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In the present paper, ramification invariants of complete discrete valuation fields of prime characteristic p with imperfect residue field are studied. Using Witt vectors, ramification breaks of cyclic extensions of degree p of such a field are calculated. Necessary and sufficient conditions for a pair of natural numbers to be ramification breaks of a cyclic extension of degree p are obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Results are presented of a study of the radio-wave absorbing properties of a composite material based on lithium-zinc ferrite with composition LiFeZnO, synthesized by heating a mechanically activated mixture of the initial reagents LiCO-ZnO-FeO in a high-energy electron beam. It has been shown that a composite based on this material is promising as a radio-wave absorbing coating in the frequency range up to 12 GHz. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heavy metal concentrations were studied in aquatic organisms (mollusks and higher aquatic plants) and bottom sediments of lakes Blagodati, Vas'kovskoe (Primorskii krai) and Azabach'e (Kamchatskii krai). The geochemical features of watershed rocks, including higher total and leachable concentrations of microelements in bottom sediments (Cu and Ni in Lake Azabach'e, Zn and Pb in Lake Vas'kovskoe) correlate with higher concentrations of those elements in aquatic organisms. Lake Blagodati, where metal concentrations in the sediments are minimal, can be taken as background for Primorskii krai. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kinetic changes in the concentration of source components in a LiCO-TiO-FeO system during radiation-thermal (RT) synthesis are considered. The phase composition control is realized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, thermogravimetry (TG/DTG) analysis, and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The initial composition of reaction mixtures corresponds to the stoichiometric formula of spinel LiFeTiO, where x = 0.2, 0.4, 0.6. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The oxidation kinetics of ultrafine metallic iron powder to hematite (α-FeO) up to temperatures 800 °C were studied in air using non-isothermal and isothermal thermogravimetric (TG) analysis. The powders with average particles size of 90, 200, and 350 nm were made by the electric explosion of wire. It was observed that the reactivity of the iron powder is increased with the decreasing particle size of powder. The experimental TG curves clearly suggest a multi-step process for the oxidation, and therefore a model-fitting kinetic analysis based on multivariate non-linear regressions was conducted. The complex reaction can be best described with a three-step reaction scheme consisting of two concurrent and one parallel reaction step. In one reaction pathway Fe is oxidized to α-FeO. The other pathway is described by the oxidation of Fe to magnetite (FeO). At higher temperatures the formed FeO is further oxidized in a α-FeO. It is established that the best fitting three-step mechanism employed a branching set of n-order equations for each step. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Results of synthesis of lithium-zinc ferrites under high-energy actions including mechanical activation of the mixture of initial reagents in a planetary mill and heating of reaction mixtures upon exposure to accelerated high-energy electron beams are presented. The initial structure of the reaction mixtures corresponds to the stoichiometric spinel formula: LiZnFeО, where х = 0.2. To elucidate the effect of radiation on kinetic transformations of the phase composition, analogous investigations are performed with thermal annealing in a furnace. It is established that mechanical activation and radiation-thermal heating of the LiCO-ZnO-FeO mixture of initial reagents increases significantly the reactivity of solid phase systems thereby decreasing strongly the temperature of synthesis and improving the homogeneity of the end product. To synthesize LiFeZnO lithium-zinc ferrospinels with homogeneous composition, it is suffice to provide a synthesis temperature of 600°С with holding time of 60 min under complex high-energy action including mechanical activation of the initial mixture of reagents and heating upon exposure to a high-energy beam of electrons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Physical loading or mechanical injury to muscles causes the product of the insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) gene to undergo alternative splicing, leading to production of a splice variant termed mechano-dependent growth factor (MGF). Previous in vitro experiments have demonstrated increases in the proliferative activity of myogenic precursors on exposure to MGF. However, the question of the physiological effects of MGF in the structures of normal and pathologically altered skeletal muscle remained open. We report here studies of the effects of administration of recombinant full-size MGF into the gastrocnemius muscle of rats during at 30-day recovery period after 16 weeks of alcohol intoxication. Alcoholized rats showed significant decreases in the intensity of proliferation of satellite cells, decreases in the numbers of myonuclei, and decreases in the phosphorylation of p90RSK. Studies of the level of phosphorylation of ribosomal S6 protein kinase p70S6K indicated that there were no significant changes. Administration of MGF increased the proliferative activity of myogenic precursors and restored the pool of myonuclei; the level of phosphorylation of p90RSK was also increased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The hypertrophic effect of strength training is known to be due to mechanical and metabolic stimuli. During exercises with the restricted blood supply of working muscles, i.e., under the conditions of intensified metabolic stress, the training effect may be achieved with much lower external loads (20% of one repetition maximum). The effects of 8 weeks of high-intensity (80-85% of one repetition maximum) strength training were compared to low-intensity (50% of one repetition maximum) training without relaxation. The high-intensity strength training resulted in higher increases in strength and size of the exercised muscles than training without relaxation. During high-intensity training, at the muscle cross section, an increase in the area occupied by type II fibers prevails; while, during training without relaxation, an increase in the area occupied by type I fibers prevails. An exercise session without relaxation leads to a more pronounced increase in the secretion of the growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor-1, and cortisol. The expression of gene regulating myogenesis ( Myostatin) is changed in different ways after a high-intensity strength exercise session and after an exercise session without relaxation. Low-intensity strength training (50% of one repetition maximum) without relaxation is an efficient way for inducing increases of the strength and size of the trained muscles. This low-intensive type of training may be used in rehabilitation medicine, sports, and fitness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chronic alcoholic myopathy is one of the most numerous and profound manifestations of chronic alcohol intoxication. This disease is characterized by the pronounced atrophy of the locomotor muscles, which involves fibers expressing predominantly type II (fast) myosin isoforms. In early experiments with rats receiving alcohol and studies of patients, the impairment of the anabolic intracellular signaling pathways and decrease in protein synthesis rate were shown. We were the first to analyze the signaling pathways involved in the pathogenesis of alcoholic myopathy with different fiber atrophy levels. At the early stages of pathogenesis, we observed also a sufficient increase in mRNA of E3 ubiquitin ligases. However, the ubiquitinylation level was not altered in patients as compared to the control subjects. This phenomenon could be related to an increased expression of heat shock proteins known for their protective action. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present work, the possibilities of application of the thermomagnetometry TG(M)/DTG(M) method for estimation of the phase homogeneity of end products of synthesis at different stages of ferritizing annealing are considered on the example of solid-state synthesis of LiFeZnO and LiFeTiO ( x = 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, and 0.6) lithium-substituted ferrospinels. Results of thermomagnetometric analysis are compared with XRD data. It is shown that the resolution of the TG(M)/DTG(M) method on two orders exceeds capabilities of the traditional XRD method. Considerable influence of both intermediate grinding and mixing of samples and concentration of an inducted impurity on the homogeneity of the synthesized powders is confirmed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A wide range of cadmium concentrations (from 4 to 200 μM for seedlings and up to 2 mM for germinating kernels) was used to assess Cd toxic effects on maize ( Zea mays L.) plants at the different developmental stages: germinating kernels, seedlings (4-9 days), and juvenile plants (34 days). Cd accumulation in plant organs was followed, and its lethal concentration was elucidated. In maize, cadmium was accumulated predominantly in roots; in shoots it was mainly accumulated in the lower leaves, and the higher was leaf position the lower was Cd content in it. At high concentrations (80 and 200 μM), kernels became the substantial cadmium depot. Germinating kernels manifested the lowest sensitivity to cadmium; seedlings were more sensitive; the inhibition of juvenile plant growth attained 90% and more. In the tested range of concentrations, cadmium suppressed shoot mass accumulation harder than that of roots. In 34-day-old plants, water content in shoots was stronger reduced than in roots. Plant death was also manifested earlier in shoots. It was concluded that maize plant sensitivity to cadmium increases with plant growing and that, under conditions of normal mineral nutrition, cadmium inhibits shoot growth more severe than root growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chloroplast RNA splicing is usually studied by complicated methods, such as Northern blot hybridization, RNAse protection, or primer extension assays. The use of a simpler RT-PCR technique frequently results in the underestimation of unspliced pre-mRNA levels. Five protein-coding genes from the maize plastome were studied to analyze which factors can lead to an apparent reduction in the pool of introncontaining transcripts compared to mature RNA. It was found that the accurate determination of the unspliced RNA level should take into account the DNase inactivation mode, the cDNA synthesis temperature, and the type of DNA polymerase. For one gene, the portion of unspliced RNAs decreased with increasing number of PCR cycles. It was found that intron-containing and intron-free strands of amplicons can form heteroduplexes after PCR. A simple and effective technique of investigating chloroplast spliced mRNA and unspliced pre-mRNA is suggested based on the obtained data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The influence of mechanical activation of the LiCO-FeO initial reagents on ferrite phase formation in lithium ferrite LiFeO is investigated. Methods of x-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and thermomagnetometry with differential scanning calorimetry (TG(M)/DSC) are used to compare the efficiency of nonisothermal synthesis at identical temperatures and burning times of the initial and mechanically activated reagent mixtures. It is demonstrated that preliminary mechanical activation of the initial LiCO-FeO reagent mixture considerably increases the reactivity of the solid phase system, thereby allowing the temperature of the thermal synthesis of lithium ferrite LiFeO to be decreased significantly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kinetic changes in the phase composition of the LiCO-FeO-ZnO system are investigated by the methods of X-ray phase and TG/DTG analysis. The powder mixture components were in the ratio corresponding to LiFeZnO ferrite. The synthesis was performed by thermal heating of mixture reagents in a furnace and heating of the mixture upon exposure to high-power beam of accelerated electrons with energy of 2.4 MeV. It is demonstrated that the sequence of phase formation is independent of the heating method. The radiative effect of synthesis intensification is most strongly manifested in the initial stage of forming lithium monoferrite phases. The rate of diffusion interaction of intermediate phases also increases upon exposure to the electron beam in the stage of end-product formation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Methods of X-ray phase analysis (XRPA) and differential thermogravimetry in a magnetic field (DTG(M)) are used to investigate the phase composition of LiFeZnO ( x = 0.2, 0.4, and 0.6) ferrite spinels synthesized at a temperature of 700 °C during 120 min by thermal annealing of a reagent mixture in a furnace and heating of the mixture using high-power beam of accelerated electrons with energy of 2.4 MeV. Thermal ferritization of all compositions leads to the formation of phases whose composition is close to simple monoferrites. Lithium-zinc ferrite phases are formed during annealing under electron irradiation. It is concluded that the rate of controllable diffusion interaction of monoferrite phases significantly increases under conditions of high-power electron irradiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using the methods of X-ray phase and DSC analyses, a correlation is established between ordering/disordering of the structure of lithium pentaferrite (LPF-LiFeO) and its nonstoichiometry with respect to oxygen. Ferrite specimens with a reduced content of oxygen were prepared by thermal annealing in vacuum ( P = 2 × 10 mmHg). It is shown that this treatment results in oxygen nonstoichiometry and causes a transition of LPF into a state with random distribution of cations in the crystal lattice. Using nonisothermal thermogravimetry (TG), the kinetic dependences of oxygen absorption by the anion-deficient LPF are investigated within the temperature interval T = (350-640) °C in the course of its oxidation annealing in air. The kinetic experiment data are processed with the Netzsch Thermokinetics software. The oxidation rate constants, the effective coefficients, and the activation energy of oxygen diffusion in the material under study are derived. Their values are in a satisfactory agreement with those earlier obtained for the lithium-titanium ferrite ceramic material of the following composition: LiFeTiZnMnO. The effective activation energy of oxygen diffusion in LPF calculated within the temperature interval T = (350-640) °C is found to be E = 1.88 eV. In its value, it is close to the activation energy of oxygen diffusion along grain-boundaries in the lithium-titanium ferrite ceramic material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Joint micellization of two amphiphilic diblock copolymers is studied by velocity sedimentation, transmission electron microscopy, electrophoretic mobility measurements, and static light scattering. One of the diblock copolymers is a strong polyelectrolyte (polystyrene- block-poly( N-ethyl-4-vinylpyridinium bromide)), while the second one is a weakly charged or uncharged copolymer (polystyrene- block-poly(acrylic acid) or polystyrene- block-poly(4-vinylpyridine)). It is shown that the mixing of the diblock copolymers in a selective aqueous-organic solvent (DMF-methanol-water) leads to the formation of joint (hybrid) micelles and that the composition of these micelles is close to the composition of the polymer mixture. Micelles consist of an insoluble polystyrene core and a mixed corona composed of blocks of a strong polyelectrolyte and a weakly charged or uncharged copolymer. Aqueous dispersions of mixed micelles are obtained with the use of the dialysis technique, the spherical morphology of the micelles is ascertained, and their three-layered structure is proposed. The nonlinear dependence of the molecular mass of micelles on their composition is found. The decisive effect of electrostatic repulsion between strong polyelectrolyte units on the thermodynamics of micellization and the dispersion stability and molecular-mass characteristics of the mixed micelles is demonstrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gravitational unloading causes atrophy of muscle fibers and can lead to destruction of cytoskeletal and contractile proteins. Along with the atrophic changes, unloaded muscle frequently demonstrates significant shifts in the ratio of muscle fibers expressing fast and slow myosin heavy chain isoforms. Stretching of the m. soleus during hindlimb suspension prevents its atrophy. We supposed that neuronal NO-synthase (NOS) (which is attached to membrane dystrophin-sarcoglycan complex) can contribute to maintenance of protein metabolism in the muscle and prevent its atrophy when m. soleus is stretched. To test this hypothesis, we used Wistar rats (56 animals) in experiments with hindlimb suspension during 14 days. The group of hindlimb suspended rats with stretched m. soleus was injected with L-NAME to block NOS activity. We found that m. soleus mass and its protein content in hindlimb-suspended rats with stretched m. soleus were preserved due to prevention of protein degradation. NOS is involved in maintenance of expression of some muscle proteins. Proliferation of satellite cells in stretched m. soleus may be due to nNOS activity, but maintenance of muscle mass upon stretching is regulated not by NOS alone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers a study on the development of hybrid micelles of block copolymers with corona that have the blocks of a strong polyelectrolyte mixed with thermodynamically incompatible blocks of an uncharged polymer. The study uses solutions of individual diblock copolymers in a nonselective solvent to study hybridization. The result reveals that mixed micelles formed by a strong polyelectrolyte and an uncharged polymer show a nonlinear dependence of the molecular weight on the composition.

In the present work, the conventional method of increasing the efficiency of solid-phase synthesis of lithium-zinc ferrites that involves multiple intermediate grinding of briquetted reaction mixtures annealed at high temperatures is compared with a new radiation-thermal (RT) method using a high-power pulsed beam of accelerated electrons for heating of reaction mixtures. An analysis of the TG(M)/DTG(M) curves recorded in a magnetic field demonstrates that the efficiency of LiZnFeO synthesis from LiCO-FeO-ZnO mechanical mixture at a temperature of 700 °C during 120 min is equivalent to thermal annealing at 800 °C, but with the triple annealing duration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cytoskeletal and contractile proteins degenerate during functional unloading of muscle. The ratio of myosin heavy chain (MHC) expression changes simultaneously. We have supposed that NO can be a signal molecule related to the regulation of protein metabolism upon muscle unloading. To test this hypothesis, Wistar rats underwent functional unloading for 14 days without and with peroral administration of L-arginine (500 mg/kg) as NO precursor. Significant decreases in m. soleus mass, NO, nNOS, dystrophin, Hsp90, p-S6K, and type I MHC mRNA contents were found in the group of animals with unloading without preparation compared to those in control and in the group with unloading and administration of L-arginine; at the same time, increased contents of atrogin-1/MAFbx and MuRF-1 ( p < 0.05) were found. No difference in the IGF-1 mRNA content between all three groups was found. Atrophy was significantly less pronounced in the group with unloading and L-arginine administration compared to that without the amino acid, and no destruction of cytoskeletal proteins was observed. We conclude that administration of L-arginine upon functional unloading decreases the extent of m. soleus atrophy, prevents the decrease in it of type I MHC mRNA, and blocks destructive changes in some cytoskeletal proteins. Such effect can be due to the absence of increase in this group of the content of some ubiquitin ligases and decreased intensity of the p70S6 kinase synthesis marker. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using non-isothermal thermogravimetry (TG), the oxidation kinetics of oxygen-deficient lithium-titanium ferrospinel, LiFeTiZnMnO, manufactured by ceramic engineering is investigated. The oxidation annealing of powder samples is performed in air. According to the X-ray phase analysis, the processes giving rise to variations in oxygen content occur within single-phase spinel structure. The experimental kinetic results are processed using the Netzsch Thermokinetics software. The oxidation rate constants and the effective coefficients of atmospheric oxygen diffusion into the ferrites are determined. The effective activation energy E of oxygen diffusion is found to be 1.95 eV. It is demonstrated that an increase in the oxygen non-stoichiometry parameter δ as a result of recovery annealing of ferrite powders in vacuum at T = 1,070 K for 2 h gives rise to a slight decrease in E down to 1.89 eV. The activation energy of oxygen grain-boundary diffusion is identified by the electroconduction method. The resulting value 1.93 eV is fairly consistent with that obtained by TG. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the time course of changes in wet weight, protein content, and ribosomal kinase activity in Wistar rats after hindlimb suspending. It was found that the wet weight of muscles in the animals decreases as the duration of suspending increases. Changes in the protein content in the whole muscle has similar tendency with that of wet weight. Changes in the phosphorylation level of ribosomal kinases does not explain the time course of changes in the protein content in muscles.

The effect of linear charge density of the ionogenic block on the self-assembly of the amphiphilic diblock copolymer based on polystyrene and poly(4-vinylpyridine) partially alkylated by ethyl bromide in aqueous solutions at pH 9 is studied by UV spectrophotometry and dynamic and static light scattering. During dispersion in water, the diblock copolymer forms micelles composed of the hydrophobic polystyrene core and the amphiphilic lyophilizing corona consisting of N-ethyl-4-vinylpyridinium bromide ionic units and uncharged units of 4-vinylpyridine. It is shown that with a change in the fraction of charged units in the lyophilizing block from 30 to 90 mol %, the thermodynamic quality of the solvent with respect to micelles is slightly monotonically improved and the hydrodynamic sizes of micelles in 0.05 M NaCl are increased. At the same time, such properties as the weight-average degree of aggregation of macromolecules in a micelle, the dimensions of the corona in 0.05 M NaCl, and the dispersion stability of micelles in aqueous-saline solution abruptly change when the content of charged units in the lyophilizing block is 60–70 mol %. After addition of oppositely charged polyelectrolytes or low-molecular-mass surfactants into the micellar solution, polyelectrolyte complexes form and the solubility of these complexes in an excess oppositely charged component likewise changes abruptly with variation in the fraction of charged units in the range from 60 to 70 mol %. A qualitative description is advanced to explain the effect of linear charged density of the lyophilizing block on the self-assembly and complexing behavior of diblock copolymers in aqueous solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intracellular signaling pathways were investigated in skeletal muscle cells at the early stages of alcohol addiction manifestations. No muscle fiber atrophy was observed in m. vastus lateralis of male patients. No significant changes in the signaling mechanisms that control protein degradation were detected as well. However, the concentration of the insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1) in blood plasma as well as the content of markers of intracellular signaling pathways regulating protein synthesis were significantly reduced compared to the control group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plastome is thought to be a very conservative part of plant genome but little is known about the evolution of plastome promoters. It was previously shown that one light-regulated promoter (LRP psbD) is highly conserved in different flowering plant species and in black pine. We have undertaken search and demonstrated that gene ndhF is located in a plastome region that rarely underwent substantial rearrangements in terrestrial plants. However, alignment of sequences upstream ndhF suggests that promoters of this gene underwent comparatively rapid evolution in flowering plants. Probably, the ancestor of two basal Magnoliophyta branches (magnoliids and eudicotyledons) had the promoter PA- ndhF, which was substituted with other promoters—PB- ndhF and PC- ndhF—in some phylogenetic lineages of dicots. We failed to reveal conservative sequences with potential promoters of −10/−35 type upstream ndhF genes of monocotyledonous plants, including nine representatives of the grass family (Poaceae). Multiple alignments of sequences from related taxa showed that the predicted ndhF promoters (A–C) underwent frequent mutations and these mutations are not only nucleotide substitutions but also small insertions and deletions. Thus, we can assume that at least some plastome promoters evolve rapidly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Through the use of the methods of turbidimetry, UV spectrophotometry, fluorescence spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, and ultracentrifugation, micelle formation is studied for cationic (polysty-rene-poly- N-ethyl-4-vinylpyridium bromide) and anionic (polystyrene-sodium polyacrylate) diblock copolymers containing identical polystyrene blocks in dilute aqueous saline solutions. Mixing of aqueous dispersions of individual micelles is accompanied by the formation of only insoluble products, which likely are intermicellar interpolyelectrolyte complexes. At the same time, mixing of diblock copolymers in a nonselective solvent and its subsequent gradient replacement with water during suppressed interpolyelectrolyte interactions yields mixed diblock copolymer micelles, which are found to be dispersionally stable in an excess of charged units of any polymer component. The micelles are composed of an insoluble polystyrene core and a mixed interpolyelectrolyte corona, and their hydrodynamic characteristics are controlled by the ratio of charged units in the mixed diblock copolymers. The mixed micelles are found to be able to interact with the macromolecules of a homopolyelectrolyte, sodium poly(styrene sulfonate), in aqueous solutions and form ternary complexes. In this case, depending on the composition of the mixed micelles, ternary complexes can be dispersionally stable or can aggregate and precipitate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Main factors influencing the characteristics of the acoustic reverberation chamber are considered. Studies of mode density and calculation of required acoustic power are carried out from the relations of the RK-600 chamber dimensions depending on technical requirements for the ground-based experimental development of communication space vehicles (SV). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In vivo effects of thymopentin, an active fragment of the naturally occurring thymic hormone thymopoietin, on the production of cytokines, nitric oxide, heat shock proteins, and signaling proteins NF-κB, phNF-κB, and IκB-α in lymphoid cells of male NMRI mice was studied. Activation of production of several cytokines (IL-1α, IL-2, IL-6, IL-10, and IFN-γ), nitric oxide, and heat shock proteins (HSP70 and HSP90) was observed in peritoneal macrophages and spleen lymphocytes of mice that received intraperitoneal injections of thymopentin (15μg per 100 g body weight). Thymopentin apparently produces stress-like rather than damaging effects. A probable action mechanism of this hormone is activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway, which is most pronounced at the NF-κB phosphorylation stage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plants use a wide range of molecular reactions for adaptation of their photosynthetic apparatus to high temperature. To understand the role of plastome genes in this process, we studied transcription of photosynthetic and household genes in plastids of 7-day-old barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.) seedlings and found that the genes of both groups are involved in the adaptation to heat shock. Transcription of genes encoding apoproteins of the photosystem I and photosystem II reaction centers was enhanced in 1.5 h after temperature elevation and reduced after 3 h, whereas transcription of some other genes (NADPH plastoquinone oxidoreductase, ribosomal proteins, and multisubunit RNA polymerase) was enhanced after 3 h of exposure to high temperature. Transcription of plastome genes rpl23-rpl2 and rps16 was activated by heating either the whole plant or isolated chloroplasts. This permits a supposition that changes in transcription of plastome genes occur not only due to changes in nuclear transcription of the genes encoding plastid transcription factors but also due to changes in the properties of transcription factors inside chloroplasts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The formation of cellulose-nickel nanocomposites has been studied by WAXS, X-ray absorption spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and scanning electron spectroscopy. Changes in the experimental conditions make it possible to widely vary the size of nickel and its oxide nanoparticles in the bulk and on the surface of cellulose fibers and to monitor the localization of these nanoparticles with the structure of cellulose remaining unchanged. The use of cellulose allowed preparation of nickel nanoparticles stabilized in the matrix. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of concentration on the behavior of high-molecular-mass sodium polymethacrylate ( M w = 3.9 × 105) in a 0.1 M NaCl aqueous solution was studied by the methods of dynamic and static light scattering, and capillary and rotational viscometry. It was shown that the concentration corresponding to the formation of fluctuation network of polyelectrolyte entanglements (6.4%) is substantially higher than the crossover concentration (0.25%). This fact indicates the existence of a wide concentration interval for a semidilute unentangled polyanion solution. The introduction of minor amounts of micelles of cationic amphiphilic polystyrene-poly( N-ethyl-4-vinylpyridinium bromide) diblock copolymer is accompanied by the development of the network of an interpolyelectrolyte complex. The junctions of this network are diblock copolymer micelles that are linked to polyanion macromolecules via salt bonds. The formation of interpolyelectrolyte network leads to the additional structuring of the sodium polymethacrylate solution and an increase in its viscosity. The growth in viscosity is most pronounced in the concentration region above the concentration corresponding to the formation of entanglement network of the free polyanion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrophysical properties of the Li-Ti ferrite ceramics with the spinel structure (LiFeTiZnMnO) are studied in the frequency interval 0.5-2.5 GHz at temperatures ranging from room temperature to 530 K. The thermal emf of the ferrite ceramic samples is studied. It is demonstrated that the sample under study exhibits electron conduction. The calculated results are used to interpret the conduction mechanism using the hopping model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a study focused on the phosphorylation of elongation factor with its kinase expression on rats under hindlimb unloading. It mentions that tonic postural muscles of animals and humans go through atrophy in microgravity. It states that the intensity of protein synthesis, is determined by the factors that regulates initiation and elongation of polypeptide chain on the ribosome.