterized by a high immaturity of sedimentary materials, a strong oxidation, as well as a diagenesis or a metamorphism of high temperature. These sediments, rich in potassic feldspar and plagioclase with frequently angular clasts, were transported over a short distance from the source area and subjected to a limited pedogenic alteration in a very active tectonic context, contrary to the sediments of the Athabasca and Kombolgie basins. However, significant fluid circulations took place as shown by the presence of an argillaceous alteration on the roof of the basement of the Cariewerloo, Satakunta and Muhos basins, as the argillaceous alteration. This alteration remains however moderate compared to that observed in the Athabasca and Kombolgie basins. These fluid circulations are related to zircon alterations, and essentially to the formation of Fe-chlorite and carbonate.; Une étude pétrographique, minéralogique et géochimique des bassins sédimentaires silicoclastiques intracontinentaux protérozoïques de Waterberg (Craton de Kaapvaal, Afrique du Sud), Cariewerloo (Craton de Gawler, Sud de l'Australie), Satakunta et Muhos (Bouclier Fennoscandien, Finlande), reposant en discordance sur un socle paléoprotérozoïque à archéen, a été réalisée. Une comparaison avec d'autres districts du monde d'âge et de lithologie semblables (le bassin d'Athabasca au Canada, le bassin de Kombolgie en Australie et le bassin de Pasha- Ladoga en Russie) auxquels sont associés les gisements d'uranium de type discordance les plus importants. Les études réalisées ont permis de reconstituer la nature des phases détritiques et leur évolution au cours de la diagenèse et des événements hydrothermaux, afin d'évaluer l'intérêt que représentent les sédiments de ces bassins pour l?exploration d'uranium par comparaison avec les bassins fortement minéralisés de l?Athabasca et de Kombolgie. Cette étude montre que les sédiments clastiques de tous ces bassins sont caractérisés par une forte immaturité des matériaux sédimentaires, une forte oxydation, ainsi qu'une diagenèse ou un métamorphisme de haute température. Ces sédiments riches en feldspath potassique et plagioclase avec fréquemment des clastes anguleux résultent d'un transport court depuis une zone source peu soumise à l'altération pédogénétique dans un contexte tectonique très actif, contrairement aux sédiments de l'Athabasca et de Kombolgie. Toutefois, des circulations importantes de fluides ont été mises en évidence au toit des socles des bassins de Cariewerloo et à un degré moins important à Satakunta et à Muhos, comme l'indique l'altération argileuse de ces roches. Cette altération étant toutefois modérée par rapport à celle observée dans les bassins de l'Athabaska et de Kombolgie. Ces circulations de fluides ont conduit à l?altération de zircon, ainsi qu'à la formation de chlorites ferrifères et de carbonates.
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- 2007
287. Etude volcano-tectonique de la zone de Divergence Nord Tanzanienne (Terminaison Sud du Rift Kenyan). Caractérisation pétrologique et géochimique du volcanisme récent (8 Ma – Actuel) et du manteau source. Contraintes de mise en place
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Nonnotte, Philippe, Domaines Océaniques (LDO), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers-Institut d'écologie et environnement-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Bretagne occidentale - Brest, and Christophe Hémond(chhemond@univ-brest.fr)
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manteau source ,Tanzanie ,peralkaline lavas ,Tanzania ,petrology ,mantle sources ,laves hyperalcalines ,point chaud ,hot spot ,pétrologie ,géochimie ,East African Rift ,Kilimanjaro ,Rift Est Africain ,[SDU.STU.AG]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Applied geology ,lithosphère ,geochemistry ,Kilimandjaro - Abstract
The East African Rift System (EARS) is the best example worldwide of an active magmatic rift. It extends over more than 3500 km from the Afar province to the Mozambican Gulf, cutting through the Ethiopian and East Africa elevated plateaus that are the topographic expression of one or several Cenozoic mantle plumes beneath this part of Africa. Extensional strain initited along the eastern magmatic branch of the EARS at ca. 30 My in the Afar, and then propagated southwards by linkage of discrete magmatic cells centered on the Kenyan dome, to reach South Kenya 8 My ago. There, the North Tanzanian Divergence (NTD) corresponds to a dramatic change in structural style, associated with the abrupt disappearance of magmatism southwards. The transition zone from the NS axial valley into three diverging rift arms (Eyasi, Natron-Manyara and Pangani), dominated by tilted basement fault blocks, is outlined by a 200 km-long transverse volcanic chain, including major Neogene volcanic edifices such as the Ngorongoro, Mount Meru and Kilimanjaro.Our work presents new structural and geochemical results on magmatic rocks in the NTD, and its main originality is to integrate complementary approaches involving field investigations, petrological-mineralogical analyses, geochronology, Sr-Nd isotopic and trace elements geochemistry. That allows us to also precise the build-up history and mechanisms of a number of major volcanoes of the NTD (Ngorongoro, Mount Meru, Kilimanjaro) during Plio-Quaternary times. Applying this approach to a wider scale, and compiling published radiometric data with our own K-Ar age determinations, allows us to establish a kinematic rift propagation model to the NTD for the last 8 My. It is proposed that both magmatism and strain shifted eastwards along the transverse volcanic chain, up to the Pangani arm, from 8 My to Present, with the onset of magmatic activity in the whole NTD at 2.5 My. But, the main contribution of our study is devoted to the Kilimanjaro long-lived edifice that forms the prominent structure in the EARS, as a whole. Seventeen new K-Ar ages provide constraints for précising time relationships between its three main magmatic centres, and emphasis has been put on the Kibo central vent that recorded the last building phases in the time range 492-165 ky. In addition, new petrological and geochemical results on Kilimanjaro mafic lavas bring some new insights on the nature of mantle sources that are thought to be heterogeneous lithospheric material with residual amphibole and garnet. Two different metasomatic events, Precambrian and Plio-Quaternary in age, are inferred to have governed the evolution of the mantle sources, with the infiltration of melt from the underlying Neogene plume. These conclusions, extended at the scale of the NTD for young (Ce travail de thèse présente les résultats de l'étude volcano-structurale menée sur cette zone de rift divergent. L'originalité de notre approche provient de la combinaison d'outils complémentaires (terrain, pétrologie, radiochronologie, géochimie isotopique Sr-Nd et des éléments en traces), appliquées à une zone clé du REA. Ainsi, à l'échelle des principaux volcans de la DNT, et particulièrement pour le Ngorongoro et le Mt Meru, nous avons pu reconstituer leur activité Plio-Quaternaire en précisant les mécanismes de mise en place de leurs principales formations volcaniques. Cette approche locale a été étendue à l'échelle régionale en synthétisant les données radiochronologiques existantes, complétées par six nouveaux âges K-Ar. Nous avons ainsi pu reconstituer l'histoire volcano-tectonique de la DNT et proposer un modèle d'évolution spatio-temporel du volcanisme depuis 8 Ma. Ce dernier met en évidence une migration de l'activité magmatique vers l'Est entre 8 Ma et l'actuel avec une activité généralisée dans l'ensemble de la DNT à 2,5 Ma, qui accompagne l'extension de la déformation vers la branche de Pangani. Le Kilimandjaro, édifice majeur à l'échelle du Rift Africain, constitue le cœur de ce travail. La détermination de dix sept nouveaux âges K-Ar a permis de contraindre dans le temps les processus volcaniques ayant affecté les trois centres le constituant, et plus particulièrement le centre principal de Kibo pour lequel nous parvenons à reconstituer les dernières phases d'édification entre 492 ka et 165 ka. Grâce à l'approche pétrologique et géochimique réalisée sur les laves du Kilimandjaro, nous proposons un modèle d'évolution des sources mantelliques de ces magmas, en montrant qu'ils sont issus de la fusion partielle d'une source lithosphérique hétérogène à amphibole et grenat résiduels, ayant acquis ses caractéristiques géochimiques au cours de deux épisodes métasomatiques distincts : un premier, probablement d'âge Précambrien, et le deuxième, Plio-Quaternaire, provoqué par la percolation des magmas formés au sein du panache asthénosphérique sous-jacent. La généralisation de cette approche à l'échelle de la DNT, pour les laves primitives d'âges < 1 Ma, met en évidence des différences dans les processus pétrogénétiques à l'origine du magmatisme de cette région. Si sa manifestation, à l'Est de la DNT, présente des compositions caractéristiques d'une fertilisation de la lithosphère par l'activité sub-actuelle d'un panache, les laves émises à l'Ouest comportent des signatures géochimiques héritées d'un manteau lithosphérique métasomatisé au Précambrien, en accord avec les résultats obtenus sur les enclaves mantelliques. Le type de métasomatisme, sa localisation et sa période d'activité sont certainement liés à l'héritage structural, et particulièrement au positionnement relatif des blocs cratoniques Archéen et des zones transverses affectant les ceintures orogéniques Protérozoïques.
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- 2007
288. Données nouvelles sur la volcanologie du massif de l'Imbabura, Équateur = Nuevos datos sobre la volcanología del macizo del Imbabura, Ecuador
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Ruiz, A., Le Pennec, Jean-Luc, Hall, M., Eissen, Jean-Philippe, Gondard, Pierre (ed.), and Villamar, M.D. (trad.)
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VOLCAN ,RISQUE NATUREL ,VOLCANOLOGIE ,PETROLOGIE ,DATATION - Published
- 2007
289. The formation of excess air in groundwater studied using noble gases as conservative tracers in laboratory and field experiments
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Klump, Stephan R., Kinzelbach, Wolfgang, and Imboden, Dieter M.
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Geochemie ,TRACER EXPERIMENTS (HYDROGEOLOGY) ,Petrologie ,GROUNDWATER + GROUNDWATER PROPERTIES (HYDROLOGY) ,RARE GASES (CHEMICAL ELEMENTS) ,Mineralogie ,TRACERTECHNIK (ANWENDUNGEN VON ISOTOPEN) ,FALLSTUDIEN (DOKUMENTENTYP) ,Glaziologie ,CASE STUDIES (DOCUMENT TYPE) ,ISOTOPE GEOCHEMISTRY ,GRUNDWASSER + GRUNDWASSEREIGENSCHAFTEN (HYDROLOGIE) ,TRACERS TECHNIQUE (APPLICATIONS OF ISOTOPES) ,DISSOLVED GASES IN WATER (HYDROLOGY) ,EDELGASE (CHEMISCHE ELEMENTE) ,Earth sciences ,Hydrogeologie ,Kristallographie ,ddc:550 ,ISOTOPENGEOCHEMIE ,GELÖSTE GASE IN WASSER (HYDROLOGIE) ,MARKIERVERSUCHE (HYDROGEOLOGIE) ,Hydrologie - Abstract
The concentrations of atmospheric noble gases dissolved in groundwater mostly exceed their respective atmospheric equilibrium concentrations. In groundwater hydrology, this well-known phenomenon is usually referred to as the "excessair" phenomenon. The presence of excess air crucially affects the quantitative interpretation of environmental tracer concentrations in terms of paleo-environmental conditions and groundwater residence time, because a reliable determination of the atmospheric equilibrium component is required in such cases. In addition, excess air itself is potentially a tracer for paleo-rechargeconditions. This represents an opportunity in the field of environmental tracer hydrology which has not yet been fully exploited. The formation of excess air as a result of the dissolution of entrapped air within the quasi-saturated zone is still not thoroughly understood. Although knowledge of the physical processes governing the formation of excess air has been greatly enhanced during recent years, verification of the underlying conceptual ideas in natural systems is still lacking. In the work described here, both laboratory and field experiments were conducted in conjunction with numerical simulations, with the aim of obtaining a better understanding of the role of kinetic effects and flow direction in the dissolution of entrapped air. In addition, the conceptual ideas developed within the context of laboratory experiments and numerical investigations were upscaled and verified by field experiments. A sand-column experiment, in combination with numerical simulations, indicates that kinetic effects on the dissolution of entrapped air in quasi-saturated porous media are negligible for the small water flow velocities usually found in natural systems. Only for large flow velocities are kinetic effects of significant importance. The assumption of local equilibrium between the water and entrapped gas phases is not valid in such a case. However, the flow direction (horizontal, vertically downward or vertically upward) crucially affects the bubble-mediated gas transfer, because the hydrostatic pressure gradient in the direction of the flow depends on flow direction. Furthermore, laboratory experiments showed that apparently unfractionated excess air can be produced in the presence of a progressively dissolving entrapped gas phase. This finding contradicts the original conceptual idea of the formation of unfractionated excess air as being the result of complete bubble dissolution,and opens up new vistas for the interpretation of the presence of such apparently unfractionated excess air. Field experiments confirmed that excess air results from the dissolution of entrapped air during infiltration. However,the experiments also suggest a strong dependence on soil properties, such as grain-size and pore-size distributions and hydraulic conductivity. Infiltration into a fine-grained sediment produced significant amounts of excess air in the seepage water, whereas infiltration into very coarse and highly conductive gravels did not. Moreover, the depth profile of the noble gas temperature - i.e., the temperature calculated from the noble gas concentrations in the seepage water - was identicalto that of the soil temperature. This indicates that the infiltrating water was in equilibrium with the ambient soil air under atmospheric pressure, and that noble gas temperatures do indeed record the soil temperature during infiltration, an assumption which is implicitly made when noble gases are used as a proxy for paleotemperature at the time of recharge. Based on these results, explanations were found for a noble gas data set from an aquifer in Michigan in which the noble gas temperatures are consistently lower than the mean annual soil temperature. Because noble gases record the temperature at the time of recharge, the noble gas temperature can indeed be lower than the mean annual soil temperature if the unsaturated zone is shallow and recharge occurs predominantly during the cold season. Both of these seem to be the case in Michigan. Since the amount and fractionation of excess air refiect the environmental conditions prevailing during groundwater recharge, they can, in principal, be used as a proxy for paleo-recharge conditions. Excess air amounts and their fractionation in Pleistocene groundwater from a deep aquifer in Wisconsin indicate the oecurrence of changes in recharge conditions shortly before and at the beginning of the last glacial period, leading to an increase in the amount of excess air during this time period. To summarize, the results presented in this thesis yield new insights into gas exchange in quasi-saturated porous media on very different scales. Based on the findings from well-controlled, small-scale laboratory experiments and numerical investigations, the conceptual model of the formation of excess air could be transferred to field experiments which confirmed the validity of this conceptual model in natural systems. Moreover, excess air in (paleo-)groundwater proved to be a promising tracer for past hydrological conditions, thus opening up an interesting field for future work. Die Konzentrationen gelöster atmosphärischer Gase im Grundwasser übertreffen meistens die entsprechenden atmosphärischen Gleichgewichtskonzentrationen. Diese Luftüberschüsse werden in der Grundwasserhydrologie als "Excess Air" bezeichnet. Die Luftüberschüsse erschweren die quantitative Interpretation von Umwelttracerdaten hinsichtlich der Paläo-Umweltbedingungen und der Aufenthaltszeit des Grundwassers, da diese Anwendungen die zuverlässige Bestimmung der atmosphärischen Gleichgewichtskomponente an der Gesamtkonzentration der Gase voraussetzen. Ausserdem stellen die Luftüberschüsse selbst einen potenziellen Tracer für die Bedingungen während der Grundwasserneubildung dar - eine Möglichkeit,die in der Tracerhydrologie bis heute erst wenig Anwendung fand. Die Entstehung der Luftüberschüsse als Folge der Auflösung von eingeschlossenen Luftblasen in der quasigesättigten Zone ist bis heute noch nicht vollständig verstanden. Obwohl das Verständnis der physikalischen Prozesse, die die Bildung der Luftüberschüsse kontrollieren,in den letzten Jahren deutlich erweitert werden konnte, fehlt die Übertragung der Konzepte auf natürliche Systeme. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden sowohl Labor- und Feldexperimente, als auch numerische Simulationen mit dem Ziel durchgeführt, die Relevanz kinetischer Effekte und den Einfluss der Fliessrichtung auf die Auflösung eingeschlossener Gasblasen zu untersuchen. Ausserdem wurden die konzeptuellen Modelle, die im Zusammenhang mit Laborexperimenten entwickelt wurden, in Feldexperimenten überprüft und verifiziert. Ein Sandsäulenexperiment hat in Kombination mit numerischen Simulationen gezeigt, dass kinetische Effekte bei der Auflösung eingeschlossener Gasblasen in der quasigesättigten Zone bei kleinen Strömungsgeschwindigkeiten,die typisch sind für natürliche Systeme, vernachlässigbar sind. Nur für sehr hohe Strömungsgeschwindigkeiten sind kinetische Effekte von signifikanter Bedeutung und die Annahme von lokalem Lösungsgleichgewicht ist in solchen Fällen nicht zulässig. Hingegen beeinflusst die Richtung der Strömung, d.h. horizontal, vertikal abwärts oder vertikal aufwärts, die Gasblasenauflösung deutlich, weil der Gradient des hydrostatischen Druckes unterschiedlich ist für verschiedene Strömungsrichtungen. Darüberhinaus zeigten die Laborexperimente, dass scheinbar unfraktionierte Luftüberschüsse trotz Anwesenheit einer sich auflösenden Gasphase gebildet werden. Diese Beobachtung widerspricht der ursprünglichen Erklärung für die Entstehung von unfraktionierten Luftüberschüssen durch die vollständige Auflösung eingeschlossener fraktionierter Luftüberschüsse. Die Ergebnisse der durchgeführten Feldexperimente bestätigen das konzeptuelle Modell zur Entstehung der Luftüberschüsse durch die Auflösung von eingeschlossenen Luftblasen während der Infiltration. Die Experimente zeigen eine starke Abhängigkeit der Bildung der Luftüberschüsse von Bodeneigenschaften, wie der Korn und Porengrössenverteilung und der Durchlässigkeit. Während die Infiltration in einen feinkörnigen Boden zur Produktion von Luftüberschüssen im Wasser führte, wurden bei der Infiltration in grobkörnige, gut durchlässige Sedimente keine Luftüberschüsse gebildet. Das Tiefenprofil der Edelgastemperatur, d.h. der Temperatur, die aus den im Sickerwasser gemessenen Edelgaskonzentrationen berechnet wurde, stimmt sehr gut mit dem Profil der Bodentemperatur überein. Das deutet darauf hin, dass das Wasser im Lösungsgleichgewicht mit der umgebenden Bodenluft unter Atmosphärendruck war und die Edelgastemperatur tatsächlich die Bodentemperatur während der Infiltration wiedergibt - eine Annahme, die bei der Verwendung von Edelgasen als Indikator für Paläotemperaturen implizit gemacht wird. Basierend auf diesen Ergebnissen konnten neue Erklärungen für einen Edelgasdatensatz aus einem Grundwasserleiter in Michigan gefunden werden, in dem die Edelgastemperaturen durchweg niedriger sind, als die mittlere Jahresbodentemperatur. Da Edelgase die Bodentemperatur zum Zeitpunkt der Neubildung repräsentieren, kann die Edelgastemperatur tatsächlich niedriger sein als die mittlere Jahresbodentemperatur, falls die ungesättigte Zone geringmächtig ist und die Grundwasserneubildung vorwiegend während der kalten Jahreszeit stattfindet. Beide Voraussetzungen scheinen in Michigan erfüllt zu sein. Da die Bildung der Luftüberschüsse von den Umweltbedingungen während der Infiltration abhängt, können sie im Prinzip selbst als Proxy für die Bedingungen während der Grundwasserneubildung verwendet werden. Luftüberschüsse in pleistozänem Grundwasser aus einem tiefen Grundwässerleiter in Wisconsin zeigen Änderungen in der Grundwasserneubildung, die zu einem Anstieg der Luftüberschüsse kurz vor und zu Beginn der letzten Vereisungsphase führten. Die Resultate der vorliegenden Arbeit gewähren neue Einblicke in den Gasaustausch in quasigesättigten porösen Medien auf sehr unterschiedlichen Grössenskalen. Aufbauend auf den Erkenntnissen aus Laborversuchen, durchgeführt unter gut kontrollierbaren Bedingungen, und numerischen Untersuchungen liefern die Feldexperimente Informationen über die Entstehung von Luftüberschüssen in natürlichen Systemen. Weiterhin stellte sich der Luftüberschuss als viel versprechender Tracer für paläohydrologische Verhältnisse heraus und es eröffnet sich somit ein interessantes Feld für künftige Arbeiten.
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- 2007
290. Mineralogical and geochemical characterization and diagenetic evolution of siliciclastic intracontinental mesoproterozoic basins : Implications for the genesis of unconformity-related uranium deposits
- Author
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Ibrahim, Ahlam and UL, Thèses
- Subjects
Analyse géochimique ,Altération hydrothermale ,Pétrologie ,[SDU.STU] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences ,Uranium Gisements ,Diagenèse ,Bassin protérozoïque - Abstract
A mineralogical, petrographic and geochemical study of the proterozoic siliciclastic sedimentary intracontinental basins of Waterberg (Kaapvaal Craton, South Africa), Cariewerloo (Gawler Craton, South Australia), Satakunta and Muhos (Fennoscandian Shield, Finland), unconformably overlying archaean and paleoproterozoic basement, have been characterized and compared with other districts throughout the world similar in age and lithology (the basin of Athabasca in Canada, the basin of Kombolgie in Australia, and the basin of Pasha-Ladoga in Russia) which are associated with uranium ore deposits. The realized study made it possible to reconstitute the nature of the detrital phases and their evolution during diagenesis and hydrothermal events, in order to evaluate the interests that represent the sediments of these basins for the exploration of uranium by reference to strongly mineralized Athabasca and Kombolgie basins. This study shows that the clastic rocks of all of these basins are characterized by a high immaturity of sedimentary materials, a strong oxidation, as well as a diagenesis or a metamorphism of high temperature. These sediments, rich in potassic feldspar and plagioclase with frequently angular clasts, were transported over a short distance from the source area and subjected to a limited pedogenic alteration in a very active tectonic context, contrary to the sediments of the Athabasca and Kombolgie basins. However, significant fluid circulations took place as shown by the presence of an argillaceous alteration on the roof of the basement of the Cariewerloo, Satakunta and Muhos basins, as the argillaceous alteration. This alteration remains however moderate compared to that observed in the Athabasca and Kombolgie basins. These fluid circulations are related to zircon alterations, and essentially to the formation of Fe-chlorite and carbonate., Une étude pétrographique, minéralogique et géochimique des bassins sédimentaires silicoclastiques intracontinentaux protérozoïques de Waterberg (Craton de Kaapvaal, Afrique du Sud), Cariewerloo (Craton de Gawler, Sud de l'Australie), Satakunta et Muhos (Bouclier Fennoscandien, Finlande), reposant en discordance sur un socle paléoprotérozoïque à archéen, a été réalisée. Une comparaison avec d'autres districts du monde d'âge et de lithologie semblables (le bassin d'Athabasca au Canada, le bassin de Kombolgie en Australie et le bassin de Pasha- Ladoga en Russie) auxquels sont associés les gisements d'uranium de type discordance les plus importants. Les études réalisées ont permis de reconstituer la nature des phases détritiques et leur évolution au cours de la diagenèse et des événements hydrothermaux, afin d'évaluer l'intérêt que représentent les sédiments de ces bassins pour l?exploration d'uranium par comparaison avec les bassins fortement minéralisés de l?Athabasca et de Kombolgie. Cette étude montre que les sédiments clastiques de tous ces bassins sont caractérisés par une forte immaturité des matériaux sédimentaires, une forte oxydation, ainsi qu'une diagenèse ou un métamorphisme de haute température. Ces sédiments riches en feldspath potassique et plagioclase avec fréquemment des clastes anguleux résultent d'un transport court depuis une zone source peu soumise à l'altération pédogénétique dans un contexte tectonique très actif, contrairement aux sédiments de l'Athabasca et de Kombolgie. Toutefois, des circulations importantes de fluides ont été mises en évidence au toit des socles des bassins de Cariewerloo et à un degré moins important à Satakunta et à Muhos, comme l'indique l'altération argileuse de ces roches. Cette altération étant toutefois modérée par rapport à celle observée dans les bassins de l'Athabaska et de Kombolgie. Ces circulations de fluides ont conduit à l?altération de zircon, ainsi qu'à la formation de chlorites ferrifères et de carbonates.
- Published
- 2007
291. Deep inside a neoproterozoic intra-oceanic arc: Growth, differentiation and exhumation of the Amalaoulaou complex (Gourma, Mali)
- Author
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Berger, Julien, Demaiffe, Daniel, Caby, Renaud, Liégeois, Jean-Paul, Mercier, Jean-Claude, Berger, Julien, Demaiffe, Daniel, Caby, Renaud, Liégeois, Jean-Paul, and Mercier, Jean-Claude
- Abstract
We show here that the Amalaoulaou complex, in the Pan-African belt of West Africa (Gourma, Mali), corresponds to the lower and middle sections of a Neoproterozoic intra-oceanic arc. This complex records a 90-130-Ma-long evolution of magmatic inputs and differentiation above a subducting oceanic slab. Early c. 793 Ma-old metagabbros crystallised at lower crustal or uppermost mantle depths (25-30 km) and have geochemical characteristic of high-alumina basalts extracted from a depleted mantle source slightly enriched by slab-derived sedimentary components ((La/Sm)N < 1; εNd: +5.4-6.2; 87Sr/86Sr: 0.7027-0.7029). In response to crustal thickening, these mafic rocks were recrystallised into garnet-granulites (850-1,000°C; 10-12 kbar) and subject to local dehydration-melting reactions, forming trondhjemititic leucosomes with garnet-clinopyroxene-rutile residues. Slightly after the granulitic event, the arc root was subject to strong HT shearing during partial exhumation (detachment faults/rifting or thrusting), coeval with the emplacement of spinel- and garnet-pyroxenite dykes crystallised from a high-Mg andesitic parental magma. Quartz and hornblende-gabbros (700-660 Ma) with composition typical of hydrous volcanic rocks from mature arcs ((La/Sm)N: 0.9-1.8; εNd: +4.6 to +5.2; 87Sr/86Sr: 0.7028-0.7031) were subsequently emplaced at mid-arc crust levels (~15 km). Trace element and isotopic data indicate that magmas tapped a depleted mantle source significantly more enriched in oceanic sedimentary components (0.2%). Exhumation occurred either in two stages (700-660 and 623 Ma) or in one stage (623 Ma) with a final exhumation of the arc root along cold P-T path (550°C, 6-9 kbar; epidote-amphibolite and greenschist facies conditions) during the main Pan-African collision event (620-580 Ma). The composition of magmas forming the Cryogenian Amalaoulaou arc and the processes leading to intra-arc differentiation are strikingly comparable to those observed in the deep section of ex, SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published
- Published
- 2011
292. Paleoproterozoic high δ13C dolomites from the Lastoursville and Franceville basins (SE Gabon): Stratigraphic and synsedimentary subsidence implications
- Author
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Préat, Alain, Delpomdor, Franck, Bouton, Pascal, Thiéblemont, Denis, Prian, Jean-Pierre, Ndounze, Serge Simo, Préat, Alain, Delpomdor, Franck, Bouton, Pascal, Thiéblemont, Denis, Prian, Jean-Pierre, and Ndounze, Serge Simo
- Abstract
New data for the isotopic composition of carbon in shallow-marine sedimentary carbonates in southeastern Gabon (Franceville and Lastoursville sub-basins) indicate that the seawater value of δ13C in these sediments underwent a large positive excursion around 2.1Ga. These carbonate rocks belong to the FC Formation of the Francevillian Group deposited along the margin of the Archean Chaillu Craton in open-marine shelf and evaporite settings and experienced, locally, lower greenschist facies metamorphism. Four microfacies (MF1-MF4) are recognized from subtidal cyanobacterial dolobindstones to inter- and supratidal collapse breccias (MF4). The dolomites exhibit elevated 13C values, most values are above 0.50‰, the highest value is 9.74‰ and the average value is near 4‰ vs. VPDB, consistent with deposition during the large worldwide positive excursion between 2.22 and 2.06Ga. These positive δ13C values are independent of the microfacies type. Such high 13C values are also recorded in reworked carbonates (dolomites) embedded in coarse-grained sandstones and conglomerates interstratified in the black shales of the underlying FB Formation suggesting that the dolomites were at least stratigraphically equivalent to the black shale deposits. Interaction between early structural development and sediment fill lead to the formation of several sub-basins with distinct differences in terms of amount and timing of subsidence. The 13C-enriched dolomites are probably linked to high burial rate of organic carbon starting with the deposition of the FB sediments in this extensional geotectonic context. As a consequence the cherty and dolomitic FC Formation cannot longer be considered as a marker interval. The end of the positive excursion is located near the top of the Francevillian Series (i.e. FE) and could be used in future studies as a potential chemostratigraphic tool in the Paleoproterozoic. © 2011 Elsevier B.V., SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published
- Published
- 2011
293. Understanding and Modelling Rapid Dynamic Changes of Tidewater Outlet Glaciers: Issues and Implications
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Vieli, Andreas, Nick, Faezeh, Vieli, Andreas, and Nick, Faezeh
- Abstract
Recent dramatic acceleration, thinning and retreat of tidewater outlet glaciers in Greenland raises concern regarding their contribution to future sea-level rise. These dynamic changes seem to be parallel to oceanic and climatic warming but the linking mechanisms and forcings are poorly understood and, furthermore, large-scale ice sheet models are currently unable to realistically simulate such changes which provides a major limitation in our ability to predict dynamic mass losses. In this paper we apply a specifically designed numerical flowband model to Jakobshavn Isbrae (JIB), a major marine outlet glacier of the Greenland ice sheet, and we explore and discuss the basic concepts and emerging issues in our understanding and modelling ability of the dynamics of tidewater outlet glaciers. The modelling demonstrates that enhanced ocean melt is able to trigger the observed dynamic changes of JIB but it heavily relies on the feedback between calving and terminus retreat and therefore the loss of buttressing. Through the same feedback, other forcings such as reduced winter sea-ice duration can produce similar rapid retreat. This highlights the need for a robust representation of the calving process and for improvements in the understanding and implementation of forcings at the marine boundary in predictive ice sheet models. Furthermore, the modelling uncovers high sensitivity and rapid adjustment of marine outlet glaciers to perturbations at their marine boundary implying that care should be taken in interpreting or extrapolating such rapid dynamic changes as recently observed in Greenland. © 2011 Springer Science+Business Media B.V., SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published
- Published
- 2011
294. Generation of axisymmetric modes in cylindrical kinematic mean-field dynamos of VKS type
- Author
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Giesecke, André, Stefani, Frank, Gerbeth, Gunter, Nore, Caroline, Laguerre, Raphaël, Ribeiro, Adolfo, Guermond, Jean Luc, Plunian, Franck, Léorat, Jacques, Giesecke, André, Stefani, Frank, Gerbeth, Gunter, Nore, Caroline, Laguerre, Raphaël, Ribeiro, Adolfo, Guermond, Jean Luc, Plunian, Franck, and Léorat, Jacques
- Abstract
In an attempt to understand why the dominating magnetic field observed in the von-Kármán-sodium (VKS) dynamo experiment is axisymmetric, we investigate in the present article the ability of mean field models to generate axisymmetric eigenmodes in cylindrical geometries. An α-effect is added to the induction equation and we identify reasonable and necessary properties of the α distribution so that axisymmetric eigenmodes are generated. The parametric study is done with two different simulation codes. We find that simple distributions of α-effect, either concentrated in the disk neighborhood or occupying the bulk of the flow, require unrealistically large values of the parameter α to explain the VKS observations. © 2010 Taylor & Francis., SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published
- Published
- 2010
295. Variations of δ30Si and Ge/Si with weathering and biogenic input in tropical basaltic ash soils under monoculture
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Opfergelt, Sophie, Cardinal, Damien, André, Luc, Delvigne, Camille, Bremond, Laurent, Delvaux, Bruno, Opfergelt, Sophie, Cardinal, Damien, André, Luc, Delvigne, Camille, Bremond, Laurent, and Delvaux, Bruno
- Abstract
In soils, silicon released by mineral weathering can be retrieved from soil solution through clay formation, Si adsorption onto secondary oxides and plant uptake, thereby impacting the Si-isotopic signature and Ge/Si ratio of dissolved Si (DSi) exported to rivers. Here we use these proxies to study the contribution of biogenic Si (BSi) in a soil-plant system involving basaltic ash soils differing in weathering degree under intensive banana cropping. δ30Si and Ge/Si ratios were determined in bulk soils (<2 mm), sand (50-2000 μm), silt (2-50 μm), amorphous Si (ASi, 2-50 μm) and clay (<2 μm) fractions: δ30Si by MC-ICP-MS Nu Plasma in medium resolution, operating in dry plasma with Mg doping (δ30Si vs. NBS28 ± 0.12‰ ± 2σSD), Ge/Si computed after determination of Ge and Si concentrations by HR-ICP-MS and ICP-AES, respectively. Components of the ASi fraction were quantified by microscopic counting (phytoliths, diatoms, ashes). Compared to fresh ash (δ30Si = -0.38‰; Ge/Si = 2.21 μmol mol-1), soil clay fractions (<2 μm) were enriched in light Si isotopes and Ge: with increasing weathering degree, δ30Si decreased from -1.19 to -2.37‰ and Ge/Si increased from 4.10 to 5.25 μmol mol-1. Sand and silt fractions displayed δ30Si values close to fresh ash (-0.33‰) or higher due to saharian dust quartz deposition, whose contribution was evaluated by isotopic mass balance calculation. Si-isotopic signatures of bulk soils (<2 mm) were strongly governed by the relative proportions of primary and secondary minerals: the bulk soil Si-isotopic budget could be closed indicating that all the phases involved were identified. Microscopic counting highlighted a surface accumulation of banana phytoliths and a stable phytolith pool from previous forested vegetation. δ30Si and Ge/Si values of clay fractions in poorly developed volcanic soils, isotopically heavier and Ge-depleted in surface horizons, support the occurrence of a DSi source from banana phytolith dissolution, available for Si sequestr, SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published
- Published
- 2010
296. A Fe-Rich Phase Enriched in REE and HFSE: New Clues on Chondrites History?
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Martin, C, Debaille, Vinciane, Claeys, Ph, Martin, C, Debaille, Vinciane, and Claeys, Ph
- Abstract
info:eu-repo/semantics/published
- Published
- 2010
297. Deformation von Fassadenplatten aus Marmor
- Author
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Andreas Koch
- Subjects
VKB 210 ,Bowing ,VKA 170 ,medicine.medical_treatment ,Weathering ,VBP 200 ,VAE 130 ,Petrologie ,Gebäudeunterhaltung ,Geomechanik ,physikalische Verwitterung ,Flexural strength ,38.25 ,38.58 ,56.47 ,Slab ,medicine ,Cleavage (geology) ,Veneer ,Grain boundary ,Geotechnical engineering ,ZTI 000 ,RVC 810 ,Anisotropy ,VAH 000 ,Geology - Abstract
For about four decades marble has been used as thin veneer cladding. The durability of such thin slabs (mostly 30-40 mm) is satisfactory at most constructions. However, on numerous buildings all over the world, the long-term deformation (expansion, bowing) of some claddings is associated with structural weakening and strength loss which led to an inevitable restoration of the affected facades and to an image problem of marble used as a structural building stone. Up to now, the existing knowledge about the causes for this special kind of marble weathering is mostly restricted to research on Carrara marble and to the effect of individual parameters. This thesis presents the first study of the combined influence of extrinsic (environmental) and intrinsic (material specific) parameters on marble bowing. The respective impact of these factors on the weathering process is elucidated by damage mapping of four different marble facades. The work focuses on the influence of the microfabric on the damage dynamics of veneer marble and particularly considers moisture as an essential climatic parameter. In order to characterize and understand the weathering process, an array of different marble samples had to be studied with regard to their petrographic, rock physical and microstructural properties. Besides both fresh and artificially weathered marble samples this survey also included demounted facade panels from the investigated buildings with varying degrees of pre-deterioration. All in all 13 different marbles with extremely different fabric properties from Portugal, Switzerland, Sweden and Italy were examined.Generally the weathering process is promoted by thermal-hygric microcrack propagation. In case of temperature variations, as occuring during day-night cycles, the anisotropic strain properties of the main components calcite and/or dolomite generate stress within the interconnection of grains. This finally leads to microcracking along fabric discontinuities such as grain boundaries, cleavage planes or pre-existing cracks. Irreversible residual strain serves as an indicator of the accumulated extension of microcracks. When a sample is exposed to repeating temperature cycles this parameter reaches a constant value under dry conditions, whereas moisture leads to a further increase of residual strain. The difference between frontside and backside residual strain finally causes bowing of a marble slab, so that a correlation of residual strain and bowing can be found. The anisotropy of both residual strain and bowing is affected by the preferred orientation of microcracks and the width anisotropy of such microcracks which again are finally controlled by the texture (lattice preferred orientation) and the grain shape preferred orientation. In a similar way, the preferred orientation of microcracks contributes to the anisotropy of weathering sensitive parameters, i.e. flexural strength and compressional wave velocity (Vp). Depending on the cutting direction, bowing as well as flexural strength can vary up to a factor of three. When assessing the structural integrity of already weathered marbles it has to be considered that Vp can vary up to 30% for different directions.Indicating the degree of deterioration, slab bowing is associated with the frequency of macro-cracks, a change of porosity parameters and a decrease of mechanical and elastic parameters. Aside from the microfabric certain extrinsic factors concerning the exposure of the facade (e.g. height above ground, orientation) and building-specific characteristics are closely connected with the marble bowing, since they are shown to directly influence the intraslab moisture gradient.Exemplary long-term field data from the facade of the University Library building in Goettingen as well as weathering simulations of the concerned veneer marble under laboratory conditions reveal an unbroken progress of slab bowing there. The detailed knowledge of long-term bowing dynamics and its correlation with strength loss of veneer panels can provide the basis for risk assessment and prediction of the service life of damaged marble facades.
- Published
- 2006
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
298. Global-scale quantification of mineralization pathways in marine sediments: A reaction-transport modeling approach
- Author
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Thullner, Martin, Dale, Andrew W., Regnier, Pierre, Thullner, Martin, Dale, Andrew W., and Regnier, Pierre
- Abstract
The global-scale quantification of organic carbon (Corg) degradation pathways in marine sediments is difficult to achieve experimentally due to the limited availability of field data. In the present study, a numerical modeling approach is used as an alternative to quantify the major metabolic pathways of Corg oxidation (Cox) and associated fluxes of redox-sensitive species fluxes along a global ocean hypsometry, using the seafloor depth (SFD) as the master variable. The SFD dependency of the model parameters and forcing functions is extracted from existing empirical relationships or from the NOAAWorld Ocean Atlas. Results are in general agreement with estimates from the literature showing that the relative contribution of aerobic respiration to Cox increases from <10% at shallow SFD to >80% in deep-sea sediments. Sulfate reduction essentially follows an inversed SFD dependency, the other metabolic pathways (denitrification, Mn and Fe reduction) only adding minor contributions to the global-scale mineralization of Corg. The hypsometric analysis allows the establishment of relationships between the individual terminal electron acceptor (TEA) fluxes across the sediment-water interface and their respective contributions to the Corg decomposition process. On a global average, simulation results indicate that sulfate reduction is the dominant metabolic pathway and accounts for approximately 76% of the total Cox, which is higher than reported so far by other authors. The results also demonstrate the importance of bioirrigation for the assessment of global species fluxes. Especially at shallow SFD most of the TEAs enter the sediments via bioirrigation, which complicates the use of concentration profiles for the determination of total TEA fluxes by molecular diffusion. Furthermore, bioirrigation accounts for major losses of reduced species from the sediment to the water column prohibiting their reoxidation inside the sediment. As a result, the total carbon mineralization rat, SCOPUS: ar.j, FLWIN, info:eu-repo/semantics/published
- Published
- 2009
299. Étude pétrologique et géochimique des roches basiques des boutonnières d'Agadir Melloul et d'Iguerda-Taifast (Anti-Atlas occidental, Maroc)
- Author
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El Aouli, E.H., Gasquet, Dominique, Ikenne, M., Beraaouz, E.H., Mortaji, A., Environnements, Dynamiques et Territoires de la Montagne (EDYTEM), and Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
- Subjects
Maroc ,Agadir Melloul ,Iguerda ,Taifast ,pétrologie ,géochimie ,[SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes ,Anti-Atlas occidental ,roches basiques ,[SDU.STU.AG]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Applied geology - Published
- 2005
300. Le magmatisme acide Néo-Protérozoique-Cambrien en Calabre : étude pétrochimique et géochronologique des gneiss oeillés
- Author
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Micheletti, Francesca, Centre de Recherches Pétrographiques et Géochimiques (CRPG), Université de Lorraine (UL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Henri Poincaré - Nancy 1, Pierre Barbey, and UL, Thèses
- Subjects
[SDU.STU] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences ,Pétrologie ,Métamorphisme (géologie) Calabre ,Gneiss ,[SDU.STU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences ,Orogenèse ,Magmatisme Calabre-Protérozoïque - Abstract
This work consists of geochronological and petrological studies of the augen gneisses outcropping in Calabria (southern Italy). The aim was :1) to characterize the augen gneisses (field and petrographic study) and the magmatism of their protoliths (geochemistry); 2) to fixe the emplacement age of protoliths (U-Pb geochronology on zircon); 3) to obtain information about the source materials (Rb-Sr and Sm-Nd determinations). The overall data point to a similarity between the augen gneisses and the high-K calc-alkaline magmatic products of central Europe and northern-western Africa. The Neo-Proterozoic-Cambrian acidic magmatism in Calabria is related to syn and post-collisional phases of Pan-african orogeny. These results reinforce the idea that the Calabro-Peloritan terrane was a part of the Alboran microplate, localized at northern margin of Gondwana between Proterozoic and Cambrian ages (peri-Gondwana terranes)., L'objet de ce travail était l'étude pluridisciplinaire des gneiss oeillés de Calabre (Italie méridionale). Les objectifs étaient de : (i) caractériser les gneiss oeillés (terrain et pétrographie), (ii) définir les caractères du magmatisme de leurs protolites (géochimie), (iii) déterminer l'âge de mise en place des protolites (géochronologie U-Pb sur zircon) et (iv) obtenir des informations sur la source des gneiss (géochimie isotopique). De fortes analogies sont mises en évidence entre les protolites des gneiss oeillés et les produits calco-alcalins potassiques d'Europe centrale et d'Afrique nord-occidentale. Le magmatisme acide Néoprotérozoïque-Cambrien de la Calabre est rapporté aux phases syn- et post-collisionelles de l'orogenèse panafricaine. Ces résultats renforcent l'idée que le terrane Calabro Péloritain constituait une partie de la microplaque Alboran, terraine exotique qui appartenait à la bordure septentrionale du supercontinent Gondwana, à la limite Protérozoïque-Cambrien (peri-Gondwana terranes).
- Published
- 2005
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