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Background and aims: Elevated impulsivity traits, particularly negative and positive urgency, have been identified as robust predictors of problem gambling. However, the mechanisms that link urgency to problem gambling remain unknown. The present research examined whether self-reported gambling motives (social, coping, enhancement, financial) mediated the association between urgency and problem gambling severity. Methods: The sample consisted of 564 community gamblers (52.1% female; M age =36.10, SD = 11.25) including 156 (27.7%) who were classified as moderate risk gamblers and 141 (25%) as problem gamblers. Results: The mediation analyzes revealed that both negative and positive urgency were associated with problem gambling severity. Coping was the only motive that mediated these associations. The pattern of results remained the same when the analyzes were restricted to problem gamblers and when controlling for days gambled and money spent in the past 30 days. Conclusions: The desire to alleviate strong emotional states (negative or positive) maybe an important determinant of problem gambling. Furthermore, results indicate that treatment initiatives for problem gambling may benefit from including training for clients in alternative and more adaptive coping strategies for the effective management of intense affective states. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rural communities pose a challenge to status attainment models that explain children's educational attainment primarily in terms of the parents' education and professional status. Alongside the rural professional class are farmers of similar social status but with less education and other families that lack the status and resources of both professional-class and farm families. The prolonged agricultural crisis in the American Midwest has turned rural youths toward college and has raised questions about the educational value of resources provided by farm parents and other rural parents. We classified youths from the Iowa Youth and Families Project into three SES groups: professional-managerial, farm, and lower-status. We compared these groups on resource levels and on the extent to which the resources predicted enrollment in a four-year college one year after high school. Findings indicated three distinct routes to four-year college. Professional-managerial youths tended to follow the traditional path from parents' educational and other resources and support to their own academic involvement and aspirations for higher education. Successful farm youths, in lieu of parental educational advantages, drew on parents' community ties. Resourceful lower-status youths, in the absence of family background advantages, generated educational attainment through early educational ambition and varied community and school involvements. Even relatively low levels of involvement were valuable to these youths' educational attainment.

Gamblers Anonymous is the most widely available form of support for disordered gambling. Although chapters exist worldwide, knowledge of how attendees interact with the program is limited. The present study aimed to investigate involvement in Gamblers Anonymous among attendees, motives for attendance, and overall satisfaction with the program. Furthermore, potential gambling-related predictors of attendance versus deciding not to attend Gamblers Anonymous were investigated. A treatment-seeking sample of disordered gamblers (N = 512) from São Paulo, Brazil completed a series of self-report measures including an author-compiled Gamblers Anonymous survey. From the sample, 141 gamblers reported attending Gamblers Anonymous over the previous 30 days. An examination of involvement, satisfaction, and motives for attending Gamblers Anonymous was conducted, followed by regression analyses to assess predictors of attendance and satisfaction with the program. The majority of attendees (80%) reported some satisfaction with the program. The most common motive for attending Gamblers Anonymous was related to relapse prevention. Regression analyses revealed that greater gambling severity and number of days gambled were associated with not attending Gamblers Anonymous while giving testimonials was strongly related (OR = 6.18) to satisfaction with the program. The findings of this study contribute to the literature on Gamblers Anonymous. In particular, that members derive great satisfaction from the program and see it as a way to strengthen their abstinence goals. However, despite high satisfaction, the results also suggest that most members were passively involved in the program. More research that assesses the effectiveness of Gamblers Anonymous as either a stand-alone or adjunct treatment is needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Recent research suggests that disordered gambling and psychosis co-occur at higher rates than expected in the general population. Gamblers with psychosis also report greater psychological distress and increased gambling severity. However, the mechanism by which psychosis leads to greater gambling symptomology remains unknown. The objective of the present research was to test whether impulsivity mediated the relationship between comorbid psychosis and gambling severity.Method: The sample consisted of 394 disordered gamblers voluntarily seeking treatment at a large university hospital in São Paulo, Brazil. A semistructured clinical interview (Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview) was used to diagnosis the presence of psychosis by registered psychiatrists. Severity of gambling symptoms was assessed using the Gambling Symptom Assessment Scale, and the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale-11 provided a measure of impulsivity.Results: Of the sample, 7.2% met diagnostic criteria for psychosis. Individuals with a dual diagnosis of psychosis did not report greater gambling severity. Conversely, dual diagnoses of psychosis were associated with greater levels of impulsivity. Higher levels of impulsivity were also associated with greater gambling severity. Importantly, support for our hypothesised mediation model was found such that impulsivity mediated the association between disordered gambling and psychosis and gambling severity.Conclusion: Impulsivity appears to be a transdiagnostic process that may be targeted in treatment among disordered gamblers with a dual diagnosis of psychosis to reduce problematic gambling behaviours. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many smokers are replacing tobacco with electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) or are engaging in dual-use. Evidence indicates that smoking rates are higher amongst gamblers; however, the extent to which gamblers use e-cigarettes is unknown. The current study examined rates of e-cigarette use in gamblers, identified associations between e-cigarette use and gambling, and assessed motives for e-cigarette use during gambling. A community-recruited sample of gamblers (N = 564) completed questionnaires on e-cigarettes, smoking, and gambling. ‘Ever use’ of e-cigarettes was 38.7% with 17.6% reporting ‘past 30-day use’. Furthermore, 11.9% used e-cigarettes while gambling in the past 12 months. Regression analyses for ‘past 30-day use’ revealed that occasional smoking, gambling severity, and number of gambling activities were associated with the highest odds of use. Reasons for use while gambling included: relaxation/stress, nicotine dependence and legal in casinos. These findings suggest e-cigarette use is common in gamblers and may be used to circumvent casino smoking bans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the past decade, several motivational models have been proposed to explain the role of motives in gambling disorder. In the model captured by the four-factor Gambling Motives Questionnaire Financial (GMQ-F), gamblers are described as being primarily motivated to gamble for 'coping', 'enhancement', 'social', and 'financial' reasons. Although this model has received significant empirical support; to date, research assessing the role of motives in gambling disorder has been primarily cross-sectional in nature. Thus, the extent to which gambling motives remain stable over time has yet to be explored. In the current study, the stability versus fluidity of self-assessed gambling motives was investigated using the Quinte Longitudinal Study, a longitudinal dataset of gambling behaviour collected over 5 years. Gambling motives of 2795 gamblers were examined over all five annual assessments. The total proportion of gamblers who stayed in the same primary motive category across each of the 5 consecutive assessments was 22%, indicating substantial fluidity in category membership. Substantial movement between categories was seen for each GMQ-F group, as well as an additional group of non-classified motives. Logistic regression analyses suggest that greater resistance to gambling fallacies significantly predicted stability between the baseline assessment and a follow-up 1 year later, but gambling severity did not. Potential limitations in the study design and opportunities for future research are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This regression equation for HT ht as a function of HT ht and HT ht is (5) HT ht where HT ht is the relative permittivity of liquid water at 0 °C (~87.9) and the bracketed portion of the equation is the background effect of dry snow permittivity, described using Equation (4). [Extracted from the article]

The article discusses the problems associated with land fractionation under the Dawes Act which imposed severe limitations on Native Americans as property owners and Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) struggled under the increasing expense of administering fractionated interests. It mentions Uniform Laws Commission (ULC) drafted the Model Tribal Probate Code (MTPC) to help lower costs for Native Americans and simplify lawyers' duties by a code through all Native American tribes.

Few studies have compared gamblers who play in exclusively online (i.e., Internet-based), exclusively offline (i.e., land-based), and mixed-mode contexts. In studies that have compared these groups, mixed-mode gamblers have consistently exhibited the greatest susceptibility to problematic gambling. In order to expand the scope of previous research that has compared gamblers based on their preferred mode of play, and to improve understanding of mixed-mode gamblers’ proneness to problematic gambling, a sample of gamblers who play in exclusively online, exclusively offline, and mixed-mode contexts were compared on indices of gambling involvement, motives, and personality traits. Results indicated that mixed-mode gamblers played a wider range of games, and reported higher problematic gambling severity scores, higher scores on enhancement and social gambling motive scales, and lower and higher honesty-humility and extraversion personality scores, respectively. Associations between gambling motives and personality traits are discussed in relation to the role that these characteristics might play in mixed-mode gamblers’ increased risk of gambling-related harm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Cannabis use frequently co-occurs with gambling, and evidence indicates that both acute and chronic cannabis use may influence gambling behavior. The primary aim of the present study was to further contribute to the literature on this relationship by examining data collected from a Canadian national study of gambling.Methods: Respondents consisted of 10,054 Canadian gamblers recruited from Leger Opinion's (LEO) online panel. In this study, gamblers who used cannabis were compared with non-users across a number of gambling as well as demographic and mental health variables.Results: Of the total sample, 25.4 % reported past 12-month cannabis use. Among the 2,553 cannabis-users, 21.3 % reported daily use, and 69.9 % reported using once a month or more. A total of 56.2 % indicated they had used cannabis while gambling in the past 12 months. Bivariate analysis found significant differences between cannabis use and non-use on numerous demographic, mental health, and gambling-related variables. Individuals with greater problem gambling severity scores, more hours gambling, and a larger range of gambling activities were more likely to endorse using cannabis. Hierarchical logistic regression revealed that tobacco use, and having experienced significant child abuse were predictors of cannabis use. Non-use of cannabis was associated with older age, less engagement in online gambling, and being less likely to consume alcohol.Conclusion: The present findings both corroborate previous studies and expand upon the relationship between cannabis and gambling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Items assessing financial motives were recently integrated with the Gambling Motives Questionnaire (GMQ), resulting in a revised measure that assesses coping, enhancement, social and financial motives for gambling (GMQ-F). The aim of this research was to test the proposed four-factor structure of the GMQ-F, determine if GMQ-F responses were invariant across sex, and test a structural model that specifies links between motives, gambling frequency and problem gambling severity. Telephone surveys were conducted with 932 adult gamblers from across Manitoba, Canada, who responded to items from the GMQ-F and reported their frequency of gambling and levels of problem gambling severity. Confirmatory factor analysis yielded strong support for the four-factor structure of GMQ-F scores, and invariance testing provided evidence of measurement invariance across sex. Finally, support was found for the hypothesized structural model in which each gambling motive predicted gambling frequency, which in turn predicted problem gambling severity. Coping motives also directly predicted problem gambling severity. These results provide strong evidence in support of the validity of GMQ-F responses, offer further support for the integration of financial motives with the GMQ, and delineate relationships between gambling motives, gambling frequency and gambling-related harm. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]