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According to the World Health Organization (WHO), traumatic brain injury (TBI) will mainly contribute to disability and death by 2020. Facial fractures associated with TBI are a significant public health concern worldwide. The main etiological factors are road traffic accidents, violence, and falls. Neurological injury associated with facial fractures has been reported to be as high as 76%. Therefore, we retrospectively evaluated facial fracture patterns in patients with a traumatic brain injury in Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia and evaluated their associations in our study. Ordinal regression was used to examine the facial fracture patterns in patients with traumatic brain injuries. The confounding variables were controlled using ordinal regression analysis, and probabilities of p < 0.1 were considered significant associations. The results found that zygomatic arch fracture −1.141 (95% CI, −2.487 to 0.204, p-value = 0.096), Le Fort II fracture −1.080 (95% CI, −2.138 to −0.022, p-value = 0.045), maxillary bone fracture 2.924 (95% CI, 1.784 to 4.063, p-value .001), nasal bone fracture 4.047 (95% CI, 1.243 to 6.851, p-value = 0.005), and mandibular bone fracture 1.501 (95% CI, 0.711 to 2.291, p-value .001) were the most common facial fracture types associated with traumatic brain injury (TBI). This study provides valuable data for creating prevention plans and gives a chance to discover the epidemiology, prevalence, and connection between TBI and facial fracture.

Abstract Background The Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) has estimated that invasive alien species (IAS) might cause billions of dollars of losses every year across the world. One example is South-East Asia, where IAS have caused an estimated loss of 33.5 billion USD, affecting the environment, human health, and agricultural production. Factors associated with climate change, such as increased carbon dioxide (CO2), heavy precipitation, and elevated temperatures is expected to facilitate biological invasion, leading only to further financial and public health loss. Thus, further study is needed to identify, collate and categorise what evidence exists on the impacts of climate change on fish and shellfish species that contribute to the list of “One Hundred of the World’s Worst Invasive Alien Species” as identified by the International Union for Conservation of Nature’s (IUCN). Such mapping will identify regions more at risk of biological invasion as climate change progresses. Methods We outline a systematic mapping review protocol that follows the Guideline and Standards for Evidence Synthesis in Environmental Management and RepOrting standards for Systematic Evidence Syntheses (ROSES). We describe how peer-reviewed articles will be collected from Web of Science and Scopus, and then analyzed to create knowledge maps on the impact climate change has on invasive species. Finally, we speculate on how our results will aid future management of invasive species in the light of climate change.

Background There were a few studies on bacterial coinfection in hospitalized COVID-19 patients worldwide. This systematic review aimed to provide the pooled prevalence of bacterial coinfection from published studies from 2020 to 2022. Methods Three databases were used to search the studies, and 49 studies from 2,451 identified studies involving 212,605 COVID-19 patients were included in this review. Results The random-effects inverse-variance model determined that the pooled prevalence of bacterial coinfection in hospitalized COVID-19 patients was 26.84% (95% CI [23.85–29.83]). The pooled prevalence of isolated bacteria for Acinetobacter baumannii was 23.25% (95% CI [19.27–27.24]), Escherichia coli was 10.51% (95% CI [8.90–12.12]), Klebsiella pneumoniae was 15.24% (95% CI [7.84–22.64]), Pseudomonas aeruginosa was 11.09% (95% CI [8.92–13.27]) and Staphylococcus aureus (11.59% (95% CI [9.71–13.46])). Meanwhile, the pooled prevalence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria for extended-spectrum beta-lactamases producing Enterobacteriaceae was 15.24% (95% CI [7.84–22.64]) followed by carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (14.55% (95% CI [9.59–19.52%])), carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa (6.95% (95% CI [2.61–11.29])), methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (5.05% (95% CI [3.49–6.60])), carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (4.95% (95% CI [3.10–6.79])), and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (1.26% (95% CI [0.46–2.05])). Conclusion All the prevalences were considered as low. However, effective management and prevention of the infection should be considered since these coinfections have a bad impact on the morbidity and mortality of patients.

The Scientific paper is a required subject for final year Muamalat Diploma students at UiTMCTKD in semester 5. The Wheel of Fortune Interactive PnP Innovation Project (PWoFKi) method is used to assess students' comprehension of input for writing a scientific paper or research paper that was given in the form of a lecture during a scientific paper writing workshop held prior to students registering for this subject. This strategy was developed to encourage students to be more enthusiastic about comprehending all of the critical procedures involved in producing scientific articles without becoming bored, stiff, or passive in response to the feedback provided. The employment of (PWoFKi), which employs an intriguing gaming method, can be studied as a teaching and learning mechanism (PnP) in promoting learning delight. As a result, the goal of this study is to assess students' understanding of the appropriateness of using PWoFKi in the PnP process for the subject of Scientific Papers (IMU304), as well as to pique students' interest in the subject of Scientific Papers (IMU304), in order to improve the learning and teaching environment. A questionnaire was provided to 57 participants in a pilot research. To assess students' perceptions of implementation, data was analysed using SPSS 24 and compared to the mean score (PWoFKi). The results show that the mean score is 4.26 on a 5-point scale. This suggests that the innovation of usage (PWoFKi) in PnP topic IMU 304 can solve the problem of boredom while also making students have fun and improving their knowledge of the learning delivered. One of the games that may be used to interact and communicate for learning goals is the PWoFKi technique. The study's findings indicate that the PWoFKi method is a novel strategy in the IMU304 PnP process that can be used by any students pursuing Diploma, Degree, Masters, or Doctorate degrees in any public or private higher education institution.

Whilst the influence of intestinal microbiota has been shown in many diseases such as irritable bowel syndrome, colorectal cancer, and aging, investigations are still scarce on its role in altering the nature of other infective organisms. Here we studied the association and interaction of Blastocystis sp. and human intestinal microbiota. In this study, we investigated the gut microbiome of Blastocystis sp.-free and Blastocystis sp. ST3-infected individuals who are symptomatic and asymptomatic. We tested if the expression of phenotype and pathogenic characteristics of Blastocystis sp. ST3 was influenced by the alteration of its accompanying microbiota. Blastocystis sp. ST3 infection alters bacterial composition. Its presence in asymptomatic individuals showed a significant effect on microbial richness compared to symptomatic ones. Inferred metagenomic findings suggest that colonization of Blastocystis sp. ST3 could contribute to the alteration of microbial functions. For the first time, we demonstrate the influence of bacteria on Blastocystis sp. pathogenicity. When Blastocystis sp. isolated from a symptomatic individual was co-cultured with bacterial suspension of Blastocystis sp. from an asymptomatic individual, the parasite demonstrated increased growth and reduced potential pathogenic expressions. This study also reveals that Blastocystis sp. infection could influence microbial functions without much effect on the microbiota diversity itself. Our results also demonstrate evidence on the influential role of gut microbiota in altering the characteristics of the parasite, which becomes the basis for the contradictory findings on the parasite's pathogenic role seen across different studies. Our study provides evidence that asymptomatic Blastocystis sp. in a human gut can be triggered to show pathogenic characteristics when influenced by the intestinal microbiota.

The present study was to determine optimum conditions for gelatin extraction from the skin of buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) using response surface methodology. A central composite design (CCD) was performed to evaluate the effects of NaOH concentration (X1), pre-treatment time (X2), extraction temperature (X3), and extraction time (X4) on the yield (Y1), gel strength (Y2), and hydroxyproline content (Y3) of the extracted gelatin. The optimal combination of the independent variables for a good gelatin yield with high gel strength and hydroxyproline content was found at X1 (0.77 M), X2 (5.08 h), X3 (62.93 °C) and X4 (11.62 h). The experimental values for Y1 (16.91%), Y2 (236.5 g), and Y3 (41.4 g/100 g) were in good agreement with the predicted values of 17.87% yield, 237.80 g gel strength and 41.90 g/100 g of hydroxyproline content. Extraction temperature and extraction time were observed to be the most important factors that influenced the yield, gel strength, and hydroxyproline content, meanwhile pre-treatment time showed negative correlations with the yield and hydroxyproline content of the extracted gelatin. This study demonstrated that manipulation of specific parameters could improve extraction efficiency without compromising the quality of buffalo gelatin, thereby promoting it as an alternative source for gelatin production.

Multiple primary malignant tumors of lung and colorectal incidence were extremely rare and in most cases, diagnosed incidentally. Due to its rarity, most physicians consider pulmonary lesions found in patients with a history of colorectal cancer as lung metastasis. To avoid misdiagnosis and treatment delays, it is critical to properly screen and explore for possible metastasis or the occurrence of a second primary tumor after a primary cancer has been diagnosed. We describe a 72-year-old woman who presented with rectal bleeding associated with altered bowel movement. Rectal biopsy revealed colon adenocarcinoma and subsequent CT scan showed sigmoid colon mass and right lower lobe lung mass with multiple mediastinal lymphadenopathies. Biopsies of the mediastinal lymph nodes also showed adenocarcinoma. PET/CT scans showed different SUVmax of lesions in the sigmoid colon and right lower lobe, which raised the possibility of separate colonic and lung primary tumors as opposed to colonic primary with lung metastasis. Further immunohistology studies confirmed separate primary lung tumor. These diagnoses facilitate the clinical approach and define treatment options for the patient.

Aims:Gentamicin is routinely used in neonates as an empirical antibiotic for suspected sepsis at a dose of 4.0 mg/kg, either 24 or 36 hourly based on premenstrual age. Regularly, therapeutic drug monitoring is performed. This study was conducted to determine gentamicin blood level in one-week-of-life neonates on 4 mg/kg treatment.Methods:Neonates who received gentamicin in a special care nursery ward were identified from the records retrospectively. The included subjects were neonates between 3 and 7 days old treated with gentamicin for at least three days. Admission diagnoses, dosing protocol (including dosage, the timing of the doses, and timing of blood samples) and measured gentamicin trough and peak levels were recorded.Results:A total of 290 neonates met the inclusion criteria (male: 57.6%). Over 30% of the subjects treated with gentamicin experienced potential toxicity with trough levels above 1.0 μg/mL, and 15.9% of them had sub efficacy of the drug (peak level below 5 μg/mL). Six neonates had trough levels above 2.0 μg/mL. The percentage of potential toxicity was higher in subjects with presumed sepsis, in those with bodyweight between 2.5-2.99 kg and with 24-hour dosing interval.Conclusions:We propose a trough-only monitoring protocol in non-critically ill neonates, as the practice of monitoring pre and post often necessitate additional blood sampling. The decision of not determining the peak levels routinely can be based on the outcome that gentamicin dosage of 4.0 mg/kg likely provides peak levels in desired range without any added risk of toxicity.

Wikipedia is considered a globally primary resource for public review. As it is the largest, free, and most popular general reference work on the World Wide Web, it is easy for web crawlers to do their search indexes and improve the visibility of the page in the digital world. To sustain its top ranking in organic search and display of any search engines, Wikipedia attracts many links and contains a large amount of content on a broad set of topics. Document about Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) started in Wikipedia since 2004, and it has been consistently evolving since then. UiTM has many branch campuses throughout the nation. It is Malaysia's largest institution of higher learning in terms of size and population, with the anchor campus in Shah Alam and one in each state. Whilst the main university is visible digitally, the branch campuses are almost invisible digitally. These may lead to inauthentic content and dispute of affiliation among the UiTM branches. This paper discusses the approach taken to overcome the problem of the authenticity of facts about UiTM. Content analysis is deployed throughout all related campus pages found on Wikipedia. A table ofguideline was developed to form an authenticity checklist.

Abstract Background Climate is one of the most important driving factors of future changes in terrestrial, coastal, and marine ecosystems. Any changes in these environments can significantly influence physiological and behavioural responses in aquatic animals, such as crustacea. Crustacea play an integral role as subsistence predators, prey, or debris feeders in complex food chains, and are often referred to as good indicators of polluted or stressed conditions. They also frequently have high production, consumption, and commercial significance. However, crustacean’s responses to climate change are likely to vary by species, life-history stage, reproduction status and geographical distribution. This map is undertaken as part of the Long-Term Research Grant project which aims to identify any interactive effect on physiological compensation and behavioural strategy of how marine organisms, especially crustaceans, deal with stress from environmental change. Our proposed map will aim to outline the evidence currently existing for the impacts of climate change on the physiology and behaviour of important aquaculture crustacean species within Asia. Methods We will document peer-reviewed articles in English using published journal articles and grey literature. Two bibliographic databases (Scopus and Web of Science) and multiple organizational websites with Google scholars will be searched. The systematic map protocol will follow in accordance with the Collaboration for Environmental Evidence Guidelines and Standards. Literature will be screened at the title, abstract, and full-text level using pre-defined inclusion criteria. The map will highlight marine crustacea physiological compensation and behavioural strategies to cope with climate change. It will also improve our knowledge of the available evidence and current gaps for future research recommendations.

Synucleinopathies such as Parkinson’s disease (PD) are incurable neurodegenerative conditions characterised by the abnormal aggregation of α-synuclein protein in neuronal cells. In PD, fibrillary synuclein aggregation forms Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites in the substantia nigra and cortex on the brain. Dementia with Lewy bodies and multiple system atrophy are also associated with α-synuclein protein abnormalities. α-synuclein is one of three synuclein proteins, and while its precise function is still unknown, one hypothesis posits that α-synuclein propagates from the enteric nervous system through the vagus nerve and into the brain, resulting in synucleinopathy. Studies on synucleinopathies should thus encompass not only the central nervous system but must necessarily include the gut and microbiome. The zebrafish (Danio rerio) is a well-established model for human neuronal pathologies and have been used in studies ranging from genetic models of hereditary disorders to neurotoxin-induced neurodegeneration as well as gut-brain-axis studies. There is significant genetic homology between zebrafish and mammalian vertebrates which is what makes the zebrafish so amenable to modelling human conditions but in the case of synucleinopathies, the zebrafish notably does not possess an α-synuclein homolog. Synuclein orthologs are present in the zebrafish however, and transgenic zebrafish that carry human α-synuclein have been generated. In addition, the zebrafish is a highly advantageous model and ideal replacement for reducing the use of mammalian models. This review discusses the application of the zebrafish as a model for synucleinopathies in efforts to further understand synuclein function and explore therapeutic strategies.

Abstract Background Many conservation management interventions have been set up to bring win–win outcomes for both biodiversity conservation and the well-being of the local communities. Nevertheless, the implementation process of marine protected areas (MPAs) can generate unexpected outcomes and fail to reach its objectives in addressing communities’ challenges. Therefore, it is crucial to have a better understanding of how MPAs influence the socioeconomic aspects of the coastal communities. This paper describes the protocol to conduct a systematic review which aims to explore and review the evidence that reflects the outcomes of marine site protection on poverty reduction in terms of economic and material living standards among the coastal communities in Southeast Asia. The review question is “What are the outcomes of marine site protection implementation on poverty in terms of material and economic living standards of coastal communities in Southeast Asia?”. Methods The systematic review uses rigorous search strategies and selection methods based on pre-defined eligibility criteria to identify and examine published journal articles and grey literature that are available on the review topic. Relevant studies and grey literature will be extracted from a recent systematic map of the evidence documenting the effect of marine or coastal nature conservation or natural resource management activities on human well-being in Southeast Asia. We will search online databases including Web of Science Core Collection, Ovid Medline®, Environmental Complete, Scopus, as well as Google Scholar and sources of grey literature for any additional literature available since the evidence map was created. For this review, the populations of interest are from coastal communities in the Southeast Asia region. Comparators to marine site protection will be no intervention and/or pre-MPA implementation. The economic and material living standards, which are the poverty domains, will be evaluated as outcomes. Once we have identified relevant literature, we will perform a critical appraisal, data extraction, and synthesis appropriate to the type of literature found, to investigate the effect of marine site protection on poverty reduction.

Abstract Alterations in the three chemosensory modalities—smell, taste, and chemesthesis—have been implicated in Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), yet emerging data suggest a wide geographic and ethnic variation in the prevalence of these symptoms. Studies on chemosensory disorders in COVID-19 have predominantly focused on Caucasian populations whereas Asians remain understudied. We conducted a nationwide, multicentre cross-sectional study using an online questionnaire on a cohort of RT-PCR-confirmed adult COVID-19 patients in Malaysia between 6 June and 30 November 2020. The aim of our study was to investigate their presenting symptoms and assess their chemosensory function using self-ratings of perceived smell, taste, chemesthesis, and nasal blockage. In this cohort of 498 patients, 41.4% reported smell and/or taste loss when diagnosed with COVID-19, which was the commonest symptom. Blocked nose, loss of appetite, and gastrointestinal disturbances were independent predictors of smell and/or taste loss on multivariate analysis. Self-ratings of chemosensory function revealed a reduction in smell, taste, and chemesthesis across the entire cohort of patients that was more profound among those reporting smell and/or taste loss as their presenting symptom. Perceived nasal obstruction accounted for only a small proportion of changes in smell and taste, but not for chemesthesis, supporting viral disruption of sensorineural mechanisms as the dominant aetiology of chemosensory dysfunction. Our study suggests that chemosensory dysfunction in COVID-19 is more widespread than previously reported among Asians and may be related to the infectivity of viral strains. Study Registration: NMRR-20-934-54803 and NCT04390165.

Purpose: This study aims to investigate the extent of Shariah compliance in wakalah sukuk and Shariah non-compliant risk disclosure in the sukuk documents and to analyse the risk management techniques associated with the disclosed risks. Design/methodology/approach: This study uses qualitative document analysis as both data collection and analysis methods. The document analysis acts as a data collection method for 23 wakalah sukuk documents selected from 32 issuances of wakalah sukuk from 2017 to 2021. These sukuk documents were selected based on their availability from relevant websites. Document analysis, both content analysis and thematic analysis, were used to analyse the data. Codes were grounded from that data through keywords search of Shariah noncompliant risk and its risk management. Besides these, interviews were also conducted with four active industry players, i.e. two legal advisors of wakalah sukuk, a wakalah sukuk trustee and a sukuk institutional issuer. These interview data were analysed based on categorical themes, on the aspects of the extent of Shariah compliance in sukuk, and the participant's views on the risk management techniques associated with the risks or used in the sukuk documents. Findings: Overall, the findings reveal three types of Shariah non-compliant risks disclosed in the sukuk documents and seven risk management techniques associated with them. However, the disclosure and the risk management techniques can be considered minimal in contrast to the extent of Shariah compliance in a sukuk, i.e. Shariah compliance at the pre-issuance stage, ongoing stage and post-issuance stage. On top of these, it was also found from the interviews that not all risk management techniques are workable to manage Shariah non-compliant risk in sukuk. As a result, these findings suggest rigorous reviews of the existing Shariah non-compliance risk (SNCR) disclosures and risk management techniques by the relevant parties. Research limitations/implications: Sukuk documents used in the study are limited to corporate wakalah sukuk issued in Malaysia. Out of 32 issuances from 2015 to 2021, only 23 documents are available in relevant website. Thus, Shariah non-compliant risk disclosure and its risk management techniques analysed in this study are only limited in those documents. Practical implications: The findings of this study suggest rigorous reviews on the existing Shariah non-compliance disclosures and risk management techniques. Other than these, future research in relation to uncommon risk management clauses, i.e. assurance, Shariah waiver and transfer of risk, are needed. Originality/value: The insights presented in the analysis are of importance to sukuk issuers and the sukuk due diligence working group in enhancing the sukuk Shariah compliance and Shariah non-compliant risks disclosure and towards sukuk investors, in capturing and assessing Shariah non-compliant risks in a sukuk and to assist them to make informed investment decisions. More importantly, this study has found few areas of future study in relation to SNCR disclosures and SNCR risk management techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Path planning is a crucial element of mobile robotics applications, attracting considerable interest from academics. This paper presents a path-planning approach that utilises the Enhanced Firefly Algorithm (EFA), a new meta-heuristic technique. The Enhanced Firefly Algorithm (FA) differs from the ordinary FA by incorporating a linear reduction in the α parameter. This modification successfully resolves the constraints of the normal FA. The research involves experiments on three separate maps, using the regular FA and the suggested Enhanced FA in 20 different runs for each map. The evaluation criteria encompass the algorithms' ability to move from the initial location to the final position without experiencing any collisions. The assessment of path quality relies on elements such as the distance of the path and the algorithms' ability to converge and discover optimum solutions. The results demonstrate significant improvements made by the Enhanced FA, with a 10.270% increase in the shortest collision-free path for Map 1, a 0.371% increase for Map 2, and a 0.163% increase for Map 3, compared to the regular FA. This work highlights the effectiveness of the Enhanced Firefly Algorithm in optimising path planning for mobile robotics applications, providing potential improvements in navigation efficiency and collision avoidance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mahathir Mohamad is a national leader who successfully propelled Malaysia towards rapid socioeconomic development. However, during his second tenure as Prime Minister, political instability, economic challenges, and weaknesses in implementing promised policies occurred. Therefore, this study aims to assess Mahathir Mohamad's leadership value from the perspective of students at Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris (UPSI) during his two tenures as Malaysia's Prime Minister. This study uses a quantitative approach through a survey instrument randomly distributed to 377 UPSI students. The study's findings indicate that the title "Father of Modernization" is fitting for Mahathir Mohamad's leadership values, which significantly contributed to the country's and society's socioeconomic development. Although most UPSI students doubted Mahathir Mohamad's selection as the 7th Prime Minister, they did not deny that his leadership was pivotal in determining Pakatan Harapan's (PH) victory in the 14th General Election. The analysis also shows that his extensive knowledge and experience have made him a globally renowned leader. Overall, this study concludes that there is a change in UPSI students' acceptance of Mahathir Mohamad's leadership values. Student acceptance was high during his tenure as the 4th Prime Minister. However, acceptance was moderate when he became the 7th Prime Minister. This change is due to the maturity of society in evaluating national politics, alongside the weaknesses in his administration during his 7th tenure as Prime Minister. The study's implications provide a clear picture of the changes in public political perceptions towards Mahathir's leadership and the need to develop better strategies for the country's future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Haemoglobin (Hb) Quong Sze is a non-deletional α-thalassaemia subtype that occurs due to missense mutation at codon 125 of the HBA2 gene. Interaction between Hb QS with Southeast Asian double α-globin gene deletion results in non-deletional HbH disease, which is more severe than deletional HbH. Case report: A 3-month-old baby boy was presented with neonatal anaemia and mild hepatomegaly. Full blood count revealed severe hypochromic microcytic anaemia. There was an abundance of HbH inclusion bodies in his red blood cells. High-performance liquid chromatography showed a reduced HbA2 level with the presence of pre-run peak. Capillary electrophoresis showed the presence of HbH and Hb Barts. Molecular analysis found a common α0-thalassaemia (--SEA) in one allele and mutation in codon 125 in the other allele. Discussion: Non-deletional HbH disease due to a combination of deletional and non-deletional mutations may present with severe clinical manifestations than those with deletion mutations, which warrants accurate diagnosis using molecular techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The Nasal Obstruction Symptom Evaluation (NOSE) is a questionnaire to assess patients with nasal obstruction. The aim of this study was to translate and validate NOSE to the Malay version NOSE (M-NOSE). Methods: The NOSE questionnaire was translated to Malay language and back to English. Psychometric properties consisting of reliability, reproducibility, validity, responsiveness were appraised in patients with nasal obstruction due to deviated nasal septum and healthy asymptomatic controls. Results: A total of 126 participants were recruited. There was significant difference between patients and controls for all items and the total score (all p < 0.001). The correlation was moderate to strong between all items and total score (r = 0.71 to 0.8) and fair to moderate for the inter-items correlations (r= 0.31 to 0.70). Internal consistency for M-NOSE was good (α = 0.81). The test–retest for each item demonstrated no significant difference. There was significant difference of the pre- and post-operative mean for each item and total score (all p < 0.001) with good response sensitivity (effect size, d = 4.91). Conclusions: The M-NOSE has satisfactory reliability, internal consistency, reproducibility and responsiveness. It is a valid and convenient tool in the assessment of the impact and treatment outcome of nasal obstruction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Methanol is a non-drinking type of alcohol used for industrial and automotive purposes. Methanol itself is not dangerous, but its harmful metabolites may cause the accumulation of acid in the blood, leading to metabolic acidosis, permanent blindness, and death. In this case report study, the case was a 28-year-old Nepalese man who was admitted in a semi-unconscious state to the emergency department. A working diagnosis of methanol poisoning was made. After more than two weeks, he succumbed to death due to a worsening cerebral infarction. At autopsy, extensive hemorrhagic infarction was observed, involving bilateral cerebral hemispheres. Well-defined subcortical hemorrhages leading to laminar necrosis were seen at the frontoparietal lobes. Cystic or lacunar necrosis was present at the basal ganglia. The brainstem showed the presence of duret hemorrhage. The man died approximately three weeks after the methanol ingestion. This case highlights the important pathological changes and accumulating effects of methanol in the brain.

Systems biology is an interdisciplinary study that involves a combination of expertise in biology, chemistry, mathematics, physics, and engineering to unravel the biology of complex living systems by incorporating multiple kinds of quantitative molecular computations by using sophisticated mathematical models. This interdisciplinary study can be applied to identify and understand molecular and metabolic changes in recalcitrant plant species. Many tropical plants with recalcitrant seeds have difficulty with long-term seed storage and preservation due to their intolerance to desiccation and low temperatures. The aim of this review was to explore and discuss how omics analyses can assist in elucidating molecular responses and metabolic changes of recalcitrant seed species. Genomics and transcriptomics analyses identified genes, such as late embryogenesis abundant (LEA), that were highly expressed after exposure to desiccation and low temperatures. Meanwhile, proteomic analysis using 2D gel electrophoresis, MALDI-TOF MS, or MS/MS analysis revealed dehydrins induced from recalcitrant seeds upon exposure to desiccation and low temperatures. Metabolomic analysis using liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS) and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) profiling of recalcitrant seeds has discovered metabolites such as sugar and organic acid changes in recalcitrant seeds at different developmental stages. This information may contribute to comprehending the behaviour of recalcitrant seeds and provide insight into how crop management can be improved in terms of seed storage for conservation in order to maintain plant biodiversity.