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251. Copper activation deuterium-tritium neutron yield measurements at the National Ignition Facility.

Author: Cooper, G. W., Ruiz, C. L., Leeper, R. J., Chandler, G. A., Hahn, K. D., Nelson, A. J., Torres, J. A., Smelser, R. M., McWatters, B. R., Bleuel, D. L., Yeamans, C. B., Knittel, K. M., Casey, D. T., Frenje, J. A., Gatu Johnson, M., Petrasso, R. D., and Styron, J. D.
Subjects: *NUCLEAR activation analysis, *COPPER, *DEUTERIUM, *NUCLEAR facilities, *PLASMA diagnostics, *NUCLEAR reactions, *ANISOTROPY
Abstract: A DT neutron yield diagnostic based on the reactions, 63Cu(n,2n)62Cu(β+) and 65Cu(n,2n) 64 Cu(β+), has been fielded at the National Ignition Facility (NIF). The induced copper activity is measured using a NaI γ-γ coincidence system. Uncertainties in the 14-MeV DT yield measurements are on the order of 7% to 8%. In addition to measuring yield, the ratio of activities induced in two, well-separated copper samples are used to measure the relative anisotropy of the fuel ρR to uncertainties as low as 5%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Published: 2012
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252. Analytic models of high-temperature hohlraums

Author: Leeper, R
Published: 2001
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253. Kinetic simulations of a deuterium-tritium Z pinch with >1016 neutron yield.

Author: Welch, D. R., Rose, D. V., Thoma, C., Clark, R. E., Mostrom, C. B., Stygar, W. A., and Leeper, R. J.
Subjects: *KINETIC theory of matter, *SIMULATION methods & models, *DEUTERIUM, *TRITIUM, *COLLISIONS (Nuclear physics), *ELECTROMAGNETISM, *ELECTRICAL resistivity
Abstract: Fully kinetic, collisional, and electromagnetic simulations of the time evolution of an imploding and burning Z pinch plasma have been performed. Using the implicit particle-in-cell (PIC) code, multidimensional (1D and 3D) simulations of deuterium and deuterium-tritium Z pinches provide insight into the mechanisms of neutron production. The PIC code allows non-Maxwellian particle distributions, simulates finite mean-free-path effects, performs self-consistent calculations of anomalous resistivity, and permits charge separation. At low pinch current, neutron production is dominated by high energy ions driven by instabilities. The instabilities produce a power-law ion-energy distribution function in the distribution tail. At higher currents with deuterium-tritium fuel, the vast majority of the neutrons is thermonuclear in origin and neutron yield follows an I4 neutron yield scaling with current. High-current, multidimension simulations (up to 40 MA with > 1016 neutron yield) suggest that the fraction of thermonuclear neutrons increases with current and the strong dependence of neutron yield with current will continue at still higher currents. Scenarios for fusion breakeven and possible ignition in the 40-80 MA regime are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Published: 2011
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254. X-ray ablation rates in inertial confinement fusion capsule materials.

Author: Olson, R. E., Rochau, G. A., Landen, O. L., and Leeper, R. J.
Subjects: *LASER ablation, *INERTIAL confinement fusion, *MATERIALS, *BERYLLIUM, *GERMANIUM, *PLASTICS, *CARBON, *RADIATION measurements
Abstract: X-ray ablation rates have been measured in beryllium, copper-doped beryllium, germanium-doped plastic (Ge-doped CH), and diamondlike high density carbon (HDC) for radiation temperatures T in the range of 160-260 eV. In beryllium, the measured ablation rates range from 3 to 12 mg/cm2/ns; in Ge-doped CH, the ablation rates range from 2 to 6 mg/cm2/ns; and for HDC, the rates range from 2 to 9 mg/cm2/ns. The ablation rates follow an approximate T3 dependence and, for T below 230 eV, the beryllium ablation rates are significantly higher than HDC and Ge-doped CH. The corresponding implied ablation pressures are in the range of 20-160 Mbar, scaling as T3.5. The results are found to be well predicted by computational simulations using the physics packages and computational techniques employed in the design of indirect-drive inertial confinement fusion capsules. An iterative rocket model has been developed and used to compare the ablation rate data set to spherical indirect-drive capsule implosion experiments and to confirm the validity of some aspects of proposed full-scale National Ignition Facility ignition capsule designs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Published: 2011
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255. Probing high areal-density cryogenic deuterium-tritium implosions using downscattered neutron spectra measured by the magnetic recoil spectrometer.

Author: Frenje, J. A., Casey, D. T., Li, C. K., Séguin, F. H., Petrasso, R. D., Glebov, V. Yu., Radha, P. B., Sangster, T. C., Meyerhofer, D. D., Hatchett, S. P., Haan, S. W., Cerjan, C. J., Landen, O. L., Fletcher, K. A., and Leeper, R. J.
Subjects: *LOW temperature engineering, *DEUTERIUM, *TRITIUM, *NEUTRONS, *SPECTROMETERS
Abstract: For the first time high areal-density (ρR) cryogenic deuterium-tritium (DT) implosions have been probed using downscattered neutron spectra measured with the magnetic recoil spectrometer (MRS) [J. A. Frenje et al., Rev. Sci. Instrum. 79, 10E502 (2008)], recently installed and commissioned on OMEGA [T. R. Boehly et al., Opt. Commun. 133, 495 (1997)]. The ρR data obtained with the MRS have been essential for understanding how the fuel is assembled and for guiding the cryogenic program at the Laboratory for Laser Energetics (LLE) to ρR values up to ∼300 mg/cm2. The ρR data obtained from well-established charged particle spectrometry techniques [C. K. Li et al., Phys. Plasmas 8, 4902 (2001)] were used to authenticate the MRS data for low-ρR plastic capsule implosions, and the ρR values inferred from these techniques are in excellent agreement, indicating that the MRS technique provides high-fidelity data. Recent OMEGA-MRS data and Monte Carlo simulations have shown that the MRS on the NIF [G. H. Miller et al., Nucl. Fusion 44, S228 (2004)] will meet most of the absolute and relative requirements for determining ρR, ion temperature (Ti) and neutron yield (Yn) in both low-yield, tritium-rich, deuterium-lean, hydrogen-doped implosions and high-yield DT implosions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Published: 2010
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256. First measurements of the absolute neutron spectrum using the magnetic recoil spectrometer at OMEGA (invited).

Author: Frenje, J. A., Casey, D. T., Li, C. K., Rygg, J. R., Séguin, F. H., Petrasso, R. D., Yu Glebov, V., Meyerhofer, D. D., Sangster, T. C., Hatchett, S., Haan, S., Cerjan, C., Landen, O., Moran, M., Song, P., Wilson, D. C., and Leeper, R. J.
Subjects: *NEUTRONS, *SPECTROMETERS, *LOW temperature engineering, *IONS, *TEMPERATURE, *MATHEMATICAL models, *CALIBRATION
Abstract: A neutron spectrometer, called a magnetic recoil spectrometer (MRS), has been built and implemented at the OMEGA laser facility [T. R. Boehly et al., Opt. Commun. 133, 495 (1997)] for absolute measurements of the neutron spectrum in the range of 6–30 MeV, from which fuel areal density (ρR), ion temperature (Ti), and yield (Yn) can be determined. The results from the first MRS measurements of the absolute neutron spectrum are presented. In addition, measuring ρR at the National Ignition Facility (NIF) [G. H. Miller et al., Nucl. Fusion 44, S228 (2004)] will be essential for assessing implosion performance during all stages of development from surrogate implosions to cryogenic fizzles to ignited implosions. To accomplish this, we are also developing an MRS for the NIF. As much of the research and development and instrument optimization of the MRS at OMEGA are directly applicable to the MRS at the NIF, a description of the design and characterization of the MRS on the NIF is discussed as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Published: 2008
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257. Diagnostic components in harsh radiation environments: Possible overlap in R&D requirements of inertial confinement and magnetic fusion systems.

Author: Bourgade, J. L., Costley, A. E., Reichle, R., Hodgson, E. R., Hsing, W., Glebov, V., Decreton, M., Leeper, R., Leray, J. L., Dentan, M., Hutter, T., Moroño, A., Eder, D., Shmayda, W., Brichard, B., Baggio, J., Bertalot, L., Vayakis, G., Moran, M., and Sangster, T. C.
Subjects: *RADIATION, *RESEARCH & development, *INERTIAL confinement fusion, *OPTICAL fibers, *ELECTROMAGNETIC waves, *GAMMA rays, *NEUTRONS, *IONS
Abstract: The next generation of large scale fusion devices—ITER/LMJ/NIF—will require diagnostic components to operate in environments far more severe than those encountered in present facilities. This harsh environment is the result of high fluxes of neutrons, gamma rays, energetic ions, electromagnetic radiation, and in some cases, debris and shrapnel, at levels several orders of magnitude higher than those experienced in today’s devices. The similarities and dissimilarities between environmental effects on diagnostic components for the inertial confinement and magnetic confinement fusion fields have been assessed. Areas in which considerable overlap have been identified are optical transmission materials and optical fibers in particular, neutron detection systems and electronics needs. Although both fields extensively use cables in the hostile environment, there is little overlap because the environments and requirements are very different. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Published: 2008
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258. Dynamic hohlraum radiation hydrodynamics.

Author: Bailey, J. E., Chandler, G. A., Mancini, R. C., Slutz, S. A., Rochau, G. A., Bump, M., Buris-Mog, T. J., Cooper, G., Dunham, G., Golovkin, I., Kilkenny, J. D., Lake, P. W., Leeper, R. J., Lemke, R., MacFarlane, J. J., Mehlhorn, T. A., Moore, T. C., Nash, T. J., Nikroo, A., and Nielsen, D. S.
Subjects: *RADIATION, *HYDRODYNAMICS, *COMPUTER simulation, *X-ray spectroscopy, *SPECTRUM analysis, *NEUTRONS, *PLASMA gases
Abstract: Z-pinch dynamic hohlraums are a promising indirect-drive inertial confinement fusion approach. Comparison of multiple experimental methods with integrated Z-pinch/hohlraum/capsule computer simulations builds understanding of the hohlraum interior conditions. Time-resolved x-ray images determine the motion of the radiating shock that heats the hohlraum as it propagates toward the hohlraum axis. The images also measure the radius of radiation-driven capsules as they implode. Dynamic hohlraum LASNEX [G. Zimmerman and W. Kruer, Comments Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion 2, 85 (1975)] simulations are found to overpredict the shock velocity by ∼20–40%, but simulated capsule implosion trajectories agree reasonably well with the data. Measurements of the capsule implosion core conditions using time- and space-resolved Ar tracer x-ray spectroscopy and the fusion neutron yield provide additional tests of the integrated hohlraum-implosion system understanding. The neutron yield in the highest performing CH capsule implosions is ∼20–30% of the yield calculated with unperturbed 2D LASNEX simulations. The emissivity-averaged electron temperature and density peak at approximately 900 eV and 4×1023 cm-3, respectively. Synthetic spectra produced by postprocessing 1D LASNEX capsule implosion simulations possess spectral features from H-like and He-like Ar that are similar in duration to the measured spectra. However, the simulation emissivity-averaged density peaks at a value that is four times lower than the experiment, while the temperature is approximately 1.6 times higher. The agreement with the capsule trajectory measurements and the ability to design capsule implosions that routinely produce implosion cores hot and dense enough to emit fusion neutrons and Ar spectra are evidence for a respectable degree of dynamic hohlraum understanding. The hohlraum shock velocity and implosion core discrepancies imply that calculations of the hohlraum radiation driving capsule implosions require further refinement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Published: 2006
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259. Hy-Line W-36 and Hy-Line W-98 Laying Hens Respond Similarly to Dietary Phosphorus Levels.

Author: Snow, J. L., Rafacz, K. A., Utterback, P. L., Utterback, C. W., Leeper, R. W., and Parsons, C. M.
Subjects: *HENS, *ANIMAL nutrition, *PHOSPHORUS, *ANIMAL feeding, *AGRICULTURAL egg production, *POULTRY
Abstract: Two experiments were conducted to determine if 2 laying hen strains, Hy-Line W-36 and Hy-Line W-98, would respond similarly to being fed corn-soybean meal diets (17% CP and 3.8% Ca) deficient in nonphytate P (NPP). In experiment 1, 3 diets with varying NPP levels (0.10, 0.14, and 0.45%) were fed to 6 replicate groups of 12 hens of each Hy-Line strain from 20 to 50 wk of age. Body weight, egg weight, egg mass, feed intake, and NPP intake were higher for W-98 hens compared with W-36 hens throughout the 30-wk period. The 0.10% NPP dietary treatment was terminated for both strains at 35 wk of age due to similar low egg production. Within each strain, there was no significant difference in egg production performance for hens fed 0.14% NPP compared with hens fed 0.45% NPP. In experiment 2, 3 diets with varying levels of NPP (0.10, 0.13, and 0.45%) were fed to 5 replicate groups of 12 hens of each Hy-Line strain from 95 to 112 wk of age. The 0.10% NPP treatment rapidly and severely depressed egg production and was terminated at 99 wk of age for both strains. In addition, egg production and egg mass were depressed similarly in both strains fed 0.13% NPP. In conclusion, this research indicates that Hy-Line W-36 and Hy-Line W-98 hens responded similarly to dietary NPP deficiency, suggesting that both strains have similar NPP requirements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Published: 2005
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260. Current scaling of radiated power for 40-mm diameter single wire arrays on Z.

Author: Nash, T. J., Cuneo, M. E., Spielman, R. B., Chandler, G. A., Leeper, R. J., Seaman, J. F., Mcgurn, J., Lazier, S., Torres, J., Jobe, D., Gilliland, I., Nielsen, D., Hawn, R., Bailey, J. E., Lake, P., Carlson, A. L., Seamen, H., Moore, I., Smelser, R., and Pyle, J.
Subjects: *PLASMA gases, *RADIATION, *ELECTROMAGNETIC pulses, *PLASMA astrophysics, *PLASMA engineering, *PHYSICS
Abstract: In order to estimate the radiated power that can be expected from the next-generation Z-pinch driver such as ZR at 28 MA, current-scaling experiments have been conducted on the 20 MA driver Z. We report on the current scaling of single 40 mm diameter tungsten 240 wire arrays with a fixed 110 ns implosion time. The wire diameter is decreased in proportion to the load current. Reducing the charge voltage on the Marx banks reduces the load current. On one shot, firing only three of the four levels of the Z machine further reduced the load current. The radiated energy scaled as the current squared as expected but the radiated power scaled as the current to the 3.52±0.42 power due to increased x-ray pulse width at lower current. As the current is reduced, the rise time of the x-ray pulse increases and at the lowest current value of 10.4 MA, a shoulder appears on the leading edge of the x-ray pulse. In order to determine the nature of the plasma producing the leading edge of the x-ray pulse at low currents further shots were taken with an on-axis aperture to view on-axis precursor plasma. This aperture appeared to perturb the pinch in a favorable manner such that with the aperture in place there was no leading edge to the x-ray pulses at lower currents and the radiated power scaled as the current squared ±0.75. For a full-current shot we will present x-ray images that show precursor plasma emitting on-axis 77 ns before the main x-ray burst. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Published: 2004
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261. Comparison of a copper foil to a copper wire-array Z pinch at 18 MA.

Author: Nash, T. J., Deeney, C., Chandler, G. A, Sinars, D. B., Cuneo, M. E., Waisman, E. M., Stygar, W. A., Wenger, D., Speas, S., Leeper, R. J., Seaman, J. F., McGurn, J., Torres, J., Jobe, D., Gilliland, T., Nielsen, D., Hawn, R., Seaman, H., Keller, K., and Moore, T.
Subjects: *COPPER foil, *COPPER wire, *PINCH effect (Physics), *PARTICLE accelerators, *X-rays, *ELECTRIC inductance
Abstract: Results from the first solid foil implosion on the 18-MA Z accelerator are reported. The foil implosion is compared to a 300-wire-array implosion with the same material and the same diameter, height, and total mass. Though both the foil and the array produced comparable x-ray yields, the array’s radiation burst was twice as powerful and half as long as the foil’s. These data along with x-ray backlighting images and inductance measurements suggest that the foil implosion was more unstable than the wire-array implosion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Published: 2004
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262. Spectrometry of charged particles from inertial-confinement-fusion plasmas.

Author: Séguin, F. H., Frenje, J. A., Li, C. K., Hicks, D. G., Kurebayashi, S., Rygg, J. R., Schwartz, B.-E., Petrasso, R. D., Roberts, S., Soures, J. M., Meyerhofer, D. D., Sangster, T. C., Knauer, J. P., Sorce, C., Glebov, V. Yu., Stoeckl, C., Phillips, T. W., Leeper, R. J., and Fletcher, K.
Subjects: *SPECTROMETRY, *PARTICLES (Nuclear physics), *INERTIAL confinement fusion
Abstract: High-resolution spectrometry of charged particles from inertial-confinement-fusion (ICF) experiments has become an important method of studying plasma conditions in laser-compressed capsules. In experiments at the 60-beam OMEGA laser facility IT. R. Boehly et al., Opt. Commun. 133, 495 (1997)], utilizing capsules with D[sub 2], D³He, DT, or DTH fuel in a shell of plastic, glass, or D[sub 2] ice, we now routinely make spectral measurements of primary fusion products (p, D, T, ³He, α), secondary fusion products (p), "knock-on" particles (p, D, T) elastically scattered by primary neutrons, and ions from the shell. Use is made of several types of spectrometers that rely on detection and identification of particles with CR-39 nuclear track detectors in conjunction with magnets and/or special ranging filters. CR-39 is especially useful because of its insensitivity to electromagnetic noise and its ability to distinguish the types and energies of individual particles, as illustrated here by detailed calibrations of its response to 0.1-13.8 MeV protons from a Van de Graaff accelerator and to p, D, T, and α from ICF experiments at OMEGA. A description of the spectrometers is accompanied by illustrations of their operating principles using data from OMEGA. Sample results and discussions illustrate the relationship of secondary-proton and knock-on spectra to capsule fuel and shell areal densities and radial compression ratios; the relationship of different primary fusion products to each other and to ion temperatures; the relationship of deviations from spherical symmetry in particle yields and energies to capsule structure; the acceleration of fusion products and the spectra of ions from the shell due to external fields; and other important physical characteristics of the laser-compressed capsules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Published: 2003

263. Dynamics and characteristics of a 215-eV dynamic-hohlraum x-ray source on Z.

Author: Sanford, T. W. L., Lemke, R. W., Mock, R. C., Chandler, G. A., Leeper, R. J., Ruiz, C. L., Peterson, D. L., Chrien, R. E., Idzorek, G. C., Watt, R. G., and Chittenden, J. P.
Subjects: *X-rays, *PLASMA gases
Abstract: A radiation source has been developed on the 20-MA Z facility that produces a high-power x-ray pulse, generated in the axial direction primarily from the interior of a collapsing dynamic hohlraum (DH). The hohlraum is created from a solid cylindrical CH[sub 2] target centered within an imploding tungsten wire-array Z pinch. Analyses and interpretation of measurements made of the x-ray generation within and radiated from the hohlraum target have been done using radiation-magnetohydrodynamic-code simulations in the r-z plane that take account of the magnetic Rayleigh-Taylor (RT) instability. These analyses suggest that a significantly reduced RT seed (relative to that used to explain targetless Z-pinch data on Z) is required to explain the observations. Although some quantitative and qualitative agreement with the measurements is obtained with the reduced RT seed, differences remain. Initial attempts to include into the simulations a precursor plasma, arising from wire material driven ahead of the main implosion, did not ameliorate the differences. Modification of the simulated W/CH[sub 2] interface may be required to properly explain the measured axial radiation pulse. This pulse, which exits a 4.5-mm² hole centered above the target, begins ∼5 ns prior to stagnation (as defined by peak radial radiation power). The 5-ns interval leading to stagnation represents the duration when the imploding tungsten plasma acts as a hohlraum wall, trapping radiation within the interior of the foam target. The hohlraum radiation exiting the hole at 6 degrees to the z-axis reaches a maximum intensity of 3.1 ± 0.6 TW/str (associated with an average hohlraum temperature of 215 ± 10 eV), 1.4 ± 0.4 ns prior to stagnation. (The uncertainties represent rms shot-to-shot variations.) This radiation pulse, characterized here, is useful for performing radiation-transport experiments with drive temperatures in excess of 200 eV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Published: 2002
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264. Diagnostics on Z (invited).

Author: Nash, T. J., Derzon, M. S., Chandler, G. A., Fehl, D. L., Leeper, R. J., Porter, J. L., Spielman, R. B., Ruiz, C., Cooper, G., McGurn, J., Hurst, M., Jobe, D., Torres, J., Seaman, J., Struve, K., Lazier, S., Gilliland, T., Ruggles, L. A., Simpson, W. A., and Adams, R.
Subjects: *PINCH effect (Physics), *PLASMA diagnostics
Abstract: The 100 ns, 20 MA pinch-driver Z is surrounded by an extensive set of diagnostics. There are nine radial lines of sight set at 12° above horizontal and each of these may be equipped with up to five diagnostic ports. Instruments routinely fielded viewing the pinch from the side with these ports include x-ray diode arrays, photoconducting detector arrays, bolometers, transmission grating spectrometers, time-resolved x-ray pinhole cameras, x-ray crystal spectrometers, calorimeters, silicon photodiodes, and neutron detectors. A diagnostic package fielded on axis for viewing internal pinch radiation consists of nine lines of sight. This package accommodates virtually the same diagnostics as the radial ports. Other diagnostics not fielded on the axial or radial ports include current B-dot monitors, filtered x-ray scintillators coupled by fiber optics to streak cameras, streaked visible spectroscopy, velocity interferometric system for any reflector, bremsstrahlung cameras, and active shock breakout measurement of hohlraum temperature. The data acquisition system is capable of recording up to 500 channels and the data from each shot is available on the Internet. A major new diagnostic presently under construction is the BEAMLET backlighter. We will briefly describe each of these diagnostics and present some of the highest-quality data from them. © 2001 American Institute of Physics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Published: 2001
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265. Shot-to-shot comparison of the first Li-beam-driven hohlraum experiments

Author: Leeper, R [Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185-1105 (United States)]
Published: 1995
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266. An intense proton beam diagnostic using the [sup 7]Li([ital p],[gamma])[sup 8]Be [r arrow][sup 141]Pr([gamma],[ital n])[sup 140]Pr([beta][sup +]) nuclear reaction sequence

Author: Leeper, R [Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185 (United States)]
Published: 1995
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267. Study of the neutral meson spectrum near 1000 MeV

Author: Leeper, R.
Published: 1975
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268. Neutron diagnostic system for particle beam fusion experiments

Author: Leeper, R.
Published: 1977
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269. Design of a streaked radiography instrument for ICF ablator tuning measurements.

Author: Olson, R. E., Hicks, D. G., Spears, B. K., Celliers, P. M., Holder, J. P., Landen, O. L., Geissel, M., Kellogg, J. W., Bennett, G. R., Edens, A. D., Atherton, B. W., and Leeper, R. J.
Subjects: *LABORATORIES, *X-rays, *TECHNICAL specifications, *BUILDINGS, *PAPER
Abstract: A streaked radiography diagnostic has been proposed as a technique to determine the ablator mass remaining in an inertial confinement fusion ignition capsule at peak velocity. This instrument, the “HXRI-5,” has been designed to fit within a National Ignition Facility Diagnostic Instrument Manipulator. The HXRI-5 will be built at Sandia National Laboratories (SNL), and initial testing will be done at the SNL Z-Beamlet Facility. In this paper, we will describe the National Ignition Campaign requirements for this diagnostic, the instrument design, and the planned test experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Published: 2008
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270. Time-resolved x-ray pinhole camera with grazing incidence mirror to eliminate bremsstrahlung noise signal on Z.

Author: Nash, T. J., Chandler, G. A., Bailey, J. E., Rochau, G., Leeper, R. J., Nielsen, D. S., and Moore, T.
Subjects: *X-rays, *CAMERAS, *MIRRORS, *SHOCK waves, *NOISE
Abstract: An on-axis time-resolved x-ray pinhole camera has been used on the 20 MA 100 ns driver Z to image the converging shock wave in dynamic Hohlraum experiments and to image pellet hot spots in inertial confinement fusion implosions. This instrument is susceptible to detecting significant amounts of pinch bremsstrahlung radiation with energies at hundreds of keV and yields of roughly 1 kJ. Quite often the bremsstrahlung noise signals have overwhelmed the desired x-ray images. In an effort to eliminate this large source of noise we have incorporated a 6° gold-coated grazing incidence mirror into the time-resolved x-ray pinhole camera system. The mirror reflects soft x rays at energies under 2 keV but does not reflect bremsstrahlung radiation at hundreds of keV. We will present data from the instrument without the mirror showing large amounts of bremsstrahlung noise contamination and data with the mirror in the system showing greatly reduced noise levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Published: 2006
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271. Hohlraum temperature inference via measurement of aluminum shock velocity and time- and spatially resolved x-ray re-emission.

Author: Olson, R. E., Sanford, T. W. L., Chandler, G. A., Leeper, R. J., Mock, R. C., McGurn, J. S., Lazier, S. E., Armijo, J. C., Dropinski, S., Ruggles, L. E., Simpson, W. W., Torres, J. A., and Wakefield, C.
Subjects: *RADIATION sources, *X-rays
Abstract: The radiation field in a hohlraum (4 mm diameter×4 mm length) with a ∼10 TW x-ray input has been simultaneously measured by two independent techniques. An active shock breakout measurement of radiation-driven shock velocity in aluminum indicates a peak radiation field with incident flux equivalent to a Planckian distribution with a temperature of 147±3 eV. In the same experiment, a time- and spatially resolved measurement of x-ray re-emission from the gold hohlraum wall indicates re-emission flux equivalent to a Planckian brightness temperature of 145±5 eV. © 2001 American Institute of Physics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Published: 2001
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272. New diagnostic developments for intense ion beam experiments

Author: Leeper, R
Published: 1988

273. Thyroid cancer

Author: Leeper, R
Published: 1985
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274. Progress in obtaining an absolute calibration of a total deuterium-tritium neutron yield diagnostic based on copper activation.

Author: Ruiz, C. L., Chandler, G. A., Cooper, G. W., Fehl, D. L., Hahn, K. D., Leeper, R. J., McWatters, B. R., Nelson, A. J., Smelser, R. M., Snow, C. S., and Torres, J. A.
Subjects: *DEUTERIUM, *CALIBRATION, *TRITIUM, *NEUTRONS, *NEUTRON flux, *COPPER, *NUCLEAR activation analysis, *ION bombardment, *COCKROFT-Walton accelerator
Abstract: The 350-keV Cockroft-Walton accelerator at Sandia National laboratory's Ion Beam facility is being used to calibrate absolutely a total DT neutron yield diagnostic based on the 63Cu(n,2n)62Cu(β+) reaction. These investigations have led to first-order uncertainties approaching 5% or better. The experiments employ the associated-particle technique. Deuterons at 175 keV impinge a 2.6 μm thick erbium tritide target producing 14.1 MeV neutrons from the T(d,n)4He reaction. The alpha particles emitted are measured at two angles relative to the beam direction and used to infer the neutron flux on a copper sample. The induced 62Cu activity is then measured and related to the neutron flux. This method is known as the F-factor technique. Description of the associated-particle method, copper sample geometries employed, and the present estimates of the uncertainties to the F-factor obtained are given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Published: 2012
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275. Calibration of neutron-yield diagnostics in attenuating and scattering environments.

Author: Hahn, K. D., Ruiz, C. L., Cooper, G. W., Nelson, A. J., Chandler, G. A., Leeper, R. J., McWatters, B. R., Smelser, R. M., and Torres, J. A.
Subjects: *CALIBRATION, *NEUTRON scattering, *ATTENUATION (Physics), *NUCLEAR fusion, *MONTE Carlo method, *PERFORMANCE evaluation
Abstract: We have performed absolute calibrations of a fusion-neutron-yield copper-activation diagnostic in environments that significantly attenuate and scatter neutrons. We have measured attenuation and scattering effects and have compared the measurements to Monte Carlo simulations using the Monte Carlo N-Particle code. We find that measurements and simulations are consistent within 10%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Published: 2012
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276. A novel method for modeling the neutron time of flight detector response in current mode to inertial confinement fusion experiments (invited).

Author: Nelson, A. J., Ruiz, C. L., Cooper, G. W., Chandler, G. A., Fehl, D. L., Hahn, K. D., Leeper, R. J., Smelser, R., and Torres, J. A.
Subjects: *MATHEMATICAL models, *TIME-of-flight measurements, *INERTIAL confinement fusion, *PHYSICS experiments, *NEUTRON scattering, *NUCLEAR counters
Abstract: A novel method for modeling the neutron time of flight (nTOF) detector response in current mode for inertial confinement fusion experiments has been applied to the on-axis nTOF detectors located in the basement of the Z-Facility. It will be shown that this method can identify sources of neutron scattering, and is useful for predicting detector responses in future experimental configurations, and for identifying potential sources of neutron scattering when experimental set-ups change. This method can also provide insight on how much broadening neutron scattering contributes to the primary signals, which is then subtracted from them. Detector time responses are deconvolved from the signals, allowing a transformation from dN/dt to dN/dE, extracting neutron spectra at each detector location; these spectra are proportional to the absolute yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Published: 2012
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277. Neutron activation diagnostics at the National Ignition Facility (invited).

Author: Bleuel, D. L., Yeamans, C. B., Bernstein, L. A., Bionta, R. M., Caggiano, J. A., Casey, D. T., Cooper, G. W., Drury, O. B., Frenje, J. A., Hagmann, C. A., Hatarik, R., Knauer, J. P., Johnson, M. Gatu, Knittel, K. M., Leeper, R. J., McNaney, J. M., Moran, M., Ruiz, C. L., and Schneider, D. H. G.
Subjects: *NUCLEAR activation analysis, *PLASMA diagnostics, *NUCLEAR facilities, *NUCLEAR fusion, *NUCLEAR energy, *PLASMA density, *ANISOTROPY
Abstract: Neutron yields are measured at the National Ignition Facility (NIF) by an extensive suite of neutron activation diagnostics. Neutrons interact with materials whose reaction cross sections threshold just below the fusion neutron production energy, providing an accurate measure of primary unscattered neutrons without contribution from lower-energy scattered neutrons. Indium samples are mounted on diagnostic instrument manipulators in the NIF target chamber, 25-50 cm from the source, to measure 2.45 MeV deuterium-deuterium fusion neutrons through the 115In(n,n')115m In reaction. Outside the chamber, zirconium and copper are used to measure 14 MeV deuterium-tritium fusion neutrons via 90Zr(n,2n), 63Cu(n,2n), and 65Cu(n,2n) reactions. An array of 16 zirconium samples are located on port covers around the chamber to measure relative yield anisotropies, providing a global map of fuel areal density variation. Neutron yields are routinely measured with activation to an accuracy of 7% and are in excellent agreement both with each other and with neutron time-of-flight and magnetic recoil spectrometer measurements. Relative areal density anisotropies can be measured to a precision of less than 3%. These measurements reveal apparent bulk fuel velocities as high as 200 km/s in addition to large areal density variations between the pole and equator of the compressed fuel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Published: 2012
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278. Upgrade of the MIT Linear Electrostatic Ion Accelerator (LEIA) for nuclear diagnostics development for Omega, Z and the NIF.

Author: Sinenian, N., Manuel, M. J.-E., Zylstra, A. B., Rosenberg, M., Waugh, C. J., Rinderknecht, H. G., Casey, D. T., Sio, H., Ruszczynski, J. K., Zhou, L., Johnson, M. Gatu, Frenje, J. A., Séguin, F. H., Li, C. K., Petrasso, R. D., Ruiz, C. L., and Leeper, R. J.
Subjects: *ION accelerators, *LINEAR accelerators, *ION sources, *NEUTRONS, *ELECTRONIC systems
Abstract: The MIT Linear Electrostatic Ion Accelerator (LEIA) generates DD and D3He fusion products for the development of nuclear diagnostics for Omega, Z, and the National Ignition Facility (NIF). Significant improvements to the system in recent years are presented. Fusion reaction rates, as high as 107 s-1 and 106 s-1 for DD and D3He, respectively, are now well regulated with a new ion source and electronic gas control system. Charged fusion products are more accurately characterized, which allows for better calibration of existing nuclear diagnostics. In addition, in situ measurements of the on-target beam profile, made with a CCD camera, are used to determine the metrology of the fusion-product source for particle-counting applications. Finally, neutron diagnostics development has been facilitated by detailed Monte Carlo N-Particle Transport (MCNP) modeling of neutrons in the accelerator target chamber, which is used to correct for scattering within the system. These recent improvements have resulted in a versatile platform, which continues to support the existing nuclear diagnostics while simultaneously facilitating the development of new diagnostics in aid of the National Ignition Campaign at the National Ignition Facility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Published: 2012
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279. Characterization of axially directed x rays generated from a target within a high-power z-pinch (abstract).

Author: Sanford, T. W. L., Bailey, J. E., Chandler, G. A., Cuneo, M. E., Fehl, D. L., Hebron, D. E., Leeper, R. J., Lemke, R. W., Mock, R. C., Olson, R. E., Nash, T. J., Porter, J. L., Ruggles, L. E., Ruiz, C. L., Simpson, W. W., Struve, K. W., Stygar, W. A., Bowers, R. L., Chrien, R. E., and Idzorek, G.C.
Subjects: *X-rays, *PINCH effect (Physics), *PLASMA diagnostics
Abstract: X-ray powers on the order of 10 TW over an area of 4.5 mm2 are produced in the axial direction from the compression of a low-density foam target centered within a z-pinch on the Z generator.1 The x rays from this source are used for high-energy–density physics experiments, including the heating of hohlraums for inertial confinements fusion studies.2 In this article, detailed characteristics of this radiation source measured using an upgraded axial-radiation-diagnostic suite3 together with other on- and off-axis diagnostics are summarized and discussed in terms of Eulerian and Lagrangian radiation–magnetohydrodynamic code simulations. The source, characterized here, employs a nested array of 10-mm-long tungsten wires, at radii of 20 and 10 mm, having a total masses of 2 and 1 mg, and wire numbers of 240 and 120, respectively. The target is a 14 mg/cc CH[sub 2] foam cylinder of 5 mm diameter. The codes take into account the development of the Rayleigh–Taylor instability in the r–z plane, and provide integrated calculations of the implosion together with the x-ray generation. The radiation exiting the imploding target through the 4.5 mm2 aperture is measured primarily by the axial diagnostic suite that now includes diagnostics at an angle of ∼30° to the z axis. The near on-axis diagnostics include: (1) a seven-element filtered silicon-diode array,4 (2) a five-element filtered x-ray diffraction (XRD) array,5 (3) a six-element filtered PCD array,6 (4) a three-element bolometer,7 (5) time-resolved and time-integrating crystal spectrometers, and (6) two fast-framing x-ray pinhole cameras having 11 frames each. The filtered silicon diodes, XRDs, and PCDs are sensitive to 1–200, 140–2300, and 1000–4000 eV x rays, respectively. They (1) establish the magnitude of the prepluse generated during the run in of the imploding wire arrays, (2) measure the Planckian nature of the dominant thermal, and (3) nontherm... [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Published: 2001
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280. Magnetically insulated diode for generating pulsed neutron and gamma ray emissions

Author: Leeper, R
Published: 1987

281. Relative sensitivity of plastic scintillator: A comparative analysis with 60Co gamma rays, deuterium-deuterium, and deuterium-tritium neutrons.

Author: Kim Y, Meaney KD, Leeper RJ, Batha SH, Jorgenson HJ, Perry TS, Dwyer RH, Schmidt TR, Hochanadel MP, Sweeney JR, Archuleta TN, White B, Richardson R, Green JA, Wolverton AJ, Guckes A, Lowe DR, Showers M, Willis CA, and Butcher MD
Abstract: A plastic scintillator has found extensive application in the realm of high-energy physics and national security science. Many applications in those fields often involve the simultaneous production of photons, neutrons, and charged particles, which makes the relative sensitivity information for these different radiation types important. In this study, we have adopted a multi-head detector comprised of a plastic scintillator and high gain phototubes, which provides a large dynamic range and linearity. A comparative study on the relative sensitivities of plastic scintillators was facilitated by adopting three distinct radiation calibration sources (i.e., 60Co γ rays, DD neutrons, and DT neutrons). Neutrons from a DD source generate a comparable level of scintillation to gamma rays emitted by 60Co (i.e., 60Co-γ/DD-n = 0.92 ± 16%). DT neutrons induce ∼3.5 times the scintillation observed with DD neutrons (i.e., DT-n/DD-n = 3.5 ± 28%). In addition, the Geant4 simulation granted us valuable insights into the relative sensitivity of the scintillator. This comparative study will provide a useful database for users in diverse applications., (© 2024 Author(s). All article content, except where otherwise noted, is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).)
Published: 2024
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282. Achievement of Target Gain Larger than Unity in an Inertial Fusion Experiment.

Author: Abu-Shawareb H, Acree R, Adams P, Adams J, Addis B, Aden R, Adrian P, Afeyan BB, Aggleton M, Aghaian L, Aguirre A, Aikens D, Akre J, Albert F, Albrecht M, Albright BJ, Albritton J, Alcala J, Alday C, Alessi DA, Alexander N, Alfonso J, Alfonso N, Alger E, Ali SJ, Ali ZA, Allen A, Alley WE, Amala P, Amendt PA, Amick P, Ammula S, Amorin C, Ampleford DJ, Anderson RW, Anklam T, Antipa N, Appelbe B, Aracne-Ruddle C, Araya E, Archuleta TN, Arend M, Arnold P, Arnold T, Arsenlis A, Asay J, Atherton LJ, Atkinson D, Atkinson R, Auerbach JM, Austin B, Auyang L, Awwal AAS, Aybar N, Ayers J, Ayers S, Ayers T, Azevedo S, Bachmann B, Back CA, Bae J, Bailey DS, Bailey J, Baisden T, Baker KL, Baldis H, Barber D, Barberis M, Barker D, Barnes A, Barnes CW, Barrios MA, Barty C, Bass I, Batha SH, Baxamusa SH, Bazan G, Beagle JK, Beale R, Beck BR, Beck JB, Bedzyk M, Beeler RG, Beeler RG, Behrendt W, Belk L, Bell P, Belyaev M, Benage JF, Bennett G, Benedetti LR, Benedict LX, Berger RL, Bernat T, Bernstein LA, Berry B, Bertolini L, Besenbruch G, Betcher J, Bettenhausen R, Betti R, Bezzerides B, Bhandarkar SD, Bickel R, Biener J, Biesiada T, Bigelow K, Bigelow-Granillo J, Bigman V, Bionta RM, Birge NW, Bitter M, Black AC, Bleile R, Bleuel DL, Bliss E, Bliss E, Blue B, Boehly T, Boehm K, Boley CD, Bonanno R, Bond EJ, Bond T, Bonino MJ, Borden M, Bourgade JL, Bousquet J, Bowers J, Bowers M, Boyd R, Boyle D, Bozek A, Bradley DK, Bradley KS, Bradley PA, Bradley L, Brannon L, Brantley PS, Braun D, Braun T, Brienza-Larsen K, Briggs R, Briggs TM, Britten J, Brooks ED, Browning D, Bruhn MW, Brunner TA, Bruns H, Brunton G, Bryant B, Buczek T, Bude J, Buitano L, Burkhart S, Burmark J, Burnham A, Burr R, Busby LE, Butlin B, Cabeltis R, Cable M, Cabot WH, Cagadas B, Caggiano J, Cahayag R, Caldwell SE, Calkins S, Callahan DA, Calleja-Aguirre J, Camara L, Camp D, Campbell EM, Campbell JH, Carey B, Carey R, Carlisle K, Carlson L, Carman L, Carmichael J, Carpenter A, Carr C, Carrera JA, 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Knudson M, Kobs D, Koch J, Kohut T, Kong C, Koning JM, Koning P, Konior S, Kornblum H, Kot LB, Kozioziemski B, Kozlowski M, Kozlowski PM, Krammen J, Krasheninnikova NS, Krauland CM, Kraus B, Krauser W, Kress JD, Kritcher AL, Krieger E, Kroll JJ, Kruer WL, Kruse MKG, Kucheyev S, Kumbera M, Kumpan S, Kunimune J, Kur E, Kustowski B, Kwan TJT, Kyrala GA, Laffite S, Lafon M, LaFortune K, Lagin L, Lahmann B, Lairson B, Landen OL, Land T, Lane M, Laney D, Langdon AB, Langenbrunner J, Langer SH, Langro A, Lanier NE, Lanier TE, Larson D, Lasinski BF, Lassle D, LaTray D, Lau G, Lau N, Laumann C, Laurence A, Laurence TA, Lawson J, Le HP, Leach RR, Leal L, Leatherland A, LeChien K, Lechleiter B, Lee A, Lee M, Lee T, Leeper RJ, Lefebvre E, Leidinger JP, LeMire B, Lemke RW, Lemos NC, Le Pape S, Lerche R, Lerner S, Letts S, Levedahl K, Lewis T, Li CK, Li H, Li J, Liao W, Liao ZM, Liedahl D, Liebman J, Lindford G, Lindman EL, Lindl JD, Loey H, London RA, Long F, Loomis EN, Lopez FE, Lopez H, Losbanos E, Loucks S, Lowe-Webb R, Lundgren E, Ludwigsen AP, Luo R, Lusk J, Lyons R, Ma T, Macallop Y, MacDonald MJ, MacGowan BJ, Mack JM, Mackinnon AJ, MacLaren SA, MacPhee AG, Magelssen GR, Magoon J, Malone RM, Malsbury T, Managan R, Mancini R, Manes K, Maney D, Manha D, Mannion OM, Manuel AM, Manuel MJ, Mapoles E, Mara G, Marcotte T, Marin E, Marinak MM, Mariscal DA, Mariscal EF, Marley EV, Marozas JA, Marquez R, Marshall CD, Marshall FJ, Marshall M, Marshall S, Marticorena J, Martinez JI, Martinez D, Maslennikov I, Mason D, Mason RJ, Masse L, Massey W, Masson-Laborde PE, Masters ND, Mathisen D, Mathison E, Matone J, Matthews MJ, Mattoon C, Mattsson TR, Matzen K, Mauche CW, Mauldin M, McAbee T, McBurney M, Mccarville T, McCrory RL, McEvoy AM, McGuffey C, Mcinnis M, McKenty P, McKinley MS, McLeod JB, McPherson A, Mcquillan B, Meamber M, Meaney KD, Meezan NB, Meissner R, Mehlhorn TA, Mehta NC, Menapace J, Merrill FE, Merritt BT, Merritt EC, Meyerhofer DD, Mezyk S, Mich RJ, Michel PA, Milam D, 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Shaughnessy D, Shaw M, Shaw R, Shearer C, Shelton R, Shen N, Sherlock MW, Shestakov AI, Shi EL, Shin SJ, Shingleton N, Shmayda W, Shor M, Shoup M, Shuldberg C, Siegel L, Silva FJ, Simakov AN, Sims BT, Sinars D, Singh P, Sio H, Skulina K, Skupsky S, Slutz S, Sluyter M, Smalyuk VA, Smauley D, Smeltser RM, Smith C, Smith I, Smith J, Smith L, Smith R, Smith R, Schölmerich M, Sohn R, Sommer S, Sorce C, Sorem M, Soures JM, Spaeth ML, Spears BK, Speas S, Speck D, Speck R, Spears J, Spinka T, Springer PT, Stadermann M, Stahl B, Stahoviak J, Stanley J, Stanton LG, Steele R, Steele W, Steinman D, Stemke R, Stephens R, Sterbenz S, Sterne P, Stevens D, Stevers J, Still CH, Stoeckl C, Stoeffl W, Stolken JS, Stolz C, Storm E, Stone G, Stoupin S, Stout E, Stowers I, Strauser R, Streckart H, Streit J, Strozzi DJ, Stutz J, Summers L, Suratwala T, Sutcliffe G, Suter LJ, Sutton SB, Svidzinski V, Swadling G, Sweet W, Szoke A, Tabak M, Takagi M, Tambazidis A, Tang V, Taranowski M, Taylor LA, Telford S, Theobald W, Thi M, Thomas A, Thomas CA, Thomas I, Thomas R, Thompson IJ, Thongstisubskul A, Thorsness CB, Tietbohl G, Tipton RE, Tobin M, Tomlin N, Tommasini R, Toreja AJ, Torres J, Town RPJ, Townsend S, Trenholme J, Trivelpiece A, Trosseille C, Truax H, Trummer D, Trummer S, Truong T, Tubbs D, Tubman ER, Tunnell T, Turnbull D, Turner RE, Ulitsky M, Upadhye R, Vaher JL, VanArsdall P, VanBlarcom D, Vandenboomgaerde M, VanQuinlan R, Van Wonterghem BM, Varnum WS, Velikovich AL, Vella A, Verdon CP, Vermillion B, Vernon S, Vesey R, Vickers J, Vignes RM, Visosky M, Vocke J, Volegov PL, Vonhof S, Von Rotz R, Vu HX, Vu M, Wall D, Wall J, Wallace R, Wallin B, Walmer D, Walsh CA, Walters CF, Waltz C, Wan A, Wang A, Wang Y, Wark JS, Warner BE, Watson J, Watt RG, Watts P, Weaver J, Weaver RP, Weaver S, Weber CR, Weber P, Weber SV, Wegner P, Welday B, Welser-Sherrill L, Weiss K, Wharton KB, Wheeler GF, Whistler W, White RK, Whitley HD, Whitman P, Wickett ME, Widmann K, Widmayer C, Wiedwald J, Wilcox R, Wilcox S, Wild C, Wilde BH, Wilde CH, Wilhelmsen K, Wilke MD, Wilkens H, Wilkins P, Wilks SC, Williams EA, Williams GJ, Williams W, Williams WH, Wilson DC, Wilson B, Wilson E, Wilson R, Winters S, Wisoff PJ, Wittman M, Wolfe J, Wong A, Wong KW, Wong L, Wong N, Wood R, Woodhouse D, Woodruff J, Woods DT, Woods S, Woodworth BN, Wooten E, Wootton A, Work K, Workman JB, Wright J, Wu M, Wuest C, Wysocki FJ, Xu H, Yamaguchi M, Yang B, Yang ST, Yatabe J, Yeamans CB, Yee BC, Yi SA, Yin L, Young B, Young CS, Young CV, Young P, Youngblood K, Yu J, Zacharias R, Zagaris G, Zaitseva N, Zaka F, Ze F, Zeiger B, Zika M, Zimmerman GB, Zobrist T, Zuegel JD, and Zylstra AB
Abstract: On December 5, 2022, an indirect drive fusion implosion on the National Ignition Facility (NIF) achieved a target gain G_{target} of 1.5. This is the first laboratory demonstration of exceeding "scientific breakeven" (or G_{target}>1) where 2.05 MJ of 351 nm laser light produced 3.1 MJ of total fusion yield, a result which significantly exceeds the Lawson criterion for fusion ignition as reported in a previous NIF implosion [H. Abu-Shawareb et al. (Indirect Drive ICF Collaboration), Phys. Rev. Lett. 129, 075001 (2022)PRLTAO0031-900710.1103/PhysRevLett.129.075001]. This achievement is the culmination of more than five decades of research and gives proof that laboratory fusion, based on fundamental physics principles, is possible. This Letter reports on the target, laser, design, and experimental advancements that led to this result.
Published: 2024
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283. National Diagnostic Working Group (NDWG) for inertial confinement fusion (ICF)/high-energy density (HED) science: The whole exceeds the sum of its parts.

Author: Kilkenny JD, Hsing WW, Batha SH, Rochau GA, Sangster TC, Bell PM, Bradley DK, Chen H, Frenje JA, Gatu-Johnson M, Glebov VY, Leeper RJ, Mackinnon AJ, Regan SP, Ross JS, and Weaver JL
Abstract: The National Diagnostic Working Group (NDWG) has led the effort to fully exploit the major inertial confinement fusion/high-energy density facilities in the US with the best available diagnostics. These diagnostics provide key data used to falsify early theories for ignition and suggest new theories, recently leading to an experiment that exceeds the Lawson condition required for ignition. The factors contributing to the success of the NDWG, collaboration and scope evolution, and the methods of accomplishment of the NDWG are discussed in this Review. Examples of collaborations in neutron and gamma spectroscopy, x-ray and neutron imaging, x-ray spectroscopy, and deep-ultraviolet Thomson scattering are given. An abbreviated history of the multi-decade collaborations and the present semiformal management framework is given together with the latest National Diagnostic Plan., (© 2023 Author(s). Published under an exclusive license by AIP Publishing.)
Published: 2023
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284. Point of care biliary ultrasound in the emergency department (BUSED) predicts final surgical management decisions.

Author: Hilsden R, Mitrou N, Hawel J, Leeper R, Thompson D, and Myslik F
Abstract: Objectives: Gallstone disease is a common reason for emergency department (ED) presentation. Surgeons often prefer radiology department ultrasound (RUS) over point of care ultrasound (POCUS) because of perceived of unreliability. Our study was designed to test the hypothesis that POCUS is sufficient to guide the management of surgeons treating select cases of biliary disease as compared to RUS., Methods: This was a prospective cohort study. Patients who presented to the ED with abdominal pain and findings of biliary disease on POCUS were included. The surgeon was then presented the case with POCUS only and recorded their management decision. Patients then proceeded to RUS, were followed through their stay, and analysis was performed to analyze the proportion of patients where the introduction of the RUS changed the management plan., Results: 100 patients were included in this study, and all received both POCUS and RUS. Depending on the surgeons' POCUS based management decisions, the patients were divided into three groups: (1) surgery, (2) duct clearance, (3) no surgery. Total bilirubin was 34±22 mmol/L in the duct clearance group vs 8.4±6.5 mmol/L and 16±12 mmol/L in the surgery and no surgery groups, respectively (p<0.05). POCUS results showed 68 patients would have been offered surgery, 21 offered duct clearance, and 11 no surgery. In 90% of cases, the introduction of RUS did not change management. The acute care surgeons elected to operate on patients more frequently than other surgical subspecialties (p<0.05)., Conclusions: This study showed that fewer than 10% of patients with biliary disease seen on POCUS had a change in surgical decision-making based on the addition of RUS imaging. In uncomplicated cases of biliary disease, relying on POCUS imaging for surgical decision-making has the potential to improve patient flow., Level of Evidence: II Prospective Cohort Study., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2022. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)
Published: 2022
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285. Lawson Criterion for Ignition Exceeded in an Inertial Fusion Experiment.

Author: Abu-Shawareb H, Acree R, Adams P, Adams J, Addis B, Aden R, Adrian P, Afeyan BB, Aggleton M, Aghaian L, Aguirre A, Aikens D, Akre J, Albert F, Albrecht M, Albright BJ, Albritton J, Alcala J, Alday C, Alessi DA, Alexander N, Alfonso J, Alfonso N, Alger E, Ali SJ, Ali ZA, Alley WE, Amala P, Amendt PA, Amick P, Ammula S, Amorin C, Ampleford DJ, Anderson RW, Anklam T, Antipa N, Appelbe B, Aracne-Ruddle C, Araya E, Arend M, Arnold P, Arnold T, Asay J, Atherton LJ, Atkinson D, Atkinson R, Auerbach JM, Austin B, Auyang L, Awwal AS, Ayers J, Ayers S, Ayers T, Azevedo S, Bachmann B, Back CA, Bae J, Bailey DS, Bailey J, Baisden T, Baker KL, Baldis H, Barber D, Barberis M, Barker D, Barnes A, Barnes CW, Barrios MA, Barty C, Bass I, Batha SH, Baxamusa SH, Bazan G, Beagle JK, Beale R, Beck BR, Beck JB, Bedzyk M, Beeler RG, Beeler RG, Behrendt W, Belk L, Bell P, Belyaev M, Benage JF, Bennett G, Benedetti LR, Benedict LX, Berger R, Bernat T, Bernstein LA, Berry B, Bertolini L, Besenbruch G, Betcher J, Bettenhausen R, Betti R, Bezzerides B, Bhandarkar SD, Bickel R, Biener J, Biesiada T, Bigelow K, Bigelow-Granillo J, Bigman V, Bionta RM, Birge NW, Bitter M, Black AC, Bleile R, Bleuel DL, Bliss E, Bliss E, Blue B, Boehly T, Boehm K, Boley CD, Bonanno R, Bond EJ, Bond T, Bonino MJ, Borden M, Bourgade JL, Bousquet J, Bowers J, Bowers M, Boyd R, Bozek A, Bradley DK, Bradley KS, Bradley PA, Bradley L, Brannon L, Brantley PS, Braun D, Braun T, Brienza-Larsen K, Briggs TM, Britten J, Brooks ED, Browning D, Bruhn MW, Brunner TA, Bruns H, Brunton G, Bryant B, Buczek T, Bude J, Buitano L, Burkhart S, Burmark J, Burnham A, Burr R, Busby LE, Butlin B, Cabeltis R, Cable M, Cabot WH, Cagadas B, Caggiano J, Cahayag R, Caldwell SE, Calkins S, Callahan DA, Calleja-Aguirre J, Camara L, Camp D, Campbell EM, Campbell JH, Carey B, Carey R, Carlisle K, Carlson L, Carman L, Carmichael J, Carpenter A, Carr C, Carrera JA, Casavant D, Casey A, Casey DT, Castillo A, Castillo E, Castor JI, Castro C, Caughey W, Cavitt R, Celeste J, Celliers PM, Cerjan C, Chandler G, Chang B, Chang C, Chang J, Chang L, Chapman R, Chapman T, Chase L, Chen H, Chen H, Chen K, Chen LY, Cheng B, Chittenden J, Choate C, Chou J, Chrien RE, Chrisp M, Christensen K, Christensen M, Christopherson AR, Chung M, Church JA, Clark A, Clark DS, Clark K, Clark R, Claus L, Cline B, Cline JA, Cobble JA, Cochrane K, Cohen B, Cohen S, Collette MR, Collins G, Collins LA, Collins TJB, Conder A, Conrad B, Conyers M, Cook AW, Cook D, Cook R, Cooley JC, Cooper G, Cope T, Copeland SR, Coppari F, Cortez J, Cox J, Crandall DH, Crane J, Craxton RS, Cray M, Crilly A, Crippen JW, Cross D, Cuneo M, Cuotts G, Czajka CE, Czechowicz D, Daly T, Danforth P, Darbee R, Darlington B, Datte P, Dauffy L, Davalos G, Davidovits S, Davis P, Davis J, Dawson S, Day RD, Day TH, Dayton M, Deck C, Decker C, Deeney C, DeFriend KA, Deis G, Delamater ND, Delettrez JA, Demaret R, Demos S, Dempsey SM, Desjardin R, Desjardins T, Desjarlais MP, Dewald EL, DeYoreo J, Diaz S, Dimonte G, Dittrich TR, Divol L, Dixit SN, Dixon J, Dodd ES, Dolan D, Donovan A, Donovan M, Döppner T, Dorrer C, Dorsano N, Douglas MR, Dow D, Downie J, Downing E, Dozieres M, Draggoo V, Drake D, Drake RP, Drake T, Dreifuerst G, DuBois DF, DuBois PF, Dunham G, Dylla-Spears R, Dymoke-Bradshaw AKL, Dzenitis B, Ebbers C, Eckart M, Eddinger S, Eder D, Edgell D, Edwards MJ, Efthimion P, Eggert JH, Ehrlich B, Ehrmann P, Elhadj S, Ellerbee C, Elliott NS, Ellison CL, Elsner F, Emerich M, Engelhorn K, England T, English E, Epperson P, Epstein R, Erbert G, Erickson MA, Erskine DJ, Erlandson A, Espinosa RJ, Estes C, Estabrook KG, Evans S, Fabyan A, Fair J, Fallejo R, Farmer N, Farmer WA, Farrell M, Fatherley VE, Fedorov M, Feigenbaum E, Feit M, Ferguson W, Fernandez JC, Fernandez-Panella A, Fess S, Field JE, Filip CV, Fincke JR, Finn T, Finnegan SM, Finucane RG, Fischer M, Fisher A, Fisher J, Fishler B, Fittinghoff D, Fitzsimmons P, Flegel M, Flippo KA, Florio J, Folta J, Folta P, Foreman LR, Forrest C, Forsman A, Fooks J, Foord M, Fortner R, Fournier K, Fratanduono DE, Frazier N, Frazier T, Frederick C, Freeman MS, Frenje J, Frey D, Frieders G, Friedrich S, Froula DH, Fry J, Fuller T, Gaffney J, Gales S, Le Galloudec B, Le Galloudec KK, Gambhir A, Gao L, Garbett WJ, Garcia A, Gates C, Gaut E, Gauthier P, Gavin Z, Gaylord J, Geissel M, Génin F, Georgeson J, Geppert-Kleinrath H, Geppert-Kleinrath V, Gharibyan N, Gibson J, Gibson C, Giraldez E, Glebov V, Glendinning SG, Glenn S, Glenzer SH, Goade S, Gobby PL, Goldman SR, Golick B, Gomez M, Goncharov V, Goodin D, Grabowski P, Grafil E, Graham P, Grandy J, Grasz E, Graziani F, Greenman G, Greenough JA, Greenwood A, Gregori G, Green T, Griego JR, Grim GP, Grondalski J, Gross S, Guckian J, Guler N, Gunney B, Guss G, Haan S, Hackbarth J, Hackel L, Hackel R, Haefner C, Hagmann C, Hahn KD, Hahn S, Haid BJ, Haines BM, Hall BM, Hall C, Hall GN, Hamamoto M, Hamel S, Hamilton CE, Hammel BA, Hammer JH, Hampton G, Hamza A, Handler A, Hansen S, Hanson D, Haque R, Harding D, Harding E, Hares JD, Harris DB, Harte JA, Hartouni EP, Hatarik R, Hatchett S, Hauer AA, Havre M, Hawley R, Hayes J, Hayes J, Hayes S, Hayes-Sterbenz A, Haynam CA, Haynes DA, Headley D, Heal A, Heebner JE, Heerey S, Heestand GM, Heeter R, Hein N, Heinbockel C, Hendricks C, Henesian M, Heninger J, Henrikson J, Henry EA, Herbold EB, Hermann MR, Hermes G, Hernandez JE, Hernandez VJ, Herrmann MC, Herrmann HW, Herrera OD, Hewett D, Hibbard R, Hicks DG, Hill D, Hill K, Hilsabeck T, Hinkel DE, Ho DD, Ho VK, Hoffer JK, Hoffman NM, Hohenberger M, Hohensee M, Hoke W, Holdener D, Holdener F, Holder JP, Holko B, Holunga D, Holzrichter JF, Honig J, Hoover D, Hopkins D, Berzak Hopkins L, Hoppe M, Hoppe ML, Horner J, Hornung R, Horsfield CJ, Horvath J, Hotaling D, House R, Howell L, Hsing WW, Hu SX, Huang H, Huckins J, Hui H, Humbird KD, Hund J, Hunt J, Hurricane OA, Hutton M, Huynh KH, Inandan L, Iglesias C, Igumenshchev IV, Izumi N, Jackson M, Jackson J, Jacobs SD, James G, Jancaitis K, Jarboe J, Jarrott LC, Jasion D, Jaquez J, Jeet J, Jenei AE, Jensen J, Jimenez J, Jimenez R, Jobe D, Johal Z, Johns HM, Johnson D, Johnson MA, Gatu Johnson M, Johnson RJ, Johnson S, Johnson SA, Johnson T, Jones K, Jones O, Jones M, Jorge R, Jorgenson HJ, Julian M, Jun BI, Jungquist R, Kaae J, Kabadi N, Kaczala D, Kalantar D, Kangas K, Karasiev VV, Karasik M, Karpenko V, Kasarky A, Kasper K, Kauffman R, Kaufman MI, Keane C, Keaty L, Kegelmeyer L, Keiter PA, Kellett PA, Kellogg J, Kelly JH, Kemic S, Kemp AJ, Kemp GE, Kerbel GD, Kershaw D, Kerr SM, Kessler TJ, Key MH, Khan SF, Khater H, Kiikka C, Kilkenny J, Kim Y, Kim YJ, Kimko J, Kimmel M, Kindel JM, King J, Kirkwood RK, Klaus L, Klem D, Kline JL, Klingmann J, Kluth G, Knapp P, Knauer J, Knipping J, Knudson M, Kobs D, Koch J, Kohut T, Kong C, Koning JM, Koning P, Konior S, Kornblum H, Kot LB, Kozioziemski B, Kozlowski M, Kozlowski PM, Krammen J, Krasheninnikova NS, Kraus B, Krauser W, Kress JD, Kritcher AL, Krieger E, Kroll JJ, Kruer WL, Kruse MKG, Kucheyev S, Kumbera M, Kumpan S, Kunimune J, Kustowski B, Kwan TJT, Kyrala GA, Laffite S, Lafon M, LaFortune K, Lahmann B, Lairson B, Landen OL, Langenbrunner J, Lagin L, Land T, Lane M, Laney D, Langdon AB, Langer SH, Langro A, Lanier NE, Lanier TE, Larson D, Lasinski BF, Lassle D, LaTray D, Lau G, Lau N, Laumann C, Laurence A, Laurence TA, Lawson J, Le HP, Leach RR, Leal L, Leatherland A, LeChien K, Lechleiter B, Lee A, Lee M, Lee T, Leeper RJ, Lefebvre E, Leidinger JP, LeMire B, Lemke RW, Lemos NC, Le Pape S, Lerche R, Lerner S, Letts S, Levedahl K, Lewis T, Li CK, Li H, Li J, Liao W, Liao ZM, Liedahl D, Liebman J, Lindford G, Lindman EL, Lindl JD, Loey H, London RA, Long F, Loomis EN, Lopez FE, Lopez H, Losbanos E, Loucks S, Lowe-Webb R, Lundgren E, Ludwigsen AP, Luo R, Lusk J, Lyons R, Ma T, Macallop Y, MacDonald MJ, MacGowan BJ, Mack JM, Mackinnon AJ, MacLaren SA, MacPhee AG, Magelssen GR, Magoon J, Malone RM, Malsbury T, Managan R, Mancini R, Manes K, Maney D, Manha D, Mannion OM, Manuel AM, Mapoles E, Mara G, Marcotte T, Marin E, Marinak MM, Mariscal C, Mariscal DA, Mariscal EF, Marley EV, Marozas JA, Marquez R, Marshall CD, Marshall FJ, Marshall M, Marshall S, Marticorena J, Martinez D, Maslennikov I, Mason D, Mason RJ, Masse L, Massey W, Masson-Laborde PE, Masters ND, Mathisen D, Mathison E, Matone J, Matthews MJ, Mattoon C, Mattsson TR, Matzen K, Mauche CW, Mauldin M, McAbee T, McBurney M, Mccarville T, McCrory RL, McEvoy AM, McGuffey C, Mcinnis M, McKenty P, McKinley MS, McLeod JB, McPherson A, Mcquillan B, Meamber M, Meaney KD, Meezan NB, Meissner R, Mehlhorn TA, Mehta NC, Menapace J, Merrill FE, Merritt BT, Merritt EC, Meyerhofer DD, Mezyk S, Mich RJ, Michel PA, Milam D, Miller C, Miller D, Miller DS, Miller E, Miller EK, Miller J, Miller M, Miller PE, Miller T, Miller W, Miller-Kamm V, Millot M, Milovich JL, Minner P, Miquel JL, Mitchell S, Molvig K, Montesanti RC, Montgomery DS, Monticelli M, Montoya A, Moody JD, Moore AS, Moore E, Moran M, Moreno JC, Moreno K, Morgan BE, Morrow T, Morton JW, Moses E, Moy K, Muir R, Murillo MS, Murray JE, Murray JR, Munro DH, Murphy TJ, Munteanu FM, Nafziger J, Nagayama T, Nagel SR, Nast R, Negres RA, Nelson A, Nelson D, Nelson J, Nelson S, Nemethy S, Neumayer P, Newman K, Newton M, Nguyen H, Di Nicola JG, Di Nicola P, Niemann C, Nikroo A, Nilson PM, Nobile A, Noorai V, Nora R, Norton M, Nostrand M, Note V, Novell S, Nowak PF, Nunez A, Nyholm RA, O'Brien M, Oceguera A, Oertel JA, Okui J, Olejniczak B, Oliveira J, Olsen P, Olson B, Olson K, Olson RE, Opachich YP, Orsi N, Orth CD, Owen M, Padalino S, Padilla E, Paguio R, Paguio S, Paisner J, Pajoom S, Pak A, Palaniyappan S, Palma K, Pannell T, Papp F, Paras D, Parham T, Park HS, Pasternak A, Patankar S, Patel MV, Patel PK, Patterson R, Patterson S, Paul B, Paul M, Pauli E, Pearce OT, Pearcy J, Pedrotti B, Peer A, Pelz LJ, Penetrante B, Penner J, Perez A, Perkins LJ, Pernice E, Perry TS, Person S, Petersen D, Petersen T, Peterson DL, Peterson EB, Peterson JE, Peterson JL, Peterson K, Peterson RR, Petrasso RD, Philippe F, Phipps TJ, Piceno E, Ping Y, Pickworth L, Pino J, Plummer R, Pollack GD, Pollaine SM, Pollock BB, Ponce D, Ponce J, Pontelandolfo J, Porter JL, Post J, Poujade O, Powell C, Powell H, Power G, Pozulp M, Prantil M, Prasad M, Pratuch S, Price S, Primdahl K, Prisbrey S, Procassini R, Pruyne A, Pudliner B, Qiu SR, Quan K, Quinn M, Quintenz J, Radha PB, Rainer F, Ralph JE, Raman KS, Raman R, Rambo P, Rana S, Randewich A, Rardin D, Ratledge M, Ravelo N, Ravizza F, Rayce M, Raymond A, Raymond B, Reed B, Reed C, Regan S, Reichelt B, Reis V, Reisdorf S, Rekow V, Remington BA, Rendon A, Requieron W, Rever M, Reynolds H, Reynolds J, Rhodes J, Rhodes M, Richardson MC, Rice B, Rice NG, Rieben R, Rigatti A, Riggs S, Rinderknecht HG, Ring K, Riordan B, Riquier R, Rivers C, Roberts D, Roberts V, Robertson G, Robey HF, Robles J, Rocha P, Rochau G, Rodriguez J, Rodriguez S, Rosen M, Rosenberg M, Ross G, Ross JS, Ross P, Rouse J, Rovang D, Rubenchik AM, Rubery MS, Ruiz CL, Rushford M, Russ B, Rygg JR, Ryujin BS, Sacks RA, Sacks RF, Saito K, Salmon T, Salmonson JD, Sanchez J, Samuelson S, Sanchez M, Sangster C, Saroyan A, Sater J, Satsangi A, Sauers S, Saunders R, Sauppe JP, Sawicki R, Sayre D, Scanlan M, Schaffers K, Schappert GT, Schiaffino S, Schlossberg DJ, Schmidt DW, Schmitt MJ, Schneider DHG, Schneider MB, Schneider R, Schoff M, Schollmeier M, Schölmerich M, Schroeder CR, Schrauth SE, Scott HA, Scott I, Scott JM, Scott RHH, Scullard CR, Sedillo T, Seguin FH, Seka W, Senecal J, Sepke SM, Seppala L, Sequoia K, Severyn J, Sevier JM, Sewell N, Seznec S, Shah RC, Shamlian J, Shaughnessy D, Shaw M, Shaw R, Shearer C, Shelton R, Shen N, Sherlock MW, Shestakov AI, Shi EL, Shin SJ, Shingleton N, Shmayda W, Shor M, Shoup M, Shuldberg C, Siegel L, Silva FJ, Simakov AN, Sims BT, Sinars D, Singh P, Sio H, Skulina K, Skupsky S, Slutz S, Sluyter M, Smalyuk VA, Smauley D, Smeltser RM, Smith C, Smith I, Smith J, Smith L, Smith R, Sohn R, Sommer S, Sorce C, Sorem M, Soures JM, Spaeth ML, Spears BK, Speas S, Speck D, Speck R, Spears J, Spinka T, Springer PT, Stadermann M, Stahl B, Stahoviak J, Stanton LG, Steele R, Steele W, Steinman D, Stemke R, Stephens R, Sterbenz S, Sterne P, Stevens D, Stevers J, Still CB, Stoeckl C, Stoeffl W, Stolken JS, Stolz C, Storm E, Stone G, Stoupin S, Stout E, Stowers I, Strauser R, Streckart H, Streit J, Strozzi DJ, Suratwala T, Sutcliffe G, Suter LJ, Sutton SB, Svidzinski V, Swadling G, Sweet W, Szoke A, Tabak M, Takagi M, Tambazidis A, Tang V, Taranowski M, Taylor LA, Telford S, Theobald W, Thi M, Thomas A, Thomas CA, Thomas I, Thomas R, Thompson IJ, Thongstisubskul A, Thorsness CB, Tietbohl G, Tipton RE, Tobin M, Tomlin N, Tommasini R, Toreja AJ, Torres J, Town RPJ, Townsend S, Trenholme J, Trivelpiece A, Trosseille C, Truax H, Trummer D, Trummer S, Truong T, Tubbs D, Tubman ER, Tunnell T, Turnbull D, Turner RE, Ulitsky M, Upadhye R, Vaher JL, VanArsdall P, VanBlarcom D, Vandenboomgaerde M, VanQuinlan R, Van Wonterghem BM, Varnum WS, Velikovich AL, Vella A, Verdon CP, Vermillion B, Vernon S, Vesey R, Vickers J, Vignes RM, Visosky M, Vocke J, Volegov PL, Vonhof S, Von Rotz R, Vu HX, Vu M, Wall D, Wall J, Wallace R, Wallin B, Walmer D, Walsh CA, Walters CF, Waltz C, Wan A, Wang A, Wang Y, Wark JS, Warner BE, Watson J, Watt RG, Watts P, Weaver J, Weaver RP, Weaver S, Weber CR, Weber P, Weber SV, Wegner P, Welday B, Welser-Sherrill L, Weiss K, Widmann K, Wheeler GF, Whistler W, White RK, Whitley HD, Whitman P, Wickett ME, Widmayer C, Wiedwald J, Wilcox R, Wilcox S, Wild C, Wilde BH, Wilde CH, Wilhelmsen K, Wilke MD, Wilkens H, Wilkins P, Wilks SC, Williams EA, Williams GJ, Williams W, Williams WH, Wilson DC, Wilson B, Wilson E, Wilson R, Winters S, Wisoff J, Wittman M, Wolfe J, Wong A, Wong KW, Wong L, Wong N, Wood R, Woodhouse D, Woodruff J, Woods DT, Woods S, Woodworth BN, Wooten E, Wootton A, Work K, Workman JB, Wright J, Wu M, Wuest C, Wysocki FJ, Xu H, Yamaguchi M, Yang B, Yang ST, Yatabe J, Yeamans CB, Yee BC, Yi SA, Yin L, Young B, Young CS, Young CV, Young P, Youngblood K, Zacharias R, Zagaris G, Zaitseva N, Zaka F, Ze F, Zeiger B, Zika M, Zimmerman GB, Zobrist T, Zuegel JD, and Zylstra AB
Abstract: For more than half a century, researchers around the world have been engaged in attempts to achieve fusion ignition as a proof of principle of various fusion concepts. Following the Lawson criterion, an ignited plasma is one where the fusion heating power is high enough to overcome all the physical processes that cool the fusion plasma, creating a positive thermodynamic feedback loop with rapidly increasing temperature. In inertially confined fusion, ignition is a state where the fusion plasma can begin "burn propagation" into surrounding cold fuel, enabling the possibility of high energy gain. While "scientific breakeven" (i.e., unity target gain) has not yet been achieved (here target gain is 0.72, 1.37 MJ of fusion for 1.92 MJ of laser energy), this Letter reports the first controlled fusion experiment, using laser indirect drive, on the National Ignition Facility to produce capsule gain (here 5.8) and reach ignition by nine different formulations of the Lawson criterion.
Published: 2022
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286. Surgery crisis simulation during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Author: McDonald A, Qiabi M, Lewis D, Leeper R, Fortin D, Inculet R, and Malthaner R
Subjects: Health Personnel, Humans, Infectious Disease Transmission, Patient-to-Professional prevention & control, Pandemics prevention & control, Personal Protective Equipment, SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19
Abstract: Summary COVID-19 puts health care providers at risk for infection with SARS-CoV-2. Personal protective equipment (PPE) can reduce viral transmission if used properly. We used simulation of an intraoperative crisis involving an infectious outbreak to assess PPE adherence and confidence in PPE use. Simulation of an intraoperative crisis with a patient with COVID-19 revealed gaps in PPE adherence; however, simulation training successfully increased confidence in PPE use and received positive feedback., Competing Interests: Competing interests: R. Malthaner is an associate editor of CJS; he was not involved the the review process or decision to accept this paper for publication. No other competing interests were declared., (© 2022 CMA Impact Inc. or its licensors.)
Published: 2022
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287. Preparations for a European R&D roadmap for an inertial fusion demo reactor.

Author: Norreys PA, Ceurvorst L, Sadler JD, Spiers BT, Aboushelbaya R, Mayr MW, Paddock R, Ratan N, Savin AF, Wang RHW, Glize K, Trines RMGM, Bingham R, Hill MP, Sircombe N, Ramsay M, Allan P, Hobbs L, James S, Skidmore J, Fyrth J, Luis J, Floyd E, Brown C, Haines BM, Olson RE, Yi SA, Zylstra AB, Flippo K, Bradley PA, Peterson RR, Kline JL, and Leeper RJ
Abstract: A European consortium of 15 laboratories across nine nations have worked together under the EUROFusion Enabling Research grants for the past decade with three principle objectives. These are: (a) investigating obstacles to ignition on megaJoule-class laser facilities; (b) investigating novel alternative approaches to ignition, including basic studies for fast ignition (both electron and ion-driven), auxiliary heating, shock ignition, etc.; and (c) developing technologies that will be required in the future for a fusion reactor. A brief overview of these activities, presented here, along with new calculations relates the concept of auxiliary heating of inertial fusion targets, and provides possible future directions of research and development for the updated European Roadmap that is due at the end of 2020. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'Prospects for high gain inertial fusion energy (part 2)'.
Published: 2021
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288. Chest Tube Insertion Among Surgical and Nonsurgical Trainees: How Skilled Are Our Residents?

Author: Kuper TM, Federman N, Sharieff S, Tejpar S, LeBlanc D, Murphy PB, Parry N, and Leeper R
Subjects: Adult, Competency-Based Education methods, Competency-Based Education statistics & numerical data, Cross-Sectional Studies, Educational Measurement statistics & numerical data, Female, General Surgery statistics & numerical data, Humans, Internship and Residency methods, Male, Patient Positioning, Patient Safety, Thoracostomy adverse effects, Thoracostomy instrumentation, Thoracostomy statistics & numerical data, Chest Tubes adverse effects, Clinical Competence statistics & numerical data, General Surgery education, Internship and Residency statistics & numerical data, Thoracostomy education
Abstract: Background: Competency-based medical education has renewed focus on the attainment and evaluation of resident skill. Proper evaluation is crucial to inform educational interventions and identify residents in need of increased training and supervision. Currently, there is a paucity of studies rigorously evaluating resident chest tube insertion skill., Materials and Methods: Residents of all training levels before their intensive care unit rotation or currently rotating through the intensive care unit were invited to participate. Trainees inserted a thoracostomy tube on a high-fidelity simulator. Their performances were recorded and scored by blinded raters using the validated TUBE-iCOMPT rubric. Surgical and nonsurgical residents were compared., Results: Forty-nine residents participated; 30 from nonsurgical and 19 from surgical training programs. Overall, trainees were most deficient in the "preprocedural checks" and "patient positioning and local anesthetic" domains. Surgical trainees demonstrated higher chest tube insertion skill than their nonsurgical peers (median total score 88 [interquartile range, 74-90] versus 75 [interquartile range, 66-85], respectively, P = 0.01), particularly in the "patient positioning" and "blunt dissection" domains (P = 0.01 and P = 0.03, respectively). These differences were no longer significant when controlled for experience and Advanced Trauma Life Support certification., Conclusions: Overall, surgical residents were more skilled than nonsurgical residents in tube thoracostomy placement. Relative skill deficits within the domains of chest tube insertion have also been identified among residents of different specialties. These areas can be targeted with educational interventions to improve resident performance, and ultimately, patient safety., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)
Published: 2020
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289. Surgeon attitudes toward point of care ultrasound for biliary disease: a nationwide Canadian survey

Author: Koichopolos J, Hilsden R, Myslik F, Thompson D, Vandelinde J, and Leeper R
Subjects: Canada, Cross-Sectional Studies, Health Care Surveys, Humans, Internship and Residency statistics & numerical data, Medical Staff, Hospital statistics & numerical data, Attitude of Health Personnel, Biliary Tract Diseases diagnostic imaging, Clinical Decision-Making, Point-of-Care Systems standards, Surgeons statistics & numerical data, Ultrasonography standards
Abstract: Summary: Multiple studies confirm that point of care ultrasound (PoCUS) has a high sensitivity and specificity for cholelithiasis and cholecystitis. However, there is poor perceived reliability of biliary PoCUS by surgeons. This survey was performed to assess surgeons’ opinions on using PoCUS in gallstone disease and barriers that exist for its institution. The majority (60.3%) of respondents reported a total lack of confidence in PoCUS for the diagnosis of biliary disease. Most felt the sensitivity of PoCUS was poor and had concerns about the user-dependent nature of the test and the lack of imaging details provided. If offered ideal clinical/laboratory findings with PoCUS results, only 4.7% of surgeons would definitely operate for unremitting biliary colic and 5.4% for cholecystitis. The ability to replicate findings independently increased confidence in clinical decision-making. Our findings suggest there is substantial distrust in biliary PoCUS but that specific ultrasound training for the surgical workforce may prove tremendously beneficial for its utilization., Competing Interests: R. Leeper is an associate editor of CJS; he was not involved in the review of or decision to accept this paper for publication. No other competing interests were declared., (© 2020 Joule Inc. or its licensors)
Published: 2020
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290. Canadian Surgery Forum 2018: St. John's, NL Sept. 13-15, 2018.

Author: Jayaraman S, Lee L, Mata J, Droeser R, Kaneva P, Liberman S, Charlebois P, Stein B, Fried G, Feldman L, Schellenberg M, Inaba K, Cheng V, Bardes J, Lam L, Benjamin E, Matsushima K, Demetriades D, Schellenberg M, Inaba K, Cho J, Strumwasser A, Grabo D, Bir C, Eastman A, Demetriades D, Schellenberg M, Inaba K, Bardes J, Orozco N, Chen J, Park C, Kang T, Demetriades D, Jung J, Elfassy J, Grantcharov T, Jung J, Grantcharov T, Jung J, Grantcharov T, Taylor J, Stem M, Yu D, Chen S, Fang S, Gearhart S, Safar B, Efron J, Serrano P, Parpia S, McCarty D, Solis N, Valencia M, Jibrael S, Wei A, Gallinger S, Simunovic M, Hummadi A, Rabie M, Al Skaini M, Shamshad H, Shah S, Verhoeff K, Glen P, Taheri A, Min B, Tsang B, Fawcett V, Widder S, Yang M, Wanis K, Gilani O, Vogt K, Ott M, VanKoughnett J, Vinden C, Balvardi S, St Louis E, Yousef Y, Toobaie A, Guadagno E, Baird R, Poenaru D, Kleiman A, Mador B, Widder S, Serrano P, Moulton C, Lee E, Li C, Beyfuss K, Solomon H, Sela N, McAlister V, Ritter A, Gallinger S, Hallet J, Tsang M, Martel G, Jalink D, Husien M, Gu C, Levine M, Otiti S, Nginyangi J, Yeo C, Ring J, Holden M, Ungi T, Fichtinger G, Zevin B, Fang B, Dang J, Karmali S, Serrano P, Kim M, Zhang B, Duceppe E, Rieder S, Maeda A, Okrainec A, Jackson T, Kegel F, Lachance S, Landry T, Feldman L, Fried G, Mueller C, Lee L, Kegel F, Kegel F, Lachance S, Lee L, Joharifard S, Nyiemah E, Howe C, Dobboh C, Kortimai LG, Kabeto A, Beste J, Garraway N, Riviello R, Hameed S, Shinde S, Marcil G, Prasad S, Arminan J, Debru E, Church N, Gill R, Mitchell P, Delisle M, Chernos C, Park J, Hardy K, Vergis A, Guez M, Hong D, Guez M, Hong D, Koichopolos J, Hilsden R, Thompson D, Myslik F, Vandeline J, Leeper R, Doumouras A, Govind S, Hong D, Govind S, Valanci S, Alhassan N, Lee L, Feldman L, Fried G, Mueller C, Wong T, Nadkarni N, Chia S, Seow D, Carter D, Li C, Valencia M, Ruo L, Parpia S, Simunovic M, Levine O, Serrano P, Vogt K, Allen L, Murphy P, van Heest R, Saleh F, Widder S, Minor S, Engels P, Joos E, Wang C, Nenshi R, Meschino M, Laane C, Parry N, Hameed M, Lacoul A, Lee L, Chrystoja C, Ramjist J, Sutradhar R, Lix L, Simunovic M, Baxter N, Urbach D, Ahlin J, Patel S, Nanji S, Merchant S, Lajkosz K, Brogly S, Groome P, Sutherland J, Liu G, Crump T, Bair M, Karimuddin A, Sutherland J, Peterson A, Karimuddin A, Liu G, Crump T, Koichopolos J, Hawel J, Shlomovitz E, Habaz I, Elnahas A, Alkhamesi N, Schlachta C, Akhtar-Danesh G, Doumouras A, Hong D, Daodu T, Nguyen V, Dearden R, Datta I, Hampton L, Kirkpatrick A, McKee J, Regehr J, Brindley P, Martin D, LaPorta A, Park J, Vergis A, Gillman L, DeGirolamo K, Hameed M, D'Souza K, Hartford L, Gray D, Murphy P, Hilsden R, Clarke C, Vogt K, Wigen R, Allen L, Garcia-Ochoa C, Gray S, Maciver A, Parry N, Van Koughnett J, Leslie K, Zwiep T, Ahn S, Greenberg J, Balaa F, McIsaac D, Musselman R, Raiche I, Williams L, Moloo H, Nguyen M, Naidu D, Karanicolas P, Nadler A, Raskin R, Khokhotva V, Poirier R, Plourde C, Paré A, Marchand M, Leclair M, Deshaies J, Hebbard P, Ratnayake I, Decker K, MacIntosh E, Najarali Z, Valencia M, Zhang B, Alhusaini A, Solis N, Duceppe E, Parpia S, Ruo L, Simunovic M, Serrano P, Murphy P, Murphy P, McClure A, Dakouo M, Vogt K, Vinden C, Behman R, Nathens A, Hong NL, Pechlivanoglou P, Karanicolas P, Lung K, Leslie K, Parry N, Vogt K, Leeper R, Simone P, Leslie K, Schemitsch E, Laane C, Chen L, Rosenkrantz L, Schuurman N, Hameed M, Joos E, George R, Shavit E, Pawliwec A, Rana Z, Laane C, Joos E, Evans D, Dawe P, Brown R, Hameed M, Lefebvre G, Devenny K, Héroux D, Bowman C, Mimeault R, Calder L, Baker L, Winter R, Cahill C, Fergusson D, Williams L, Schroeder T, Kahnamoui K, Elkheir S, Farrokhyar F, Wainman B, Hershorn O, Lim S, Hardy K, Vergis A, Arora A, Wright F, Nadler A, Escallon J, Gotlib L, Allen M, Gawad N, Raîche I, Jeyakumar G, Li D, Aarts M, Meschino M, Giles A, Dumitra T, Alam R, Fiore J, Mata J, Fried G, Vassiliou M, Mueller C, Lee L, Feldman L, Al Busaidi O, Brobbey A, Stelfox T, Chowdhury T, Kortbeek J, Ball C, AlShahwan N, Fraser S, Gawad N, Tran A, Martel A, Baxter N, Allen M, Manhas N, Balaa F, Mannina D, Khokhotva V, Tran A, Gawad N, Martel A, Manhas N, Allen M, Balaa F, Behman R, Behman A, Haas B, Hong NL, Pechlivanoglou P, Karanicolas P, Gawad N, Fowler A, Mimeault R, Raiche I, Findlay-Shirras L, Decker K, Singh H, Biswanger N, Park J, Gosselin-Tardif A, Khalil MA, Gutierrez JM, Guigui A, Feldman L, Lee L, Mueller C, Ferri L, Roberts D, Stelfox T, Moore L, Holcomb J, Harvin J, Sadek J, Belanger P, Nadeau K, Mullen K, Aitkens D, Foss K, MacIsaac D, Williams L, Musselman R, Raiche I, Moloo H, Zhang S, Ring J, Methot M, Zevin B, Yu D, Hookey L, Patel S, Yates J, Perelman I, Saidenberg E, Khair S, Taylor J, Lampron J, Tinmouth A, Lim S, Hammond S, Park J, Hochman D, Lê M, Rabbani R, Abou-Setta A, Zarychanski R, Patel S, Yu D, Elsoh B, Goldacre B, Nash G, Trepanier M, Alhassan N, Wong-Chong N, Sabapathy C, Chaudhury P, Liberman S, Charlebois P, Stein B, Feldman L, Lee L, Bradley N, Dakin C, Holm N, Henderson W, Roche M, Sawka A, Tang E, Murphy P, Allen L, Huang B, Vogt K, Gimon T, Rochon R, Lipson M, Buie W, MacLean A, Lau E, Alkhamesi N, Schlachta C, Mocanu V, Dang J, Tavakoli I, Switzer N, Tian C, de Gara C, Birch D, Karmali S, Young P, Chiu C, Meneghetti A, Warnock G, Meloche M, Panton O, Istl A, Gan A, Colquhoun P, Habashi R, Stogryn S, Abou-Setta A, Metcalfe J, Hardy K, Clouston K, Vergis A, Zondervan N, McLaughlin K, Springer J, Doumouras A, Lee J, Amin N, Caddedu M, Eskicioglu C, Hong D, Cahill C, Fowler A, Warraich A, Moloo H, Musselman R, Raiche I, Williams L, Keren D, Kloos N, Gregg S, MacLean A, Mohamed R, Dixon E, Rochan R, Ball C, Taylor J, Stem M, Yu D, Chen S, Fang S, Gearhart S, Safar B, Efron J, Yu D, Stem M, Taylor J, Chen S, Fang S, Gearhart S, Safar B, Efron J, Domouras A, Springer J, Elkheir S, Eskicioglu C, Kelly S, Yang I, Forbes S, Wong-Chong N, Khalil MA, Garfinkle R, Bhatnagar S, Ghitulescu G, Vasilevsky C, Morin N, Boutros M, Garfinkle R, Wong-Chong N, Petrucci A, Sylla P, Wexner S, Bhatnagar S, Morin N, Boutros M, Garfinkle R, Sigler G, Morin N, Ghitulescu G, Bhatnagar S, Faria J, Gordon P, Vasilevsky C, Boutros M, Garfinkle R, Khalil MA, Bhatnagar S, Wong-Chong N, Azoulay L, Morin N, Vasilevsky C, Boutros M, Alhassan N, Wong-Chong N, Trepanier M, Chaudhury P, Liberman A, Charlebois P, Stein B, Lee L, Alhassan N, Yang M, Wong-Chong N, Liberman A, Charlebois P, Stein B, Fried G, Lee L, Khorasani S, de Buck van Overstraeten A, Kennedy E, Hong NL, Mata J, Fiore J, Pecorelli N, Mouldoveanu D, Gosselin-Tardiff A, Lee L, Liberman S, Stein B, Charlebois P, Feldman L, Chau J, Bhatnagar S, Khalil MA, Morin N, Vasilevsky C, Ghitulescu G, Faria J, Boutros M, Fournier FR, Bouchard P, Khalil MA, Bhatnagar S, Khalil JA, Vasilevsky C, Morin N, Ghitulescu G, Faria J, Boutros M, Khalil MA, Morin N, Vasilevsky C, Ghitulescu G, Motter J, Boutros M, Wong-Chong N, Mottl J, Hwang G, Kelly J, Nassif G, Albert M, Lee L, Monson J, Wong-Chong N, Lee L, Kelly J, Nassif G, Albert M, Monson J, McLeod J, Cha J, Raval M, Phang T, Brown C, Karimuddin A, Karimuddin A, Robertson R, Letarte F, Karimuddin A, Raval M, Phang T, Brown C, Antoun A, Sigler G, Garfinkle R, Morin N, Vasilevsky C, Pelsser V, Ghitulescu G, Boutros M, Hyun E, Clouston-Chambers K, Hochman D, Helewa R, Park J, Candy S, Mir Z, Hanna N, Zevin B, Patel S, Azin A, Hirpara D, Quereshy F, Jackson T, Okrainec A, O'Brien C, Chadi S, Punnen S, Raval M, Karimuddin A, Phang T, Brown C, Yoon H, Brown C, Karimuddin A, Raval M, Phang T, Xiong W, Stuart H, Andrews J, Selvam R, Wong S, Hopman W, MacDonald P, Patel S, Dossa F, Medeiros B, Keng C, Acuna S, Hamid J, Baxter N, Ghuman A, Kasteel N, Brown C, Karimuddin A, Raval M, Phang T, Dossa F, Baxter N, Buie D, McMullen T, Elwi A, MacLean T, Wang H, Coutinho F, Le Q, Shack L, Roy H, Kennedy R, Hanna N, Zevin B, Bunn J, Mir Z, Chung W, Elmi M, Wakeam E, Azin A, Presutti R, Keshavjee S, Cil T, McCready D, Cheung V, Schieman C, Bailey J, Nelson G, Batchelor T, Grondin S, Graham A, Safieddine N, Johnson S, Hanna W, Cheung V, Schieman C, Bailey J, Nelson G, Low D, Safieddine N, Grondin S, Seely A, Bedard E, Finley C, Nayak R, Brogly S, Lajkosz K, Lougheed D, Petsikas D, Kinio A, Resende VF, Anstee C, Seely A, Maziak D, Gilbert S, Shamji F, Sundaresan S, Villeneuve P, Ojah J, Ashrafi A, Najjar A, Yamani I, Sersar S, Batouk A, Parente D, Laliberte A, McInnis M, McDonald C, Hasnain Y, Yasufuku K, Safieddine N, Waddell T, Chopra N, Nicholson-Smith C, Malthaner R, Patel R, Doubova M, Robaidi H, Anstee C, Delic E, Fazekas A, Gilbert S, Maziak D, Shamji F, Sundaresan S, Villeneuve P, Seely A, Taylor J, Hanna W, Hughes K, Pinkney P, Lopez-Hernandez Y, Coret M, Schneider L, Agzarian J, Finley C, Tran A, Shargall Y, Mehta M, Pearce K, Hanna W, Schneider L, Farrokhyar F, Agzarian J, Finley C, Shargall Y, Gupta V, Coburn N, Kidane B, Hess K, Compton C, Ringash J, Darling G, Mahar A, Gupta V, Kidane B, Ringash J, Sutradhar R, Darling G, Coburn N, Thomas P, Vernon J, Shargall Y, Schieman C, Finley C, Agzarian J, Hanna W, Spicer J, Renaud S, Seitlinger J, Al Lawati Y, Guerrera F, Falcoz P, Massard G, Ferri L, Hylton D, Huang J, Turner S, French D, Wen C, Masters J, Kidane B, Spicer J, Taylor J, Finley C, Shargall Y, Fahim C, Farrokhyar F, Yasufuku K, Agzarian J, Hanna W, Spicer J, Renaud S, Seitlinger J, St-Pierre D, Garfinkle R, Al Lawati Y, Guerrera F, Ruffini E, Falcoz P, Massard G, Ferri L, Agzarian J, Inra M, Abdelsattar Z, Allen M, Cassivi S, Nichols F 3rd, Wigle D, Blackmon S, Shen K, Gowing S, Robaidi H, Anstee C, Seely A, Beigee FS, Sheikhy K, Dezfouli AA, Shargall Y, Lopez-Hernandez Y, Schnurr T, Schneider L, Linkins L, Crowther M, Agzarian J, Hanna W, Finley C, Waddell T, de Perrot M, Uddin S, Douketis J, Taylor J, Finley C, Shargall Y, Agzarian J, Hanna W, Martel A, Angka L, Jeong A, Sadiq M, Kilgour M, de Souza CT, Baker L, Kennedy M, Auer R, Hallet J, Adam R, Karanicolas P, Memeo R, Goéré D, Piardi T, Lermite E, Turrini O, Lemke M, Li J, Dixon E, Tun-Abraham M, Hernandez-Alejandro R, Bennett S, Martel G, Navarro F, Sa Cunha A, Pessaux P, Hallet J, Isenberg-Grzeda E, Kazdan J, Beyfuss K, Myrehaug S, Singh S, Chan D, Law C, Nessim C, Paull G, Ibrahim A, Sabri E, Rodriguez-Qizilbash S, Berger-Richardson D, Younan R, Hétu J, Wright F, Johnson-Obaseki S, Angarita F, Elmi M, Zhang Y, Hong NL, Govindarajan A, Taylor E, Bayat Z, Bischof D, McCart A, Elmi M, Wakeam E, Azin A, Presutti R, Keshavjee S, McCready D, Cil T, Elmi M, Sequeira S, Azin A, Elnahas A, McCready D, Cil T, Samman S, Cornacchi S, Foster G, Thabane L, Thomson S, Lovrics O, Martin S, Lovrics P, Latchana N, Davis L, Coburn N, Mahar A, Liu Y, Hammad A, Kagedan D, Earle C, Hallet J, Zhang Y, Elmi M, Angarita F, Hong NL, Pang G, Hong NL, Paull G, Kupper S, Kagedan D, Nessim C, Quan M, Wright F, Hsiao R, Bongers P, Lustgarten M, Goldstein D, Dhar P, Rotstein L, Pasternak J, Nostedt J, Gibson-Brokop L, McCall M, Schiller D, Park J, Ratnayake I, Hebbard P, Mukhi S, Mack L, Singh N, Chanco M, Hilchie-Pye A, Kenyon C, Mathieson A, Burke J, Nason R, Kupper S, Austin J, Brar M, Wright F, Quan M, Hurton S, Quan M, Kong S, Xu Y, Thibedeau M, Cheung W, Dort J, Karim S, Crump T, Bouchard-Fortier A, Jeong Y, Mahar A, Li Q, Bubis L, Gupta V, Coburn N, Hirpara D, O'Rourke C, Azin A, Quereshy F, Chadi S, Dharampal N, Smith K, Harvey A, Pashcke R, Rudmik L, Chandarana S, Buac S, Latosinsky S, Shahvary N, Gervais M, Leblanc G, Brackstone M, Guidolin K, Yaremko B, Gaede S, Lynn K, Kornecki A, Muscedere G, Shmuilovich O, BenNachum I, Mouawad M, Gelman N, Lock M, Jayaraman S, Jayaraman S, Daza J, Solis N, Parpia S, Gallinger S, Moulton C, Levine M, Serrano P, Horkoff M, Sutherland F, Dixon E, Ball C, Bathe O, Moser M, Shaw J, Beck G, Luo Y, Ahmed S, Wall C, Domes T, Jana K, Waugh E, Tsang M, Jayaraman S, Tang E, Baird J, Newell P, Hansen P, Gough M, Garcia-Ochoa C, McArthur E, Tun-Abraham M, Hawel J, Skaro A, Leslie K, Garcia-Ochoa C, McArthur E, Tun-Abraham M, Leslie K, Skaro A, Gauvin G, Goel N, Mutabdzic D, Lambreton F, Kilcoyne M, Nadler A, Ang K, Karachristos A, Cooper H, Hoffman J, Reddy S, Park L, Gilbert R, Shorr R, Workneh A, Bertens K, Abou-Khalil J, Balaa F, Martel G, Smith H, Bertens K, Levy J, Hammad A, Davis L, Gupta V, Jeong Y, Mahar A, Coburn N, Hallet J, Mahar A, Jayaraman S, Serrano P, Martel G, Beyfuss K, Coburn N, Piardi T, Pessaux P, Hallet J, Ellis J, Bakanisi B, Sadeghi M, Beyfuss K, Michaelson S, Karanicolas P, Law C, Nathens A, Coburn N, Giles A, Daza J, Doumouras A, Serrano P, Tandan V, Ruo L, Marcaccio M, Dath D, Connell M, Selvam R, Patel S, Kleiman A, Bennett A, Wasey N, Sorial R, Macdonald S, Johnson D, Klassen D, Leung C, Vergis A, Botkin C, Azin A, Hirpara D, Jackson T, Okrainec A, Elnahas A, Chadi S, Quereshy F, Bahasadri M, Saleh F, Bahasadri M, Saleh F, Saleh F, Bahasadri M, MacLellan S, Tan J, Jun H, Cheah H, Wong K, Harvey N, Smith A, Cassie S, Sun S, Vallis J, Twells L, Lester K, Gregory D, Vallis J, Lester K, Gregory D, Twells L, Dang J, Sun W, Switzer N, Raghavji F, Birch D, Karmali S, Dang J, Switzer N, Delisle M, Laffin M, Gill R, Birch D, Karmali S, Marcil G, Bourget-Murray J, Switzer N, Shinde S, Debru E, Church N, Reso A, Mitchell P, Gill R, Sun W, Dang J, Switzer N, Tian C, de Gara C, Birch D, Karmali S, Jarrar A, Eipe N, Budiansky A, Walsh C, Mamazza J, Rashid M, and Engels P
Published: 2018
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291. A clinical prediction model for raised intracranial pressure in patients with traumatic brain injuries.

Author: Pace J, Parry N, Vogt K, Hilsden R, Leeper RR, Markova Z, Priestap F, Younan J, and Ball I
Subjects: Abbreviated Injury Scale, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Cause of Death, Female, Humans, Injury Severity Score, Intracranial Hypertension etiology, Logistic Models, Male, Middle Aged, Multivariate Analysis, Ontario epidemiology, Retrospective Studies, Risk Assessment, Trauma Centers, Young Adult, Brain Injuries, Traumatic complications, Brain Injuries, Traumatic mortality, Intracranial Hypertension diagnosis, Intracranial Pressure, Monitoring, Physiologic methods
Abstract: Background: Intracranial hypertension is believed to contribute to secondary brain insult in traumatically brain injured patients. Currently, the diagnosis of intracranial hypertension requires intracranial monitoring or advanced imaging. Unfortunately, prehospital transport times can be prolonged, delaying time to the initial radiographic assessment. The aim of this study was to identify clinical variables associated with raised intracranial pressure (ICP) prior to the completion of neuroimaging., Methods: We performed a retrospective cohort study of head injured patients over a 3-year period. Patients were labeled as having increased ICP if they had a single reading of ICP greater than 20 mm Hg within 1 hour of ICP monitor insertion or computed tomography findings suggestive of raised ICP. Patient and clinical characteristics were analyzed using stepwise multivariable logistic regression with ICP as the dependent variable., Results: Of 701 head injured patients identified, 580 patients met inclusion criteria. Mean age was 48.65 ± 21 years, 73.3% were male. The mean Injury Severity Score was 22.71 ± 12.38, and the mean Abbreviated Injury Scale for body region head was 3.34 ± 1.06. Overall mortality was 14.7%. Only 46 (7.9%) patients had an ICP monitor inserted; however, a total of 107 (18%) patients met the definition of raised ICP. The mortality rate for patients with raised ICP was 50.4%. Independent predictors of raised ICP were as follows: age, older than 55 years (odds ratio [OR], 2.26; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.35-3.76), pupillary fixation (OR, 5.76; 95% CI, 3.16-10.50), signs of significant head trauma (OR, 2.431; 95% CI, 1.39-4.26), and need for intubation (OR, 3.589; 95% CI, 2.10-6.14)., Conclusion: This study identified four independent variables associated with raised ICP and incorporated these findings into a preliminary risk assessment scale that can be implemented at the bedside to identify patients at significant risk of raised ICP. Future work is needed to prospectively validate these findings prior to clinical implementation., Level of Evidence: Prognostic, Epidemiological, level III.
Published: 2018
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292. Point-of-care biliary ultrasound in the emergency department (BUSED): implications for surgical referral and emergency department wait times.

Author: Hilsden R, Leeper R, Koichopolos J, Vandelinde JD, Parry N, Thompson D, and Myslik F
Abstract: Background: Patients with uncomplicated biliary disease frequently present to the emergency department for assessment. To improve bedside clinical decision making, biliary point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) in the emergency department has emerged as a diagnostic tool. The purpose of this study is to analyze the usefulness of POCUS in predicting the need for surgical intervention in biliary disease., Methods: A retrospective study of patients visiting the emergency department who received a biliary POCUS from December 1, 2016 to July 15, 2017 was performed. The physician interpretations of the biliary POCUS scans were collected, as well as data from the electronic health records including lab values, the subsequent use of diagnostic imaging, surgical consultation or intervention, and 28 days follow-up for representation or complication., Results: Two hundred and eighty-three patients were identified as having received biliary POCUS. Of the patients referred to general surgery who received biliary POCUS 43% received a cholecystectomy. For the outcome of cholecystectomy, the finding of gallstones on POCUS was 55% sensitive (95% CI 40% to 70%) and 92% specific (95% CI 87% to 95%). A sonographic Murphy's sign was 16% sensitive (95% CI 7% to 30%) but 95% specific (95% CI 92% to 97%) and, gallbladder wall thickness was 18% sensitive (95% CI 9% to 33%) and 98% specific (95% CI 95% to 99%). Patients who received POCUS but did not proceed to confirmatory radiology department imaging had a shorter length of stay (433 min ± 50 min vs. 309 min ± 30 min, P<0.001)., Discussion: Point-of-care biliary ultrasound performed by emergency physicians provides timely access to diagnostic information. Positive findings of gallstones and increased gallbladder wall thickness are highly predictive of the need for surgical intervention, and use of POCUS is associated with shorter ER visits., Level of Evidence: Retrospective cohort study, level III., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared.
Published: 2018
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293. Evidence for coseismic subsidence events in a southern California coastal saltmarsh.

Author: Leeper R, Rhodes B, Kirby M, Scharer K, Carlin J, Hemphill-Haley E, Avnaim-Katav S, MacDonald G, Starratt S, and Aranda A
Abstract: Paleoenvironmental records from a southern California coastal saltmarsh reveal evidence for repeated late Holocene coseismic subsidence events. Field analysis of sediment gouge cores established discrete lithostratigraphic units extend across the wetland. Detailed sediment analyses reveal abrupt changes in lithology, percent total organic matter, grain size, and magnetic susceptibility. Microfossil analyses indicate that predominantly freshwater deposits bury relic intertidal deposits at three distinct depths. Radiocarbon dating indicates that the three burial events occurred in the last 2000 calendar years. Two of the three events are contemporaneous with large-magnitude paleoearthquakes along the Newport-Inglewood/Rose Canyon fault system. From these data, we infer that during large magnitude earthquakes a step-over along the fault zone results in the vertical displacement of an approximately 5-km 2 area that is consistent with the footprint of an estuary identified in pre-development maps. These findings provide insight on the evolution of the saltmarsh, coseismic deformation and earthquake recurrence in a wide area of southern California, and sensitive habitat already threatened by eustatic sea level rise.
Published: 2017
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294. First Liquid Layer Inertial Confinement Fusion Implosions at the National Ignition Facility.

Author: Olson RE, Leeper RJ, Kline JL, Zylstra AB, Yi SA, Biener J, Braun T, Kozioziemski BJ, Sater JD, Bradley PA, Peterson RR, Haines BM, Yin L, Berzak Hopkins LF, Meezan NB, Walters C, Biener MM, Kong C, Crippen JW, Kyrala GA, Shah RC, Herrmann HW, Wilson DC, Hamza AV, Nikroo A, and Batha SH
Abstract: The first cryogenic deuterium and deuterium-tritium liquid layer implosions at the National Ignition Facility (NIF) demonstrate D_{2} and DT layer inertial confinement fusion (ICF) implosions that can access a low-to-moderate hot-spot convergence ratio (1230) DT ice layer implosions. Although high CR is desirable in an idealized 1D sense, it amplifies the deleterious effects of asymmetries. To date, these asymmetries prevented the achievement of ignition at the NIF and are the major cause of simulation-experiment disagreement. In the initial liquid layer experiments, high neutron yields were achieved with CRs of 12-17, and the hot-spot formation is well understood, demonstrated by a good agreement between the experimental data and the radiation hydrodynamic simulations. These initial experiments open a new NIF experimental capability that provides an opportunity to explore the relationship between hot-spot convergence ratio and the robustness of hot-spot formation during ICF implosions.
Published: 2016
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295. The magnetic recoil spectrometer for measurements of the absolute neutron spectrum at OMEGA and the NIF.

Author: Casey DT, Frenje JA, Johnson MG, Séguin FH, Li CK, Petrasso RD, Glebov VY, Katz J, Magoon J, Meyerhofer DD, Sangster TC, Shoup M, Ulreich J, Ashabranner RC, Bionta RM, Carpenter AC, Felker B, Khater HY, LePape S, MacKinnon A, McKernan MA, Moran M, Rygg JR, Yeoman MF, Zacharias R, Leeper RJ, Fletcher K, Farrell M, Jasion D, Kilkenny J, and Paguio R
Abstract: The neutron spectrum produced by deuterium-tritium (DT) inertial confinement fusion implosions contains a wealth of information about implosion performance including the DT yield, ion-temperature, and areal-density. The Magnetic Recoil Spectrometer (MRS) has been used at both the OMEGA laser facility and the National Ignition Facility (NIF) to measure the absolute neutron spectrum from 3 to 30 MeV at OMEGA and 3 to 36 MeV at the NIF. These measurements have been used to diagnose the performance of cryogenic target implosions to unprecedented accuracy. Interpretation of MRS data requires a detailed understanding of the MRS response and background. This paper describes ab initio characterization of the system involving Monte Carlo simulations of the MRS response in addition to the commission experiments for in situ calibration of the systems on OMEGA and the NIF.
Published: 2013
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296. Neutron spectrometry--an essential tool for diagnosing implosions at the National Ignition Facility (invited).

Author: Gatu Johnson M, Frenje JA, Casey DT, Li CK, Séguin FH, Petrasso R, Ashabranner R, Bionta RM, Bleuel DL, Bond EJ, Caggiano JA, Carpenter A, Cerjan CJ, Clancy TJ, Doeppner T, Eckart MJ, Edwards MJ, Friedrich S, Glenzer SH, Haan SW, Hartouni EP, Hatarik R, Hatchett SP, Jones OS, Kyrala G, Le Pape S, Lerche RA, Landen OL, Ma T, MacKinnon AJ, McKernan MA, Moran MJ, Moses E, Munro DH, McNaney J, Park HS, Ralph J, Remington B, Rygg JR, Sepke SM, Smalyuk V, Spears B, Springer PT, Yeamans CB, Farrell M, Jasion D, Kilkenny JD, Nikroo A, Paguio R, Knauer JP, Glebov VY, Sangster TC, Betti R, Stoeckl C, Magoon J, Shoup MJ 3rd, Grim GP, Kline J, Morgan GL, Murphy TJ, Leeper RJ, Ruiz CL, Cooper GW, and Nelson AJ
Abstract: DT neutron yield (Y(n)), ion temperature (T(i)), and down-scatter ratio (dsr) determined from measured neutron spectra are essential metrics for diagnosing the performance of inertial confinement fusion (ICF) implosions at the National Ignition Facility (NIF). A suite of neutron-time-of-flight (nTOF) spectrometers and a magnetic recoil spectrometer (MRS) have been implemented in different locations around the NIF target chamber, providing good implosion coverage and the complementarity required for reliable measurements of Y(n), T(i), and dsr. From the measured dsr value, an areal density (ρR) is determined through the relationship ρR(tot) (g∕cm(2)) = (20.4 ± 0.6) × dsr(10-12 MeV). The proportionality constant is determined considering implosion geometry, neutron attenuation, and energy range used for the dsr measurement. To ensure high accuracy in the measurements, a series of commissioning experiments using exploding pushers have been used for in situ calibration of the as-built spectrometers, which are now performing to the required accuracy. Recent data obtained with the MRS and nTOFs indicate that the implosion performance of cryogenically layered DT implosions, characterized by the experimental ignition threshold factor (ITFx), which is a function of dsr (or fuel ρR) and Y(n), has improved almost two orders of magnitude since the first shot in September, 2010.
Published: 2012
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297. Charged-particle spectroscopy for diagnosing shock ρR and strength in NIF implosions.

Author: Zylstra AB, Frenje JA, Séguin FH, Rosenberg MJ, Rinderknecht HG, Johnson MG, Casey DT, Sinenian N, Manuel MJ, Waugh CJ, Sio HW, Li CK, Petrasso RD, Friedrich S, Knittel K, Bionta R, McKernan M, Callahan D, Collins GW, Dewald E, Döppner T, Edwards MJ, Glenzer S, Hicks DG, Landen OL, London R, Mackinnon A, Meezan N, Prasad RR, Ralph J, Richardson M, Rygg JR, Sepke S, Weber S, Zacharias R, Moses E, Kilkenny J, Nikroo A, Sangster TC, Glebov V, Stoeckl C, Olson R, Leeper RJ, Kline J, Kyrala G, and Wilson D
Abstract: The compact Wedge Range Filter (WRF) proton spectrometer was developed for OMEGA and transferred to the National Ignition Facility (NIF) as a National Ignition Campaign diagnostic. The WRF measures the spectrum of protons from D-(3)He reactions in tuning-campaign implosions containing D and (3)He gas; in this work we report on the first proton spectroscopy measurement on the NIF using WRFs. The energy downshift of the 14.7-MeV proton is directly related to the total ρR through the plasma stopping power. Additionally, the shock proton yield is measured, which is a metric of the final merged shock strength.
Published: 2012
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298. Measuring the absolute deuterium-tritium neutron yield using the magnetic recoil spectrometer at OMEGA and the NIF.

Author: Casey DT, Frenje JA, Gatu Johnson M, Séguin FH, Li CK, Petrasso RD, Glebov VY, Katz J, Knauer JP, Meyerhofer DD, Sangster TC, Bionta RM, Bleuel DL, Döppner T, Glenzer S, Hartouni E, Hatchett SP, Le Pape S, Ma T, MacKinnon A, McKernan MA, Moran M, Moses E, Park HS, Ralph J, Remington BA, Smalyuk V, Yeamans CB, Kline J, Kyrala G, Chandler GA, Leeper RJ, Ruiz CL, Cooper GW, Nelson AJ, Fletcher K, Kilkenny J, Farrell M, Jasion D, and Paguio R
Abstract: A magnetic recoil spectrometer (MRS) has been installed and extensively used on OMEGA and the National Ignition Facility (NIF) for measurements of the absolute neutron spectrum from inertial confinement fusion implosions. From the neutron spectrum measured with the MRS, many critical implosion parameters are determined including the primary DT neutron yield, the ion temperature, and the down-scattered neutron yield. As the MRS detection efficiency is determined from first principles, the absolute DT neutron yield is obtained without cross-calibration to other techniques. The MRS primary DT neutron measurements at OMEGA and the NIF are shown to be in excellent agreement with previously established yield diagnostics on OMEGA, and with the newly commissioned nuclear activation diagnostics on the NIF.
Published: 2012
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299. Canadian Surgery Forum.

Author: Fayez R, Roy M, Villeneuve S, AlMuntashery A, Demyttenaere S, Christou N, Court O, AlMuntashery A, Fayez R, Demyttenaere S, Christou N, Court O, Bodie G, Bonrath E, Hagen J, Okrainec A, Sullivan P, Grantcharov T, Almamar A, Sharma A, Karmali S, Birch DW, Gill RS, Majumdar SR, Wang X, Tuepah R, Klarenbach SW, Birch DW, Karmali S, Sharma AM, Padwal RJ, Raîche I, Smith C, Haggar F, Moloo H, Poulin EC, Martel G, Yelle JD, Mamazza J, Mueller CL, Jackson TD, Penner T, Pitzul K, Urbach DR, Okrainec A, AlMuntashery A, Villeneuve S, Roy M, Fayez R, Demyttenaere S, Christou N, Court O, Fayez R, Roy M, Villeneuve S, AlMuntashery A, Demyttenaere S, Christou N, Court O, AlMuntashery A, Fayez R, Demyttenaere S, Court O, Christou N, Moustarah F, Biertho L, Hould FS, Lebel S, Lescelleur O, Marceau S, Marceau P, Biron S, Khokhotva M, Grantcharov T, Anvari M, Sharma A, Yusuf S, Kwong J, Okrainec A, Pitzul KB, Urbach DR, Jackson T, Elkassem S, Lindsay D, Sullivan P, Smith L, Bonrath E, Zevin B, Dedy N, Grantcharov TP, Zevin B, Bonrath EM, Aggarwal R, Grantcharov T, Sockalingam S, Cassin S, Crawford S, Pitzul K, Khan A, Hawa R, Jackson T, Okrainec A, Smith C, Brar B, Mamazza J, Raîche I, Yelle JD, Haggar F, Moloo H, Smith C, Brar B, Haggar F, Dent R, Mamazza J, Raîche I, Moloo H, Whitlock KA, Gill RS, Ali T, Shi X, Birch DW, Karmali S, Gill RS, Whitlock KA, Shi X, Sarkhosh K, Birch DW, Karmali S, Suri M, Turner JM, Nation PN, Wizzard P, Brubaker PL, Gisalet DL, Wales PW, Palter VN, Grantcharov TP, Wakeam E, Tien H, Spencer F, Brenneman F, Khan RSA, Kowal J, Wiseman SM, Martelli V, Fraser SA, Vedel I, Deban M, Holcroft C, Monette M, Monette J, Bergman S, Malik A, Bell C, Stukel T, Urbach DR, Young PY, Mueller TF, Lucykx VA, Lukowski CM, Compston CA, Churchill TA, Khadaroo RG, Daigle C, Grantcharov T, McCreery G, Vogt K, Dubois L, Gray D, Seth R, Ananth A, Tai LH, Lam T, Falls T, Souza C, Bell J, Auer R, Paskar D, Crawford S, Parry N, Leslie K, Sudarshan M, Alhabboubi M, St-Louis E, Deckelbaum D, Razek T, Feldman LS, Khwaja K, Richardson D, Porter G, Johnson P, Haggar F, Boushey R, Moloo H, Raiche I, Mamazza J, Davis VW, Schiller DE, Eurich D, Sawyer MB, Rivard J, Vergis A, Unger B, Hardy K, Andrew C, Gillman L, Park J, Agzarian J, Prodger J, Kelly W, Kelly S, Prodger D, Racz J, Ewara E, Martin J, Sarma S, Chu M, Schlachta C, Zaric G, Winocour J, Al-Ali K, Briggs K, George R, Zilbert NR, Murnaghan ML, Leung A, Regehr G, Moulton CA, Decker C, Neumann K, Mahmud S, Metcalfe J, McKay A, Park J, Hochman D, Gosney JE Jr, Burkle FM Jr, Redmond AD, McQueen K, Wissanji H, Desrosiers E, Gilbert A, Chadi SA, Leslie K, Ott MC, Alhabboubi M, Sudarshan M, Jessula S, Alburakan A, Deckelbaum D, Razek T, Iqbal S, Khwaja K, Partridge E, Aikins C, Alhabboubi M, Sudarshan M, Deckelbaum D, Iqbal S, Khwaja K, Razek T, Olszewski M, Roberts N, Moulton CA, Murnaghan ML, Cil T, Chan R, Marshall J, Pederson K, Erichsen S, White J, Nadler A, Aarts MA, Okrainec A, Victor JC, Pearsall E, McLeod RS, Hameed U, Jackson TD, Okrainec A, Penner TP, Urbach DR, Brotherhood H, Karimuddin A, Hall C, Bawan S, Malik S, Hayashi A, Menezes AS, Gill RS, McAlister C, Zhang N, DesRosiers E, Mills A, Crozier M, Lee L, Maxwell J, Partridge E, Chad S, Steigerwald S, Mapiour D, Roberts D, MacPherson C, Donahoe L, MacDonald B, Mercer D, Hopman W, Rakovich G, Latulippe JF, Hilsden R, Knowles S, Moffat B, Parry N, Leslie K, Merani S, Switzer N, Khadaroo RG, Tul Y, Widder S, Davis P, Molinari M, Levy A, Johnson P, Davis PJB, Bailey J, Molinari M, Hayden J, Johnson P, Cools-Lartigue J, Benlolo S, Marcus V, Ferri L, Ojah J, Finley R, Anderson D, Julien F, Gagné JP, Carter D, Chan S, Wong S, Li J, Michael A, Choi D, Liu E, Hoogenes J, Dath D, Pitt D, Aubin JM, Banks BA, Mew D, McConnell Y, Rudovics A, Classen D, Kanthan S, Ravichandran P, Croome KP, Kovacs MJ, Lazo-Langner A, Hernandez-Alejandro R, Anantha R, Vogt K, Crawford S, Parry N, Leslie K, Aad I, Kholdebarin R, Khoshgoo N, Iwasiow BM, Keijzer R, Aird LNF, Brown CJ, Wong SL, Isa D, Pace D, Payne JRM, Widder S, Tul Y, Primrose M, Hudson D, Khadaroo RG, Hallet J, Lauzier F, Mailloux O, Trottier V, ARchambault P, Zarychanski R, Turgeon AF, Mailloux O, Farries L, Hardy P, Muirhead RM, Raiche I, Masters J, Haggar F, Poulin HMEC, Martel G, Mamazza J, Botkin C, Milbrandt C, Keijzer R, Morency D, Sideris L, Grenier-Vallée P, Latulippe JF, Dubé P, Berger-Richardson D, Kurashima Y, Kaneva P, Feldman LS, Fried GM, Vassiliou MC, Isa AD, Kwan AH, Dupuis I, Fraser SA, Schweigert M, Solymosi N, Rauh N, Dubecz A, Renz M, Ofner D, Stein HJ, Koubi S, Borgaonkar M, Ernjakovic M, Crystal P, Easson A, Escallon J, Reedijk M, Cil T, Leong WL, McCready DR, Grant K, Clifton J, Mayo J, Finley R, Cools-Lartigue J, Noreau-Nguyen M, Mulder DS, Ferri LE, Carrott P, Markar S, Hong J, Low DE, Stafford T, Maslow A, Davignon K, Ng T, Malthaner R, Tan L, Aruranian J, Kosa S, Sudarshan M, Ferri LE, Hanna WC, Murphy G, Allison F, Moshonov H, Darling GE, Waddell TK, De Perrot M, Cypel M, Yasufuku K, Keshavjee S, Paul NS, Pierre AF, Lee L, Darling G, Pedneault C, Marcus V, Mulder DS, Ferri LE, Markar S, Low D, Razzak R, Roa W, Löbenberg R, McEwan S, Bédard EL, Bharadwaj SC, Louie BE, Farivar AS, McHugh SP, Aye RW, Ashrafi AS, Tan-Tam C, De Vera M, Bond RJ, Ong SR, Johal B, Schellenberg D, Po M, Nissar S, Lund C, Ahmadi SY, Ouellette D, Wakil N, Rakovich G, Beauchamps G, Markar S, Preston S, Baker C, Low D, Bottoni DA, Campbell G, Malthaner RA, Knickle C, Bethune D, Henteleff H, Johnston M, Buduhan G, Coughlin S, Coughlin HE, Roth L, Bhandari M, Malthaner R, Gazala S, Johnson J, Kutsogiannis J, Bédard E, Gazala S, Rammohan K, Stewart K, Bédard E, Donahoe L, Buduhan G, Walker K, Gruchy J, Xu Z, Buduhan G, Li C, Ferri LE, Mulder DS, Ncuti A, Neville A, Kaneva P, Watson D, Vassiliou M, Carli F, Feldman LS, Alnasser S, Av R, Mayrand S, Franco E, Ferri LE, Schweigert M, Dubecz A, Renz M, Stadlhuber RJ, Ofner D, Stein HJ, Schweigert M, Renz M, Dubecz A, Solymosi N, Thumfart L, Ofner D, Stein HJ, Zhuruk A, Croome K, Leeper R, Hernandez R, Hanouf A, Livingstone S, Sapp J, Woodhall D, Alwayn I, Vanounou T, Bergman S, Karanicolas P, Lam-McCulloch J, Balaa F, Jayaraman S, Quan D, Wei A, Guyatt G, Aubin JM, Rekman JF, Fairfull-Smith RJ, Mimeault R, Balaa FK, Martel G, Yeung JC, Boehnert MS, Bazerbachi F, Knaak JM, Selzner N, McGilvray ID, Rotstein OD, Adeyi OA, Levy GA, Keshavjee S, Grant DR, Selzner M, Dumitra S, Khalil JA, Jamal M, Chaudhury P, Zogopoulos G, Petrakos P, Tchervenkov J, Barkun J, Simoneau E, Jamal MH, Hassanain M, Chaudhury P, Wong S, Salman A, Tran T, Metrakos P, Vanounou TT, Groeschl RT, Geller DA, Marsh JW, Gamblin TC, Howe B, Croome K, Hawel J, Croome K, Quan D, Hernandez R, Jang JH, Kim PTW, Greig PD, Gallinger S, Moulton CA, Wei AC, Fischer SE, Cleary SP, Bertens K, Vogt KN, Hernandez-Alejandro R, Gray DK, Rekman JF, Aubin JM, Fairfull-Smith JJ, Mimeault R, Balaa FK, Martel G, Wei AC, Devitt KS, Ramjaun A, Gallingher S, Dumitra S, Alabbad S, Constantinos D, Hassanein M, Barkun J, Metrakos P, Paraskevas S, Chaudhury P, Tchervenkov J, Koubi S, Borgaonkar M, Ouellet JF, Tanyingoh D, Dixon E, Kaplan GG, Myers RP, Howard TJ, Sutherland FR, Zyromski NJ, Ball CG, Wei AC, Coburn N, Moulton CA, Cleary SP, Law CH, Greig P, Steven G, Covelli A, Baxter N, Fitch M, Wright F, Maniar R, Hochman DJ, Wirtzfeld DA, McKay A, Yaffe CS, Yip B, Silverman R, Park J, Sun S, McConnell YJ, Temple WJ, Mack LA, Davis VW, Schiller DE, Bathe OF, Sawyer MB, Brackstone M, Scott L, Vandenberg T, Perera F, Potvin K, Chambers A, Boissonneault R, Loungnarath R, DeBroux É, Lavertu S, Donath D, Ayoub JP, Tehfé M, Richard C, Kim SHH, Cornacchi SD, Heller B, Farrokhyar F, Babra M, Lovrics PJ, Baliski C, Liberto C, Gazala S, Ghosh S, McLean R, Schiller D, Hameed U, Jackson TD, Okrainec A, Penner TP, Urbach DR, Sudarshan M, Dumitra S, Duplisea J, Wexler S, Arnaout A, Seely J, Smylie J, Knight K, Robertson S, Watters J, Wedman D, Zhang T, Arneout A, Nostedt M, Hochman D, Wirtzfeld D, McKay A, Yip B, Yaffe CS, Silverman R, Park J, Hebbard P, Baxter N, Yun L, Rakovitch E, Wright F, Warner E, McCready D, Hodgson N, Quan ML, Shetty SJ, Natarajan B, Govindarajan V, Thomas P, Loggie BW, Dixon M, Brar S, Mahar A, Law C, Coburn N, Wei AC, Devitt KS, Wiebe M, Bathe OF, McLeod RS, Baxter NN, Gagliardi AR, Kennedy ED, Urbach DR, Dixon M, Brar S, Mahar A, Law C, Coburn N, Kazazian K, Zih F, Rosario C, Dennis J, Gingras AC, Swallow C, Lemke M, Ko YJ, Rowsell C, Law CHL, Wells B, Saskin R, Quan ML, Musselman RP, Xie M, McLaughlin K, Marginean C, Moyana TN, Moloo H, Boushey RP, Auer RC, Zih FSW, Razik R, Haase E, Mathieson A, Smith AJ, Swallow CJ, Menezes AS, Barnes A, Scheer AS, Moloo H, Boushey RP, Sabri E, Auer RAC, Nassif M, Reidel K, Trabulsi N, Meterissian S, Tamblyn R, Mayo N, Meguerditchian AN, Leon-Carlyle M, Brown JA, Hamm J, Phang PT, Raval MJ, Brown CJ, Wei AC, Devitt KS, Wiebe M, Bathe OF, McLeod RS, Taylor B, Urbach DR, Krotneva S, Reidel K, Mayo N, Tamblyn R, Meguerditchian A, Bradley NL, Hamm JD, Wiseman SM, Trabulsi N, Patakfalvi L, Nassif M, Turcotte R, Nichols A, Meguerditchian A, Trabulsi N, Riedel KE, Winslade NE, Grégoire JP, Meterissian S, Abrahamovicz M, Megueerditchian A, Chin-Lenn L, Pasieka J, Cheng H, McMillan C, Lipa J, Snell L, Petrucci AM, Sudarshan M, Dumitra S, Duplisea J, Wexler S, Meterissian S, Sandhu L, Tomlinson G, Kennedy ED, Wei A, Baxter NN, Urbach DR, Neville A, Liberman AS, Charlebois P, Stein B, Ncuti A, Vassiliou MC, Fried GM, Feldman LS, Lee L, Capretti G, Power A, Liberman AS, Charlebois P, Stein B, Kaneva P, Carli F, Fried GM, Feldman LS, Li C, Carli F, Charlebois P, Stein B, Liberman AS, Kaneva P, Augustin B, Gamsa A, Kim DJ, Vassiliou M, Feldman L, Yang I, Boushey R, Moloo H, Prabhu KL, Vu L, Chan S, Phang PT, Gown A, Jones S, Wiseman S, Melich G, Jeong DH, Hur H, Baik SH, Kim NK, Faria J, Min BS, Knowles S, Lumb K, Colquhoun P, Richardson D, Porter G, Johnson P, Borowiec AM, Baxter NN, Schmocker S, Huang H, Victor JC, Krzyzanowska MK, Brierley J, McLeod RS, Kennedy ED, Hallet J, Milot H, Desrosiers E, Lebrun A, Drolet S, Bouchard A, Grégoire RC, Boissonneault R, Vuong T, Loungnarath R, DeBroux E, Liberman AS, Charlebois P, Stein B, Richard C, Kolozsvari NO, Capretti G, Kaneva P, Neville A, Carli F, Liberman S, Charlebois P, Stein B, Vassiliou MC, Fried GM, Feldman LS, Hallet J, Milot H, Drolet S, Bouchard A, Grégoire RC, Tuttle P, Powell R, Fowler A, Mathieson A, VanHouwelingen L, Martin K, Vogt K, Ott MC, Haggar F, Pereira G, Einarsdottir K, Moloo H, Boushey R, Mamazza J, Boulanger-Gobeil C, Bouchard A, Gagné JP, Grégoire RC, Thibault C, Bouchard P, Chan BP, Gomes T, Musselman RP, Auer RC, Moloo H, Mamdani M, Al-Omran M, Boushey RP, AlObeed O, Chan BP, Armstrong JBP, Fergusson DA, Forster AJ, Boushey RP, Richardson D, Porter G, Johnson P, Musselman RP, Gomes T, Chan BP, Auer RC, Moloo H, Mamdani M, Al-Omran M, Al-Obaid O, Boushey RP, Melich G, Lim DR, Min BS, Baik SH, Gordon PH, Kim NK, Phang PT, Lo A, Pinsk I, Brown C, Raval M, Goldstein LJ, Cheng H, Wen C, Wong C, Johnston N, Farrokhyar F, Stephen W, Kelly S, Lindsay L, Forbes S, Lebrun A, Bouchard A, Chadi SA, Parry NG, Leslie K, and Ott MC
Published: 2012
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300. Assembly of high-areal-density deuterium-tritium fuel from indirectly driven cryogenic implosions.

Author: Mackinnon AJ, Kline JL, Dixit SN, Glenzer SH, Edwards MJ, Callahan DA, Meezan NB, Haan SW, Kilkenny JD, Döppner T, Farley DR, Moody JD, Ralph JE, MacGowan BJ, Landen OL, Robey HF, Boehly TR, Celliers PM, Eggert JH, Krauter K, Frieders G, Ross GF, Hicks DG, Olson RE, Weber SV, Spears BK, Salmonsen JD, Michel P, Divol L, Hammel B, Thomas CA, Clark DS, Jones OS, Springer PT, Cerjan CJ, Collins GW, Glebov VY, Knauer JP, Sangster C, Stoeckl C, McKenty P, McNaney JM, Leeper RJ, Ruiz CL, Cooper GW, Nelson AG, Chandler GG, Hahn KD, Moran MJ, Schneider MB, Palmer NE, Bionta RM, Hartouni EP, LePape S, Patel PK, Izumi N, Tommasini R, Bond EJ, Caggiano JA, Hatarik R, Grim GP, Merrill FE, Fittinghoff DN, Guler N, Drury O, Wilson DC, Herrmann HW, Stoeffl W, Casey DT, Johnson MG, Frenje JA, Petrasso RD, Zylestra A, Rinderknecht H, Kalantar DH, Dzenitis JM, Di Nicola P, Eder DC, Courdin WH, Gururangan G, Burkhart SC, Friedrich S, Blueuel DL, Bernstein LA, Eckart MJ, Munro DH, Hatchett SP, Macphee AG, Edgell DH, Bradley DK, Bell PM, Glenn SM, Simanovskaia N, Barrios MA, Benedetti R, Kyrala GA, Town RP, Dewald EL, Milovich JL, Widmann K, Moore AS, LaCaille G, Regan SP, Suter LJ, Felker B, Ashabranner RC, Jackson MC, Prasad R, Richardson MJ, Kohut TR, Datte PS, Krauter GW, Klingman JJ, Burr RF, Land TA, Hermann MR, Latray DA, Saunders RL, Weaver S, Cohen SJ, Berzins L, Brass SG, Palma ES, Lowe-Webb RR, McHalle GN, Arnold PA, Lagin LJ, Marshall CD, Brunton GK, Mathisen DG, Wood RD, Cox JR, Ehrlich RB, Knittel KM, Bowers MW, Zacharias RA, Young BK, Holder JP, Kimbrough JR, Ma T, La Fortune KN, Widmayer CC, Shaw MJ, Erbert GV, Jancaitis KS, DiNicola JM, Orth C, Heestand G, Kirkwood R, Haynam C, Wegner PJ, Whitman PK, Hamza A, Dzenitis EG, Wallace RJ, Bhandarkar SD, Parham TG, Dylla-Spears R, Mapoles ER, Kozioziemski BJ, Sater JD, Walters CF, Haid BJ, Fair J, Nikroo A, Giraldez E, Moreno K, Vanwonterghem B, Kauffman RL, Batha S, Larson DW, Fortner RJ, Schneider DH, Lindl JD, Patterson RW, Atherton LJ, and Moses EI
Abstract: The National Ignition Facility has been used to compress deuterium-tritium to an average areal density of ~1.0±0.1 g cm(-2), which is 67% of the ignition requirement. These conditions were obtained using 192 laser beams with total energy of 1-1.6 MJ and peak power up to 420 TW to create a hohlraum drive with a shaped power profile, peaking at a soft x-ray radiation temperature of 275-300 eV. This pulse delivered a series of shocks that compressed a capsule containing cryogenic deuterium-tritium to a radius of 25-35 μm. Neutron images of the implosion were used to estimate a fuel density of 500-800 g cm(-3).
Published: 2012
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