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In humans, emergence of leaders and followers is key to group performance, but little is known about the whys and hows of leadership. A particularly elusive question entails behavioral plasticity in leadership across social contexts. Addressing this question requires to eliminate social feedback between focal individuals and their partners in experiments that could illuminate the spontaneous emergence of social roles. We investigated plasticity in leader-follower roles in cooperation, where members choose the task toward a shared goal, and coordination, where members adjust their actions in real time based on social responsiveness. Through a computer-programmed virtual partner, we demonstrate adaptive plasticity in leader-follower roles. Humans increased their followership to cooperate when the partner led more in the choice of the task, whereas they showed only weak leadership when the partner followed more. We leveraged the information-theoretic notion of transfer entropy to quantify leadership and followership in coordination from their movements. When exhibiting stronger followership in task cooperation, humans coordinated more with the partner's movement, with greater information being transferred from the partner to humans. The evidence of behavioral plasticity suggests that humans are capable of adapting their leader-follower roles to their social environments, in both cooperation and coordination.

En este trabajo se desarrolla un modelo computacional usando la técnica de volúmenes finitos en la herramienta computacional SOLIDWORKS, para el diseño de un sensor de flujo de calor sobre superficies cilíndricas específicamente en aplicaciones HVAC/R (calefacción, refrigeración y aire acondicionado). Se busca medir con un nivel de incertidumbre aceptable flujos de calor en tuberías y superficies cilíndricas a través de un estudio de la transferencia de calor en esta aplicación en particular. En el diseño se considera la selección de materiales, adecuadas dimensiones para este tipo de aplicación, determinación de la sensibilidad del sensor, e incertidumbre final de medición, se elabora un manual para el uso del sensor que permite su adecuada instalación y operación. El modelo computacional del sensor pretende simular su comportamiento como herramienta para un diseño más eficiente...

Atlantic chub mackerel (Scomber colias , Gmelin, 1978) is a middle-sized pelagic fish distributed in warm and temperate Northeast Atlantic waters. The bulk of the catches takes place in north western waters of Africa, but landing are significantly increased in the most recent years in the Iberian Peninsula, resulting a new target species for both Portuguese and Spanish purse seiner fleets which partially replaces the important drop of sardine landings in both countries. Given this increasing importance and the lack, for the time being, of any scientific assessment, nor management plan and in order to update the available biological and catch information on this specie in Spanish Atlantic waters, this paper working document compile, review and analyze the existing data of biology, fisheries, and surveys to further enhance knowledge on chub mackerel in Atlantic Iberian waters (ICES Subdivisions 9.a South & North and Division 8.c), specifically: (i) stock structure, (ii) spatial distribution (iii) growth and reproduction and (iv) fisheries exploitation. This analysis suggests an increasing trend in Atlantic waters (9a) in both spatial distribution and abundance, mainly due to the strength of the 2015 and 2016 cohorts. This area, besides, could be considered as a nursery area while the Cantabrian Sea (8c) is rather main spawning area. The increase of such availability is also discussed within the frame of the North East Atlantic warming.

Mapping trawling pressure on the benthic habitats is needed as background to support an ecosystem approach to fisheries management. The extent and intensity of bottom trawling on the European continental shelf (0–1000 m) was analysed from logbook statistics and vessel monitoring system data for 2010–2012 at a grid cell resolution of 1 1 min longitude and latitude. Trawling intensity profiles with seabed impact at the surface and subsurface level are presented for 14 management areas in the North-east Atlantic, Baltic Sea and Mediterranean Sea. The footprint of the management areas ranged between 53–99% and 6–94% for the depth zone from 0 to 200 m (Shallow) and from 201 to 1000 m (Deep), respectively. The footprint was estimated as the total area of all grid cells that were trawled fully or partially. Excluding the VC International Council for the Exploration of the Sea 2016. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com ICES Journal of Marine Science (2016), doi:10.1093/icesjms/fsw194 ICES Journal of Marine Science Advance Access published December 22, 2016 Downloaded from http://icesjms.oxfordjournals.org/ by Howard Browman on December 23, 2016 untrawled proportions reduced the footprint estimates to 28–85% and 2–77%. Largest footprints per unit landings were observed off Portugal and in the Mediterranean Sea. Mean trawling intensity ranged between 0.5 and 8.5 times per year, but was less in the Deep zone with a maximum intensity of 6.4. Highest intensities were recorded in the Skagerrak-Kattegat, Iberian Portuguese area, Tyrrhenian Sea and Adriatic Sea. Bottom trawling was highly aggregated. For the Shallow zone the seabed area where 90% of the effort occurred comprised between 17% and 63% (median 36%) of the management area. Footprints were high over a broad range of soft sediment habitats. Using the longevity distribution of the untrawled infaunal community, the seabed integrity was estimated as the proportion of the biomass of

Unlike homogeneous catalysts that are often designed for particular reactions, zeolites are heterogeneous catalysts that are explored and optimized in a heuristic fashion. We present a methodology for synthesizing active and selective zeolites by using organic structure-directing agents that mimic the transition state (TS) of preestablished reactions to be catalyzed. In these zeolites, the pores and cavities could be generated approaching a molecular-recognition pattern. For disproportionation of toluene and isomerization of ethylbenzene into xylenes, the TSs are larger than the reaction products. Zeolite ITQ-27 showed high disproportionation activity, and ITQ-64 showed high selectivity for the desired para and ortho isomers. For the case of a product and TS of similar size, we synthesized a catalyst, MIT-1, for the isomerization of endo-dicyclopentane into adamantane.

The invention relates to the synthesis of silicoaluminophosphate and metal silicoaluminophosphate polymorphs of the molecular sieve SAPO-18 using cyclic quaternary ammoniums as organic structure-directing agents (OSDA), and to the use thereof as a catalyst.

The direct preparation of different iron-containing Beta and CHA zeolites has been attempted under diverse synthesis conditions, including in alkaline and fluoride media, to evaluate the influence of their physicochemical properties on the selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NO using NH as reductant. Of the different Fe-Beta zeolites, the sample prepared in the absence of alkali cations with a Si/Al ratio of around 13 showed high NO conversion values (>90 %). However, this catalyst suffered from severe deactivation when aged at high temperatures in the presence of steam. The preparation of more hydrophobic Fe-Beta zeolites did not improve the resistance of the catalyst against steam. In contrast, Fe-CHA zeolites prepared by a one-pot method under alkaline conditions with a Si/Al ratio of around 13 by using N,N,N-trimethyladamantylammonium as template not only showed excellent catalytic activity but also high hydrothermal stability, especially when sodium cations were selectively removed. Moreover, the Fe-CHA material synthesized by using the less expensive tetraethylammonium template also resulted in an active and hydrothermally stable catalyst.

It has been possible to efficiently synthesize high-silica ERI and AFX zeolites with nano-sized primary crystallites (30–200 nm). This was achieved by using a dicationic and rigid organic structure directing agent (OSDA) that fits within the large cavities of these zeolites, and the use of FAU zeolites as initial Si- and Al-sources. Cu- and Fe-based ERI and AFX materials were prepared following both post-synthetic cation exchange and direct synthesis methodologies, showing good activity for the selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of nitrogen oxide using ammonia. Accelerated hydrothermal ageing of the zeolites at high temperature (i.e. 750 °C) shows the necessity of removing the alkali cations remaining in the zeolites to obtain stable materials. Furthermore, the catalytic performance of the prepared Cu- and Fe-containing AFX catalysts, both before and after ageing treatment, approaches the catalytic activity of Cu- and Fe-CHA.

The preparation of the iron-containing SSZ-39 zeolite is described for the first time through two different synthesis methods: post-synthetic cation exchange and one-pot synthesis. The nature and stability of the iron species within the different Fe-SSZ-39 materials have been studied through different characterization techniques, and their catalytic activity has been evaluated for the selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NO with ammonia. The directly synthetized Fe-SSZ-39 performs better for the SCR of NO with ammonia than other related Fe-zeolites, particularly at elevated reaction temperatures (above 450 °C), and presents improved hydrothermal stability when aged under severe conditions.

The synthesis of the ZSM-5 and beta zeolites in their nanosized form has been achieved by using simple alkyl-substituted mono-cationic cyclic ammonium cations as OSDA molecules. The particular combination of a cyclic fragment and a short linear alkyl-chain group (preferentially C) within the monocationic OSDA molecules allows directing the crystallization of nanosized zeolites with excellent solid yields (above 90%). Interestingly, the formation of the nanosized ZSM-5 and beta zeolites mostly depends on the size and nature of the cyclic fragment of the OSDA molecule, resulting in all cases in nanocrystalline solids with homogeneous distributions of particle sizes (∼10-25 nm) and controlled Si/Al molar ratios (∼15-30). The achieved nanosized ZSM-5 and beta zeolites have been extensively characterized by different techniques to study their physico-chemical properties, such as chemical composition, pore accessibility or Brønsted acidity, among others. Moreover, the catalytic properties of the nanosized ZSM-5 and beta zeolites have been evaluated for different chemical reactions, including methanol-to-olefins (MTO) in the case of ZSM-5, and alkylation of benzene with propylene to obtain cumene and oligomerization of light olefins to liquid fuels in the case of beta, observing in all cases improved catalytic activity and product selectivity towards target products when compared to related catalysts.

Light alkenes oligomerization, performed in the presence of heterogeneous acid catalysts, is an interesting alternative for the production of clean liquid fuels. The process, when catalyzed by zeolites, is flexible and can be directed to the formation of oligomers in the gasoline, jet fuel, or diesel range by adjusting the reaction conditions and the zeolite’s structure. Herein we show how reducing the crystal size of large-pore Beta zeolites down to 10–15 nm and controlling the number and strength distribution of their Brønsted acid sites leads to highly active and stable catalysts, selective to true oligomers within the naphtha and, especially, the diesel range. The shorter diffusion path lengths in the smaller crystallites and the reduced Brønsted acid site density of the two nanosized beta zeolites (10–15 nm) synthesized with Si/Al = 15 lead to 1-pentene conversion above 80% during the 6 h time on stream (TOS) at a space time (W/F) of 2.8 g·h·mol–1. This value is higher than the olefin conversion obtained for a commercial nanobeta (30 nm) at a 3-fold space time of 9.1 g·h·mol–1.

Durante la crisis económica el Ayuntamiento a alterado el peso de los distintos tributos municipales para ajustar sus ingresos. El trabajo pretende evaluar dichos cambios desde una perspectiva crítica.

El objetivo de este proyecto, es conocer detalladamente la evolución del tráfico de mercancías en el puerto de Cartagena durante el periodo comprendido entre los años 2006 y 2015 así como hacer una predicción del tráfico de los diferentes granel es para el año 2016. Para ello vamos a conocer y analizar críticamente el progreso de dicho tráfico en sus distintos ámbitos (graneles líquidos, graneles sólidos, mercancía general y otros tipos de mercancías) y llevaremos a cabo una serie de regresiones lineal es y polinómicas que nos permitirá estimar datos futuros. Además, para conocer mejor el comportamiento interanual que sigue cada tipo de mercancía e identificar si existe algún patrón, mediante datos recopilados estudiaremos la estacionalidad de las series de tráfico de mercancías. Relacionaremos el estado de la economía española en este periodo con la variación interanual del tráfico de mercancías. Para ello se va a realizar una comparativa con la evolución del Producto Interior Bruto (PIB) en España. Es importante destacar otro tipo de transporte que ha destacado notablemente estos últimos años en el Puerto de Cartagena, como es el embarque de ganado vivo. Es por ello que se hace una menciónespecialsobre este aspecto en el proyecto. Además,se ha realizado un análisis acerca de cómo ha evolucionado el Puerto de Cartagena respecto a los principales puertos de España. Para ello, se han recopilado datos de las toneladas de mercancías que se transporta en cada puerto así como de los buques mercantes. El trabajo finaliza con una sección de conclusiones que recoge los hechos más relevantes analizados en la realización del mismo

[EN] The present invention relates to a process for the direct synthesis of a material with a CHA zeolite structure in the silicoaluminate form thereof containing copper atoms, which comprises at least the following steps: (i) Preparation of a mixture which contains at least one water source, one copper source, one polyamine, one source of Y tetravalent element, one source of X trivalent element, the tetraethylammonium cation as the only OSDA and one source of alkaline or alkaline earth (A) cations, and wherein the synthesis mixture has the following molar composition: YO 2 : a X 2 O 3 : b OSDA : c A : d H 2 O : e Cu : f polyamine (ii) Crystallization of the mixture obtained in (i) in a reactor; (iii) Recovery of the crystalline material obtained in (ii)., [FR] La présente invention concerne un procédé de synthèse directe d'un matériau à structure de zéolithe CHA sous sa forme silicoaluminate contenant des atomes de cuivre, comprenant au moins les étapes suivantes: (i) Préparation d'un mélange contenant au moins une source d'eau , une source de cuivre, une polyamine, une source d'élément tétravalent Y, une source d'élément trivalent X, le cation tétraéthylammonium en tant que seul OSDA et une source de cations alcalins ou alcalino-terreux (A), et dans lequel le mélange de synthèse présente les caractéristiques suivantes: composition molaire: YO2: a X2O3: b OSDA: c A: d H2O: e Cu: f polyamine; (ii) la cristallisation du mélange obtenu en (i) dans un réacteur; (iii) Récupération du matériau cristallin obtenu en (ii).

La leucosis bovina enzoótica (LBE) es ocasionada por un virus de la familia Retroviridae, el virus de la leucosis bovina (VLB), que afecta bovinos de cualquier edad, sexo y raza y genera importantes pérdidas económicas. En Colombia, los pocos estudios moleculares se concentran en ganado de leche; por ello, el presente trabajo se dirigió a detectar el VLB mediante una prueba molecular de PCR en animales destinados a diferentes tipos de explotación ganadera y de diferentes regiones del país, con el propósito de evaluar la relación entre la presencia del VLB en los animales, la ubicación geográfica y el tipo de explotación bovina. De un total de 230 animales, organizados por conglomerados según la región de origen, el 22.6 % se detectó con el VLB; de estos la región Centro presentó el mayor número de animales infectados (50.7 %). En cuanto al tipo de producción, el ganado de leche fue el más susceptible a ser infectado por el VLB (50.7 %). Los resultados indican que existe una significativa relación entre la presencia molecular del virus, la ubicación geográfica de los animales y el tipo de explotación bovina, datos importantes para la planeación de programas de prevención y control de la LBE por los organismos gubernamentales de salud animal.

Hydroclimatic variability is one of the main factors that drives inter-annual changes in fish migration patterns. This study analyses the relationship between climate- oceanographic factors and migration of the Atlantic pomfret (Brama brama) in NE Atlantic waters. Geo-referenced catch data from logbooks of longliners operating in European Atlantic waters from 2002 to 2013 were linked to environmental indices at different temporal and spatial scales. Our results point to a strong influence of temperature at 200 m depth as the key factor along with the upwelling in the Galician (NW Iberian) waters. However, sea surface temperature (SST) indirectly affects the geographical display of Atlantic pomfret migration, and large migrations are observed in scenarios of high SSTs in the migratory area (c. above 14.7°C). Migrations are constrained during years when temperatures are below this threshold. A longer time-series of annual landings (1950–2013) supports this evidence and highlights the significant influence of temperature at 200-m depth along with the landings of the previous year. Length frequency distributions suggest an increase in size between consecutive seasons supporting the hypothesis that migration is a feeding strategy and a return to tropical waters of origin for spawning. Our study shows that the temperature of intermediate waters is a key variable in determining the northward migration of the Atlantic pomfret whereas density-dependence and surface climatic conditions trigger secondary effects on the migration pattern of this species.

The isomorphic substitution of two different metals (Mg and Co) within the framework of the ITQ-51 zeotype (IFO structure) using bulky aromatic proton sponges as organic structure-directing agents (OSDAs) has allowed the synthesis of different stable metal-containing extra-large-pore zeotypes with high pore accessibility and acidity. These metalcontaining extra-large-pore zeolites, named MgITQ-51 and CoITQ-51, have been characterized by different techniques, such as powder X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive Xray spectrometry, UV-Vis spectroscopy, temperature programmed desorption of ammonia and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, to study their physico-chemical properties. The characterization confirms the preferential insertion of Mg and Co atoms within the crystalline structure of the ITQ-51 zeotype, providing high Brønsted acidity, and allowing their use as efficient heterogeneous acid catalysts in industrially relevant reactions involving bulky organic molecules.

Síntesis de los polimorfos silicoaluminofosfato y metalosilicoaluminofosfato del tamiz molecular SAPO-18 utilizando amonios cuaternarios cíclicos como agentes directores de estructura orgánicos (ADEO), y su uso como catalizador.

[EN] The present invention relates to a process for the direct synthesis of a material with a CHA zeolite structure in the silicoaluminate form thereof containing copper atoms, which comprises at least the following steps: (i) Preparation of a mixture which contains at least one water source, one copper source, one polyamine, one source of Y tetravalent element, one source of X trivalent element, the tetraethylammonium cation as the only OSDA and one source of alkaline or alkaline earth (A) cations, and wherein the synthesis mixture has the following molar composition: YO 2 : a X 2 O 3 : b OSDA : c A : d H 2 O : e Cu : f polyamine (ii) Crystallization of the mixture obtained in (i) in a reactor; (iii) Recovery of the crystalline material obtained in (ii)., [ES] Síntesis directa de Cu-CHA mediante la combinación de un complejo de Cu y tetraetilamonio, y aplicaciones en catálisis. La presente invención se refiere a un proceso para la síntesis directa de un material con estructura zeolítica CHA en su forma silicoaluminato conteniendo átomos de cobre que puede comprender, al menos, los siguientes pasos: (i) Preparación de una mezcla que contenga, al menos, una fuente de agua, una fuente de cobre, una poliamina, una fuente de elemento tetravalente Y, una fuente de elemento trivalente X, el catión tetraetilamonio como único ADEO y una fuente de cationes alcalinos o alcalinotérreos (A), y donde la mezcla de síntesis tiene la siguiente composición molar: YO2: a X2O3: b ADEO: c A: d H2O: e Cu: f Poliamina. (ii) Cristalización de la mezcla obtenida en (i) en un reactor. (iii) Recuperación del material cristalino obtenido en (ii).

Método de preparación de la estructura zeolítica AEI en su forma silicoaluminato con grandes rendimientos, y su aplicación en catálisis. La presente invención se refiere a un nuevo procedimiento de síntesis de la estructura zeolítica AEI en su forma silicoaluminato basado en el uso de otra zeolita, la zeolita Y, como única fuente de silicio y aluminio para obtener altos rendimientos de síntesis (superiores al 80%) en ausencia de otra fuente de silicio, de cationes derivados de cualquier fosfina y de aniones fluoruro en el medio de síntesis. El catión N,N-dimetil-3,5-dimetilpiperidinio se puede usar como ADEO, transformándose la estructura cristalina FAU en la estructura cristalina AEI con altos rendimientos. También se describe la preparación de catalizadores basados en la estructura cristalina AEI en su forma silicoaluminato, donde se han introducido átomos de Cu y su posterior aplicación como catalizador, preferentemente en la RCS de NOx.

The present invention relates to a new process for synthesising the silicoaluminate form of the AEI zeolite structure based on the use of another zeolite, zeolite Y, as the only source of silicon and aluminum, in order to obtain high synthesis yields (greater than 80%) in the absence of any other source of silicon, phosphine-derivedcationsand fluoride anions in the synthesis medium. The N,N-dimethyl-3,5-dimethylpiperidinium cation may be used as the OSDA, and the FAU crystal structure is transformed into the AEI crystal structure with high yields. It also discloses the preparation of catalysts based on the silicoaluminateform of the AEI crystal structure, wherein Cu atoms have been introduced, and the subsequent application thereof as a catalyst, preferably in the SCR of NOx.

The present invention relates to a new process for synthesising the silicoaluminate form of the AEI zeolite structure based on the use of another zeolite, zeolite Y, as the only source of silicon and aluminum, in order to obtain high synthesis yields (greater than 80%) in the absence of any other source of silicon, phosphine-derivedcationsand fluoride anions in the synthesis medium. The N,N-dimethyl-3,5-dimethylpiperidinium cation may be used as the OSDA, and the FAU crystal structure is transformed into the AEI crystal structure with high yields. It also discloses the preparation of catalysts based on the silicoaluminateform of the AEI crystal structure, wherein Cu atoms have been introduced, and the subsequent application thereof as a catalyst, preferably in the SCR of NOx.

[EN] The main object of the present invention is to provide a new method for preparing the copper-containing silicoaluminate form of the AEI zeolite structure by means of a direct synthesis methodology. This new process involves combining a organometallic copper- complex with an additional organic molecule capable of directing the crystallisation of the silicoaluminate form of the AEI zeolite structure as organic structure-directing agents (OSDAs)., [ES] Método de síntesis directa del material cu-silicoaluminato con la estructura zeolítica AEI, y sus aplicaciones catalíticas El principal objetivo de la presente invención es proporcionar un nuevo método para la preparación de la estructura zeolítica AEI en su forma silicoaluminato conteniendo átomos de cobre en su interior mediante una metodología de síntesis directa. Este nuevo procedimiento implica la combinación de un complejo organometálico de cobre con una molécula orgánica adicional capaz de dirigir la cristalización de la estructura zeolítica AEI en su forma silicoaluminato como agentes directores de estructura orgánicos (ADEOs).