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Jelen cikk egyes makrogazdasagi valtozok hatasat vizsgalja a tőkeatteteli ciklus felepuleseben az Amerikai Egyesult Allamok gazdasagaban 1990 es 2015 kozott. A tőkeattetel –ahogyan azt a Nagy Recesszio is bebizonyitotta –serulekennye teszi a gazdasagot, amiszelsőseges esetben katasztrofahoz vezet. A tőkeattetel a gazdasag egeszehez hasonloan ciklikusan alakul, ezert ahitelallomany felepulesenekmegertese kritikus.A hitelezesre hato tenyezők es mas kutatasok eredmenyeinek osszefoglalasat kovetően acikkkiserletet tesz arra, hogygazdasagiszektorok szintjen vizsgalja meg,mely valtozok jatszanak fontos szerepet ajelenseg mogott.A vizsgalatok elvegzesehez a szerzők a tobbvaltozos linearis modszert valasztottakannak kideritesere, mennyire mutat egyseges kepet a gazdasagon belul a tőkeattetel felepulese.Az elemzes nem terjedki a haztartasi hitelezesre, kizarolag a nagyvallalati szegmens folyamataira koncentral. A szerzők arra amegallapitasajutottak, hogy megeri a makrogazdasagi valtozokszerepet iparagi szinten vizsgalni, mivel az egyes szektorok eseteben elterő valtozokbizonyultak szignifikansnakaz empirikus vizsgalatokalapjan. = This article examines the impact of macroeconomic variables over the leverage cycle in the US economy between 1990 and 2015. Leverage –as demonstrated by the Great Recession –makes the whole economy vulnerable, leading to a catastrophe in extreme cases. As in the case of the economy as a whole, leverage is cyclical, so understanding the recovery of the loan portfolio is crucial. After summarizing the results of factors affecting lending and other researches, the article attempts to investigate at the level of economic sectors, which variables play key roles behind this phenomenon. To carry out the examinations, the authors chose the multivariate linear method to find out the general characteristics of the leverage cycle within the economy. The analysis does not include the household lending activity, it concentrates solely on the processes of the large corporate segment. The authors have come to the conclusion that it is worth considering the role of macroeconomic variables at industry level as different variables have proved to be significant on the basis of empirical studies.

Purpose This paper aims to examine graduate student learning experiences and perceptions of quality and the extent to which these learners were living the intended experiences that academic programs are seeking to foster. Design/methodology/approach Using a multiple case-study design, a three-stage interview protocol used with six PhD candidates across three faculties as well as 25 institutional, provincial and national documents served as principal sources of data. A within-case analysis was performed for each case and compared via a cross-case analysis. Findings The four principal factors that characterized the PhD candidate learning experience emerged as the significance of intentional individualized guidance; the importance of social interactions and community; becoming an independent scholar; and the transformative nature of learning. Gaps were identified between institutional intent and the learner experience. Recommendations are made regarding the adoption of indicators of quality that focus on student learning and notions of transformation. Originality/value This investigation attempts to tell distinct and shared stories of the highly contextualized and complex phenomenon of quality in PhD student learning. With limited information regarding how programmatic development is lived by students, this study’s comparison of institutional characterizations and student perceptions of quality sheds light on existing strengths to leverage, and gaps to invest in, at the institutional and program levels.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to shed light on how organisations can leverage digital transformation by discussing the importance of having a zero-trust approach when it comes to security. This is something that is imperative, and so this paper aims to provide advice on how organisations can keep their networks and systems safe from cyberattacks and opportunistic cybercriminals. Design/methodology/approach This paper is a thought leadership piece and draws on Tata Consultancy Services (TCS’) COVID-19 Business Impact Survey, which surveys nearly 300 executives on how they are planning and managing the near and long-term impacts of the coronavirus pandemic. Those surveyed represented mostly large companies across 11 countries in North America, Europe and Asia-Pacific. Moreover, 63% of these companies had an annual revenue of over $5bn. Findings The findings from the survey revealed that most organisations lack digital capabilities, and the coronavirus pandemic is exposing these weaknesses. It found that companies with essential digital capabilities (“leaders”) have held up better during the pandemic than those without (“followers). Moreover, the survey demonstrated that there is a significant lack of clarity on how to strategically move on multiple digital fronts cost-effectively. Originality/value As TCS is a global leader in information technology services, consulting and business solutions, this paper provides value to senior business and technology leaders in organisations that hold influence over the company’s security strategies. By focussing on zero trust, this paper recommends how such leaders can rethink and reassess their business strategy to thrive in a post-pandemic world.

Despite its importance to OM, demand forecasting has been perceived as a “problem-solving” exercise; most empirical work in the field has focused on explanatory models but neglected prediction problems that are part of empirical science. The present study, involving one of the leading electronics distributors in the world, aims to improve prediction accuracy under high demand volatility for procurement managers to make better inventory decisions. In response to requests for an integrated forecasting methodology, we undertook an iterative process based on three guiding principles — data pooling, theory-informed feature engineering, and ensemble-based machine learning. The resulting framework managed to improve forecast accuracy significantly and is applicable to a broad range of situations. We present reflections and insights derived abductively through engagement with managers in this problem situation. This “problem-driven” process corresponds to intervention as a research strategy that can foster theoretical and methodological innovations in OM. Our contribution goes beyond the development of the prediction framework as it elucidates ways OM researchers could leverage theoretical foundations to inform feature derivation and model construction. We posit that this work points to a way forward to the combination of OM principles with the emerging innovations in data science and artificial intelligence.

Film shaped the Cold War and our understanding of it. Audiovisual media, in various ways, were instrumental in concentrating and maintaining political leverage on both sides of the Iron Curtain. Ci...

We examine the effectiveness of accountability systems that rely on patient reporting in Kenyan health clinics. Patients and health care providers from public and private health clinics participate in a lab-in-the field experiment focusing on the relationship of trust between patient and provider. Patients decide whether to trust providers, providers have discretion over their reciprocity, and patients can complain. We compare the effectiveness of: (1) a client reporting system where patients’ complaints are disclosed to the providers’ professional peers, possibly leading to non-monetary penalties, (2) a system where complaints lead to monetary penalties, and (3) a system that, like a standard complaint box, attaches no tangible consequences to complaints. Overall, our findings suggest that citizen reporting systems that leverage peer pressure and reputational concerns can improve service delivery.

This rapid scoping review has informed the development of the UN Research Roadmap for the COVID-19 Recovery on the topic of “Ensuring Social Protection and Basic Services.” The aim was to provide a robust synthesis of key concepts and existing evidence drawn from a wide range of disciplines to support the identification and appraisal of research priorities. An emergent theme has been the notion that measures implemented in response to COVID-19 merely ameliorate symptoms of entrenched, systemic gender-, age-, and race-based inequity, inequality, and exclusion. Key findings include the critical role of contextual and community-based knowledge for informing the design, development, and delivery of programs, as well as the urgent need for implementation science to move existing knowledge into action. This review also describes how the disruption associated with “shock events” such as the COVID-19 pandemic is often associated with unusually high levels of interest and willingness to invest in programs and policies to strengthen strained systems. As such, an unprecedented window of opportunity exists to leverage measures implemented in response to the COVID-19 pandemic to effect large-scale, sustainable change and thereby increase the resiliency of our interconnected systems for the future.

State-owned enterprises (SOEs) retain a strong presence in many economies around the world. How do governments manage these firms given their dual economic and political nature? Many states use authority over executive appointments as a key means of governing SOEs. We analyze the nature of this “personnel power” by assessing patterns in SOE leaders’ political mobility in China, the country with the largest state-owned sector. Using logit and multinomial models on an original dataset of central SOE leaders’ attributes and company information from 2003 to 2017, we measure the effects of economic performance and political connectedness on leaders’ likelihood of staying in power. We find that leaders of well-performing firms and those with patronage ties to elites in charge of their evaluation are more likely to stay in office. These findings suggest that states can leverage personnel power in pursuit of economic and political stability when SOE management is highly politically integrated.

This paper investigates the impact of uncertainty on corporate capital structure. Using a sample consists of manufacturing firms listed in the Vietnamese Stock Market during the period from 2010 to 2019, we find that an increase in uncertainty can lead to a reduction in the corporate use of debt. This result is robust when we use a lag model or a System General Method of Moments to deal with the endogeneity problems. Moreover, our result shows that firms decrease their leverage when facing a high level of uncertainty because the increase in leverage during the heightened uncertainty periods may reduce firms’ investment. Given that firms in emerging countries in general and in Vietnam in particular rely significantly on debt financing, the results of our paper suggest that policy makers should have solutions to mitigate the adverse impact of uncertainty on firm leverage.

With the rapid advancement of China's "Internet plus Education" plan, "Internet plus Education" has become a research hotspot. The outbreak of COVID-19 pandemic has brought great opportunities, tests and inspections for online education. All schools earnestly implemented the relevant requirements of the Ministry of Education and leverage the strengths of the Internet to ensure that “suspension of classes and non-stop teaching”. Taking a middle school in the west part of China as an example, the online survey was conducted to investigate its live broadcast teaching. The independent sample test and one-way analysis of variance were used to statistically analyze the differences among the students’ genders, grades, home location, type of device used and parental companionship. Finally, the implications were put forward to provide a reference for live teaching practice.

The implementation of fracking activities in the United Kingdom that involves the pumping of water, chemicals, and sand underground to explore shale gas has caused several hazardous impacts. This situation has sparked protests from various kinds of demonstrators, both individuals and organizations. In response to the public objection to fracking activities, the British Government tended to fight back against the action. The detention of demonstrators ultimately created a pattern of limited advocacy among the public against the British Government. It has prompted an NGO called Friends of the Earth to start mobilizing these issues to the international realm by promoting principled ideas or norms to form a transnational network, aiming to influence national policy. The authors explain the transnational advocacy network's role in influencing British policy by applying the concept of Transnational Advocacy Network (TAN) from Margaret E. Keck and Kathryn Sikkink. Specifically, the role is analysed based on TAN’s strategies, namely Information Politics, Symbolic Politics, Leverage Politics, and Accountability Politics. The authors also use Constructivism Theory to explain how norms and ideas can influence national policy. This research uses qualitative methods with secondary data collection techniques to describe and interpret some relevant phenomena to become an integrated explanation.

The internet has become an integral component of daily life, with its content broadly grouped into social media and non-social online content. The use of social media, comprising interactive information sharing and networking tools, has proliferated in radiology, with as many as 85% of radiologists utilizing social media and adoption by both private and academic practices. In radiology, social media has been used to increase patient and public awareness of the specialty, establish a professional brand, share scholarly activity, aid in professional development and recruitment, improve communication, and increase engagement during scientific meetings. Organizations like the Society of Abdominal Radiology have increased the visibility of abdominal and pelvic radiology through their activity on social media; however, individual radiologists are integral to this function as well. In this article, we outline a stepwise approach to the individual use of social media, with practical tips for radiologists interested in effectively engaging the plethora of social media and non-social online content available. We also briefly discuss an approach to performing research using publicly available online media.

The purpose of this collective case study was to explore the impact of using young adult literature in a content area literacy course to leverage the development of professional identities in prese...

The high leverage practices of promoting active student engagement and using assistive and instructional technology can be implemented simultaneously in resource settings. The purpose of the study was to compare two commonly used methods of engagement, hand-raising and digital response cards, to determine their effect on students’ active engagement, on-task behavior, and reading comprehension. An ABAB design was used to evaluate the effects among high school students with intellectual disabilities during reading lessons. The results indicated there was a positive correlation associated with digital response cards on the level of active engagement, on-task behavior and skill acquisition as evidenced by whole group means.

Prior research suggests that a scarcity of dementia specialists could hamper access to disease-modifying Alzheimer’s treatments. We describe alternative approaches on how to leverage specialist time for memory care in this narrative synthesis based on 17 semi-structured interviews and a targeted literature review on memory care approaches that leverage specialist time. We identified four types of approaches: community primary care practices empowered with better tools and training; primary care memory clinics; specialty memory clinics and; specialty memory centers. Several approaches to use specialist time efficiently have been implemented and some but not all evaluated. The optimal approach may depend on the local context.

Introduction Current literature does not describe behaviors or the overarching opinion of pharmacy students on the use of different types of social media for personal and professional purposes. The objectives of this study were to identify predominant beliefs among pharmacy students regarding use of social media for professional and personal purposes, characterize pharmacy students' opinions on the effects of social media on their professional career, and determine pharmacy students' perceptions of using social media as tools for learning and discovery. Methods A self-administered questionnaire was administered to pharmacy students at Auburn University (N = 450) and Lipscomb University (N = 212). Linear regression was performed to predict students' perceptions of the importance of social media to their future professional life. Results The leading platforms commonly used by students for personal reasons were Facebook (92.5%), Instagram (70.5%), and Snapchat (70.5%). The most popular platforms used for professional reasons included LinkedIn (40.4%), Facebook (35.4%), and YouTube (29.2%). About 50% of respondents perceived social media to be important to their future professional life as pharmacists. Most students used YouTube and Wikipedia while studying or learning. The regression model predicting students' perceptions of the importance of social media to their future professional life was significant. Conclusions Pharmacy students most commonly use Facebook, Instagram, and Snapchat for personal reasons, and LinkedIn, Facebook, and YouTube for professional reasons. Educators may leverage YouTube and wikis to support the education of pharmacy students. Pharmacy students appear to be more aware and active with security settings than previously reported.

Why do states’ human rights records converge with co-members in intergovernmental organizations (IGOs)? This study provides new insights on whether interactions in IGOs have the capacity to genuinely transform state preferences or whether norm diffusion is a consequence of instrumental processes. We leverage information about the timing of human rights alignment to disentangle intrinsic from instrumental motives. We hypothesize that instrumental motives find expression in pre-membership alignment and reversions to original normative standards after IGO exits. Intrinsic motives lead to gradual alignment during IGO membership and result in stable normative changes beyond IGO exits. Using varying-slopes, varying intercepts models, we investigate the distance on human rights indices between individual states and IGO means. While we find evidence for systematic convergence during IGO membership, no significant changes occur before and after IGO membership. Testing alignment of different physical integrity rights, we find no evidence for instrumental shifts to clandestine repression during IGO membership. Overall, the results suggest that norm alignment in IGOs is at least not exclusively instrumentally motivated. Our findings support constructivist arguments on state interests and suggest that IGOs are capable of transforming states’ human rights related preferences.

This study investigated the impact of corporate sector variables on energy supply and demand in OECD countries. In the first stage of the investigation, a panel nonlinear model was employed to assess the effects of financial corporation debt to equity (FCDE), non-financial corporation debt to surplus (NFCDS), and banking system leverage on the contribution of renewable energy to primary energy. In the second stage, the influences of these independent variables on geo biomass, hydro, solar, and wind energy consumption were investigated. The findings demonstrate that FCDE and NFCDS are the firm-specific factors that influence renewable energy supply in the long run. The significant relationship between financial firm leverage and renewable energy highlights the fact that leverage is one of the main obstacles to further investment in renewable energy. Moreover, while banking system leverage has no impact on renewable energy’s contribution to primary energy, it has a discernible influence on solar and geo biomass energy consumption. Solar is the only renewable energy variable that is influenced by financial corporations and banking system leverage.

Promotional messages, including scarcity messages and other consumer existence messages, are frequently employed by online travel marketers to drive consumer purchase intention. By using a scenario-based experimental design study, the authors investigate the effects of scarcity message types – limited quantity scarcity (LQS) and limited time scarcity (LTS) – on willingness to purchase, and explore the mediating role of perceived consumer competition and the moderating role of social cue messages on scarcity messaging and purchase intention. The findings suggest that presenting social cue messages enhances perceived consumer competition and consequently purchase intention when an LQS message is presented. However, presenting social cue messages have no such impact on perceived consumer competition and purchase intention when an LTS message is presented. This research provides online travel practitioners with guidance on how and when to leverage promotional messages to drive consumer purchase intention.

This study highlights technology use in community development showing how social workers, police, and neighborhood residents promote safer neighborhoods. The approach used was geographic informatio...

Considering the increasing number of food recall incidents in the restaurant industry, it is crucial to examine the impact of food recall on consumers' negative word-of-mouth (N-WOM) intentions. This study examined the effects of the food recall announcement on consumers’ N-WOM intentions, focusing specifically on crisis level and two brand-related forms of leverage, brand equity and branding strategy. A 2 (crisis level: low/high) x 2 (brand equity: low/high) x 2 (branding strategy: corporate branding/house of brands) scenario-based research design was employed using a self-administered online survey. The food recall announcement was found to be effective in reducing N-WOM intentions only for loyal consumers when the crisis level was high. Further, the use of the corporate branding strategy was effective in reducing N-WOM intentions compared to the house-of- branding strategy. These findings provide useful guidelines to practitioners on how to effectively announce food recalls.

This paper documents the emergence of a large bank loan market in the absence of contracting institutions: the trusted assistant loan market in 19th century China. These loans were legally unenforceable, one-shot loans to poor scholars that funded the costs of assuming lucrative administrative appointments offering ample opportunities for corruption. The trusted assistant loan’s distinguishing feature was a legally unenforceable stipulation that the borrower incorporate an agent of the creditor into his administrative cadre. We model the enforcement of these loans through expertise leverage and test the model’s predictions using data from officials’ diaries and a bank loan book. JEL classifications:G21, O16, D86

The COVID-19 pandemic has not only created significant havoc in the world but has also opened doors to new opportunities for women entrepreneurs. The objective of this study is to examine case studies of women entrepreneurs to determine how they have taken advantage of the circumstances offered by COVID-19 to expand their businesses. To gain deeper insights about lived experiences of women entrepreneurs, the study uses semi-structured interviews to identify the strategies women entrepreneurs have adopted during times of social and economic upheaval. The findings indicate that women entrepreneurs responded to this crisis by accessing finance and using their innovative and creative skills to leverage e-commerce, often in the face of economic hardship. This study aims to contribute to policymakers’ and practitioners’ development of appropriate response strategies that focus on strengthening women entrepreneurs in Pakistan.

Given the limited research into the impact of social media on offline sales of durable goods, this study examines the dynamic relationships between firm-generated content (FGC), user-generated content (UGC), traditional media, and offline light vehicle sales. Data were collected from the official Facebook and Twitter pages of 30 US car brands from 2009 to 2015 and a panel vector autoregressive model utilized to investigate the dynamic relationships among multiple time series variables, while controlling for influential durable goods characteristics. Our results suggest that Facebook and Twitter are heterogeneous in terms of their effect on offline vehicle sales; FGC is more effective than UGC for influencing offline light vehicle sales; viral impressions from Facebook and Twitter are essential, although effects vary for the various social media platforms, FGC, and UGC; and a firm’s marketing efforts and UGC both have a long-term effect on sales, with the long-term effect of a firm’s marketing efforts outlasting that of UGC. Improvements in predicting offline sales can be gained by incorporating FGC and UGC from Facebook and Twitter and traditional media. We also documented the within Twitter synergistic effect between FGC and UGC for offline car sales and cross-channel substitution relationships between FGC and both Facebook and traditional media and Twitter and traditional media. Finally, we provide guidance for managers seeking to leverage multichannel marketing to boost offline sales of durable goods.

Digital technologies have a crucial role in facilitating transitions toward a sustainable future. Yet there remain challenges to overcome and pitfalls to avoid. This Voices asks: how do we leverage the digital transformation to successfully support a sustainability transition?

Most people want to feel happy; however, some evidence suggests that the more people value happiness, the less happy they are. To make sense of this paradox, we leverage existing models of goal pursuit to identify core components of the process of pursuing happiness, highlighting how each of these components may go awry. Then, we introduce two fundamental traits that put pressure on the core components of the process and in turn further influence the outcome of pursuing happiness. Together, this nuanced approach to the pursuit of happiness across levels of analysis helps us organize existing literature and make better predictions about when, why, and for whom the pursuit of happiness may backfire and when it is likely to succeed.

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic necessitated sweeping changes in a neonatal nurse practitioner (NNP) program's approach to distance-accessible learning. Prioritizing student learning and safety, we developed a new alternative model for individualized simulation. Method: The scenario created for a student to deliver an unexpected diagnosis of trisomy 21, or Down syndrome, to a postpartum mother was redesigned to take place using web-conference technology. Results: We successfully transitioned the planned in-person individualized simulation for NNP students delivering an unexpected diagnosis to a web-conference environment and added nurse–midwifery (NM) students. Conclusion: This simulation presented an authentic clinical situation encountered in practice, supporting the specialty-specific competencies for the NNP, NM, and core competencies for interprofessional collaborative practice. The web-conference platform is an effective strategy for simulation. Advanced practice nurses completing individualized simulation through technology are uniquely poised to leverage these skills as telemedicine increasingly influences their future clinical practice. [ J Nurs Educ . 2021;60(6):346–351.]

When business-to-business (B2B) brands extend into the consumer market, considering that end consumers are generally unfamiliar with B2B brands, managers often tend to expend extensive efforts in advertising the brand extension. However, insights into how B2B brands can leverage their industry background when extending into the B2C market are still lacking. In this study, we investigated whether, when, and how highlighting the industry background of a B2B brand in the advertisements of its B2C products influence brand extension evaluation. Our results indicate that presenting information on the B2B brand’s industry background may facilitate consumers’ evaluation of its extended B2C product. This positive impact is enhanced when the advertisement has competence appeal and alleviated when it has warmth appeal. The interaction between industry background and advertising appeal is mediated by consumers’ perceptions of brand personality appeal clarity. Our study provides insights into how B2B brand managers can leverage brands to drive an effective brand extension into B2C market.

Firm size and age influence firm-level leverage. The extent of such influence on the oil and gas industry is not known in Nigeria. There are very few empirical studies that interrogate the effects of firm size and listing age on leverage in Nigeria. This study examines the impacts of firm size and listing age on firm-level financial leverage of listed oil and gas companies in Nigeria. It was non-experimental research and correlational in nature. Data were extracted from annuals and accounts of 8 firms over a period of 13 years (2007-2019) and subjected to descriptive statistics (number of observations, mean, standard deviations, mean, minimum and maximum means) and inferential statistics (multiple regression analysis). The findings show that firm size has a negative and significant impact on firm-level financial leverage. Firm age has a positive and significant effect on firm-level leverage. In this paper, we contribute to the literature by examining the presence and direction of firm size and listing age to financial leverage user data from listed oil and gas firms in Nigeria. Our study is the first to address the adverse implications of Modeling with firm size and listing age on firm-level financial leverage.

Comparing one hyper-growth venture with one moderate growth venture, we show that growth paths critically depend on the founders’ capability to leverage BAs’ and VCs’ financial and cognitive resources in an ongoing process of interaction. Dynamically matching specific entrepreneurs’ and investors’ decision-making styles is critical for shaping heterogeneous growth paths, as investors and entrepreneurs interact. Specifically, sharing a predictive decision-making style among VCs, BAs and entrepreneurs facilitate mutual communication and shared understanding in the joint pursuit of ambitious growth targets. To the contrary, matching non-predictive and purely control-oriented entrepreneurs with BAs featuring an identical decision-making style locks the venture into a moderate growth trajectory. This has practical implications for entrepreneurs searching for the adequate funding strategy, and for equity investors in their assessment of entrepreneurs’ cognitive profiles. Decision-making style in entrepreneurial finance and growth: how matching predictive entrepreneurs with predictive VCs and business angels boosts venture growth. Predictive decision-making boosts strong venture growth when shared by entrepreneurs, business angels (BAs), and venture capitalists (VCs) alike. Purely control-oriented entrepreneurs get locked into moderate growth when teaming up with control-oriented BAs, unless they dynamically adapt their decision-making style as a result of their interaction. Matching of decision-making styles appears hence to be crucial to sustain growth. Decision-making styles are not necessarily static, and the various actors may adapt their approach to changed circumstances. Certain BAs may play a prominent role in the process of change. Dynamic matching is a relevant avenue for future research. Our findings have also practical implications for the various actors in the field of entrepreneurial finance. Investors targeting especially strong growth should team up with highly predictive entrepreneurs only.

How might personal concerns for one’s health, and public health more generally, affect candidate vote choice during the COVID-19 crisis? In this, study we leverage a national survey conducted in the United States during the earliest phase of the pandemic, and an original survey fielded in Florida as positive COVID-19 rates were rising, to assess how personal exposure to the coronavirus conditions candidate vote choice. Despite heightened partisan polarization, we find that one’s health concerns depressed support for the sitting president, even among Republicans. Individuals who were very concerned about contracting COVID-19, who wore a mask to protect themselves from the coronavirus, and who were more concerned about the virus’s impact on public health than the economy were less likely to support the reelection of Donald J. Trump. As with retrospective and prospective economic voting, the threat of the health pandemic has the potential to alter the calculus of candidate vote choice.

The principle of conservatism is the principle of prudence against an uncertain situation to avoid excessive optimism from management and company owners. Consequently, if there is a condition that is likely to cause loss, expense or debt, the loss, cost or debt must be recognized immediately. The variables used in this study include Institutional Ownership, Managerial Ownership, Leverage, Profitability and Accounting Conservatism. This research is a quantitative research conducted on manufacturing companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange for the period 2016-2018. The results of this study are institutional ownership has an effect on accounting conservatism; Managerial ownership affects accounting conservatism, leverage affects accounting conservatism, profitability affects accounting conservatism, and profitability moderates the variables of institutional ownership, managerial ownership, and leverage on accounting conservatism.

Mathematical reasoning, which plays a critical role in students’ capacity to make sense of mathematics, is now emphasised more strongly in various curricula internationally. However, reasoning is sometimes difficult for teachers to recognise, let alone teach. This case study considers video of one teacher’s implementation of a problem-solving lesson in a year 1 primary school class in Australia. It examines the opportunities this teacher provided to leverage reasoning and contributes to the body of knowledge on ways reasoning may be elicited during problem solving. The new Eliciting Mathematical Reasoning Framework arising from the analysis of the data in this study builds on and extends previous research. It provides a tool to support researchers, teacher educators, professional learning providers, and teachers in recognising and eliciting reasoning.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate how employer brand experience (EBE) impacts organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). In addition, it aims to identify the mediating role of employee engagement (EE) in relationship between EBE and OCB.Design/methodology/approachTo test the research hypotheses, a web questionnaire was developed and data were collected from 426 respondents working in the Indian banking sector. Hypotheses were tested using structural equational modeling.FindingsEBE was positively related to OCB. The predicted mediating role of EE in the relationship between EBE and OCB was also supported.Research limitations/implicationsThe study is confined to the banking sector only, which limits the generalization of the findings.Practical implicationsThe results imply that firms should leverage on various dimensions of employer brand (EB) i.e. compensation, work–life balance, working environment, training and corporate social responsibility to enhance EE and OCB.Originality/valueThe research is among the very few to confirm the role of EBE vis-à-vis current employees especially in a collectivist society like India. The study also confirmed the mediating role of EE between EBE and OCB which have not been studied previously.

We employ partial adjustment capital structure models to examine Mexican publicly traded firms’ capital structure adjustment behavior. In a partial adjustment model, a firm reverts its observed leverage towards target leverage and closes a proportion of the deviation from target within one year. The leverage speed of adjustment (SOA) depends on the trade-off between the costs and benefits of moving leverage towards target. The faster a firm can revert its leverage when shocked away from target, the higher the firm value. Our results show that Mexican firms’ SOA ranges from 13.8% to 17.4%, depending on three leverage proxies. Mexican firms revert their leverage towards target at a slower speed than firms in developed countries do, implying that Mexican firms operate sub-optimally longer than firms in developed countries. We also compare subsets of firms with characteristics that are expected to affect SOA. First, we find that financially unconstrained firms’ SOA is higher than the SOA of financially constrained firms. Second, for two out of the three leverage proxies, the SOA of over-levered firms is higher than that of under-levered firms. Third, farthest-away-from-target firms adjust faster toward target leverage than closest-to-target firms. Overall, our findings confirm the expected asymmetric SOA behavior of the subsets of companies examined. Finally, we examine the impact of states of the economy on firms’ capital structures. We find that leverage ratios of Mexican firms are counter-cyclical and that Mexican firms adjust leverage at faster speed during good economic states as measured by stock exchange market capitalization relative to country’s GDP, risk premium, and inflation.

Drawing upon extant data from existing pediatric cohorts and new follow-up of a diverse set of pediatric cohorts from across the United States, the Environmental influences on Child Health Outcomes (ECHO) Program creates the opportunity for novel and innovative investigations of many previously inaccessible scientific questions in the area of child health. We describe how the large sample size, diversity of participants, emphasis on team science, and infrastructure for improving research methodology make the ECHO Program a major research resource for improving our understanding of early life determinants of childhood health and well-being. Pediatric researchers leverage the unique features of the ECHO Program to address research questions with the potential to yield far-reaching and long-term impacts on child health. Impact The ECHO Program unites pediatric cohorts from across the United States, allowing for investigations of compelling research questions that were previously infeasible due to limited sample sizes or lack of participant diversity. The focus of the ECHO Program on team science, solution-oriented research, and methodological innovation propels novel scientific investigations that are responsive to the needs of a wide range of stakeholders. Features of the ECHO program’s infrastructure poise its investigators to rapidly launch research endeavors that are responsive to time-sensitive and critical needs within the realm of pediatric research.

Medical education is situated within health care and educational organizations that frequently lag in their use of data to learn, develop, and improve performance. How might we leverage competency-based medical education (CBME) assessment data at the individual, program, and system levels, with the goal of redefining CBME from an initiative that supports the development of physicians to one that also fosters the development of the faculty, administrators, and programs within our organizations? In this paper we review the Deliberately Developmental Organization (DDO) framework proposed by Robert Kegan and Lisa Lahey, a theoretical framework that explains how organizations can foster the development of their people. We then describe the DDO's conceptual alignment with CBME and outline how CBME assessment data could be used to spur the transformation of health care and educational organizations into digitally integrated DDOs. A DDO-oriented use of CBME assessment data will require intentional investment into both the digitalization of assessment data and the development of the people within our organizations. By reframing CBME in this light, we hope that educational and health care leaders will see their investments in CBME as an opportunity to spur the evolution of a developmental culture.

This study aims to determine the determinants of the capital structure of the Lippo Group and the Bakrie Group listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange using the partial adjustment model approach. The population in the Lippo Group company is 12 and the population at the Bakrie Group company is 9. The sample of this study is that all companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange are 21 companies. Data analysis used panel data regression method with partial adjustment model approach. The results of the research in the t test at the Lippo Group company show that the lag leverage has a positive and insignificant effect on leverage, profitability has a positive and significant effect on leverage, company size has a positive and insignificant effect on leverage, earning volatility has a positive and significant effect on leverage, assets tangibility has a positive and significant effect on leverage and growth opportunity has a positive and insignificant effect on leverage. The results of the research in the t test at the Bakrie Group company show that the lag leverage has a positive and insignificant effect on leverage, profitability has a positive and insignificant effect on leverage, company size has a positive and insignificant effect on leverage, earning volatility has a positive and insignificant effect on leverage, assets tangibility has a negative and insignificant effect on leverage, growth opportunity has a negative and insignificant effect on leverage. The partial adjustment model test results show that only Lippo Group company on the variables of profitability, earning volatility and assets tangibility have a significant positive effect on leverage. The results of the comparison of the optimal capital structure show that the Bakrie Group has a higher level of optimal capital structure by 83% than the Lippo Group at 55%. Keywords: Lag Leverage, Profitability, Company Size, Earning Volatility, Assets Tangibility, Growth Opportunity, Leverage.

South Korea's reluctant response to the U S Free and Open Indo-Pacific (FOIP) strategy so far has failed to send a clear-cut signal to regional countries Despite upholding multilateralism as the cornerstone of its middle power diplomacy, South Korea has not worked in line with Indo-Pacific second-size powers given Seoul's relatively vague response to the Indo-Pacific structure With foreign policy shifts from Trump to Biden, South Korea may be well-positioned to communicate its policies with a more nuanced response to the Indo-Pacific To leverage Seoul's middle power standing and its commitment to multilateralism, the Moon Jae-in administration can be expected to reflect on clearer definitions of what 'Indo-Pacific' means and come up with a more comprehensive understanding of multilateral cooperation in the region so as not to mistake 'Indo-Pacific' for its security connotation As for South Korea, pursuing a three-headed strategy, for example, continuing to position itself in the Indo-Pacific region as a balancer, enhancing ties with like-minded middle powers, and deepening the South Korea-ASEAN relationship, could accommodate Seoul's interests and concerns amid the U S –China strategic competition and the COVID-19 pandemic [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Pacific Review is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use This abstract may be abridged No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract (Copyright applies to all Abstracts )

High-leverage practices are essential components of specially designed instruction required by the Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act. High-leverage practices such as explicit instruction and use of instructional and assistive technology have research evidence demonstrating their effectiveness when teaching students with learning and other disabilities. Although high-leverage practices are appropriate for many content areas, this article illustrates their use when teaching number sense. Number sense involves fluidity with (a) estimating and naming quantities, (b) evaluating accuracy of answers, (c) calculating mentally, and (d) drawing or representing problems. Development of number sense predicts later math achievement for students with and at risk for learning disabilities, making it an essential skill for teachers to address. Peppering common number sense activities with high-leverage practices enhances their impact for students with learning disabilities.

Ultra-precision manufacturing (UPM) is a promising manufacturing technology for fabricating micro-components and its production volume raises in the coming future due to a significant increase in the production volume for highly technological products nowadays. Therefore, UPM industries are accountable for executing sustainability practices to minimize negative environmental impacts from their manufacturing activities. However, sustainable UPM is difficult to execute practically up to now due to different aspects such as technology and knowledge gap. With a high speed of technology advancement nowadays, UPM industries enable to leverage this technological chance and employ the Internet of Things (IoT) technique to move UPM toward sustainability. Therefore, in this article, the current status and future perspective of sustainable UPM, the major research and technological gap between UPM and sustainability development, specific technical challenges for integrated IoT to UPM for sustainability goal are discussed and revealed to promote sustainable UPM. And consequently, a preliminary framework of IoT based UPM system with particular suggestions was firstly presented for facilitating sustainable UPM and acts as the reference to related industries and academia for further developing this novel technique in the future.

An emphasis on practice-based teacher education has led the Council for Exceptional Children to develop 22 high-leverage practices (HLPs). Each HLP is research based, used frequently in classrooms, and applicable across age, grade, and content area. In this article, we discuss the importance of a systematic process for teacher preparation programs to consider when identifying, implementing, and evaluating HLPs. The extent and quality that HLPs are integrated within preparation programs will affect graduating teacher’s professional readiness and their ability to immediately affect student outcomes. It is our intent that this article supports teacher educators and scholars to continue the conversation around HLPs in teacher preparation. In addition, we encourage preparation programs to consider data-based decision making when identifying, implementing, and evaluating HLPs within program curricula.

In a joint effort, the Council for Exceptional Children (CEC) and the Collaboration for Effective Educator Development, Accountability and Reform (CEEDAR) published instructional practice guides for special educators called High-Leverage Practices (McLeskey et al., 2017). These High Leverage Practices focus on four areas of practice (collaboration, assessment, instruction, and social/emotional/behavioral). High Leverage Practice 7 (HLP 7) is under the social/emotional/behavioral domain and guides teachers to establish positive and constructive learning environments for students. For special education training programs, opportunities to focus on HLP 7 can be presented in classroom/behavior management courses as a function of setting up classroom structure (atmosphere, rules, and procedures) that support developing positive, culturally responsive learning environments and student-teacher relationships. This paper provides support for why topics should focus on HLP 7 and how topics of structure, culturally responsive teaching, student-teacher relationship development, and social emotional learning should be included in classroom/behavior management courses in special education training programs.

Positive and constructive feedback is a high leverage practice that can be learned and practiced through scaffolded and structured experiences. Teaching preservice candidates to provide effective feedback is an efficient way to increase P-12 students’ learning and behavioral outcomes. Teacher educators can craft experiences for their preservice teachers that offer rich coursework experiences, practice-based opportunities, and aligned clinical placement. Using the scaffolded approach provided in this article, teacher educators can ensure these experiences are robust and aligned with evidence-based pedagogy.

Given the global pandemic, educators at all levels have had to transition their teaching practices to remote environments. Teacher education faculty have had to consider not only how to shift their own teaching, but alsohow to prepare teacher candidates for their future teaching roles which may include instruction in a range ofmodalities (face-to-face, remote-synchronous, remote-asynchronous, hybrid). In this article, we propose thathigh-leverage practices (HLPs) can serve as a solid foundation for teacher preparation regardless of modality and offer five tips for how teacher educators can prepare candidates to use HLPs across modalities. A vignette which highlights two HLPs (i.e., establishing a consistent, organized, and respectful learning environment; and using strategies to promote active student engagement) is included to illustrate implementation of the tips.

Finding the set of most influential users in online social networks (OSNs) to trigger the largest influence cascade is meaningful, e.g., companies may leverage the “word-of-mouth” effect to trigger a large cascade of purchases by offering free samples/discounts to those most influential users. This task is usually modeled as an influence maximization problem, and it has been widely studied in the past decade. However, considering that users in OSNs may participate in various online activities, e.g., joining discussion groups and commenting on same pages or products, influence diffusion through online activities becomes even more significant. In this article, we study the impact of online activities by formulating social-activity networks which contain both users and online activities, and thus induce two types of weighted edges, i.e., edges between users and edges between users and activities. To address the computation challenge, we define an influence centrality via random walks, and use the Monte Carlo framework to efficiently estimate the centrality. Furthermore, we develop a greedy-based algorithm with novel optimizations to find the most influential users for node recommendation. Experiments on real-world datasets show that our approach is very computationally efficient under different influence models, and also achieves larger influence spread by considering online activities.