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In this study, urban development process in the Walloon region (Belgium) has been analysed. Two main aspects of development are quantitatively measured: the development type and the definition of the main drivers of the urbanisation process. Unlike most existing studies that consider the urban development as a binary process, this research considers the urban development as a continuous process, characterised by different levels of urban density. Eight urban classes are defined based on the Belgian cadastral data for years 2000 and 2010. A multinomial logistic regression model is employed to examine the main driving forces of the different densities. Sixteen drivers were selected, including accessibility, geo-physical features, policies and socio-economic factors. Finally, the changes from the non-urban to one of the urban density classes are detected and classified into different development types. The results indicate that zoning status (political factor), slope, distance to roads, population densities and mean land price, respectively, have impact on the urbanisation process whatever maybe the density. The results also show that the impact of these factors highly varies from one density to another.

METHODS: this cross-sectional, observational and analytical household survey was conducted with 958 elderly individuals living in the urban area. The Brazilian version of the Functional Assessment Questionnaire and Multidimensional Scales (Depression, Katz and Lawton brief geriatric versions) were used, together with the Phenotype of Frailty developed by Fried. Descriptive analysis was performed along with a bivariate and multinomial logistic regression model (p

Objectives:Evaluate whether patient demographics and hospital characteristics are associated with a patient’s likelihood of undergoing transoral robotic surgery (TORS) for head and neck cancer.Methods:A cross-sectional analysis of 13,193 patients who were admitted to US hospitals in 2009 and 2011 with a primary diagnosis of head and neck cancer was performed using data from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample. A multinomial logistic regression model was used to calculate the likelihood of undergoing TORS based on age, sex, race, household income quartile, insurance status, hospital size, hospital region, and hospital teaching status.Results:A total of 181 patients underwent TORS for head and neck cancer in the years 2009 and 2011. With regard to demographic factors, Hispanic patients and those within the lowest 2 income quartiles were significantly less likely to undergo TORS when compared with white patients and those within the highest income quartile (odds ratio [ORs] 0.27 confidence interval [CI; 0.09-0.8...

Background and Objectives: The population of Bangladesh is highly susceptible to secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure due to high smoking rates and low awareness about the harmful effects of SHS. This study aims to determine the prevalence of SHS exposure and highlight the essential determinants in developing successful strategies to prevent adverse health effects in Bangladesh. Methods: The analysis is based on the Bangladesh Demographic Health Survey 2011, in which 17,749 women in the reproductive age group (12-49 years) were included. The information regarding SHS exposure at home was derived from the question: "How often does anyone smoke inside your house?" The variable was recoded into 3 groups: daily exposure, low exposure (exposed weekly, monthly, or less than monthly), and no SHS exposure. We performed descriptive and bivariable analyses and multinomial logistic regression. Results: A total of 46.7% of the women reported high exposure to SHS at home. According to the multinomial logistic regression model, relatively lower education and lower wealth index were significantly associated with daily SHS exposure at home. The exposure differed significantly between the divisions of Bangladesh. Having children at home (vs. not) and being Islamic (compared to other religious affiliations) were protective factors. Conclusions: The study indicates that women from socioeconomically disadvantaged households are more likely to experience daily exposure to SHS at home. Therefore, especially these groups have to be targeted to reduce tobacco consumption. In addition to aspects of legislation, future strategies need to focus educational aspects to improve the population's health status in Bangladesh.

Objectives This research tests whether childhood conditions are associated with trajectories of chronic conditions among older adults. Methods Using data from the Health and Retirement Study (1992-2008), a series of hierarchical linear models are used to estimate number of chronic conditions at survey midpoint and the rate of increase in chronic conditions across 18 years of data. Results Results suggest that lower childhood socioeconomic status (SES) and poor childhood health are associated with increased number of chronic conditions; however, childhood SES is no longer associated with chronic conditions after adjustment for adult SES and adult health. Poor childhood health continues to be associated with total number of chronic conditions after adjustment for adult SES and health. Rate of change in chronic conditions was not associated with childhood conditions. Results from a multinomial logistic regression model further indicated that the association between childhood conditions and adult multimorbidity increased at higher levels of multimorbidity. Discussion This research adds to the evidence that early life conditions have a lasting influence on adult health, and that their influence may be independent of adult health and SES.

This paper investigates the competitiveness between Low Cost Airlines (LCA) and High Speed Rail (HSR) on the southern corridor where LCA predominate at present. A study of passengers’ O-D pairs in southern corridor of Thailand was conducted. The O-D surveys were carried out for the 2 sections of the southern corridor: Surat Thani-Bangkok (ST-BKK) and Hat-Yai –Bangkok (HY-BKK). The competitiveness between HSR and LCA and the Willing-To-Pay for the HSR fare were analysed using factors determined by the multinomial logistic regression model and binary logistic regression model, respectively. Competitiveness between HSR and LCA did not depend only on travel time alone but also on factors such as fare difference, users’occupation, household income, education level and trip purposes.The result of the Willingness-To-Pay for the HSR fare showed the fare for O-D pairs between ST-BKK and HY-BKK at 1.8 THB/km (US$ 0.06/km) and 1.5 THB/km (US$ 0.05/km), respectively. The average HSR fare was 1.65 THB/km (US$ 0.055/km). This is in comparison to the fare of HY-BKK 2.45 THB/km (US$ 0.08/km) for a LCA, and an average of 2.65 THB/km (US$ 0.09/km) for another LCA. It is seen that the fare differential of 1 THB/km (US$ 0.03/km) could be significant in making passengers change from LCA to HSR.

The causative agent of paratuberculosis in ruminants, Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP), although still a matter of debate, has been linked with Crohn's and other human diseases. The availability of rapid methods for assessing the viability of MAP cells in food, in particular milk, could be of great use for risk management in food safety. MAP viability is generally assessed using culture techniques that require prolonged incubation periods for the growth of MAP. To differentiate between viable and nonviable MAP cells in milk samples, this study explores the combination of two already described techniques: peptide magnetic bead separation followed by Propidium Monoazide qPCR. Using an Ordinal Multinomial Logistic Regression model to analyze the results obtained after spiking milk samples with mixtures containing different percentages of viable/dead cells, we were able to assess the probability of the viability status of MAP found in milk. This model was applied to contaminated pasteurized milk to ascertain the efficacy of heat treatment in MAP killing. The method reported herein can potentially be used for direct detection of MAP viability in milk.

The study purpose is to compare the characteristics of social information processing demonstrated by adult male offenders convicted for different offences and adult males against whom not a single action has ever been brought. The study involved 131males: 98 convicts (who had committed non-violent, violent / mixed-type offences and murder / mixed-type offences), and 33 control group participants. In order to explore the characteristics of social information processing, the methodology of ambiguous interpersonal interaction situations and the structural interview method was used. Inquiry was performed individually, lasting up to 45 minutes per each participant. The findings showed that convicts, compared to the control group participants, recalled in their accounts of the observed situation a considerably smaller number of significant details (p < 0,001), providing considerably more subjective interpretations of these details (p < 0,01), demonstrating a much higher mean of possible reactions available to the protagonist (p < 0,05), and appraising the protagonist’s pro-social response as proper far less frequently (p ≤ 0,05). Persons convicted for murder / mixed-type offences, in comparison with the ones convicted for non-violent and violent / mixedtype offences, used to describe the protagonist’s feelings as neutral considerably less frequently, describing it as “positive and hostile” much more often (p < 0,05), also, theythought more often that the protagonist would fail to put into practice his response option (p < 0,05).The worked out multinomial logistic regression model showed that protagonist’s aims and thoughts may help to forecast the choice of a hostile response: hostile thoughts emerging in a definite situation may encourage the choice and implementationof hostile responses; similarly, hostile aims may prompt the choice and implementation of hostile and neutral (but not pro-social) responses.So, the findings indicate that: 1) convicts, compared to persons against whom not a single action has ever been brought, process social information in ambiguous situations in a more tendentious way; 2) adult males convicted for various offencesprocess social information in ambiguous situations more or less differently. Further inquiry is needed in order to confirm these tendencies.Key words: persons convicted for different offences, ambiguous social situations, social information processing.

Manual locomotion scoring for lameness detection is a time-consuming and subjective procedure. Therefore, the objective of this study is to optimise the classification output of a computer vision based algorithm for automated lameness scoring. Cow gait recordings were made during four consecutive night-time milking sessions on an Israeli dairy farm, using a 3D-camera. A live on-the-spot assessed 5-point locomotion score was the reference for the automatic lameness score evaluation. A dataset of 186 cows with four automatic lameness scores and four live locomotion score repetitions was used for testing three different classification methods.The analysis of the automatic scores as independent observations led to a correct classification rate of 53.0% on a 5-point level scale. A multinomial logistic regression model based on four individual consecutive measures obtained a correct classification rate of 60.2%. When allowing a 1 unit error on the 5-point level scale, a correct classification rate of 90.9% was obtained. Strict binary classification to Lame vs. Not-Lame categories reached 81.2% correct classification rate.The use of cow individual consecutive measurements improved the correct classification rate of an automatic lameness detection system. © 2014 IAgrE. publisher: Elsevier articletitle: Automatic lameness detection based on consecutive 3D-video recordings journaltitle: Biosystems Engineering articlelink: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2014.01.009 content_type: article copyright: Copyright © 2014 IAgrE. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. ispartof: Biosystems Engineering vol:119 pages:108-116 status: published

Background Children with ‘fever’ are routinely excluded from child care centers, resulting in disruption of parental work schedules. Little is known about how child care centers define fever in states that do not provide guidelines. Objective To determine the frequency of temperature thresholds for the definition of fever used by child care centers that are either lower or higher than thresholds commonly used and to identify factors associated with their use. Methods We interviewed a random sample of 1632 child care program directors in Connecticut. Child care centers were classified into three groups based on their temperature threshold for definitions of fever by oral temperature: (1) group with lower fever threshold ( 100°F). Results Of the 115 directors randomly selected and then contacted, 100 (87%) agreed to be interviewed. Of the 100, one center did not have a numerical definition of fever. Eight centers used a lower temperature threshold, 60 centers used a standard or mid-range temperature threshold, and 31 centers used a higher temperature threshold. The multinomial logistic regression model indicated that directors without a college degree were more likely to use higher or lower temperature threshold for the definition of fever compared to those with a degree (p < 0.05). Conclusions There is substantial variation in the definition of fever used by child care centers. Directors without a college degree may be target groups for continuing education of what constitutes fever in child care settings. In addition, implementation of state-wide standards for definition of fever in child care programs should be advocated.

Why did gender inequality in secondary school access persist after Mexico made attendance compulsory in 1993? This research reveals an interaction between geography, poverty, and sibship structure in contributing to the underrepresentation of girls in Mexico's poorer southern states. Using regional and contextual information about enrollments and development, a multinomial logistic regression model is estimated. The results show that in addition to family and regional poverty, the position of girls within the sibship contributes to their remaining in or dropping out of school following the primary level and their likelihood of employment or domestic work as an alternative to schooling. The results have implications for Mexico's targeted approach to eliminating the effects of poverty on educational opportunity.

Objective: To identify factors associated to the nutritional status of under five children. Method: The data used in this analysis are from Demographic and Health Survey 2006 conducted in Nepal. Total 5262 cases are included in the present study. A multinomial logistic regression model is used to study the relation between various factors and nutritional status. Results: Increasing body mass index of mothers and wealth index shows decreasing likelihood of malnutrition among children. Rural children show insignificant higher likelihood of different forms of underweight and wasting as compared to urban area. Frequency of listening radio does not show significant association in case of mild and moderate wasting and shown very high unusual odds ratio in case of severe wasting. Similarly, lower frequency of watching television also does not show significantly higher likeliness of different form of stunting, underweight and wasting. Female children are more likely to be stunted, underweight and wasted as compared to male. Female headed households are more likely to have moderately and mildly stunted children and mixed results are observed for underweight and wasting. The likelihood for all forms of malnutrition is higher among children with smaller than average size at birth as compared to average or bigger size at birth. Mixed results are observed regarding likelihood of different forms of malnutrition among children with mothers having different educational level. Conclusion: Body mass index of mothers is found significant variable while explaining children's nutritional status. Similarly, Size at birth is significantly associated with nutrition during the childhood. Keywords: Stunting; wasting; under weight; under five children DOI: 10.3126/ajms.v1i1.2927 Asian Journal of Medical Sciences Vol.1(1) 2010 p.6-8

Experiencing multiple transitions after a parental separation was identified as an important risk factor for children. We investigate for the first time for Austria, how many transitions (i.e. changes in maternal partnership arrangements) children experience and what determines their number. The analyses are based on the Austrian Fertility and Family Survey 1995/96 and the Generations and Gender Survey 2008/09 using a multinomial logistic regression model. The results show that within eight years after parental separation, about 50% of children experience no new cohabitation or marriage of their mother and about 40% experience exactly one. For the majority of children, these changes happen within four years after their parents’ separation. Almost every seventh child with separated parents (13%) experiences multiple transitions. Children with a low-level educated mother and those whose mother is young at the time of separation face a particularly high risk, as well as those living in families with a low age of the youngest child. Moreover, a strong effect of the year of separation could be detected: the probability of experiencing multiple transitions increases strongly over time. Zusammenfassung Nach einer elterlichen Trennung gilt das Erleben multipler Übergänge als Risikofaktor für Kinder. Wir analysieren erstmals für Österreich im Zeitverlauf, wie viele Übergänge, definiert als neuerliche mütterliche Partnerbeziehungen oder Trennungen, Kinder erleben und von welchen Determinanten dies beeinflusst wird. Die Analysen erfolgen mittels multinomialer logistischer Regression auf Basis der österreichischen Daten des Fertility and Family Survey 1995/96 und des Generations and Gender Survey 2008/09. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass innerhalb von acht Jahren nach der elterlichen Trennung jeweils rund 50% der Kinder keine und rund 40% genau eine neue Kohabitation (Lebensgemeinschaft oder Ehe) der Mutter erleben, zumeist in den ersten vier Jahren nach der elterlichen Trennung. Fast jedes siebte Kind mit getrennten Eltern (13%) macht die Erfahrung multipler Übergänge. Erklärende Faktoren sind niedriges Alter der Mutter zum Zeitpunkt der Trennung, geringes mütterliches Bildungsniveau sowie niedriges Alter des jüngsten Kindes. Des Weiteren zeigt sich ein deutlicher Effekt des Trennungsjahres: die Wahrscheinlichkeit für das Erleben multipler Übergänge ist im Zeitverlauf markant angestiegen., Journal of Family Research, Vol 25 No 3 (2013)

Weekend travel is less restricted temporally or spatially, which gives weekend travelers greater freedom of decision making, leading to more diverse individual travel behavior. The ever-increasing proportion of people traveling by private cars leads to the centralized traffic volume in districts surrounding prosperous commercial centers, tourism spots, and large comprehensive transportation hubs, which especially intensifies traffic congestion in such areas. In this paper multinomial logistic regression model estimates are presented to analyze the weekend travel behavior mechanism of influencing factors and master the needs of transport service for weekend travelers and identify key determinants in origin and destination transport service level. According to the influencing factors of origin transport level of service, the evaluation model of service level of origin transport system is constructed based on grey system theory. The authors then propose targeted improvement measures and analyze the sensitivity and effects of the transport measures. The results provide a theoretical basis for weekend transport management policies and measures that improve weekend transportation organization and services in the future.

INTRODUCTION: Infertility treatments are a major source of the increase in multiple pregnancies (MPs). AIMS: The aims of the present study were (1.) to investigate the origin and maternal/neonatal outcomes of MP and (2.) to review the different measures that can be adopted to reduce these serious complications. METHODS: The study included all women with multiple births between 1 January 1995 and 31 December 2006 at the University Hospital of Bern, Switzerland. The outcomes associated with the various origins of MP (natural conception, ovarian stimulation [OS] ‒ in-vitro fertilisation [IVF-ICSI]) were analysed using a multinomial logistic regression model. An analysis of the Swiss law on reproductive medicine and its current proposed revision, as well as a literature review using Pubmed, was carried out. RESULTS: A total of 592 MP were registered, 91% (n = 537) resulted in live births. There was significantly more neonatal/maternal morbidity in MP after OS compared with natural conception and even with the IVF-ICSI group. With a policy of elective single embryo transfer (eSET), twin rates after IVF-ICSI can be reduced to

To identify a set of parameters, which are based on tissue enhancement and native iodine content obtained from a standardized triple-phase four-dimensional (4D) computed tomographic (CT) scan, that define a multinomial logistic regression model that discriminates between parathyroid adenoma (PTA) and thyroid nodules or lymph nodes.Informed consent was waived by the institutional review board for this retrospective HIPAA-compliant study. Electronic medical records were reviewed for 102 patients with hyperparathyroidism who underwent triple-phase 4D CT and parathyroid surgery resulting in pathologically proved removal of adenoma from July 2010 through December 2011. Hounsfield units were measured in PTA, thyroid, lymph nodes, and aorta and were used to determine seven parameters characterizing tissue contrast enhancement. These were used as covariates in 10 multinomial logistic regression models. Three models with one covariate, four models with two covariates, and three models with three covariates were investigated. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was performed to determine how well each model discriminated between adenoma and nonadenomatous tissues. Statistical differences between the areas under the ROC curves (AUCs) for each model pair were calculated, as well as sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, negative predictive value, and positive predictive value.A total of 120 lesions were found; 112 (93.3%) lesions were weighed, and mean and median weights were 589 and 335 mg, respectively. The three-covariate models were significantly identical (P.65), with largest AUC of 0.9913 ± 0.0037 (standard error), accuracy of 96.9%, and sensitivity, specificity, negative predictive value, and positive predictive value of 94.3%, 98.3%, 97.1%, and 96.7%, respectively. The one- and two-covariate models were significantly less accurate (P.043).A three-covariate multinomial logistic model derived from a triple-phase 4D CT scan can accurately provide the probability that tissue is PTA and performs significantly better than models using one or two covariates.

The main objective of this study is evaluate the influence of several covariates in the occurrence of two types of vertical jaw dysplasia (open bite and deepbite) in orthodontics field. The study of vertical jaw dysplasia is of great interest to the community of orthodontists, to ensure long-term stability of treatment, as this envolves complex etiological factors. In this work we propose to build a multinomial logistic regression model that could assess the probability of an individual have open bite or deepbite taking into account some cephalometric measures of hyoid bone (HB) and some individual characteristics. The study was conducted in a retrospective evaluation and consisted of 191 individuals random selected from a clinic in the Northern region of Portugal. We evaluated multiple factors in the construction of multinomial logistic regression model with 2 logit functions. The technique used to select variables to be included in the model, was the stepwise technique by choosing the smallest p value for the variable entering in the model. Of the modeling process through multinomial logistic regression have resulted five position of the hyoid bone that have statistical significance and that can contribute as an auxiliary for the diagnosis of vertical jaw dysplasia.

The aim of our study was to establish if aging influences rotator cuff tear size. We studied 586 consecutive patients (280 M, 306 F) mean age 59 years old (range 46–73) who underwent arthroscopic rotator cuff repair. Tear size was determined during surgery. For the purpose of our study, patients were divided into two groups based on age older than 60 years. A multinomial logistic regression model was applied to explore the association between age older than 60 years and tear size. We used the ANCOVA method to determine whether the aging influences the severity of the tear. All analyses were adjusted for gender. Age older than 60 years was associated with a twofold higher overall risk of tear occurrence (OR = 2.12, 95 % CI 1.44–3.01). While no association was detected between age older than 60 years and the probability of a small tear (OR = 0.58, 95 % CI 0.27–1.07), subjects older than 60 years were twice more likely to experience a large tear (OR = 2.29, 95 %CI 1.51–3.27) and three times more likely to experience a massive tear (OR = 3.09, 95 % CI 2.07–5.38) as opposed to younger subjects. Mean age significantly increased from small tear (53.8 years) to large tear (66.8 years) to massive tear (69.4 years) patients (ANCOVA: F(2, 437) = 16.487, p = 1.51 × 10−7). We found a significantly older mean age in patients with a more severe tear. Our data provide and confirm evidence that aging is a significant risk factor for the occurrence and severity of rotator cuff tears.

Background Emergency Medical Services (EMS) provide effective and coordinated care to people in need due to a medical emergency, in both hospital and pre-hospital settings. A proper and opportune care is associated with less mortality and disability. In Mexico, no information is available about the association of the opportunity of EMS response and its results in terms of health outcomes. Methods Information from all patients with Road Traffic Injuries (RTI) was collected through an epidemiological surveillance system between 2012–2014 in two general hospitals located in two Mexican cities. A multinomial logistic regression model explored the association between health consequences (0 = received care in hospital emergency rooms Results 2,575 people injured received EMS in both hospitals. Of them, 64% required care in hospital Conclusions Authorities should promote strategies to comprehensively evaluate and improve quality as well as opportunity of EMS care in both cities.

Objective: To examine the factors influencing the occurrence of childhood anemia in northeast India. Method: A nationally representative systematic multistage stratified cross-sectional sample of singleton children aged 6–59 months from all states of India. Data consist of 10,136 children in the age group 6–59 months in eight northeastern states. The level of anemia was the outcome variable with four ordinal categories (severe, moderate, mild, and non-anemic). A two-level random intercept multivariate logistic regression model was considered with state of residence as the level-2 variable. Results: About 53% of the children are anemic in the northeastern states of India. Tripura has the highest prevalence of anemia cases (74%), whereas the lowest percentage of anemia cases was in Manipur (42%). Multivariate analysis suggests that age at marriage (OR = 1.13, 95% CI: 1.05, 1.21) and the number of children ever born (OR = 1.09, 95% CI: 1.03, 1.15) have significant effects on being at or below a hemoglobin level (severely anemic). Furthermore, age of the child (OR = 0.92, 95% CI: 0.86 − 1.00) was a significant predictor, indicating that odds of severe anemia decrease if the child is 48 months or older. Conclusions: The high prevalence of mild and moderate anemia demands due emphasis in the programs and policies of the government so that the overall prevalence of anemia among children aged 6–59 months can be reduced. Comprehensive strategies need to focus more at state level followed by individual level for combating anemia.

This document presents a doctoral dissertation which is a requirement for the Ph.D. degree in Information Technologies and Communications from Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey (ITESM), Campus Monterrey, major in Intelligent Syst

Aim: To assess the lifetime prevalence of migraine in patients with Marfan syndrome (MFS) and to investigate a history of aortic root replacement (AR) as a possible risk factor. Methods: In a multicentre study 123 MFS patients ( n = 52 with AR, n = 71 without AR), 82 age- and sex-matched controls and 51 patients with AR but without MFS, were interviewed using a semi-structured headache questionnaire. A multinomial logistic regression model was used to investigate risk factors for migraine with and without aura, adjusting for age and gender. Results: Lifetime migraine prevalence was increased in female MFS patients (51%) compared to healthy female controls (29%), p = 0.017. In males lifetime migraine prevalence among MFS patients was only numerically increased. Lifetime prevalence of migraine with aura was increased among MFS patients compared to healthy controls both in males (19% vs. 3%, p = 0.048) and females (30% vs. 14%, p = 0.049). A history of AR, independently from MFS, gender and age, increased the lifetime prevalence of migraine with aura (OR 3.1 [1.2–8.0]). In all but one patient migraine started before the AR. Conclusions: The lifetime prevalence of migraine with aura, but not migraine without aura, is increased in patients with MFS. This association is driven by a history of AR. The replacement procedure itself is unlikely to be causally associated with migraine as in nearly all subjects, migraine started before the procedure. However this study adds to the evidence that underlying vessel wall pathology may be involved in migraine with aura.

Objective To examine how health-related, socioeconomic, and environmental factors combine to influence the onset of activity of daily living (ADL) limitations or prognosis for death or further functional deterioration or improvement among elderly people. Design A national representative sample with 2-year follow-up. Setting Community-dwelling people. Participants Included were 9447 persons (≥70 years of age) in the United States from the Second Longitudinal Study of Aging who were interviewed in 1994, 1995, or 1996. Methods Self- or proxy-reported health conditions, ADLs expressed as 5 stages describing severity and pattern of limitations, and other baseline characteristics were obtained. A multinomial logistic regression model was used to predict stage transitions. Because of incomplete follow-up (17.7% of baseline sample), primary analyses were determined by multiple imputation to address potential bias associated with loss to follow-up. Main Outcome Measurement ADL stage transitions in 2 years (death, deteriorated, stable, and improved ADL function). Results In the imputed-case analysis, the percentages for those who died, deteriorated, were stable, and improved were 12.6%, 32.7%, 48.4%, and 6.2%, respectively. Persons at a mild stage of ADL limitation were most likely to deteriorate further. Persons at advanced stages were most likely to die. Married people and high school graduates had a lower likelihood of deterioration. The risk of mortality and functional deterioration increased with age. Certain conditions, such as diabetes, were associated both with mortality and functional deterioration; other conditions, such as cancer, were associated with mortality only, and arthritis was associated only with functional deterioration. Conclusions Although overlap occurs, different clinical traits are associated with mortality, functional deterioration, and functional improvement. ADL stages might aid physical medicine and rehabilitation clinicians and researchers in developing and monitoring disability management strategies targeted to maintaining and enhancing self-care among community-dwelling older people.

The disabled people in Poland are that part of labour force that has not been appreciated enough. Despite the fact that in the recent years the number of the disabled Poles who found employment has risen, their employment rate is still rather low. The majority of them (83% in 2010) are absent on the job market. The aim of the paper is to investigate how gender, place of residence, education, age and disability severeness affect the economic inactivity of the disabled and what impact their gender, place of residence and disability severity had on the likelihood of the reason for the inactivity. The author used the Polish Central Statistical Office data concerning the 4th quarter of 2010. The data were analysed by means of the logistic regression model for the dependent dichotomous variable as well as the multinomial logistic regression model. The estimated parameters helped to determine the inactivity risk quotient in relation to economic activity. They also permitted to calculate the probability of the disabled people's economic inactivity due to a particular reason.

A cross-sectional study involving 143 farrow-to-finish herds was carried out to identify herd-level noninfectious factors associated with pneumonia and pleuritis in slaughter pigs. Data related to herd characteristics, biosecurity, management and housing conditions were collected by questionnaire during a farm visit. Climatic conditions were measured over 20 h in the post-weaning and finishing rooms where the slaughter pigs were kept. After these on-farm investigations, the finishing pigs were examined at slaughter for lung lesions. A sample of 30 randomly selected pigs per herd was scored for pneumonia and pleuritis. Herds were grouped into three categories according to their pneumonia median score (class 1: ≤ 0.5; class 2: 0.5score ≤3.75; class 3:3.75). For pleuritis, a herd was deemed affected if at least one pig had a high pleuritis score (≥ 3). A multinomial logistic regression model was used to identify factors associated with pneumonia classes 2 and 3. A logistic regression for binary outcome was used to identify risk factors for severe pleuritis. An interval of less than four weeks between successive batches (OR=4.5, 95% confidence interval (95% CI): 1.5-13.6, p0.01), large finishing room size (OR=4.3, 95% CI: 1.6-11.6, p0.01) and high mean CO(2) concentration in the finishing room (OR=4.2, 95%CI: 1.6-11.3, p0.01), significantly increased the odds for a herd to be in class 2 for pneumonia. The same risk factors were found for class 3 and, in addition, a direct fresh air inlet from outside or from the corridor in the post-weaning room vs an appropriate ceiling above the pigs (OR=5.1, 95% CI: 1.4-18.8, p=0.01). The risk for a herd to have at least one pig with a high pleuritis score was increased when the farrowing facilities were not disinsected (OR=2.7, 95% CI: 1.2-5.8, p=0.01), when tail docking was performed later than 1.5 days after birth (OR=2.6, 95% CI: 1.2-5.7, p=0.01) and if the piglets were castrated when more than 14 days old (OR=2.7, 95%CI: 1.1-6.8, p=0.03). A temperature range of less than 5°C for the ventilation control rate in the farrowing room (OR=2.7, 95% CI: 1.2-5.9, p=0.01), a mean temperature in the finishing room below 23°C (OR=3.0, 95% CI: 1.3-6.8, p0.01) and large herd size (OR=3.1, 95% CI: 1.4-6.9, p0.01) were also associated with increased risk of pleuritis. The factors affecting pneumonia and pleuritis seemed to be different. All rearing steps from farrowing to finishing must be taken into account in any health programme aimed at controlling pneumonia and pleuritis and lung health may be improved through several pathways, i.e. correcting managerial and hygienic factors, implementing an appropriate and well-functioning ventilation in order to offer favorable climatic conditions.

This chapter takes a closer look at the role of supervisors in further training decisions. My argument is that supervisors often do not have the training, the time, nor the knowledge to give both older and less educated employees the support they need to succeed in further training courses. With a lack of information on employees’ real willingness to train, they might be influenced by well-known age stereotypes and prejudices against lower educated employees, namely that these groups are less willing and able to train. Indeed, multinomial logistic regression models with two levels showed that younger and higher educated employees have a higher likelihood of getting a positive supervisor rating on willingness to train than their older and less educated colleagues.

Smallholder farmers are faced with a range of institutional challenges in produce marketing. In turn, these challenges influence their selection of marketing channels. In this chapter, a multinomial logistic regression model was used to test the significance of institutional factors in marketing. Te results are based on a case study for smallholder farmers in the Kat River Valley, in South Africa. It is shown that the statistically significant variables are access to market information, expertise on grades and standards, availability of contractual agreements, existence of extensive social capital, group participation and reliance on traditions.

The frequency of senior center attendance was studied using the 1984 Supplement on Aging of the National Health Interview Survey. Unlike previous research, which focused on whether people ever attend a senior center, this study estimates a multinomial logistic regression model to distinguish between persons who rarely, sometimes, and frequently attend. There is evidence that the more frequent users are older, which may indicate difficulty in recruiting new active members. Greater frequency is associated with lower income and lower education but is unrelated to functional disability. The most frequent users are persons who are more socially involved. Finally, those who live in rural areas are more likely to be only occasional users, which may reflect a lack of accessibility or less frequent program availability in those areas.

Background Hitherto, risk prediction models for preoperative ultrasound-based diagnosis of ovarian tumors were dichotomous (benign versus malignant). We develop and validate polytomous models (models that predict more than two events) to diagnose ovarian tumors as benign, borderline, primary invasive or metastatic invasive. The main focus is on how different types of models perform and compare. Methods A multi-center dataset containing 1066 women was used for model development and internal validation, whilst another multi-center dataset of 1938 women was used for temporal and external validation. Models were based on standard logistic regression and on penalized kernel-based algorithms (least squares support vector machines and kernel logistic regression). We used true polytomous models as well as combinations of dichotomous models based on the 'pairwise coupling' technique to produce polytomous risk estimates. Careful variable selection was performed, based largely on cross-validated c-index estimates. Model performance was assessed with the dichotomous c-index (i.e. the area under the ROC curve) and a polytomous extension, and with calibration graphs. Results For all models, between 9 and 11 predictors were selected. Internal validation was successful with polytomous c-indexes between 0.64 and 0.69. For the best model dichotomous c-indexes were between 0.73 (primary invasive vs metastatic) and 0.96 (borderline vs metastatic). On temporal and external validation, overall discrimination performance was good with polytomous c-indexes between 0.57 and 0.64. However, discrimination between primary and metastatic invasive tumors decreased to near random levels. Standard logistic regression performed well in comparison with advanced algorithms, and combining dichotomous models performed well in comparison with true polytomous models. The best model was a combination of dichotomous logistic regression models. This model is available online. Conclusions We have developed models that successfully discriminate between benign, borderline, and invasive ovarian tumors. Methodologically, the combination of dichotomous models was an interesting approach to tackle the polytomous problem. Standard logistic regression models were not outperformed by regularized kernel-based alternatives, a finding to which the careful variable selection procedure will have contributed. The random discrimination between primary and metastatic invasive tumors on temporal/external validation demonstrated once more the necessity of validation studies.

To analyze the temporal trends of obesity over time among male adolescents of different ethnic origins.Population-based national data of subjects presenting at recruitment centers for medical examinations as part of screening for military draft. Subjects were 17-year-old Jewish males (n=1 140 937) born in the years 1950-1986. Data on body mass index (BMI) were measured (without clothing and shoes) by physicians. We calculated the prevalence of obesity (BMI 29.4 or higher) for each year by ethnic origin group. A Multinomial logistic regression model was used to estimate the effects of ethnic origin and other risk factors on the likelihood of obesity.Over time, obesity rates have risen among all ethnic groups of adolescents. Multinomial regression analysis showed a lower likelihood of obesity among those of Asia-Africa origin as compared with other groups. However, obesity rates have increased more significantly over time among this ethnic group compared with the other groups.A significant finding of this study is the disparities in temporal trends in the likelihood of obesity over time. Among adolescents of Asia-Africa origin the likelihood of obesity increased more steeply over time compared with other groups of adolescents. Health services in Israel should thus consider Asia-African origin as a distinct risk factor and target interventions to prevent future obesity among these adolescents.

The aim of the study was to assess the prevalence of limited health literacy in an urban emergency department (ED) and its association with sociodemographic variables.This was a cross-sectional study of patients presenting to the ED of an urban county hospital. For 3 months, we screened a convenience sample of patients presenting to the ED. Participants completed a brief demographic survey and a validated assessment of health literacy, the Short Test of Functional Health Literacy in Adults (S-TOFHLA). Multinomial logistic regression model was used to analyze data.Of the 15,930 patients presenting to the ED, 5601 met inclusion criteria. Of eligible patients, 65% (3639) agreed to complete demographic surveys and 26% (960) of them agreed to complete the S-TOFHLA. The most common exclusions were inability to contact the patient and age less than 18 years. Participating patients were younger than those who declined (mean age, 36.8 compared to 40.8 [t = 7.49; P.001]). Sex and ethnicity were not significantly different across groups. Of all participants, 15.5% possessed limited health literacy. Inadequate health literacy was independently associated with increasing age (odds ratio [OR], 1.08; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.05-1.10), non-English primary language (OR, 6.97; 95% CI, 2.76-17.6), male sex (OR, 1.82; 95% CI, 1.03-3.21), nonwhite ethnicity (OR, 2.66; 95% CI, 1.40-5.04), and years of education in the United States (OR, 0.63; 95% CI, 0.42-0.92). Marginal health literacy was associated with increasing age (OR, 1.03; 95% CI, 1.00-1.05); male sex (OR, 1.84; 95% CI, 1.04-3.24); ethnicity (OR, 2.08; 95% CI, 1.12-3.85); and a housing status of homelessness (OR, 9.66; 95% CI, 2.33-40.0), living with friends (OR, 4.59; 95% CI, 1.18-17.9), or renting (OR, 4.16; 95% CI, 1.21-14.3). Moderate to high correlation among housing variables was observed.Of patients enrolled in the study, 15.5% have limited health literacy. Age, male sex, non-English first language, nonwhite ethnicity, limited education, and unstable housing were associated with limited health literacy.

Over the last years, there has been an increasing awareness and knowledge about bipolar spectrum disorders. However, descriptive data on bipolar I disorder with psychotic features (BPI-p) in comparison with schizophrenia (SCH) and schizoaffective disorder (SA) in mental health community services are scanty in the literature. We conducted a study with the aim of assessing the prevalence, clinical characteristics and levels of functioning of SCH, SA and BPI-p in a random sample of patients with psychotic symptoms recruited in nine departments of mental health. Patients with a psychotic disorder according to their treating clinicians were assessed using the SCID and a series of questionnaires to evaluate their psychopathology and level of functioning. Patients who received a DSM-IV diagnosis of SA (N=55), SCH (N=82), or BPI-p (N=60) represented the final sample. The three diagnostic groups showed similar demographic characteristics. Independently from the diagnosis, all patients had a long duration of illness and a persistent course. Uni-variate group comparisons showed that, as compared to SCH patients, BPI-p and SA patients did better in several measures of functioning and differed in frequency of psychotic symptoms. However, a multinomial logistic regression model in which only significantly different variables were entered showed similar levels of functioning in the three groups of patients. The three groups' scores did not significantly differ on instruments that assessed dimensionally psychotic and affective symptoms during the previous month.

A system and method are disclosed for learning a random multinomial logit (RML) classifier and applying the RML classifier for scene segmentation. The system includes an image textonization module, a feature selection module and a RML classifier. The image textonization module is configured to receive an image training set with the objects of the images being pre-labeled. The image textonization module is further configured to generate corresponding texton images from the image training set. The feature selection module is configured to randomly select one or more texture-layout features from the texton images. The RML classifier comprises multiple multinomial logistic regression models. The RML classifier is configured to learn each multinomial logistic regression model using the selected texture-layout features. The RML classifier is further configured to apply the learned regression models to an input image for scene segmentation.

Generalized expectation (GE) criteria [McCallum et al., 2007] are terms in objective functions that assign scores to values of model expectations. In this paper we introduce GE-FL, a method that uses GE to train a probabilistic model using associations between input features and classes rather than complete labeled instances. Specifically, here the expectations are model predicted class distributions on unlabeled instances that contain selected input features. The score function is the KL divergence from reference distributions estimated using feature-class associations. We show that a multinomial logistic regression model trained with GE-FL outperforms several baseline methods that use feature-class associations. Next, we compare with a method that incorporates feature-class associations into Boosting [Schapire et al., 2002] and find that it requires 400 labeled instances to attain the same accuracy as GE-FL, which uses no labeled instances. In human annotation experiments, we show that labeling features is on average 3.7 times faster than labeling documents, a result that supports similar findings in previous work [Raghavan et al., 2006]. Additionally, using GE-FL provides a 1.0% absolute improvement in final accuracy over semi-supervised training with labeled documents. The accuracy difference is often much more pronounced with only a few minutes of annotation, where we see absolute accuracy improvements as high as 40%.

Motivated by high‐dimensional applications in authorship attribution, we describe a Bayesian multinomial logistic regression model together with an associated learning algorithm.

Objectives. We identified and quantified differences in sociodemographic characteristics of communities relative to the strength of local restaurant smoking regulations in Massachusetts. Methods. We examined the relationship between the strength of the 351 local restaurant smoking regulations in Massachusetts and a number of town-level characteristics, using a multinomial logistic regression model. Results. Characteristics important to the adoption of stronger restaurant smoking regulations included higher education and per capita income, geographic region, voter support for a state cigarette tax initiative, board of health funding to promote clean indoor air policymaking, and the presence of a bordering town with a strong regulation. Conclusions. The current pattern of smoke-free restaurant policy enactment fosters socioeconomic and geographic disparities in health protection, undermining an important national health goal.

Ill-health either results in reduced work capacity or loss of days worked and either of these, ipso facto, results in loss of productivity to firms and society and loss of income to employees. Occupational health and safety practice is about prevention of work related illnesses and protection of workers from physical injury and industrial accidents. However, much of the recent discussions have focused more on prevention of industrial accidents and injury with little attention given to prevention of illnesses related to work. This paper explores this gap. The paper examines the impact of socio-economic factors on the demand for preventive medical services by employees. Primary data was used for the study: Questionnaires were administered and interviews conducted for the collection of the data. Using the convenient sampling method, 400 employees in Kumasi, Ghana, were sampled from the private-formal and informal sectors. Both qualitative and quantitative analyses were carried out. Multivariate analysis using multinomial logistic regression model was employed to estimate the impact of socio-economic factors influencing employees decision to seek preventive medical services. The study found income, free, and convenient access to medical services statistically significant and impacted positively on the demand for preventive medical services. Stakeholders should pay more attention to these variables when designing and reviewing health programmes that have impact on employees health investment decisions. Keywords: Health Capital, Preventive Medical Services, Health Investment, Employees.

Background Identifying individuals with primary Raynaud who are likely to develop scleroderma or other connective tissue diseases is very important for early control and therapeutic management of the disease and has a large influence on the patient's prognosis. The most appropriate method for this would be the capillaroscopy as it is an affordable, non-invasive and easy to use method. Objectives To evaluate the correlation between clinical diagnosis and capillaroscopic pattern in patients with both primary and secondary Raynaud's phenomenon. Methods We performed a descriptive observational study comprising 226 capillaroscopic assessments performed at H.U.P. La Fe in 2012-2013. All were conducted on patients with primary or secondary Raynaud's phenomenon. Rheumatologists ignored the clinical diagnosis for each case and a capillaroscopic pattern was assigned to each patient based on observed characteristics. We performed a biostatistical analysis using a multinomial logistic regression model in order to estimate the likelihood of each diagnosis based on a given capillaroscopic pattern. Biostatistical analysis of the data was performed using a multinomial logistic regression model. Results The results obtained on the capillaroscopic assessments are: heterogeneous capillary pattern (19.5%); visible venous plexus (50.8%), normal capillary density (85.4%), decreased capillary (11%), and greatly decreased capillary density (3.5%); elongated capillary morphology (25.6%), lack of dilatation (27.4%), isolated dilatation (42%) and diffuse dilatation (30.5%); presence of mega-capillaries (26.1%); bleeding (58.4%), presence of avascular areas (5.7%), absence of windings (12.8%), presence of grade I tortuosities (31.2%), grade II tortuosities (40.7%) and grade III tortuosities (13.3%); and angiogenesis (30.5%). Based on these results, the patients were classified according to the capillaroscopic pattern and clinical diagnosis. See [Table 1][1]. View this table: Table 1 Based on these results, we observed a statistical probability of 68% of Primary Raynaud in patients with a normal capillaroscopic pattern. In addition, the presence of Grade 2 and Grade 3 tortuosity correlated positively with secondary Raynaud ( p =0.0007 and p =0.024, respectively). Conclusions Our results showed that a high percentage of cases with a regular capillaroscopic pattern had a high probability of presenting/displaying Primary Raynaud. Therefore, capillaroscopy could be useful in determining primary Raynaud's according to the pattern seen. Disclosure of Interest None declared DOI 10.1136/annrheumdis-2014-eular.4985 [1]: #T1

The objective of this study was to determine the relationship of national policy and internal migration with the aim to provide some useful determinants in developing migration policies in Tanzania. The study used the multinomial logistic regression model to examine the internal migration factors which are very important in developing migration policies. Secondary data extracted from the National Bureau of Statistics was used for analysis. The study found out that gender, wage differentials, level of education, marital status and age are significant factors in developing migration policy in Tanzania. The study also revealed that more single male with less education make more movements than female. The study suggests that the government and policy makers to review some laws and regulations governing migration. In addition, it suggests that before imposing any restrictive policy, the government authorities are recommended to develop policies that reflect opportunities available in the country with the aim to reduce the negative effects of migration.

In the present study, we developed new software for quantitative analysis of cervical vertebrae maturation, and we evaluated its applicability through a multinomial logistic regression model (MLRM).Digitized images of the bodies of the second (C2), third (C3) and fourth (C4) cervical vertebrae were analysed in cephalometric radiographs of 236 subjects (116 boys and 120 girls) by using a software developed for digitized vertebrae analysis. The sample was initially distributed into 11 categories according to the Fishman's skeletal maturity indicators and were then grouped into four stages for quantitative cervical maturational changes (QCMC) analysis (QCMC I, II, III and IV). Seven variables of interest were measured and analysed to identify morphologic alterations of the vertebral bodies in each QCMC category.Statistically significant differences (p 0.05) were observed among all QCMC categories for the variables analysed. The MLRM used to calculate the probability that an individual belonged to each of the four cervical vertebrae maturation categories was constructed by taking into account gender, chronological age and four variables determined by digitized vertebrae analysis (Ang_C3, MP_C3, MP_C4 and SP_C4). The MLRM presented a predictability of 81.4%. The weighted κ test showed almost perfect agreement (κ = 0.832) between the categories defined initially by the method of Fishman and those allocated by the MLRM.Significant alterations in the morphologies of the C2, C3 and C4 vertebral bodies that were analysed through the digitized vertebrae analysis software occur during the different stages of skeletal maturation. The model that combines the four parameters measured on the vertebral bodies, the age and the gender showed an excellent prediction.

This article proposes a new approach to evaluate contagion in financial markets. Our measure of contagion captures the coincidence of extreme return shocks across countries within a region and across regions. We characterize the extent of contagion, its economic significance, and its determinants using a multinomial logistic regression model. Applying our approach to daily returns of emerging markets during the 1990s, we find that contagion is predictable and depends on regional interest rates, exchange rate changes, and conditional stock return volatility. Evidence that contagion is stronger for extreme negative returns than for extreme positive returns is mixed.

Background The identification of individuals with primary Raynaud’s likely to develop scleroderma or other connective tissue diseases is of great importance in order to have an early control and therapeutic management of the disease, with great influence on the patient’s prognosis. The most appropriate methodology for this would be the capillaroscopy, as it is an affordable, non-invasive and easy to use method. Objectives Evaluate the correlation between clinical diagnosis and capillaroscopic pattern in patients with Raynaud’s phenomenon both primary and secondary. Methods We performed a descriptive observational study comprising 116 capillaroscopies performed in the H.U.P. La Fe in 2012. All were conducted on patients with Raynaud’s phenomenon both primary and secondary. Rheumatologists ignored the clinical diagnosis for each case and based on observed characteristics a capillaroscopic pattern was assigned to each patient. We performed a biostatistical analysis using multinomial logistic regression model in order to estimate the likelihood of each diagnosis based on a given capillaroscopic pattern. Results The results obtained in the capillaroscopies are: heterogeneous capillary disposition (30%); visible venous plexus (44%) maintained capillary density (78%), decreased (15%), greatly decreased (7%); elongated capillary morphology (24%), lack of dilatation (22%), isolated dilatation (40%), diffuse dilatation (38%); existence of megacapillaries (28%); existence of bleeding (56%), presence of avascular areas (8%), absence of windings (10%), presence of grade I tortuosities (29%), grade II (38%), grade III (22%); angiogenesis (47%). According to these results the patients were classified according to the capillaroscopic pattern and clinical diagnosis. See Table 1. Conclusions Our results showed that a high percentage of cases with a regular capillaroscopic pattern had a high probability of presenting/displaying Primary Raynaud’s diagnosis. Thus, capillaroscopy could be useful in primary Raynaud’s discrimination based on the pattern found. Disclosure of Interest None Declared

Advance directives are a means whereby competent individuals can guide treatment decisions, and in many cases their death, at a future time when they may be rendered incompetent of doing so. This article first examines the differences between nursing home residents who choose to use advance directives and those that do not. Second, the differences between nursing homes who choose to use advance directives and those that do not are examined. Also, advance directives are not investigated as homogeneous constructs, rather they are divided into residents with a do-not-resuscitate (DNR) status and those with other advance directives (i.e., do-not-hospitalize, living wills, and feeding restrictions). A multinomial logistic regression model with data representing 60,366 nursing home residents in ten states is used. Thirteen factors are significantly associated with a DNR status, whereas eleven factors are significantly associated with other advance directives. In both cases these significant factors include both resident characteristics and characteristics of the nursing homes. These results extend the scope of both facility and resident characteristics as important covariates in studies of advance directives.

There are only a few studies performed on multinomial logistic regression on the benzene-exposed occupational group. A study was carried out to assess the relationship between the benzene concentration and trans-trans-muconic acid (t,t-MA), biomarkers in urine samples from petrol filling workers. A total of 117 workers involved in this occupation were selected for this current study. Generally, logistic regression analysis (LR) is a common statistical technique that could be used to predict the likelihood of categorical or binary or dichotomous outcome variables. The multinomial logistic regression equations were used to predict the relationship between benzene concentration and t,t-MA. The results showed a significant correlation between benzene and t,t-MA among the petrol fillers. Prediction equations were estimated by adopting the physical characteristic viz., age, experience in years and job categories of petrol filling station workers. Interestingly, there was no significant difference observed among experience in years. Petrol fillers and cashiers having a higher occupational risk were in the age group of ≤24 and between 25 and 34 years. Among the petrol fillers, the t,t-MA levels with exceeding ACGIH TWA-TLV level was showing to be more significant. This study demonstrated that multinomial logistic regression is an effective model for profiling the greatest risk of the benzene-exposed group caused by different explanatory variables.

This paper reports a series of analyses examining the predictors of gambling subtypes identified from a latent class analysis of problem gambling assessment data, pooled from four health and gambling surveys conducted in Britain between 2007 and 2012. Previous analyses have indicated that gambling assessments have a consistent three class structure showing quantitative and potentially qualitative differences. Bringing this data together is useful for studying more severe problem gamblers, where the small number of respondents has been a chronic limitation of gambling prevalence research. Predictors were drawn from sociodemographic indicators and engagement with other legal addictive behaviours, namely smoking and alcohol consumption. The pooled data was entered into a multinomial logistic regression model in which class membership was regressed along a series of demographic variables and survey year, based on previous analyses of gambling prevalence data. The results identified multiple demographic differences (age, general health, SES, being single, membership of ethnic minority groups) between the non-problem and two classes endorsing some problem gambling indicators. Although these two groups tended to share a sociodemographic profile, the odds of being male, British Asian and a smoker increased between the three groups in line with problem gambling severity. Being widowed was also found to be associated with the most severe gambling class. A number of associations were also observed with other addictive behaviours. However these should be taken as indicative as these were limited subsamples of a single dataset. These findings identify specific groups in which gambling problems are more prevalent, and highlight the importance of the interaction between acute and determinant aspects of impulsivity, suggesting that a more complex account of impulsivity should be considered than is currently present in the gambling literature.

Las crisis económicas mundiales recientes han acelerado el flujo de incorporación de la mujer al trabajo extradoméstico, lo que ha representado un nuevo reto en la consecución de la conciliación trabajo-familia. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar hasta qué punto la posibilidad de conciliar trabajo y familia determina el grado de inserción laboral femenina y la elección de ocupación de las mujeres de México y España, haciendo un comparativo internacional para distinguir el efecto local, de las tendencias globales. Para ello, se utilizó el método de regresión logística multinomial a partir de la base de datos del programa Family and Changing Gender Roles IV; la ocupación fue tratada como variable dependiente, mientras que las características socioeconómicas y aquellas relacionadas con los estereotipos, roles de género y de división del trabajo en el hogar se consideraron como variables independientes. Se encontró que la falta de conciliación favorece que la mujer se dedique al hogar en ambos países. El comparativo internacional mostró que los prejuicios de género y la asimetría en la división del trabajo no fomentan el trabajo extradoméstico, pero este sí fue compatible con los roles tradicionales que responsabilizan a la mujer del cuidado de los hijos y la atención del hogar. Se concluyó que aun siendo México y España países que comparten ciertos cánones culturales, existe entre ellos diferencias en la forma de conceptualizar la conciliación entre familia y trabajo, lo cual también se vio reflejado en un marco normativo diferenciado.

An appropriate stabilization before transport is essential to reduce adverse events [1-5]. The aim of this study was to describe the characteristics of a cohort of newborns transported and to evaluate the association between stabilization time and change of Transport Risk Index of Physiologic Stability (TRIPS score)[6].