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This article presents six new letters and documents recently found in the State Archive of Modena concerning the relationship between the wealthy conversa Doña Gracia Nasi and Ercole II d'Este, Duke of Ferrara. This discovery, which includes four letters signed by Doña Gracia herself, reveals the extent of the relationship between the Este family and the Nasi family, beginning with Doña Gracia's time in Ferrara and continuing after her move to Constantinople. The letters and documents concern the Portuguese New Christian population of Ferrara, the needs of Ercole II, and, finally, Doña Gracia's own family business. This article gives new insights into the financial support that Doña Gracia gave to the Duke of Ferrara over a number of years, as well as a possible direct business agreement between them, revealing the extent of the Nasi's commercial power. Furthermore, in addition to the Nasi's economic power, the letters also demonstrate their diplomatic influence on the foreign diplomats in Constantinople on behalf of the Este. The letters and documents are significant in that they show how a strong relationship was established and maintained between the two families throughout the life of Duke Ercole II as "father of justice and kindness," while adding to our existing documentary knowledge of Doña Gracia Nasi, one of the wealthiest women of Renaissance Europe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ha-Dover (The speaker") (1863–1871) was Iraq's first newspaper. Because the editor-printer Barukh Moshe Mizrahi was Jewish and since the text of the newspaper uses the Hebrew script, scholarship has analyzed it only within frameworks of European Jewish modernity. However, nineteenth-century Baghdad was a part of the Ottoman Empire's eastern frontier. Examining Ha-Dover as an Ottoman frontier press artifact through content, materiality, and temporality points to other frames of reference as understood by Mizrahi. In addition to being a bilingual Jewish newspaper, Ha-Dover generated Ottoman civic participation through the consumption of cultural content, its lithographic form tied it closer to print products from the Persianate world, and its adoption of the nineteenth-century Ottoman Rumi calendar signified an embrace of Ottoman imperial modernity. As Ha-Dover differs from many of the other Jewish newspapers of the nineteenth century, analyzing it within a wider regional context underscores the significance of multiple models of modernities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay offers a framework for understanding the change that occurred in the contacts between Jews and Christians between the latter decades of the Ottoman Empire and the early decades of the Turkish nation-state. Through analysis of a legal translation from Ottoman Turkish into Ladino from the early 1880s and a journal article in Ladino on a shared Jewish-Greek sports activity in the late 1940s, it shows how Jewish elites perceived Greeks and Armenians as role models because of their strong integration in Ottoman state and society and, later,the power of the local Christians became closer to that of the Jews, expanding. the possibilities for cooperation between the two minorities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study deals with the problems related to the foundations of Urfa in the Atik Şikayet Defiers between 1649 and 1837. Foundations are a religious, social, cultural and legal institution that left a deep impact on Islamic states for centuries. This institution showed a great development especially in the Ottoman Empire. The foundations, which responded to almost all the needs of the society, started to deteriorate and degenerate over time depending on the situation of the state. This led to the emergence of various difficulties and problems in foundations. The main problems in the foundations in Urfa stemmed from management, income, social services and servants. In the complaints submitted to the Divan-ı Hümayun by the inhabitants of the city, it is understood from the words interference, offense, taaddi and gadr that the foundations lost their former function. These rhetorical discourses in the complaints point to the injustice of those who tried to seize the trusteeship, income and services. Those who extorted income and services from the foundations claimed military and fiscal certificates. Against these certificates, which were considered a means of legitimizing the complainant and the complainant, the Divan tried to eliminate injustice by resorting to the ledgers. Therefore, this study focuses on the problems in the complaints submitted to the judicial oversight mechanism regarding the foundations of Urfa. In this direction, it is aimed to contribute to the existing literature in the field by utilizing the Atik Şikayet Defiers, Evkaf Defiers, Urfa Shar'iyye Registers and individual documents in the Ottoman Archive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the introduction to this special issue, we address the concepts of ordinariness and Ottomanness, and how they intersect within the general context of the disintegration of the Ottoman Empire.1 Given the already existing scholarship on ordinary groups or individuals in the history of the Middle East, we first position ordinariness as context-specific; that is, we understand it as subjected to various forms of exclusion from the elite. Second, within the framework of the major political changes that characterise the end of Empire we explore ordinariness and how it is embedded in everyday life and practices. We interrogate the capacities of individuals to maintain regularity through ordinary practices, after or despite a disruptive episode. We argue that persisting with everyday life practices despite crisis can serve as a strategy to reclaim spaces of autonomy from power structures. However, we also demonstrate that ordinary individuals, being vulnerable subjects or citizens, are also subject to change. These questions eventually lead us to rethink the debate on 'continuities and ruptures' within the post-Ottoman context. We suggest that framing Ottomanness as a time-marker, rather than as an identity-marker (Ottoman-era), allows us to focus on how groups and individuals coped with these changes, rather than attempting to define them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As cousins, we discovered a treasure trove of family papers, revealing the intricate relationship between precarity and privilege of our family from Salonica navigating the post-Ottoman transition. Recognising the potential of family history to provide a more intimate and complex historiography, this article offers our initial study of these family papers. By highlighting the challenges posed by the scarcity of such documents in Middle Eastern studies, emphasising women's roles in preserving family memory and focussing on the interplay between personal and political domains, we identify the preparation of a family tree as a gendered and socioeconomic project of preserving the past and shaping the present. By tracing our family's origins, including unsettling discoveries, we address matters of identity and memory before embarking on our analysis. By reconstructing the biographies of two generations, we characterise the family's socioeconomic struggle to sustain their precarious privilege amid shifting frontiers and along their journey from Ottoman Salonica to Kemalist Turkey. Ultimately, this article underscores the significance of family history as a transnational, intergenerational, intersectional and social history that enriches our understanding of the post-Ottoman transition through the lives of ordinary (and some extraordinary) Ottomans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the struggles over Ottoman sovereignty in Yemen from the October 1918 armistice to the proclamation of the Republic of Turkey in October 1923. The governor-general (vali), Mahmud Nedim, and Imam Yahya, the principal local ally of the Ottomans, succeeded in upholding Ottoman sovereignty over most of highland Yemen against the Armistice terms, the Treaty of Sèvres, and their local and British rivals, while receiving the political backing of the Ottoman resistance movement in Anatolia under Mustafa Kemal. Efforts of the vali, the imam, and the British to prevent ordinary Ottomans from leaving and entering Yemen were at the centre of these struggles. This changed in 1923 when Mustafa Kemal and Yahya turned to state-building projects emphasising post-Ottoman forms of sovereignty. I thus highlight several aspects of ordinariness. First, the continuation of daily governmental routines in Yemen was a key element of Ottoman efforts to resist British attempts to impose a post-Ottoman political order. Further, Yemeni Ottomans and Ottoman officials were reduced to different degrees of ordinariness because the disintegration of the Ottoman state after the war often eliminated their sources of income. Finally, struggles against the consequences of the Armistice are often reduced to a 'Turkish War of Independence' and the actions of policy makers in administrative centres, like Istanbul and Ankara. Studying the end of the Ottoman Empire from the vantage points of Yemen's 'spatial ordinariness' as an imperial borderland and of ordinary Ottomans disrupts this 'methodological nationalism' and allows for a more nuanced understanding of the post-Armistice years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the Middle East, as elsewhere, the protracted transition from empire to nation-state was accompanied by a brutal tide of ethnoreligious homogenisation. One of the more dramatic examples was the destruction of the Arab world's millennia-old Jewish communities. While this destruction is often discussed only in reference to the creation of the State of Israel, this article proposes a complementary model for understanding it, a model predicated on these Jews' status as ordinary, not exceptional, inhabitants of the Ottoman world, and the disruption caused by the end of the Ottoman empire and its replacement with European colonial rule. Using interwar Aleppo as a case study, this article demonstrates how the end of the Ottoman system of religious communities led to an extended period of dysfunction for Aleppo's Jewish communal institutions. Under the French Mandate, this dysfunction left Aleppo's Jews unable to contend with a succession of crises, including a three-way competition for the community's loyalty between French administrators, Arab nationalists and the Zionist movement. This dysfunction set the stage for the community's terminal crisis – the 1947 pogroms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the creation of state membership, or legal belonging, for European merchant groups residing in the Ottoman Empire during the seventeenth century. It focuses on the Venetian community of Istanbul and a jurisdictional conflict during 1613–1617 between Ottoman and European authorities over the legal belonging of European merchants. Given the absence of an empire-wide and uniform regime of citizenship and identification in the early modern Ottoman Empire, the classification as either "Venetian" or "Ottoman" was not self-evident but rather frequently a matter of controversy and diplomatic negotiations. This essay argues that an international body of rules and practices concerning state membership developed through interactions between Ottoman and European actors during recurring jurisdictional conflicts in the early modern period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At the turn of the twentieth century, Greek jurists insisted that the Ottoman Empire was legally pluralistic. While one jurist acknowledged the Sultan's 'political purpose' in respecting the Greeks' privileges, another denied Muslims any agency free from Sharia. The alleged incommensurability between the Christian and Islamic law was their common agenda. Greek historians, on the other hand, saw the privileges as the Turks' sign of goodwill, and emphasized the civilizational gap between the Catholic West and Ottoman East. Being a normative expression rather than a neutral description, legal pluralism functioned as a method of neglecting the Muslim quest for legal unity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Babylon Center for Humanities Studies is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Babylon Center for Humanities Studies is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Babylon Center for Humanities Studies is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of SPORMETRE: The Journal of Physical Education & Sport Sciences / Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi is the property of SPORMETRE: The Journal of Physical Education & Sport Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The editorial in the Journal of Management History reflects on the importance of history in understanding current management practices and research. The articles cover various topics, including the interaction between humans and machines, the Homestead Massacre, the history of the electric car, women's entrepreneurship, the role of networks in promoting entrepreneurship, the principal-agent problem in pre-1949 China, and the emergence of the European cooperative banking system in Quebec. The papers highlight the significance of incentives, international business, open innovation, stakeholder perspectives, and the relationship between government and entrepreneurship. The editorial emphasizes the ongoing relevance of history to the field of management. [Extracted from the article]

Copyright of Ataturk Arastirma Merkezi Dergisi is the property of Ataturk Arastirma Merkezi Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Ataturk Arastirma Merkezi Dergisi is the property of Ataturk Arastirma Merkezi Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Designated as architect by Osman Hamdi, Alexander Vallaury designed the classical building of First Imperial Museum of Ottoman Empire (Müze-i Hümayun - İstanbul Archaeological Museums — IAM), erected between 1891 and 1907 in three phases. The IAM building sprouted inside the land walls of Topkapı Palace, which was built in the acropolis of the ancient Greek city Byzantion, just across from the ruins of the Great Palace of Byzantine Empire. This building is in a core area, symbolizing the imperial power of Roman, Byzantine, and Ottoman eras. Unlike previous studies, which examined mostly the building's architectural history, this study focuses on the time before its construction. It investigates the understructure remains by utilizing the original drawings and correspondences in the Museum Archive, which were made during the construction of second and third phases of the building in 1899–1907 at the end of the Ottoman Period. Through this investigation, it reveals the reciprocal relationship between the superstructure of IAM and the Byzantine substructure for the first time in the literature. All these sources were used to create a holistic site restitution of the museum buildings, covering old and newfound remains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Art History / Sanat Tarihi Dergisi is the property of Ege University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Art History / Sanat Tarihi Dergisi is the property of Ege University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Art History / Sanat Tarihi Dergisi is the property of Ege University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Art History / Sanat Tarihi Dergisi is the property of Ege University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Art History / Sanat Tarihi Dergisi is the property of Ege University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Art History / Sanat Tarihi Dergisi is the property of Ege University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Humanities Journal of University of Zakho (HJUOZ) is the property of Humanities Journal of University of Zakho and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Copyright of Kadim is the property of Kadim and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Kadim is the property of Kadim and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Kadim is the property of Kadim and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Copyright of Strategic Universe Journal / Univers Strategic is the property of Dimitrie Cantemir Christian University, Institute for Security Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Etkileşim: Academic Journal of Uskudar University Faculty of Communication is the property of Etkilesim and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article bridges the gap between postcolonial studies and Ottoman literatures by revisiting the Ottoman Turkish novel as an archive that indexes the silencing of domestically enslaved women. Centering its discussion on Ahmet Mithat Efendi's novel, Felâtun Bey ile Râkım Efendi , I argue that Ottoman Turkish novels from the late nineteenth century register and contribute to a historical-political unvoicing of women who are detained in the slave economy of the empire. Enslaved women in numerous fictional works from the period are censored in that they are compelled to rehearse a language that shies away from confronting the institutionality of slavery and slave trade. I propose that this representational muting parallels, and thereby calls into question the ongoing marginalization of the Ottoman context of enslavement in postcolonial literary-historical interrogations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article explores the overlooked identity of Halide Edib Adıvar as a (self-)translator, shedding light on her translation activities alongside her roles as a writer and activist. Halide Edib's multilayered identity, shaped by her upbringing in a multilingual environment, influenced her translation work. She engaged in various forms of translation, including translating Shakespeare's works and her own writings between English and Turkish. Her views on translation, expressed in articles and speeches, emphasized the importance of preserving both form and meaning in translations. Halide Edib's self-translations, while significant, sometimes omitted or altered parts of the original texts, reflecting her evolving perspectives and the changing cultural context. [Extracted from the article]

The paper analyses the possibilities of reinterpreting the novel The White Castle by situating it within the historical context. The setting of the novel antedates a period in the history of Turkey which is obfuscated from its secular and modern present. It is not random that the fictional historian Darvinoglu, at a period of political instability in Turkey, chooses a dumped manuscript from the governor's office in Gebze and publishes it. Ottoman history presents a spectrum of combats; from territorial warfares to political and religious conflicts and infightings. Darvinoglu is searching for a certitude and a fictional relief from the Republican unassuredness, by clinging to the monolithic empire in the past. The study explores the layers of interactions and hierarchies in the novel and explains how the sultanate nullifies these differences and preserves its integration for centuries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractHüseyin Cahit Yalçın (1875 − 1957) was a prominent and prolific writer who, in 1908, was also the first journalist elected to the Ottoman Chamber of Deputies. He was a member of the Committee of Union and Progress (CUP) which was in the forefront of Ottoman politics for a period of over 10 years before and during the First World War, and was among the politicians exiled by the British to Malta in 1919 for a couple of years. As a journalist, he witnessed, participated in and wrote about the history and politics of Turkey in several newspapers (including the paper, Tanin, which he part owned and managed) from the time when it was a Sultanate till well after Turkey became a Republic in 1923. He also achieved success with his novels, essays and translations from several European languages. He has been called a perennial dissident because over his long journalistic (and political) career he was not afraid of argument and debate, and rarely changed his stance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dowry consists of all kinds of household items, clothing, and similar belongings prepared for the bride. Classical jurisprudence handbooks contain important information about dowry. However, we have not come across any studies on "dowry in Ottoman law", which is also included in Ottoman codes and court records. In the Ottoman Classical period codes, similar versions of the same articles generally appear regarding dowry. In the Tanzimat period Ottoman codes, articles related to dowry generally aim to set an upper limit on dowry to prevent extravagance and to prevent obstacles to marriages. In addition to these, the fact that there is an article on dowry in the "Family Law Decree" shows that the related topic was regulated in Ottoman codifications. It can be stated that the customary practice of dowry was widespread in regions where Islamic law is effective, and of course, in the Ottoman Empire. While this custom is important in terms of helping the household of the people who will marry, it can also become a custom that hinders marriage. In the Ottoman practice, if the dowry posed a risk to the prospective spouses or became an obstacle to marriage, limitations were imposed on the scope and amount of the dowry through legal codes. In this way, dowry, which was originally a beneficial custom for the people to be married, was prevented from harming them. There are numerous disputes and records related to dowry in the Ottoman court records, Istanbul, Konya and Diyarbakır judge' (kadı) registers (sijil) on dowry were examined and evaluated. The relevant court records contain information regarding which goods were given as dowry, whose property the dowry, belong to disputes between the father and daughter and mother over dowry, and the procedural rules for these disputes, as well as issues like exoneration and reconciliation in dowry. The judge' registers also contain important information regarding the legal status of customs such as title payment and weights, which are distinct from dowry. The fact that the practice of dowry, which is a Muslim practice, was sometimes brought to court among non-Muslims due to disputes shows that this custom is also used by people of different religions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The term tafsir, which means interpretation, explanation and expansion of the meaning, is the work written to explain the verses of the Quran or the branch of religious science that explains the meaning of the Quran. The Quran has a very rich content in terms of both subject and meaning. That's why it doesn't seem possible for people who don't have good knowledge to understand the orders and prohibitions in it. For this reason, tafsir has been seriously needed since the early days of Islam. During the Ottoman period, tafsir books were written in Persian as well as in Turkish and Arabic. One of the Persian tafsir books was written by Ibrahim b. Dervis-i Bukhari, about whose life there is no information. This work of Ibrahim-i Bukhari consists of the commentary of the Surah Qadr. This work, which is a literary commentary, was dedicated to Semiz Ali Pasha, one of the Ottoman Grand Viziers. Before writing his work, the author read the interpretation books written about the Surah Qadr and tried to rewrite the Surah in question in line with the wishes of his friends and colleagues. In the work, verses, hadiths and poems were used. In this study, the work called Tafsir of the Surah al-Qadr, written in Persian by Ibrahim-i Bukhari, which is in the Hagia Sophia collection of the Suleymaniye Library (nr. 00411), will be discussed in detail for the first time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the most emphasized topics in medieval historiography, especially in popular historiography, is Genghis Khan and the Great Mongol Empire he founded. The main reason for this is the impact it left over a long period of time and over a wide geography. In terms of its results, this effect is much more evident in the Turkish-Islamic world than in other societies. This effect, which was defined as destruction and disaster in the first products of Islamic influence, was generally evaluated from the same perspective in the Anatolian phase of Turkish history. The "dynasty-centrist" historiography tradition of the Seljuk and Ottoman palace historians also has a share in this. The 19th century, when the Ottoman Empire began to rapidly disintegrate, was a period when the understanding of historiography began to change. In particular, while the "Turkism" movement shaped around Russian Turks left its mark on this century, with the "nation-centrist" understanding of historiography, an attempt was made to establish a closer connection with the Central Asian phase of Turkish history. In this context, the Mongols and Genghis Khan started to be placed at the center of Turkish history, leaving the periphery of history. Although the most important studies on this subject were made by Zeki Velidi Togan, a Russian Turk, it has been observed that opposing views emerged under the influence of different political winds that started to blow in the newly established Republic of Turkey. Chief among these is Mehmed Fuad Koprulu and the historians trained in his school. In this article, after a brief evaluation of the historical dimension of the issue of Genghis Khan and the Mongols, the views and discussions put forward by Togan and Koprulu school will be included. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Censorship, with its repetitive and continuous aspects, became a phenomenon observed more frequently in the press in the Ottoman Empire with the development of the press in the 19th century. Along with the censorship that manifested itself in the Police Regulation (1847), the Press Regulation (1857), the Âlî Decree (1867) and some arbitrary practices, many newspapers, magazines and books were banned from publishing. The editorial writer of the periodical Ibret, which was suspended for a while and eventually abolished, was Namık Kemal, whose newspaper articles, journalism and books were subject to censorship. In this study, after a brief evaluation of the publications that were subject to censorship before Ibret, Namık Kemal's articles published in Ibret between 1872-1873 against censorship will be discussed. In these articles, the censorship phenomenon resulting from the Press Regulations, the Âlî Decree and the arbitrary practices of the administrators of the period is heavily criticized, and the reason why the publication of Evrâk-ı Perişan and Dağarcık was banned is problematized. In order to reveal the truth value of the criticisms about censorship in the articles, these remarks will be interpreted by comparing them with the provisions in the Press Regulations and the Âlî Decree. Kemal's articles, "Turkish Press" and "Why Will Authors Be Despondent?" are the ones which he evaluated the subject in detail. When all of his articles in Ibret regarding censorship are taken into consideration, it can be seen that Kemal, on the one hand, opposed the arbitrary censorship imposed on publications, and on the other hand, drew attention to the problems related to journalism and press regulations in the Ottoman Empire. In these articles, supported by other writers of Ibret and Ebuzziya Tevfik from the Hadika newspaper, it was identified that Namık Kemal defended personal initiative, effort and endeavor, equality, the right to life, rights and justice in institutional functioning, and especially freedom and law against censorship. With the help of this defense, it is possible to claim that Namık Kemal shed a light on a period of censorship in Ottoman press before Sultan Abdulhamid II and he was pointing out concepts helping understand the nature of censorship in his literary criticism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Monarchy is one of the oldest truly global social structures. On the eve of the imperial age, most of the world was governed by monarchs. But as the European empires expanded, this order was radically transformed. During the long nineteenth century, most non-European monarchies were conquered by imperial powers. Often, European imperial powers abolished them, imprisoning, killing, or exiling local rulers; in other cases, the imperial powers incorporated the conquered monarchies into new imperial orders of indirect rule. Yet, there were some monarchies that survived Europe's imperial expansion. In fact, every country that retained its independence in the era of high imperialism was ruled by a monarch: Ethiopia, China, Japan, the Ottoman empire, Persia (Iran), and Siam (Thailand). To some extent, these monarchs lived in the same social worlds as their European counterparts, forming a global, status-based community. This article offers some observations on the relationship between the world's monarchs in the age of empire by focusing on encounters between European monarchs and those of the few non-European countries that retained their independence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the First World War, harsh anti-alliance propaganda was made by publishing cartoons directly targeting Ottoman-German Alliance on covers of Le Cri de Paris and Le Rire, two important humor magazines of French humor. Considering that both magazines served as France's propaganda tools during this period, it can be said that magazines' anti-Ottoman-German Alliance cartoons were important in terms of reflecting France's view of the Ottoman-German Alliance. The study aimed to determine how French humor magazines presented both countries in their propaganda against the Ottoman-German Alliance in the First World War and what messages they gave against both countries. For this purpose, in the study, cartoons on the subject were examined using semiotic method in the light of Roman Jakobson's Communication Functions. In the study, it was found that Le Cri de Paris pointed out that Germany used Ottoman Empire in line with its interests and that Ottoman Empire wasn't happy with alliance, while Le Rire pointed out that Ottoman Empire came under the direct control of Germany with the alliance and that alliance was to the detriment of Ottoman Empire. In this way, it was concluded in the study that both magazines mainly targeted Germany through anti-alliance propaganda. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Woman is the main component of the family, which constitutes the nucleus of society from past to present, and forms the human character that shapes history with her combative spirit and maternal structure. In addition to her sacrificial and emotional structure, her naive and sensitive structure as a body has made her vulnerable to dangers. The issue of violence against women is as old as human history. Women, who are exposed to many crimes such as murder, assault, rape, theft and slander, often cannot find the strength to resist this violence. This study, which examines the incidents of violence against women in Konya, corresponds to a period when the Ottoman Empire was economically, politically and socially weak. In this period when the state authority weakened, public order incidents increased. The city of Konya was naturally affected by this unfavourable situation and the public order incidents were reflected in the court records. The abundance of data on Konya influenced the selection of this city as the subject of the study. These court records constitute the main source of the study. The aim of the study is to analyse all kinds of violence against women in terms of form and content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the 19th century, developments in Europe affected the structure and operating of the European system. In this context, the Congress of Vienna in 1815 emerged as one of the most important turning points in the system. It emerged as a result of the wars against the Napoleonic threat that threatened the European system. As a matter of fact, the fact that the European great powers, which had colonies in vast geographies outside Europe, faced such a geographically close threat was a serious obstacle for these states to project their power to the rest of the world. Therefore, alliances were first formed against this threat. After the elimination of the threat, a relative order was established. Conferences became important diplomatic tools to maintain this order. In addition, after the Congress of Vienna, structures such as the Holy Alliance, the Quadruple Alliance and the Quintuple Alliance were formed in order to maintain order. Thus, the Concert of Europe that would last until the First World War was achieved. On the other hand, this process, which affected the European countries with colonies and influence in the world, also had an impact on the lands outside Europe. In this context, this study discusses the process leading to the Congress of Vienna (the French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars) and the effects of the Congress of Vienna on the European system. In order to look at the effects of these outcomes in the non-European world, the Ottoman and Chinese empires were analysed. The qualitative case study method was used in this study, focusing on studies in the scientific literature. In addition, process tracing method was used to make the analysis more comprehensible. The study has concluded that the Congress of Vienna led to changes in the structure and operating of the European system and that the relative order achieved increased the influence of European great powers in the non-European world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following the Ottoman Empire's loss of Balkan territories, a population exchange between Türkiye and Greece was proposed to aid mistreated Muslim Turks and create a homogeneous nation-state. The Turkish-Greek Population Exchange Agreement of January 30, 1923, mandated the exchange of Muslims in Greece (excluding Western Thrace) and Greek Orthodox Christians in Turkey (excluding Istanbul, Gökçeada and Bozcaada). Settlement areas for immigrants were identified and preparations completed. Due to its location, transportation facilities, climate, fertile lands, and opportunities, the Sakarya region has historically been a key settlement area for immigrants. The aim of our study is to focus on the settlement processes of the immigrants in the Serdivan district of Sakarya and the problems they faced during this process, their adaptation processes, their contributions to the economic, social, political and cultural structure of the region. The study emphasizes the long-standing ability to live together in harmony and brotherhood. It is intended that the evaluations made will also contribute to solving some of the problems encountered in the current process of immigrant integration and peaceful coexistence with the local community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This contribution intends to examine the impact of Conciliarism (1414–1439) on the Christian vision of Islam in the Quattrocento. The analysis of the thought of bishops such as Nicholas of Cusa (d. 1464) and John of Segovia (d. 1458) is understandable only through the evolution of the Latin world with regard to Islam, moving from the Corpus Toletanum (12th century) and the impact of the Crusades in the Levant (1096–1291) and in Europe. This forwardness is rooted in the process of "Islamic Christianization," an analytical operation lasting three centuries, during which Koranic Christology was to play a primary role. It will be through this "Christ-centric" process that from the Renaissance, the Ottoman empire, the great enemy of Western Christianity, will be appreciated for some of its peculiar facets. The weakening of the concept of heresy and of Catholic ecclesiastical authoritarianism in decreeing what heresy was probably one of the "indirect" outcomes of that dialogical "Moment of Vision" between Christianity and Islam. The further fragmentation of the Church of Rome, after the failure of Conciliarism and the outgrowth of the reformed Churches in the 16th century, favored a preliminary different understanding of the religiosity of others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article addresses the intercommunal relations between the 17th century Jewish community of Rodoscuk and other social groups. It examines the community's social structure, housing distribution and economic activities, placing particular emphasis on its interactions with Muslims in areas like trade, religious practices and social dynamics. By drawing on local court records, particularly the Qadi Registers, this article reveals how these interactions were shaped by the legal and social frameworks of their day, highlighting the complexities of coexistence in those contexts. In doing so, it evidences not only that Rodoscuk's Jewish community took part in vibrant economic exchanges with its Muslim neighbors but also that it engaged with common social and religious contexts. Via a detailed analysis of these records, this study offers new insights into the nature of intercommunal relations in Rodoscuk. It challenges the often-assumed narrative of segregation and conflict in Ottoman society by testing existing claims in the literature through the case of the Jews of Rodoscuk. It concludes that Jews in this region in fact lived in relative harmony with Muslims and other groups in their vicinity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The science and religion policies of the states affected the types of scholars, the understanding of science, the centres of science and the styles of teaching in the regions they dominated. While Timur made Samarkand and his grandson Ulugh Beg made Herat centres of knowledge, they tried to attract scholars to these cities. This was done by forcing the ulema to emigrate or by increasing the opportunities available to them. The Ottoman Empire, which was a candidate for the role of the central Muslim state, invited scholars to the cities under its rule, especially Istanbul. During the reign of Sultan Mehmet the Conqueror (1451–1481), one of the pioneers of this activity, many scholars came to Istanbul. As a result, renowned scholars in medicine, astronomy, mathematics and religious sciences; books in these fields; and their understanding of knowledge were transferred to the Ottoman Empire. This article analyses the still extant manuscript of the ḥadīth methodology book Qawāʻid al-usūl fī 'ilm ḥādīth al-Rasūl, which Ibrāhīm b. ʿAlī al-Shirwānī brought to Istanbul during the reign of Fatih and presented to the Sultan. The analysis examines the method and content of the work, whether it is an original book or not and the comparison of the information contained in it with similar books, taking into account the status of the science of ḥadīth in Istanbul and the Ottoman Empire. In particular, it questions the Ottoman political approach to the reception of religious sciences and the impact of this book on Ottoman ḥadīth scholarship, as the Ottoman Empire patronised knowledge and scholars from other regions through migration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"Religious Reform in the Late Ottoman Empire: Institutional Change and the Professionalisation of the Ulema" by Erhan Bektaş is a book that explores the role of the ulema, a socio-religious class, in the Ottoman Empire during the nineteenth century. The author challenges conventional historiography that portrays the ulema as traditionalist adversaries of the Tanzimat era's reforms and instead emphasizes their expanded social and administrative capacities. The book examines the evolution of the Şeyhülislam office, the educational system of the ulema, their professionalization, and their diverse functions in society. While the book could have delved deeper into political developments and engaged with more contemporary scholarship, it remains highly informative and engaging for those interested in the transformations of the Ottoman Empire in the nineteenth century. [Extracted from the article]

Given that China and Türkiye are direct successors of former empires, i.e., the Qing and Ottoman Empires, they share common feelings of century-long Western humiliation, constrained maritime space, and unfinished territorial unification in modern times. However, the two countries chose divergent paths of modern national building, which result in their turbulent bilateral relations in the 20th century. While the old structural disagreements are not completely fading away, China and Türkiye have tended to build a more cooperative relations in 21st century as both of them struggle to adapt to the common challenges of neoliberal world order, which leads to more convergences than divergences in their second nation building process. Based on this historical comparison, this paper suggests that the nation building processes and its reflections on foreign affairs are the structural factor in China-Türkiye relations, which defined potential issues of cooperation and division between the two countries in different times. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]