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The objective of this work was to evaluate the efficiency of T. harzianum (Ecotrich®) and P. lilacinum (Nemat®) in the management of Pratylenchus brachyurus in soybean. The experimental design was randomized in blocks with four replications, consisting of six treatments, which consist of the control (1), an Avicta Completo® treatment (2), treatment with Nemat® (3), treatment with Avicta Complete® associated with Nemat® ( 4), a treatment with the association of Nenat® and Ecotrich® (5) and a treatment with the association of the bioinsecticides Ecotrich® and Nemat® and Avicta Completo® (6). The plots were composed of 7 lines with 0.45m line spacing, with a size of 3.60 m x 10m. Data on the number of eggs and juveniles were subjected to analysis of variance and the comparison of the average of eggs and juveniles per treatment was obtained by the Skott-knot test at 5% probability and soybean productivity was calculated. At 32 and 60 days after emergence, treatment with P. lilacinum provided the lowest rates of nematodes in the roots and soil. The highest productivity occurred in the treatment with Ecotrich®. The lowest productivity was observed in the treatment with Avicta®+Nemat®+Ecotrich®. The combination of Nemat® with Avicta®+Cruiser®+Maxim XL® and with Avicta®+Cruiser®+Maxim®+Ecotrich®, provided lower productivity. The highest productivity occurred in the Nemat®+Ecotrich® treatment. Sequential application, during two seasons of Ecotrich® alone and Nemat®+Ecotrich®, reduced the populations of P. brachyurus. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar la eficiencia de T. harzianum (Ecotrich®) y P. lilacinum (Nemat®) en el manejo de Pratylenchus brachyurus en la soja. El diseño experimental fue en bloques al azar, con cuatro repeticiones, que consta de seis tratamientos, que consisten en el control (1), el tratamiento Avicta Complete® (2), el tratamiento Nemat® (3), el tratamiento Avicta Complete® asociado con Nemat® (4), un tratamiento con la asociación de Nenat® y Ecotrich® (5) y un tratamiento con la asociación de los bioinsecticidas Ecotrich® y Nemat® y Avicta Completo® (6). Las parcelas estaban compuestas por 7 líneas, con un espacio de 0,45 m, con un tamaño de 3,60 m x 10 m. Los datos sobre el número de huevos y juveniles se sometieron a análisis de varianza y la comparación del promedio de huevos y juveniles por tratamiento se obtuvo mediante la prueba de nudo de Skott con un 5% de probabilidad y también se calculó la productividad de la soja. A los 32 y 60 días después de la emergencia, el tratamiento con P. lilacinum proporcionó las tasas más bajas de nematodos en las raíces y el suelo. La mayor productividad se produjo en el tratamiento con Ecotrich®. La productividad más baja se observó en el tratamiento con Avicta®+Nemat®+Ecotrich®. La combinación de Nemat® con Avicta®+Cruiser®+Maxim XL® y con Avicta®+Cruiser®+Maxim®+Ecotrich® proporcionó una menor productividad. La mayor productividad se produjo en el tratamiento Nemat®+Ecotrich®. La aplicación secuencial, durante dos temporadas de Ecotrich® solo y Nemat®+Ecotrich®, redujo las poblaciones de P. brachyurus. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a eficiência de T. harzianum (Ecotrich®) e P. lilacinum (Nemat®) no manejo de Pratylenchus brachyurus na cultura da soja. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados com quatro repetições, constituído de seis tratamentos sendo estes compostos pela testemunha (1), um tratamento Avicta Completo® (2), tratamento com Nemat® (3), tratamento com Avicta Completo® associado ao Nemat® (4), um tratamento com a associação de Nenat® e Ecotrich® (5) e um tratamento com associação dos bioinseticidas Ecotrich® e Nemat® e Avicta Completo® (6). As parcelas foram compostas por 7 linhas com espaçamento entre linhas de 0,45 m, com tamanho de 3,60 m x 10 m. Os dados da quantidade de ovos e juvenis foram submetidos à análise de variância e a comparação das médias de ovos e juvenis por tratamento foram obtidas pelo teste de Skott-knot a 5% de probabilidade e cálculo da produtividade da soja. Aos 32 e 60 dias após a emergência o tratamento com P. lilacinum proporcionou os menores índices de nematoides nas raízes e no solo. A maior produtividade ocorreu no tratamento com Ecotrich®. A menor produtividade foi verificada no tratamento com Avicta®+Nemat®+Ecotrich®. A associação de Nemat®com Avicta®+Cruiser®+Maxim XL® e com Avicta®+Cruiser®+Maxim®+Ecotrich®, proporcionou menores produtividades. A maior produtividade ocorreu no tratamento Nemat®+Ecotrich®. A aplicação sequencial, durante duas safras de Ecotrich® isoladamente e Nemat®+Ecotrich®, reduziram as populações de P. brachyurus.

This work aimed to evaluate the pathogenicity of the UFMS 03 strain of Metarhizium rileyi to the Spodoptera cosmioides caterpillars under laboratory conditions. The experimental trial consisted of a completely randomized design, with six treatments. Each treatment consisted of 10 repetitions, containing five S. cosmioides caterpillars, standardized in 3 mm in length. The S. cosmioides caterpillars were placed inside Petri dishes and sprayed with the aid of an adapted Poter Tower, at a pressure of 15 pounds / inch, using 1 mL of the concentrations 1.0×1010, 1.0×109, 1.0×108, 1.0×107 and 1.0×106 conidia mL-1. Afterwards, the plates were sealed with pvc film and placed in an air-conditioned chamber at 25±1 °C, 70±10% RH, and a 12-hour photophase. Mortality was verified 24 hours after spraying. The concentrations of the M. rileyi strain UFMS 03 proved to be efficient, with emphasis on the concentration 1.0×108 conidia mL-1 showing 98% efficiency, in less lethal time (14.11 days). These results show the strain UFMS 03 of M. rileyi as a control agent for S. cosmioides. Este trabajo tuvo como objetivo evaluar la patogenicidad de la cepa UFMS 03 de Metarhizium rileyi a las orugas Spodoptera cosmioides en condiciones de laboratorio. El ensayo experimental consistió en un diseño completamente al azar, con seis tratamientos. Cada tratamiento consistió en 10 repeticiones, que contenían cinco orugas de S. cosmioides, estandarizadas en 3 mm de longitud. Las orugas de S. cosmioides se colocaron dentro de placas de Petri y se rociaron con la ayuda de una Torre Poter adaptada, a una presión de 15 libras / pulgada, usando 1 ml de las concentraciones 1,0×1010, 1,0×109, 1,0×108, 1,0×107 y 1,0×106 conidios mL-1. Posteriormente, las placas se sellaron con película de pvc y se colocaron en una cámara con aire acondicionado a 25±1 °C, 70±10% HR y una fotofase de 12 horas. La mortalidad se verificó 24 horas después de la pulverización. Las concentraciones de la cepa UFMS 03 de M. rileyi demostraron ser eficientes, con énfasis en la concentración de 1,0×108 conidios mL-1 que muestra 98% de eficiencia, en menos tiempo letal (14,11 días). Estos resultados muestran la cepa UFMS 03 de M. rileyi como agente de control para S. cosmioides. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a patogenicidade do isolado UFMS 03 de Metarhizium rileyi às lagartas Spodoptera cosmioides em condições de laboratório. O ensaio experimental foi composto por delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com seis tratamentos. Cada tratamento foi composto por 10 repetições, contendo cinco lagartas de S. cosmioides, padronizadas em 3 mm de comprimento. As lagartas de S. cosmioides foram colocadas no interior de placas de Petri e pulverizadas com auxílio de Torre de Poter adaptada, a pressão de 15 libras/pol2, utilizando 1 mL das concentrações 1,0×1010, 1,0×109, 1,0×108, 1,0×107 e 1,0×106 conídios mL-1. Após, as placas foram vedadas com filme pvc e colocadas em câmara climatizada a 25±1 °C, 70±10% UR e fotofase de 12 horas. A mortalidade foi verificada 24 horas após a pulverização. As concentrações do isolado UFMS 03 de M. rileyi mostraram-se eficientes, com destaque para a concentração 1,0×108 conídios mL-1 apresentando 98% de eficiência, em menor tempo letal (14,11 dias). Esses resultados evidenciam o isolado UFMS 03 de M. rileyi como agente de controle de S. cosmioides.

Therefore, this study aimed to assess the direct and indirect effect of some herbicides used in the management of soybeans with the fungus entomopathogenic M. rileyi. The herbicides used in the tests were: Aramo®, Basagran®, Flex® and Glyphosate®, a minimum and maximum, when possible doses. Experiments were conducted in two differents methods, the products were first mixed with the culture medium Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) and then still liquid inoculation of the fungus was made. The second form after the nutritive medium is being poured and solidified, the applications of fungicides with the aid of a Potter tower and pathogen inoculation, which occurred were made in two ways: first the product in their respective doses and subsequently the pathogen; and the pathogen and then the product. We evaluated germination, vegetative growth and conidia production through direct and indirect exposure of the same grout containing products. Only Basagran® (minimum dose) and Flex® products were compatible with M. rileyi Basagran® the product at the maximum dose was moderately toxic and other products and doses were toxic, these results were observed for M. rileyi in direct and indirect exposure to inoculation before and after application. There weren’t differences between the methodologies to classify the toxicology of the product. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar el efecto directo e indirecto de algunos herbicidas utilizados en el manejo de la soja con el hongo entomopatógeno M. rileyi. Los herbicidas utilizados en las pruebas fueron: Aramo®, Basagran®, Flex® y Glyphosate®, en dosis mínimas y máximas, cuando sea posible. Los tratamientos se aplicaron siguiendo dos metodologías diferentes. Primero, los productos se mezclaron con el medio de cultivo de papa-dextrosa-agar (BDA), todavía licuado y luego se inoculó el hongo. De la segunda forma, después de verter y solidificar el medio nutriente, los herbicidas se aplicaron con la ayuda de la torre de Potter y la inoculación del patógeno, lo que ocurrió de dos maneras: primero el producto en sus dosis respectivas y luego el patógeno; y el patógeno y luego los productos. Se evaluó el crecimiento vegetativo, la producción de conidios y la germinación. Solo los productos Basagran® (dosis mínima) y Flex® eran compatibles con M. rileyi; el producto Basagran® a la dosis máxima fue moderadamente tóxico y los otros productos y dosis fueron tóxicos. No hubo diferencias entre las metodologías al clasificar la toxicología del producto. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar o efeito direto e indireto de alguns herbicidas utilizados no manejo da soja com o fungo entomopatogênico M. rileyi. Os herbicidas utilizados nos ensaios foram: Aramo®, Basagran®, Flex® e Glifosato®, em doses mínimas e máximas, quando possível. Os tratamentos foram aplicados seguindo duas metodologias distintas. Primeiro os produtos foram misturados ao meio de cultura Batata-Dextrose-Ágar (BDA) ainda liquefeito e posteriormente foi feita a inoculação do fungo. Da segunda forma, após o meio nutritivo vertido e solidificado, foram feitas as aplicações dos herbicidas com auxílio da torre de Potter e inoculação do patógeno, o qual ocorreu de duas formas: primeiramente o produto em suas respectivas doses e posteriormente o patógeno; e o patógeno e depois os produtos. Avaliou-se o crescimento vegetativo, a produção de conídios e a germinação. Apenas os produtos Basagran® (dose mínima) e Flex® foram compatíveis com M. rileyi; o produto Basagran® na dose máxima foi moderadamente tóxico e os demais produtos e doses foram tóxicos. Não houve diferenças entre as metodologias ao classificar a toxicologia do produto.

The fungi in the rhizosphere, soil as Trichoderma harzianum and Purpureocillium lilacinum important antagonists against pathogenic nematodes and root diseases. The objective of the work was to test the compatibility of the microbiological fungicides Ecotrich® and Nenat® with the chemical phytosanitary products used in the treatment of soybean seeds. We tested the following chemicals Avicta® (nematicide and insecticide), Cruiser® (insecticide), Maxim XL® (fungicide), both in their recommended doses. The culture medium the added chemical products were poured into Petri dishes. The fungi were inoculated with the aid of a platinum loop in three equidistant points, totaling 9 colonies of each fungus. The plates were sealed with plastic film (PVC) and maintained in B.O.D. at 25±1 °C temperature, 70±10% RH and 12 h photophase for 10 days. For the control treatment were poured in the Petri dishes PDA culture medium without the addition of chemicals. The compatibility tests were performed in vitro by comparing changes in vegetative growth, sporulation and spore germination compared to the control. The chemicals Avicta®, Cruiser® and Maxim XL®, allowed the growth of colonies of fungi T. harzianum and P. lilacinum. Products Avicta®, Cruiser® and Maxim XL® were classified by biological index as compatible to the fungus T. harzianum. With regard to the fungus P. lilacinum products Cruiser® and Maxim XL® were classified as compatible, but the chemical Avicta® was classified as moderately toxic, and this chemical can have some effect on the fungus P. lilacinum. Los hongos encontrados en la rizosfera, no solo en Trichoderma harzianum y Purpureocillium lilacinum son antagonistas importantes contra las causas fitopatógenas y los nematodos. El objetivo del trabajo fue evaluar la compatibilidad de dos hongos T. harzianum (Ecotrich®) y P. lilacinum (Nenat®) con productos químicos fitofarmacéuticos utilizados para el tratamiento de la soya. Se probaron los productos químicos Avicta® (nematicida e insecticida), Cruiser® (insecticida), Maxim XL® (fungicida), ambas dosis recomendadas. Medio de cultivo añadido a productos químicos para la protección de las plantas derramado en placas de Petri. Usted fue inoculado con una etapa auxiliar en tres puntos equidistantes, totalizando 9 colonias de cada hongo. Como foramina cerrada con película plástica (pvc) y mantas en B.O.D. a una temperatura de 25±1 °C, 70±10% de humedad relativa y 12 horas de fotofase, durante 10 días. Para el tratamiento, el control se vertió en placas de Petri o medio de cultivo BDA sin agregar productos químicos. Se realizaron pruebas de compatibilidad interna, evaluando la esporulación y la germinación de dos condiciones en relación con la prueba. Los productos químicos Avicta®, Cruiser® y Maxim XL®, permitirán o cultivarán colonias de dos hongos T. harzianum y P. lilacinum. Los productos Avicta®, Cruiser® y Maxim XL® se clasifican según el índice biológico, ya que son compatibles con el hongo T. harzianum o con el hongo. Dependiendo de P. lilacinum, los productos Cruiser® y Maxim XL® se clasifican como compatibles, sin embargo, el químico Avicta® se clasifica como moderadamente tóxico, y este químico puede tener algún efecto sobre el hongo P. lilacinum. Os fungos encontrados na rizosfera e no solo como Trichoderma harzianum e Purpureocillium lilacinum são importantes antagonistas contra doenças radiculares e nematoides fitopatogênicos. O objetivo do trabalho foi testar a compatibilidade dos fungos T. harzianum (Ecotrich®) e P. lilacinum (Nenat®)aos produtos fitossanitários químicos usualmente utilizados no tratamento de sementes de soja. Foram testados os produtos químicos Avicta® (nematicida e inseticida), Cruiser® (inseticida), Maxim XL® (fungicida), ambos em suas doses recomendadas. O meio de cultura adicionado aos produtos fitossanitários químicos foi vertido em placas de Petri (9 cm de diâmetro). Os fungos foram inoculados com auxílio de uma alça de platina em três pontos equidistantes, totalizando 9 colônias de cada fungo. As placas foram vedadas com filme plástico (pvc) e mantidas em B.O.D. a 25±1 °C de temperatura, 70±10% de umidade relativa e 12 horas de fotofase, durante 10 dias. Para o tratamento testemunha foi vertido nas placas de Petri o meio de cultura BDA sem a adição de produtos químicos. Os testes de compatibilidade foram realizados in vitro, avaliando-se a esporulação e a germinação dos conídios em relação à testemunha. Os produtos químicos Avicta®, Cruiser® e Maxim XL®, permitiram o crescimento de colônias dos fungos T. harzianum e P. lilacinum. Os produtos Avicta®, Cruiser® e Maxim XL® foram classificados através do índice biológico como compatíveis ao fungo T. harzianum. Com relação ao fungo P. lilacinum, os produtos Cruiser® e Maxim XL® foram classificados como compatíveis, porém o produto químico Avicta® foi classificado como moderadamente toxico, sendo que este produto químico pode ter algum efeito sobre o fungo P. lilacinum.

The present work evaluated the efficiency of applied biological control and chemical control of Chrysodeixis includens, and the management of this looper caterpillar in the field soybean crop. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design, consisting of six treatments applied only once: two different doses of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), 0.2 and 0.35 L ha-1; Metarhizium rileyi strain UFMS 02 (Mr), 2.0 and 5.0 kg ha-1; insecticide Flubendiamide (Fd) 20 mL ha-1; and the control. The reduction of the pest and the percentage of efficiency of the products along the development of the soybean, besides some phytotechnical parameters, were evaluated thirteen days after the application. In general, there was a decrease in the number of caterpillars after thirteen days of spraying, with the Bt treatment being 350 mL ha-1, which provided the greatest reduction in the population (96.2%) when compared to the control (6.7 %). Regarding efficiency, treatments containing biological products Bt (two doses) and Mr 5.0 kg ha-1 provided the best results: 95.88, 84.69 and 92.35%, respectively. Among the phytotechnical parameters evaluated, the biological treatments were superior to the chemical treatments in relation to the productivity and the number of pods per plant, not differing statistically among them.

In this thesis the reader will be guided towards the role of Instrument Transformers inside the always evolving Smart Grid scenario. In particular, even non-experts or non-metrologists will have the chance to follow the main concepts presented; this, because the basic principles are always presented before moving to in-deep discussions. The chapter including the results of the work is preceded by three introductive chapters. These, contain the basic principles and the state of the art necessary to provide the reader the tools to approach the results chapter. The first three chapters describe: Instrument Transformers, Standards, and Metrology. In the first chapter, the studied Instrument Transformers are described and compared with particular attention to their accuracy parameters. In the second chapter instead, two fundamental international documents, concerning Instrument Transformers, are analysed: the IEC 61869 series and the EN 50160. This has been done to be completely aware of how transformers are standardized and regulated. Finally, the last introductive chapter presents one of the pillars of this work: metrology and the role of uncertainty. In the core of the work Instrument Transformers integration in Smart Grid is distinguished in two main topics. The first assesses the transformers behaviour, in terms of accuracy, when their normal operation is affected by external quantities. The second exploits the current and voltage measurements obtained from the transformers to develop new algorithm and techniques to face typical and new issue affecting Smart Grids. In the overall, this thesis has a bifold aim. On one hand it provides a quite-detailed overview on Instrument Transformers technology and state of the art. On the other hand, it describes issues and novelties concerning the use of the transformers among Smart Grids, focusing on the role of uncertainty when their measurements are used for common and critical applications.

Objetivou-se avaliar a compatibilidade dos inseticidas quimicos (Orthene ® 750 BR, Mospilan ® , Imidacloprid ® NORTOX e Evidence ® 700 WG), sobre o desenvolvimento de Metarhizium rileyi . Os experimentos foram realizados “in vitro”, avaliando os efeitos sobre o crescimento vegetativo, producao de conidios (esporulacao) e germinacao do fungo M. rileyi (isolado UFMS 03) na presenca de diferentes inseticidas. Apos a obtencao dos dados de diâmetro de colonias, producao de conidios e germinacao foram calculados o fator de compatibilidade. Os inseticidas Mospilan ® , Imidacloprid ® NORTOX e Evidence ® 700 WG proporcionaram crescimento vegetativo semelhante a testemunha, considerados compativeis com M. rileyi enquanto que Orthene ® 750 BR foi considerado moderadamente toxico. Os inseticidas Imidacloprid ® NORTOX e Evidence ® 700 WG nao interferiram na producao de conidios proporcionando valores semelhantes a testemunha. Nao houve efeito dos tratamentos sobre a germinacao dos conidios de M. rileyi.

Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito do sal de ácido carboxílico no controle de Aphis gossypi.Para instalação dos experimentos, adultos em fase reprodutiva foram coletados em plantas de algodão cultivadas em casa de vegetação e levados ao laboratório, sendo acondicionados em placas de Petri (6 cm de diâmetro) contendo discos foliares de algodão fixadas em uma fina camada solidificada de ágar-água. Os adultos permaneceram nos discos por 24 horas, sendo as ninfas produzidas utilizadas para aplicação dos tratamentos. Foram utilizadas ninfas de primeiro e terceiro ínstares. Os tratamentos foram aplicados com auxílio de torre de Potter sendo compostos por diferentes concentrações do sal de ácido carboxílico BIO ADD (0,25%; 0,5% e 0,75%), além do tratamento testemunha composto por água destilada esterilizada. Após as aplicações, as placas de Petri foram transferidas para câmaras climatizadas sendo mantidas a 25 ± 1ºC, umidade relativa do ar de 70 ± 10% e fotofase de 12 horas, avaliando-se a mortalidade e a eficiência em cada concentração do produto. O primeiro instar de A. gossypii foi o mais suscetível independente da concentração do produto testada e a concentração de 0,75 % de BIO ADD proporcionou as maiores taxas de mortalidade e eficiência, independente do instar de A. gossypii.

Joints are critical components of MV cable distribution networks and the aging rate of their insulation is particularly sensitive to temperature due to loading current and laying environment parameters. This makes it very useful to monitor the load current and laying environment parameters (humidity, pressure and temperature) of joints, so as to single out conditions that might accelerate joint insulation aging rate critically. This paper illustrates the installation of humidity, pressure, current and temperature sensors - in a partnership between e-distribuzione (the main DSO in Italy) and the University of Bologna - to assess the aging rate of cable joint insulation in underground distribution networks.

As reliable power network is crucial to deliver promised electric power, cable powerline monitoring in medium voltage networks has a great importance for Distribution System Operators (DSOs) all over the world. A considerable rate of failures in cable powerlines is referred to the cable joints. Especially during the summer period, an excessive number of joints are subjected to explosion, causing outages in different points of the power network. To this purpose, in this paper, a simple and cheap test setup has been designed and calibrated to perform one of the key measurements for the cable monitoring, Tan Delta. Finally, the Tan Delta of different joints have been measured using the proposed setup.

Even if their deployment in electrical medium voltage networks was not as extensive as could be expected at the beginning, Phasor Measurement Units are key elements for Smart Grid operation. An impressive amount of papers discusses their implementation and usefulness in medium voltage network and almost as many deals with their metrological characterization. Although it is well known that instrument transformers are the main source of uncertainty in PMU-based synchronized measurements, this topic is not sufficiently tackled in the scientific literature. In this paper, the attention is focused on the calibration of a measurement system made by a PMU and a low-power instrument transformer commonly employed in the Italian distribution network.

This paper deals with the evaluation of the accuracy performance of an approach for assessing the phase displacement between voltages at power network nodes. This task is accomplished by processing asynchronous measurements taken at each node. This turns into an equivalent synchronization, which is, therefore, obtained without exploiting any synchronization signals, such as the ones provided by means of wireless (i.e., global positioning system) or wired technologies. As a matter of fact, distribution system operators will gain the possibility of deploying, at more affordable costs, wide area measurement system (WAMS) over their power networks for enhancing their stability and reliability. Phasor measurement units (PMUs) are the most common examples of such WAMS, but, besides their high cost, there are circumstances where providing a time reference signal to remote PMUs often becomes a difficult task. This paper aims at recalling the basic theoretical principles of the method and at proving its applicability in power network through a deep analysis of its metrological performance.

This paper deals with the accuracy evaluation of a method for gathering synchronized phasor measurements of electrical quantities in nodes of power networks. Usually, this task is performed using commercially available instrumentation, for instance, the phasor measurement unit. They rely on a common time reference signal provided usually by the GPS system. After a brief recall of two methods already presented by authors in previous papers, which do not require a common time reference for providing synchronized phasors of voltages at the network nodes, the major sources of uncertainty in the measurement chain (lengths of the branches of the network; per-unit length reactance of the cables; and effect of the instrument transformers) are considered and investigation on their contribution, in one of the two methods, to the overall uncertainty performed.