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Presents a technique for the preparation of metal oxide glass composite. Presence of uniform amount of microcrystals; Interactions between gold and metal oxides; Decomposition of the organic components in the gold-nylon composites.

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) plays a central role in chronic HBV infection. However, analysis of the molecular mechanism of cccDNA formation is difficult because of the low efficiency in tissue cultured cells. In this study, we developed a more efficient cccDNA expression cell, Hep38.7-Tet, by subcloning from a tetracycline inducible HBV expression cell, HepAD38. Higher levels of cccDNA were produced in Hep38.7-Tet cells compared to HepAD38 cells. In Hep38.7-Tet cells, the cccDNA was detectable at six days after HBV induction. HBV e antigen (HBeAg) secretion was dependent upon cccDNA production. We screened chemical compounds using Hep38.7-Tet cells and HBeAg secretion as a marker. Most of the hit compounds have already been reported as anti-HBV compounds. These data suggested that Hep38.7-Tet cells will be powerful tools for analysis of the molecular mechanism of cccDNA formation/maintenance and development of novel therapeutic agents to control HBV infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We prepared poly(styrene-b-butadiene-b-styrene) (SBS) matrix composites in which multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were homogeneously dispersed, and their morphologies, thermal properties, and mechanical properties were investigated. The incorporation of MWCNTs into the SBS matrices improved their thermal and mechanical properties with appropriate flexibility. The MWCNT/SBS composites did not flow above 100 °C, and showed surprising improvements in terms of their creep properties. The results indicated the possibility of broadening their use in high temperature applications, and of significantly improving permanent strain, which are currently the main demerits of TPE. These drastic improvements in the various properties of MWCNT/SBS composites were assumed to have been caused by the formation of a three-dimensional structure at the interfacial phase of the SBS matrix along the MWCNTs, which we designated as a “cell structure”. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The photochemical reaction of poly(ether ether ketone) (PEEK) sheets under tensile loads has been investigated. Two types of UV irradiation tests were carried out in a vacuum environment: with and without a cooling apparatus. Chemical structures, thermal properties, and mechanical properties were measured to clarify photo-deterioration. Chemical analysis based on Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry (FT-IR) and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) showed photochemical scission caused by UV exposure. Thermal properties, measured by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), indicated that a crosslinking reaction occurred during the radiation tests. Tensile properties of PEEK sheets after UV radiation clearly showed a tendency to embrittlement affected not only by crosslinking but also by the orientation of molecular chains resulting from the temperature rise of the specimens. Furthermore, applied tensile stress during exposure accelerated molecular scission and disturbed the crosslinking effects of the tensile properties. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Keywords: asthma; eosinophils; virus EN asthma eosinophils virus 1805 1809 5 07/14/20 20200701 NES 200701 Acute respiratory infections including rhinovirus (RV) infections are a major cause of asthma exacerbations. Along with increased CDHR3 expression on the cell surface, transfection with CDHR3-Y SB 529 sb also increased eosinophil adhesion compared to CDHR3-C SB 529 sb or the negative control (Figure 2A). These findings suggest that the difference in eosinophil adhesion was due to the level of surface expression of CDHR3 protein, but not due to the different ability of the CDHR3 variants to induce eosinophil adhesion. Given the close association between eosinophilic inflammation and asthma exacerbation, CDHR3-Y SB 529 sb could promote eosinophil adhesion and proinflammatory functions linked to asthma exacerbations. [Extracted from the article]

>bold<>italic/italic<>/bold<>italic<>/italic< Even in subjects who are not sensitized to house dust mite (HDM), allergic symptoms can be aggravated by exposure to dust, suggesting that innate immune responses may be involved in these processes. Since eosinophils express pattern recognition receptors, HDM may directly upregulate eosinophil functions through these re ceptors. The objective of this study was to examine whether>italic< Dermatophagoides farinae>/italic< (>italic/italic<), a representative HDM, or Der f 1, a major allergen of >italic/italic<, modifies the effector functions of eosinophils. >bold<>italic/italic<>/bold<>italic<>/italic< Eosinophils isolated from the blood of healthy donors or allergic patients were stimulated with >italic/italic< extract or Der f 1, and their adhesion to recombinant human intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 was measured using eosinophil peroxidase assays. Generation of the eosinophil superoxide anion (O>sub<2>/sub<>sup<–>/sup<) was examined based on the superoxide dismutase-inhibitable reduction of cytochrome C. Eosinophil-derived neurotoxin (EDN) concentrations in cell media were measured by ELISA as a marker of degranulation. >bold<>italic/italic<>/bold<>italic< Df>/italic< extract or Der f 1 directly induced eosinophil adhesion to ICAM-1, O>sub<2>/sub<>sup<–>/sup< generation, and EDN release. Anti-αM- or anti-β>sub<2>/sub<-integrin antibodies or protease-activated receptor (PAR)-2 antagonists suppressed the eosinophil adhesion, O>sub<2>/sub<>sup<–>/sup< generation, and EDN release induced by >italic/italic< extract or Der f 1. Eosinophils from allergic patients showed higher adhesion to ICAM-1 than those from healthy donors. >bold<>italic/italic<>/bold<>italic<>/italic< These findings suggested that>italic< Df>/italic< extract and Der f 1 directly activate eosinophil functions through αMβ>sub<2>/sub<-integrin and PAR-2. Eosinophil activation by HDM may play roles in the aggravation of allergic symptoms, not only in HDM-sensitized patients, but also in nonsensitized patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Eosinophilic pneumonia (EP) is characterized by massive pulmonary infiltration by eosinophils. Although serum periostin is a novel marker for eosinophil-dominant asthma, the upregulation of periostin in the airway of asthmatics is controversial. In this study, we examined whether periostin concentrations are elevated in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of patients with EP. Methods: BAL was performed in healthy volunteers and in patients with acute eosinophilic pneumonia (AEP), chronic eosinophilic pneumonia (CEP), and sarcoidosis. The periostin concentrations in the BALF were measured. Results: The periostin concentration in the BALF increased significantly with pulmonary eosinophil ia and was higher in AEP and CEP patients than in healthy volunteers and sarcoidosis patients, even after adjusting the albumin concentration. In pulmonary eosinophilia, the periostin concentration correlated with the eosinophil and lymphocyte counts, the concentration of albumin, and the concentration of cytokines such as IL-5, IL-13, and transforming growth factor β1. Conclusions: Although some blood leakage may be involved in the elevation of periostin in the BALF of EP, periostin can be induced locally, at least in part. Therefore, periostin may play a role in the development of EP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deals with a study which investigated crystal growth and molecular orientation of naphthalocyanines using zinc 2,3-naphthalocyanine in vacuum-deposited thin films on several substrates. Experimental details; Results and discussion; Conclusion.

Abstract A nanocellulose containing carboxylate groups was prepared from cellulose by catalytic oxidation with the 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl radical (TEMPO). The aqueous TEMPO-oxidized cellulose nanofibrils (TOCNs) with lithium (Li+), sodium (Na+) or tetraalkylammonium (+NR 4) counterions (TOCN-X) were mixed with aqueous hydrogenated acrylonitrile–butadiene rubber (H-NBR) latex, and TOCN-X/H-NBR composite films were prepared by casting and drying. All of the composite films are transparent and flexible. The TOCN-Na/H-NBR (TOCN/H-NBR = 5/100, w/w) composite film has a high Young's modulus of ∼63 MPa, a high storage elastic modulus of 112 MPa at 25 °C, and a low coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of 122 ppm/K, whereas the neat H-NBR film has the values o 5.3 MPa, 2 MPa, and 2660 ppm/K, respectively. Microscopy images show that the hydrophilic TOCN-Na elements form grid-like network structures surrounding the hydrophobic H-NBR latex particles. Thus, the hydrophilic TOCN-Na elements cannot penetrate into hydrophobic H-NBR molecules, and the TOCN-Na elements are not homogeneously distributed in the TOCN/H-NBR composite films prepared under the conditions used in this study. Nevertheless, clear improvement of thermal and mechanical properties is achieved for the TOCN/H-NBR composite films at TOCN/H-NBR weight ratios of 1–5/100. TOCN-Li/H-NBR film has the highest Young's modulus, while the hydrophobic TOCN-NR 4 /H-NBR films have low CTE values < 100 ppm/K. Graphical abstract Image 1 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Recent evidence has suggested that the innate immune response may play a role in the development of eosinophilic airway inflammation. We previously reported that uric acid (UA) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP), two important damage-associated molecular pattern molecules (DAMPs), activate eosinophil functions, suggesting that these molecules may be involved in the development of eosinophilic airway inflammation. The objective of this study was to measure the concentrations of DAMPs including UA and ATP in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of patients with eosinophilic pneumonia (EP). Methods BAL was performed in patients with EP including acute and chronic eosinophilic pneumonia, and in patients with hypersensitivity pneumonia, and sarcoidosis. UA, ATP, and cytokine concentrations in the BALF were then measured. Results The UA concentration was increased in the BALF of EP patients. UA concentrations correlated with eosinophil numbers, and with eosinophil-derived neurotoxin and interleukin (IL)-5 concentrations. Furthermore, the ATP concentration was increased in the BALF of EP patients and ATP concentrations correlated with UA concentrations. Moreover, IL-33 was increased in EP patients and IL-33 concentrations correlated with UA and ATP concentrations. Conclusions The UA and ATP concentration was increased in the BALF of EP patients. UA concentrations correlated with eosinophil numbers, and with ATP and IL-33 concentrations. Our findings suggest that DAMPs such as UA and ATP play a role in the pathogenesis of EP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Eosinophils recognize various stimuli, such as cytokines, chemokines, immunoglobulins, complement, and external pathogens, resulting in their accumulation in mucosal tissues and the progression of inflammation. Eosinophils are also involved in innate Th2-type immune responses mediated through endogenous danger signals, including IL-33, uric acid (UA), or ATP, in non-sensitized mice exposed to environmental allergens. However, the mechanism involved in eosinophil responses to these danger signals remains insufficiently understood. Methods We examined migration, adhesion, superoxide production and degranulation of human eosinophils. Isolated eosinophils were incubated with monosodium urate (MSU) crystals and ATPγS, a non-hydrolysable ATP analogue. To determine the involvement of P2 or P2Y 2 receptors in eosinophil responses to UA and ATP, eosinophils were preincubated with a pan-P2 receptor inhibitor, oxidized ATP (oATP), or anti-P2Y 2 antibody before incubation with MSU crystals or ATPγS. Results MSU crystals induced adhesion of eosinophils to recombinant human (rh)-ICAM-1 and induced production of superoxide. oATP abolished eosinophil responses to MSU crystals, suggesting involvement of endogenous ATP and its receptors. Furthermore, exogenous ATP, as ATPγS, induced migration of eosinophils through a model basement membrane, adhesion to rh-ICAM-1, superoxide generation, and degranulation of eosinophil-derived neurotoxin (EDN). oATP and anti-P2Y 2 significantly reduced these eosinophil responses. Conclusions ATP serves as an essential mediator of functional responses in human eosinophils. Eosinophil responses to ATP may be implicated in airway inflammation in patients with asthma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

JTK-853 is a novel, non-nucleoside, palm site-binding hepatitis C virus (HCV) polymerase inhibitor that has demonstrated antiviral activity in HCV-infected patients during 3 days of treatment. To estimate the genetic barrier of JTK-853 to resistance in vitro, colony formation assays were conducted using HCV replicon cells (genotypes 1a and 1b). The colony formation assays revealed that the numbers of resistant colonies for JTK-853 were much lower than those for other direct-acting antivirals, including palm site- or thumb pocket-binding non-nucleoside HCV polymerase inhibitors (NNIs), an NS5A inhibitor (NS5Ai), and a protease inhibitor (PI). Furthermore, the numbers of resistant colonies for JTK-853 in combination with the NS5Ai or PI were lower than those for other combinations of NS5Ai + NNI, and NS5Ai + PI. Our findings demonstrate that JTK-853 has a high genetic barrier to resistance, and suggest that its combination therapies will be potent in suppressing the emergence of drug resistance in HCV-infected patients. Copyright © 2013 S. Karger AG, Basel [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Composites based on an elastomer, natural rubber (NR), and pristine multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were prepared using a two-roll mill mixer. The high shear stress produced a homogeneous dispersion of CNTs in the NR matrix. Using an atomic force microscopy nanomechanical mapping technique, the structure and nanoscale mechanical properties of the resulting composites were investigated in term of CNT loading. Topography, elastic modulus, and adhesive energy distribution maps of the materials were obtained at the same point and at the same time in a single scan. Such maps were used to identify and characterize the CNT, NR, and mechanical interfacial regions formed around the CNTs. The mechanical interfacial regions together with the CNTs divide the elastomer matrix into small “cells”. We claim that the cellular structure is produced in the CNTs/NR composites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Nanocomposite based on an elastomer, natural rubber (NR), and pristine multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) was prepared using a two-roll mill mixer. The high shearing stress induced homogeneous dispersion of 5 phr. MWCNTs in NR matrix. A procedure based on combination of Johnson–Kendall–Robert (JKR) contact mechanics and “two-point method” together with AFM force measurements, was successfully used to visualize nanomechanical mapping on the resulting nanocomposites. Topography, elastic modulus, and adhesive energy distribution maps were obtained at the same point and at the same time in a single scan. Such maps were successfully used to identify and characterize CNTs and NR regions in nanocomposites. The intermediate modulus region formed around CNTs was investigated on the quantitative evaluation in real space and demonstrated the existence of interaction between CNTs and NR matrix. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: A new side electron emission device (SEED) was fabricated with carbon nanofiber/aluminum (CNF/Al) composites prepared by the elastomer precursor method. In the SEED, a cross-sectional side face of the CNF/Al composite plate was perpendicularly placed onto an anode surface by inserting an insulating spacer. Above a certain threshold voltage in a vacuum, field electrons were obtained from the side face of the composite emitter. With increasing content of CNFs in the composite, the threshold voltage decreased and emission currents increased. The current of ~8μA was kept stable up to 93h under a continuous application of 1kV. This improved stability as compared to a conventional field emission device was attributed to a reduced damage of CNFs in the SEED structure. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Following the discovery of JTK-109 (1) as a potent inhibitor of hepatitis C virus NS5B RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, [(a) Hirashima, S.; Suzuki, T.; Ishida, T.; Noji, S.; Yata, S.; Ando, I.; Komatsu, M.; Ikeda, S.; Hashimoto, H. J. Med. Chem. 2006, 49, 4721. (b) Hashimoto, H.; Mizutani, K.; Yoshida, A. Int. Patent Appl. WO 01/47883, 2001.] further studies toward the improvement of the cellular potency have been performed. A greater than 40-fold improvement was achieved through replacing the biphenyl moiety with a 2-morpholinophenyl group and the benzimidazole ring with the tetracyclic scaffold to afford compound 7 with an excellent replicon potency (EC50 =7.6nM). [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

In addition to urocortin (Ucn I), Ucn II and Ucn III were identified as endogenous ligands for corticotropin-releasing factor type 2 receptor (CRF2 receptor). CRF2 receptor is abundantly located in central hypothalamic ventromedial nucleus (VMH) and in peripheral cardiovascular system. In this mini-review, we focused on the roles of these urocortins and CRF2 receptor in the hypothalamus and the cardiovascular system.Ucn II mRNA was increased in the parvocellular part or the magnocellular part of the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) following immobilization stress or 3 days of water deprivation, respectively. Therefore, it is thought that Ucn II may modulate CRF and vasopressin synthesis in the PVN in a paracrine or autocrine fashion through PVN CRF2 receptor.The early and later phases of Ucn I-mediated feeding suppression may be CRF1 and CRF2 receptor-mediated events, respectively. Ucn II decreases food intake at a later phase, beyond 4h post injection. A large dose of corticosterone increased plasma leptin and insulin levels as well as the levels of CRF2 receptor mRNA. Adrenalectomy, starvation, and immobilization each lowered plasma leptin and insulin levels and were associated with decrements in CRF2 receptor mRNA levels in the VMH. Peripheral injection of leptin increased VMH CRF2 receptor mRNA, as can induce reductions of food intake and body weight, indicating that circulating leptin is involved in the regulation of VMH CRF2 receptor mRNA expression. Therefore, it is also plausible that VMH CRF2 receptor transduces the anorexogenic effects of leptin as well as those of urocortins.The systemic administration of Ucn II decreases mean arterial pressure (arterial vascular tone) and causes tachycardia via vascular CRF2 receptor in rats, similar to the effects of Ucn I. Thus, CRF2 receptor seems to mediate cardioprotective effects of urocortins. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

A side electron emission device was made of a carbon nanofiber/elastomer composite sheet. Instead of a conventional field emission configuration, electron emitters consisting of cross-sectional sides of the composite sheet were put in position perpendicular to the phosphor/anode surface by inserting an insulating spacer. Light emission of 4200 cd/m2 at 1 kV was achieved by intense electron emission from the cross section since the carbon nanofibers preferentially orient parallel to the sheet plane and stick out of the cross section. This simple device structure enabled us to fabricate a flexible, transparent field emission device. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Field-emission characteristics of a carbon nanotube (CNT)/elastomer composite have been investigated. We performed theoretical calculations of the field distribution in a field emission device structure with the side-electron configuration of the composite sheet. According to the calculation results, the electric field is found to be concentrated at the edge of the composite sheet which leads to an enhancement of the local electric field at the CNT tips protruding from the composite. Furthermore, we calculated the trajectories of emitted electrons. From the obtained results, bright luminescence over 37000 cd/m2 from green phosphor was obtained by optimizing the electrode structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article mentions that Cysteinyl leukotrienes (cysLTs), such as LTC4, LTD4, and LTE4, can augment the accumulation of eosinophils in the tissues of asthmatic airways.

Background Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is related to allergic diseases such as bronchial asthma (BA), atopic dermatitis, and allergic rhinitis. The aim of this study was to examine the eosinophil infiltration in the upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract in patients with BA using esophagogastroduodenoscopy. Methods Patients with BA who had upper GI tract symptoms were enrolled. Patients who received systemically administered steroids were excluded. Eosinophil infiltrations in the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum were examined with regard to the endoscopic findings and pathological findings of biopsy specimens (UMIN000010132). Results Ninety patients were enrolled from October in 2012 to September in 2014. Thirty-six were male, 54 were female, and the mean age was 57.5 years. Eighty-one (90%) used inhaled corticosteroids. Fourteen patients (15.6%) had reflux esophagitis, 8 of whom had grade A and 6 had grade B. No patient with EoE was observed. One female patient who had marked eosinophil infiltration in the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum was diagnosed as having eosinophilic gastroenteritis, but endoscopy showed only mucosal edema in the antrum. Another female patient who had marked eosinophil infiltration in the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum was diagnosed as having eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis, and endoscopy showed erosions in the antrum and the duodenum. Three patients had eosinophil infiltration in the stomach, but none of them had severe symptoms. Conclusions Patients with asthma who had upper gastrointestinal symptoms rarely had eosinophilic gastrointestinal disorders. Biopsy specimens are of high importance in the diagnosis of eosinophilic gastrointestinal disorders even if there is no remarkable endoscopic finding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clean water obtained by desalinating sea water or by purifying wastewater, constitutes a major technological objective in the so-called water century. In this work, a high-performance reverse osmosis (RO) composite thin membrane using multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) and aromatic polyamide (PA), was successfully prepared by interfacial polymerization. The effect of MWCNT on the chlorine resistance, antifouling and desalination performances of the nanocomposite membranes were studied. We found that a suitable amount of MWCNT in PA, 15.5 wt.%, not only improves the membrane performance in terms of flow and antifouling, but also inhibits the chlorine degradation on these membranes. Therefore, the present results clearly establish a solid foundation towards more efficient large-scale water desalination and other water treatment processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Symptoms of rhinitis and asthma can be exacerbated during Japanese cedar pollen (JCP)-scattering season, even in subjects who are not sensitized to JCP, suggesting that innate immune responses may contribute to this process. We previously reported that house dust mite directly activates the effector functions of eosinophils. Similar mechanisms may play roles in the JCP-related aggravation of allergic diseases., Objective: To investigate whether JCP or Cry j 1, a major allergen of JCP, can modify the effector functions of eosinophils., Methods: Eosinophils isolated from the peripheral blood of healthy donors were stimulated with either JCP or Cry j 1, and their adhesion to human intercellular adhesion molecule-1 was measured using eosinophil peroxidase assays. The generation of eosinophil superoxide anion (O 2 - ) was measured based on the superoxide dismutase-inhibitable reduction of cytochrome C. Concentrations of eosinophil-derived neurotoxin in the cell media were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay as a marker of degranulation., Results: Both JCP and Cry j 1 directly induced eosinophil adhesiveness, generation of O 2 - , and release of eosinophil-derived neurotoxin. Both anti-αM and anti-β2 integrin antibodies blocked all of these eosinophil functions induced by JCP and Cry j 1. Similarly, PAR-2 antagonists also partially suppressed all of these effector functions induced by JCP and Cry j 1., Conclusion: JCP and Cry j 1 directly activate the functions of eosinophils, and both αMβ2 integrin and partly PAR-2 are contributed to this activation. Therefore, JCP-induced eosinophil activation may play a role in the aggravation of allergic airway diseases in nonsensitized patients as well as in JCP-sensitized patients., Competing Interests: Conflict of interest: MN received fees for speaking from Torii Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. The rest of the authors declare no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2021. Asia Pacific Association of Allergy, Asthma and Clinical Immunology.)

Reverse osmosis membranes of aromatic polyamide (PA) reinforced with a crystalline cellulose nanofiber (CNF) were synthesized and their desalination performance was studied. Comparison with plain PA membranes shows that the addition of CNF reduced the matrix mobility resulting in a molecularly stiffer membrane because of the attractive forces between the surface of the CNFs and the PA matrix. Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy results showed complex formation between the carboxy groups of the CNF surface and the m- phenylenediamine monomer in the CNF-PA composite. Molecular dynamics simulations showed that the CNF-PA had higher hydrophilicity which was key for the higher water permeability of the synthesized nanocomposite membrane. The CNF-PA reverse osmosis nanocomposite membranes also showed enhanced antifouling performance and improved chlorine resistance. Therefore, CNF shows great potential as a nanoreinforcing material towards the preparation of nanocomposite aromatic PA membranes with longer operation lifetime due to its antifouling and chlorine resistance properties.

Background: Even in subjects who are not sensitized to house dust mite (HDM), allergic symptoms can be clinically aggravated by exposure to dust. We previously reported that Dermatophagoides farinae ( Df ), an important HDM, or Der f 1, a major allergen of Df , induced the effector functions of eosinophils, which may be an important mechanism for HDM-induced symptoms in nonsensitized patients. In a clinical setting, β2-adrenergic agonists, such as salbutamol and formoterol, are used for the treatment of asthma attacks or exacerbation to release the airway obstruction. Several reports have suggested that some β2-adrenergic agonists have an anti-inflammatory capacity., Objective: In this study, we investigated whether β2-adrenergic agonist could modify the Df - or Der f 1-induced activation of eosinophils., Methods: Blood eosinophils obtained from healthy donors were preincubated with either formoterol (1 μM), salbutamol (1 μM), or buffer control and then stimulated with Df extract (1 μg/mL) or Der f 1 (100 pg/mL). Eosinophil adhesion to intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 was measured using eosinophil peroxidase assays. Generation of superoxide anion (O 2 - ) was examined based on the superoxide dismutase-inhibitable reduction of cytochrome C. Eosinophil-derived neurotoxin (EDN) concentrations in cell media were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay., Results: Formoterol, but not salbutamol, suppressed the Df - or Der f 1-induced eosinophil adhesion to ICAM-1. Furthermore, formoterol, but not salbutamol, suppressed Df -induced O 2 - generation or EDN release. Neither formoterol nor salbutamol suppressed spontaneous eosinophil adhesion, O 2 - generation, or EDN release., Conclusion: These findings suggested that formoterol, but not salbutamol, suppressed Df - or Der f 1-induced eosinophil activation when used at the same concentration. Therefore, formoterol could potentially be used for the treatment of bronchial asthma via both bronchodilation and anti-inflammatory effect., Competing Interests: Conflict of Interest: KN received honoraria from AstraZeneca. KOD is employee of Torii Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. MN received honoraria from AstraZeneca and KYORIN Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. The other authors have no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2020. Asia Pacific Association of Allergy, Asthma and Clinical Immunology.)