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Continuous-flow anaerobic fluidized-bed granular activated carbon bioreactors were used to treat 2,4-dinitrotoluene (2,4-DNT), a compound used in primary propellant production. A synthetic wastewater solution containing 2,4-DNT, ethanol, mineral ether, and a carbonate buffer and another solution containing growth nutrients and vitamins were fed to each of the two bioreactors. The influent ethanol concentrations were varied to determine the effect of ethanol concentration on the extent of 2,4-DNT degradation. The anaerobic bioreactors, when operated under methanogenic conditions with a primary substrate, were able to transform the 2,4-DNT into 2-amino-4-nitrotoluene (2-A-4-NT), 4-amino-2-nitrotoluene (4-A-2-NT), 2,4-diaminotoluene (2,4-DAT), and trace amounts of toluene. During stable operation, for the range of non-zero influent ethanol concentrations evaluated in this study, the majority of the products were identified as 2,4-DAT. Batch activated sludge reactors were used to examine the fate of 2,4-DAT under aerobic conditions. 2,4-DAT (16 mg/L) were mineralized within 9 hours, indicating that a two-stage system may be an effective 2,4-DNT treatment strategy.

The combination of oxidation by ozonation and adsorption by granular activated carbon is commonly referred to as the biological activated carbon process. This article examines the technical and economic feasibility of incorporating ozone, GAC, or ozone‐GAC unit processes into a conventional water treatment train to remove trace organic compounds, to reduce total organic carbon, and to control unpleasant tastes and odors. Used as a basis for this evaluation are the operating conditions and results of a three‐year, pilot‐scale investigation of advanced water treatment systems that was conducted on Delaware River water in Philadelphia, Pa.

The combination of ozonation followed by granular activated carbon (GAC) has been suggested as a means to improve the cost effectiveness of the GAC process for organics removal. Several combinations of ozonation and chlorination were analyzed for their effects on GAC adsorption. Although ozonation increased biodegradation of dissolved organic carbon, the ozone process was shown to interfere with the ability of GAC to treat volatile halogenated organics. Ozonation appears to increase competition for adsorption sites between volatile halogenated organics and the natural background organic matrix.

Treatment of propellant wastewater by anaerobic fluidized-bed bioreactors (FBRs) containing granular activated carbon has been shown to be effective in laboratory and field feasibility studies. These studies were conducted in 100 mm (4 in.) diameter columns (8 L volume) treating low volumes of water taken directly from a propellant-production operation. The contaminant of interest, dinitrotoluene, was converted anaerobically to diaminotoluene (DAT), with subsequent aerobic mineralization of the DAT in an activated-sludge process.
A demonstration of this technology has been conducted at Radford, Virginia, Army Ammunition Plant, using a commercially available 500 mm (20 in.) diameter column (710 L volume) FBR modified for anaerobic operation. The FBR was followed in series by a rotating biological contactor to simulate anaerobic pretreatment at a point source, followed by aerobic treatment at the existing facilities.
Significant differences in the composition of the wastewater stream were encountered between the feasibility study and demonstration. The concentrations of easily degraded solvents (ethanol and ether) were much lower during the demonstration than during the feasibility studies.
The events encountered in scaling up the process from the laboratory to pilot scale are reported, and the results of the pilot-scale demonstration are compared with the laboratory-scale data.

An anaerobic fluidized-bed granular activated carbon bioreactor in series with an activated-sludge reactor was used to treat a wastewater containing 100 mg/L 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT). The performance of the system was evaluated under both nitrogen-rich and nitrogen-limiting conditions. When 18 mg/L ammonia-nitrogen was supplied to the system, the mixed anaerobic culture completely transformed the TNT to unknown products. Effluent ammonia-nitrogen routinely was more than 21 mg/L, and nitrite was also detected in the anaerobic reactor effluent, possibly indicating two distinct methods of nitrogen removal from the ring. The effluent from this reactor was treated further in an activated-sludge system. A significant fraction of the TNT transformation products was oxidized in the aerobic stage, resulting in recovery of 82% of influent TNT-nitrogen and at least 73% TNT-carbon mineralization in the system. When the anaerobic reactor received only TNT as a nitrogen source, anaerobic reactor effluent ammonia levels remained above 3 mg/L, but nitrite was not detected. The resulting TNT biotransformation products could not be completely identified, but they did persist in the final effluent. The inability of the activated sludge to effect further transformation of some of these compounds was quantified as a substantial reduction in inorganic nitrogen recovery. Only 55% of influent TNT-nitrogen was recovered in the system during the nitrogen-limited operation.

ABSTRACT:
An effective use of the wet air oxidation (WAO) process at a temperature of 340°C and 0.8 MPa PO2(25°C)to treat diluted trinitrotoluene (TNT) red water was previously demonstrated. This study presents the results of a 1-hour WAO of red water at temperatures ranging from 200° to 320°C, and PO2from 0.13 to 1.31 MPa, in terms of contaminant reduction and intermediate appearance. Also, comparison is made between the toxicity of the raw and the WAO-treated red water on two biological systems.
Results show the WAO removal efficiency to be a function primarily of temperature and, to a lesser extent, of PO2. Acetic acid and 1,3-dinitrobenzene (DNB) accumulated at lower temperatures. For example, total organic carbon (TOC) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) removals at 260°C and 0.62 MPa PO2were 77 and 91%, respectively. Acetic acid and DNB concentrations were 60 and 21 mg/L, respectively. At 320°C and 0.62 MPa, however, the acetic acid and DNB levels were 38 and 6 mg/L, respectively. The corresponding TOC and COD reductions were 94 and 99%.
Organic products formed during the WAO of red water appear to be responsible for adverse effects on nitrite production rates of enriched, unacclimated Nitrosomonas,as compared with raw red water. The WAOtreated water, however, had no effect on the heterotrophic activated sludge capability in degrading glucose.

The article discusses the solidification on the sound of the six-member traditional-jazz band known as the Shotgun Jazz Band. Topics discussed include the live energy of the band brought by the voice of member Marla Dixon, the inclusion of Welshman James Evans, Tyler Thomson, and Justin Peake in the band, and the description given by drummer Peake on the recording process of the band.

The article features several Irish musicians in the U.S., particularly in New Orleans, as of March 2014. According to fiddle player Richie Stafford, traditional Irish music is already a part of his life. It cites the group called Comhaltas Ceoltóirí Éireann Session Band, in which Stafford is a member. The band is led by bodhrán player and retired design engineer Noel Reid.

The article focuses on what it takes to form a successful music band in New Orleans, Louisiana. Rob Schulte, member of the band Topcats, says that their ability to read an audience and give them exactly what they want has helped in making them a popular band. Guitarist Jack Miele says that creating an original band requires a musical separation along with talent and hard work.

The article focuses on the presentation of Latin dance in public schools in Louisiana. The students at Joseph S. Clark Senior High School were dancing with their own star of Latin dance. However, Dennis Hager, Clark Spanish teacher enlisted the help of Javier Juarez to add a Latin beat to his school's lessons. According to Hager, former principal dancer with the Ballet Folklorico de Mexico, dancing was like sport where a dancer could have fans.

The article reports on the preparation of baseball team New Orleans Zephyrs for the opening day and premier of $1.4 million for the improvements of Zephyr Field in New Orleans, Louisiana. The executive director of Zephyrs, Ron Maestri said that the companies send valuable sponsorship dollars away from the New York Mets minor-league affiliate. However, according to Michael Schline, Zephyrs general manager, that corporate sales dropped 44 percent in 1999.

The article reports on the plan of Archbishop Hannan High School to transfer its location in St. Tammany Parish in Louisiana. It cites that the transfer was due to the plan of the Archdiocese of New Orleans to demolish the original campus of Hannan. Archdiocese of New Orleans spokeswoman Sarah Comiskey said that there are no plans on rebuilding the school's former campus. Hannan principal John Cavell said that the decision to move was due to the relocation of residents to the North Shore.

The article reports on the recovery of Archdiocesan schools in New Orleans, Louisiana from Hurricane Katrina. St. Stephen's Catholic School Principal Peggy Leblanc brings together the school's community through an array of activities. Archbishop Blenk and Immaculata High Schools are merged into Academy of Our Lady High School for the 2007-2008 school year. Enrollment has increased dramatically at Our Lady of Prompt Succor.

The article offers information regarding emergence of various organizations at grassroot level in the hurricane Katrina affected areas of New Orleans, Louisiana. The organizations are said to be groups of residents which take up the task of planning rebuilding in the area. It states that the Vietnam Community Development Corp. is the largest neighborhood organization in the area with 5000 members.

The article focuses on the dispute between the United Teachers of New Orleans (UTNO) against Orleans Parish School Board (OPSB) in Louisiana. The collective bargaining agreements which allow unions to negotiate teacher's contracts is now in uncertainty due to several charges filed by teachers against OPSB for the ongoing revamp of teachers in the public school systems. OPSB attorney Ed Morris said that they will not enter a new agreement with UTNO until the lawsuits are settled.

The article reports on the call among protesters to remove the operators of Einstein Charter School in Eastern New Orleans. Parents and faculty members have accused the administration of the school of verbal abuse, nepotism, firearms violations and racism. At a press conference on July 28, 2007, the protesters called for the removal of the Midkiff family that includes School Director Alice Midkiff and her husband Ronald Midkiff, principal.

The article reports that the American Association of University Professors has censured Our Lady of Holy Cross College, Tulane University, Loyola University, the University of New Orleans and Southern University at New Orleans for firing faculty and staff after Hurricane Katrina. It is stated that higher education officials, however, consider the action a cheap shot.

The article focuses on the recovery of public education in Saint Bernard Parish, Louisiana succeeding the devastation caused by Hurricane Katrina. Education superintendent Doris Voitier has discussed how they strove to restore back the destroyed school buildings. Developments and conditions of the public schools in the city are also mentioned.

The article reports on the efforts of Tommy Fonseca, president of the Fore!Kids Foundation, to lead a new Fleur-De-Lis Fore!Kids drive which aims to help underprivileged children and starving artists in New Orleans, Louisiana. The Fore!Kids Foundation plans to sell fleur-de-lis sculptures designed and painted by local artists for $10,000 piece. Fonseca says that $400,000 will benefit 35 children's charities. The fundraising effort was inspired by the success of the 2000 Festival of Fins.

The article reports on the return by the Servants of Mary, Ministers to the Sick at Lakeview's post-Hurricane Katrina environment in Louisiana. A group of nuns are piecing their convent back together with a nearly $30,000 boost from the business community. According to Mother Superior Silvia Juarez, the nuns had never evacuated from the city until Hurricane Katrina, where six sisters left and 12 stayed behind and had to be rescued.

Presents a letter to the editor concerning articles about U.S. politics. Accomplishments of President Ronald Reagan; Condition of the evangelical community; Nuclear freeze by-law passed by the town of Amherst, New York; Criticism on popular music; Biography of General John Keegan.

The article discusses assisted living for the elderly and mentions healthcare for them.