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Introduction.- PART I: CONCEPTS AND ORIGINS The Importance of Definitions in the Disablility Debate.- The Origins of Disability Studies.- The Rise of Disabling Capitalism.- PART II: REPRESENTATIONS AND DISCOURSES Ideology and the Disabled Individual.- Constructing Disabled Identities.- Creating the Disability Problem.- PART III: AGENDAS AND ACTIONS Dealing with Disabling Society.- Resisting the Disabling Society.- Doing Disability Studies.

The introduction of EUV lithography into the semiconductor fabrication process will enable a continuation of Moore's law below the 22nm technology node. EUV lithography will, however, introduce new sources of patterning distortions which must be accurately modeled and corrected with software. Flare caused by scattered light in the projection optics result in pattern density-dependent imaging errors. The combination of non-telecentric reflective optics with reflective reticles results in mask shadowing effects. Reticle absorber materials are likely to have non-zero reflectivity due to a need to balance absorber stack height with minimization of mask shadowing effects. Depending upon placement of adjacent fields on the wafer, reflectivity along their border can result in inter-field imaging effects near the edge of neighboring exposure fields. Finally, there exists the ever-present optical proximity effects caused by diffractionlimited imaging and resist and etch process effects. To enable EUV lithography in production, it is expected that OPC will be called-upon to compensate for most of these effects. With the anticipated small imaging error budgets at sub-22nm nodes it is highly likely that only full model-based OPC solutions will have the required accuracy. The authors will explore the current capabilities of model-based OPC software to model and correct for each of the EUV imaging effects. Modeling, simulation, and correction methodologies will be defined, and experimental results of a full model-based OPC flow for EUV lithography will be presented.

This paper addresses wake survey results of wind tunnel tests conducted in the US Air Force Academy’s Low Speed Wind Tunnel (LSWT) for several parachute suspension line configurations. Specifically, the team determined drag characteristics for 600 lb Dacron in “Y” configurations oriented parallel and transverse to the freestream. For the streamwise-Y configuration a hotwire anemometer was used to collect wake velocity profiles at freestream velocities of 51 fps, 76 fps, and 93 fps, with tensions at 10 lbs. Tests for the spanwise-Y configuration were completed at 45 fps with each of the four lines kept at a tension of 10 lbs. Measurements are made at several heights along each configuration and the variation due to the geometry, including line spacing (T/D and S/D) and profile, shows significant variation in the associated momentum deficit. Results of these investigations are consolidated and compared with empirical and theoretical data for flow around circular cylinders. Nomenclature

The authors performed this retrospective study to investigate the impact of using ventilation scans obtained from single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) in selecting beam directions in intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) planning in lung cancer radiotherapy to spare dosimetrically well ventilated lung.For ten consecutive stage III non-small-cell lung cancer patients, the authors obtained both ventilation/perfusion SPECT scans and four-dimensional CT scans for treatment planning purposes. Each ventilation scan was registered with the corresponding planning CT and ventilation volumes corresponding to eitheror = 50% (vv50) oror = 70% (vv70) of the maximum SPECT count were automatically segmented. For each patient, three IMRT plans were generated: One using nine equally spaced beams optimized according to nonfunctional lung based mean lung dose and lung v20; a second using nine equally spaced beams optimized to avoid vv50 and vv70; and a third plan using only three beams with gantry angles chosen based on minimum mean ventilated lung dose calculated for each conformal beam at every 10 degrees gantry angle avoiding vv50 and vv70. Resultant dose volume histogram indices were calculated for each plan and were compared with respect to calculated SPECT-based ventilation parameters in order to quantify the potential utility of ventilation SPECT in this setting.Two patient groups were identified based on (i) the overlap volume between PTV and vv50 and (ii) the average angular mean ventilated lung dose (AAMvLD). The first parameter quantifies the proximity of the PTV to well ventilated lung and the second parameter quantifies the degree of ventilation that surrounds the PTV. For group 1 patients,or = 5% of the vv50 overlapped with the PTV. For group 2 patients,5% of the vv50 overlapped the PTV. Group 1 was further classified into subgroups 1A and 1B: For subgroup 1A, AAMvLD is18 Gy, implying that the functional lung surrounds the PTV; for subgroup 1B, AAMvLD is18 Gy, implying that the well ventilated lung does not completely surround PTV. For subgroup 1A, the plans generated using ventilated lung avoidance reduced dose to vv50 and vv70, with below tolerance dose to normal lung and acceptable coverage of the PTV. For subgroup 1B, the dose to the total lung and well ventilated lung are reduced with the beam direction optimization for the three-beam plan. For group 2, there was no significant dosimetric advantage of using SPECT-based ventilation information in IMRT plan optimization.In conclusion, it is feasible to use SPECT ventilation scans to optimize IMRT beam direction and, subsequently, to reduce dose to ventilated lung when overlap of the PTV and the ventilated lung is minimal and that the PTV is not surrounded by the ventilated lung. The potential benefit of ventilation SPECT scanning can be determined by preplanning assessment of overlap volumes and the AAMvLD.

This paper will argue that research on disability has had little influence on policy and made no contribution to improving the lives of disabled people. In fact, up to now the process of research production has been alienating both for disabled people and for researchers themselves. Neither positivist nor interpretive paradigms are immune from the characterisation of research as alienation, and hence it is suggested that the only way to produce unalienated research is to change the social relations of research production. This change will require the development of an emancipatory research paradigm and both the development of and agenda for such a paradigm are briefly considered.

Summary Recent studies have used fMRI signals from early visual areas to reconstruct simple geometric patterns. Here, we demonstrate a new Bayesian decoder that uses fMRI signals from early and anterior visual areas to reconstruct complex natural images. Our decoder combines three elements: a structural encoding model that characterizes responses in early visual areas, a semantic encoding model that characterizes responses in anterior visual areas, and prior information about the structure and semantic content of natural images. By combining all these elements, the decoder produces reconstructions that accurately reflect both the spatial structure and semantic category of the objects contained in the observed natural image. Our results show that prior information has a substantial effect on the quality of natural image reconstructions. We also demonstrate that much of the variance in the responses of anterior visual areas to complex natural images is explained by the semantic category of the image alone.

Hands-free communication techniques are becoming increasingly important in the world of modern telephony. The convenience of hands-free links is invaluable in teleconferencing situations, automobiles and even in personal communications. The loud-speaker and microphone on a hands-free set are inherently coupled acoustically, producing an echo which degrades the quality of conversation over such a link. The conventional acoustic echo cancellation method is gain control which provides a half-duplex communication link. Research into adaptive filters which can provide a full-duplex communication link is intense but transparent transmission of speech over a hands-free link remains an elusive goal. Conventional acoustic echo cancellers are concerned with minimizing an objective measure of the level of echo. This thesis presents a study of two adaptive filtering structures which are based on the goal of providing the best subjective echo cancellation possible. The adaptive filtering algorithms attempt to give the echo the same spectral shape as the absolute hearing threshold curve, in order to minimize the echo's audibility. The filtered-E LMS algorithm, considered first, was found not to perform the kind of frequency weighting desired. A proposed subband adaptive filter with perceptually-based adaptive tap assignment, when trained with natural speech, is capable of providing a noticeable improvement in audible echo cancellation; however, when trained with bandlimited speech, the algorithm's performance was found to be only slightly better or comparable to the fixed tap assignment algorithm in terms of audible echo cancellation. The subband adaptive filtering algorithm is evaluated by means of simple listening tests performed by the author.

For any professional designer or developer working in the world of web technologies or multimedia, Flash is the must-have application, and knowing how to use it effectively is vital. Add in ActionScript 3.0, and Flash becomes an even more powerful tool for the development of high-performance web applications. The Essential Guide to Flash CS4 with ActionScript introduces and explores the possibilities available to you through using Flash CS4. You will learn the aspects basics of Flash's working environment and, using a step-by-step approach, work through the features of Flash and ActionScript needed to quickly achieve results. From navigating the interface to using graphic tools to write scripts and troubleshoot, you'll master all of the of deploying highly interactive applications with rich audio, video, and animation. Written for the beginning-to-intermediate Flash user, this book uses complete examples that highlight best practices that you can apply to your daily work as a developer or designer in today's rich media world. Learn to create and manage assets in Flash using the graphics tools and the library. Acquire a comprehensive understanding of animation using the new Motion Editor and inverse kinematics tools. Discover the dynamic world of ActionScript development including classes, events, and XML. Learn to use and customize Flash's UI components. Become familiar with audio and video assets including preparation and integration. Debug, publish, and deploy Flash applications for the Web with Flash Player and the desktop using the Adobe Integrated Runtime (AIR). Summary of Contents Part One: Basics Chapter 1: How It All Began Chapter 2: The New Interface of Flash CS4 Chapter 3: Drawing with Flash's Vector Tools Chapter 4: External Assets and Symbol Management Chapter 5: Working with Blends, Filters, and 3D Transformations Part Two: Animation Chapter 6: Basic Animation in Flash Chapter 7: Playing with Dolls: Introducing Flash IK Part Three: ActionScript Chapter 8: The Programming Primer: A Flash Designer's Intro to ActionScript 3.0 Chapter 9: The Building Blocks of Interactivity Chapter 10: Learning the Display Model and Bringing It All Together Chapter 11: Managing External Assets and Communication Chapter 12: XML: The Best Way In and Out of Flash Part Four: Additional User Interfaces Chapter 13: Working with Text and Strings Chapter 14: Using Components Part Five: Enhanced Media Development Chapter 15: Using the Adobe Media EncoderA Crash Course Chapter 16: Working with Audio in Flash Chapter 17: Working with Video in Flash Part Six: Preparing Your Project for Deployment Chapter 18: Publishing, Exporting, and Debugging Your Flash Project Chapter 19: Building AIR Applications with Flash CS4

The rise of the disability movement and the ideas that have emerged from it are raising key issues that the professions need to take on board. It is imperative that the professions respond positively to the social model of disability, independent living and civil rights and seek to open up a constructive dialogue with disabled people and their organizations.