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Introduction It is known that the density of the cortical plate of long bones in patients with chronic osteomyelitis changes throughout its extension. However, the nature of structural disorders in the cortical layer outside the inflammation zone has not been studied well. Purpose To study the structural features of the cortical plate of the femur and tibia outside the focus of inflammation to identify microcavities and microabscesses. Material and methods The study is retrospective conducted at one center. Evidence level IV. In 92 patients with chronic osteomyelitis of long bones of the lower extremities, using polypositional radiography and multislice computed tomography (MSCT), the features of radiological morphology of the femur and tibia were studied in order to reveal structural features of the cortical plate and identify microcavities. Results The cause of osteomyelitis in 5 cases was a consequence of hematogenous osteomyelitis, and in 87 cases it developed due to trauma or surgery. The most common location of chronic osteomyelitis was the distal femur and tibia. Anatomical changes in the femur and tibia in all patients had individual differences. Radiological morphological manifestations such as local and general osteoporosis, foci of osteosclerosis, architectonic disorders occurred in all patients. However, the severity of changes in the bone structure was extremely diverse, including the changes in bone density. Conclusion The data obtained indicate that radiological morphological changes in the cortical plate outside the zone of destruction are manifested by formation of microcavities and microabscesses in 15.6 % of patients, what plays an important role in possible recurrence of osteomyelitis.

Introduction It is known that the function and structure of the muscles of the thigh and lower leg are closely related to the function of the lower limb, which is impaired to one degree or another in all patients with chronic osteomyelitis. However, the nature of structural changes in the muscles, which, in turn, affect the condition of the bones, has not been well studied. Purpose of the work To study the features of changes in the muscles of the thigh and lower leg in patients with chronic osteomyelitis according to MSCT data. Material and methods The study is retrospective conducted at a single centre of Evidence level IV. Multislice computed tomography (MSCT) was used in 112 patients with chronic osteomyelitis of long bones of the lower extremities to study the radiological morphology of the muscles of the thigh and lower leg, including density, muscle belly area, and anatomical features. Twenty patients had chronic osteomyelitis in the area of transosseous elements (pins). The mean age of the patients was 48.5 ± 9.8 years. Males prevailed among the patients (87.5 %). The cause of osteomyelitis in 107 cases was trauma or surgery, five patients had consequences of hematogenous osteomyelitis. Results The results of the study showed that the muscles of the thigh and lower leg in patients with chronic osteomyelitis have pronounced dystrophic changes. In 89.4 % of patients, they were manifested by an increase in the density of the anterior tibial muscle, long extensor of the toes (84.7 %), peroneal muscles (78.5 %) and a decrease in the density of the head of the gastrocnemius muscle (91.3 %). In 10.6 % of the patients, there was a decrease in the density of the anterior tibial muscle, the long extensor of the fingers. In all patients with chronic osteomyelitis of the femur, the density of the muscles of the anterior and posterior groups was reduced, except for the musculus vastus intermedius of the thigh that was characterized by fibrotic changes with an increase in density. Conclusion The data obtained indicate that radiological morphological changes in muscles occur in all patients with chronic osteomyelitis of the femur and lower leg. The most pronounced alterations in the architectonics were in the anterior tibial and gastrocnemius muscles, and the intermediate broad muscle of the thigh.

Introduction Literature data and analysis of our own material indicate a change in the density of the long bone cortical plate in patients with chronic osteomyelitis along its extension; however, the nature and degree of structural disorders of the cortical layer beyond the inflammation zone is an unexplored area of radiomorphology. Objective To study the structural features of the cortical plate of the femur and tibia outside the inflammation nidus and the change in its structure in the form of trabecularization. Material and methods The study is retrospective single-center work of level of evidence IV. In 86 patients with chronic osteomyelitis of the long bones of the lower extremities, using polypositional radiography and multislice computed tomography (MSCT), the features of radiological morphology of the femur and tibia were studied in order to identify structural features and quantify the density of the cortical plate and its trabecularization. Results The cause of the inflammatory process in the bone in 83 cases was trauma or surgery, and consequences of hematogenous osteomyelitis in three cases. The most common location of chronic osteomyelitis was the distal femur (24) and tibia (25) bones. Due to long-term disease, nonunion or a bone defect developed in 11 patients. Analysis of MSCT data in 86 patients with chronic osteomyelitis showed that anatomical changes in the femur and tibia and the density characteristics of the cortical plate near the focus of destruction were manifested in 79.5 % of patients with a decrease in the thickness of the cortical plate (up to 2 mm) with complete trabecularization in separate areas with density from 290 to 360HU in 47.7 % of the examined. Conclusion Radiological morphological changes in the cortical plate of the femur and tibia in patients with chronic osteomyelitis near the focus of destruction were characterized by a decrease in the thickness and density of the cortical plate, accompanied by its complete or partial trabecularization with a density not exceeding 315.5 ± 38.6 Hounsfield units (HU) in 41 ( 47.7 %) of 86 patients.

The author examines the concept of security, financial security of a person, problems and trends in lending, mortgage housing loans and car loans to individuals. The analysis of the dynamics of various types of lending, overdue debt, the number of operating credit institutions, interest rates and their relationship with debt on mortgage loans is given. Satisfaction of individuals with the current financial situation and changing risks for the financial security of a person are investigated. The main directions of improving the protection of the individual in this segment, the conditions for improving the protection of the borrower, and ensuring the personal safety of citizens are proposed.

The article presents an analysis of the current state of scientific research of the concept ofpersonnel security. The definitions of both Russian and foreign authors are grouped in terms offour approaches: as a process ofprevention of negative impacts on security; as an element of economic security; as a state of security; as a set of different management functions. The author's definition of the considered category is offered, factors are revealed, the main purpose, tasks are formulated, threats and risks of personnel security of the state are defined. In addition, the allocated levels ofpersonnel securityfrom the point of view of degree scale (area) and also from the point of view of the scale of the objectives, timelines and implementation.

Chekhov’s oeuvre is “the text of culture” which broadcasts meanings outside literature to the other kinds of arts. An artist, who perceives and conceives it, may find himself or herself in the milieu of different time and space. However, his or her vision and perception of Chekhov’s personality and works enrich both his/her own world of arts, the world of arts in general, and the understanding of Chekhov’s oeuvre and legacy. Artists of the Don and Azov Region, who come from the same part of the country as the great writer, react to the writer’s destiny and works in much more vivid way, creating some kind of the “Chekhovian text” in the fine arts of the region. Originality of artistic searches, specific features of artists’ manner and style, profoundly expressed focus of their creative efforts on Chekhov’s works and life, and allusions to writer’s works condition the selection of samples of the fine arts Chekhoviana in the Don and Sea of Azov Region. A sculptural portrait of A.P. Chekhov by S.N. Oleshnya illustrates the perception of the writer by his contemporaries: a combination of cheerfulness, love for life, humour, and sadness. A work by V.A. Kozin entitled Chekhov is a sample of Vector graphic art and depicts the writer as a “common man”, stressing the idea by a slightly changed Chekhov’s phrase given at the bottom of the sheet. A sculptural portrait of A.P. Chekhov by A.A. Sknarin, a sculptor, and Yu.D. Dvornikov, an architect, depicts Anton Pavlovich both as a genius writer and a great public figure and enlightener, who enlarged and enriched the stocks of a city public library in Taganrog with a great number of books. At the same time, the monument turned out to be harmoniously “inside” the Pushkin plot of Rostov-on-Don. The Monument to A.P. Chekhov “The Cherry Orchard” by D.V. Lyndin in Taganrog is a sample of site-specific and environmental art – the genre urban sculpture. A stage set study for the Chekhov’s play The Cherry Orchard by A.A. Mytnikov and a study-scale landscape by M.P. Volodina entitled The Cherry Orchard differently, but, at the same time, in Chekhov’s way convey the sense of the play. The fine arts Chekhoviana of the region is an independent and original phenomenon.

The aim. To determine the degree of increased operative risk in the group of patients with a combination of aortic aneurysms and coronary artery disease compared with those with isolated aortic aneurysms. Materials and methods. In the period from January 1, 2010 to October 1, 2021 at the National Amosov Institute of Cardiovascular Surgery, 820 patients with aortic aneurysm, including 172 (20.9%) patients with concomitant aortic and coronary artery disease, underwent surgical treatment. Diagnosis was based on standard examination methods such as electrocardiography, transthoracic echocardiography, coronary angiography, and computed tomography without coronary angiography in cases of aortic dissection. In patients with aortic dissection and coronary artery disease, the extent of the lesion was examined mainly by CT diagnosis and Coronary Artery Disease Reporting and Data System (CAD-RADS) scale due to contraindications to coronary angiography. Results.Thetotalnumberofcomplicationswas26(15.1%)cases.Cerebrovasculardisorderswereobservedin4(2.3%) cases, 3 of which regressed in the postoperative period; in all 4 (2.3%) cases there was a history of acute cerebrovascular disorders. Spinal cord ischemia was observed in 2 (1.2%) cases. Multiple organ failure occurred in the postoperative period in 6 (3.5%) patients, renal failure in 4 (2.3%) patients. Respiratory failure was found in 3 (1.7%) patients. Septic shock occurred in 1 (0.6%) patient. Increased exudation was present in 6 (3.5%) cases requiring rethoracotomy. There were 7 (4.0%) in-hospital deaths, 3 (9.3%) in the acute dissection group and 4 (2.9%) in the aortic aneurysm group without stratification. The distribution of patients by lethal complications was as follows: 1 (14.3%) patient had acute cerebrovascular accident, 1 (14.3%) had septic shock and 1 (14.3%) had acute renal failure. In more than 50% of cases, the cause of death was multiple organ failure (4 [57%] patients). Conclusions. Concomitant lesions of arteries with aortic aneurysms are associated with higher rates of postoperative complications and mortality. In the group of patients with aortic dissection combined with coronary artery disease, there was longer duration of surgery, duration of artificial circulation and aortic compression due to the high initial severity of condition in such patients and greater complexity and volume of surgery. Hospital mortality in the group of aortic aneurysms combined with coronary artery lesions was almost 3 times higher than that in the group of isolated aortic aneurysms (4% and 1.5%, respectively).

The objective of the study: to evaluate and compare the predictors of effectiveness of navigation bronchobiopsy – radial endobronchial ultrasound with mini probes (rEBUS) in patients with peripheral pulmonary tumors of tuberculosis and oncological origin.Subjects and Methods. The effectiveness of rEBUS-guided bronchoscopic biopsies and predictors of this effectiveness were retrospectively analyzed in 152 patients (71 men and 81 women) with pulmonary tumors visualized by chest computed tomography (CT) as peripheral lung masses. All patients were divided into 2 groups according to the verified diagnoses: TB Group included 83 patients with pulmonary tuberculosis without bacterial excretion at the time of bronchological examination; NEO Group included 69 patients with pulmonary neoplasms.In all patients of both groups, a bronchological examination was performed for diagnostic purposes and included several types of biopsies (a set of biopsies): at least one of the liquid biopsies (bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) or bronchial lavage) and one tissue biopsy (transbronchial lung biopsy (TBLB) or brush biopsy). Specimens of all types of bronchobiopsy were sent for microbiological and cytological tests, and the TBLB samples were additionally sent for histological examination.Results. The efficiency of diagnosing bronchobiopsy with rEBUS navigation in TB and NEO Groups was comparable – 81.9% (68/83) and 81.2% (56/69) (pχ2 > 0.05), respectively. The factors (predictors) that statistically significantly influenced on effectiveness of bronchobiopsy in both groups were the following: signs of draining bronchus on chest CT, visualization of the mass in general during rEBUS, central position of the ultrasound probe in the mass during navigation, localization of the mass in the upper lobe of the right lung versus the lower lobe (summarized in two groups).Additionally for TB Group, the predictor was the size of the mass exceeding 20 mm.The effectiveness of cytological and histological verification in NEO Group with brush biopsy and TBLB samples significantly surpassed the effectiveness in TB Group, but the microbiological diagnosis of M. tuberculosis in BAL/bronchial lavage specimens increased the effectiveness in TB Group and made it comparable to NEO Group.

The article presents the analysis of migration flows in the Russian Federation, determines their impact on the level ofpersonnel security of the state. The directions of state regulation of the labor market (reduction of tension, achievement of maximum employment, implementation of state programs, international cooperation), as well as factors that have a direct and indirect impact on the level ofpersonnel security of the state and the necessary conditions for its evaluation are outlined. The complex criterion of an estimation of level ofpersonnel safety of the state on the basis of coefficients ofweight and expert estimations is offered.

IntroductionTumor resistance to chemotherapy and metastatic relapse account for more than 90% of cancer specific mortality. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) can process chemotherapeutic agents and impair their action. Little is known about the direct effects of chemotherapy on TAMs.MethodsThe effect of chemotherapeutic platinum agent cisplatin was assessed in the model system of human ex vivo TAMs. Whole-transcriptome sequencing for paired TAMs stimulated and not stimulated by cisplatin was analysed by NGS. Endocytic uptake of EGF was quantified by flow cytometry. Confocal microscopy was used to visualize stabilin-1-mediated internalization and endocytic trafficking of EGF in CHO cells expressing ectopically recombinant stabilin-1 and in stabilin-1+ TAMs. In cohort of patients with breast cancer, the effect of platinum therapy on the transcriptome of TAMs was validated, and differential expression of regulators of endocytosis was identified.ResultsHere we show that chemotherapeutic agent cisplatin can initiate detrimental transcriptional and functional programs in TAMs, without significant impairment of their viability. We focused on the clearance function of TAMs that controls composition of tumor microenvironment. For the first time we demonstrated that TAMs’ scavenger receptor stabilin-1 is responsible for the clearance of epidermal growth factor (EGF), a potent stimulator of tumor growth. Cisplatin suppressed both overall and EGF-specific endocytosis in TAMs by bidirectional mode: suppression of positive regulators and stimulation of negative regulators of endocytosis, with strongest effect on synaptotagmin-11 (SYT11), confirmed in patients with breast cancer.ConclusionOur data demonstrate that synergistic action of cytostatic agents and innovative immunomodulators is required to overcome cancer therapy resistance.

IntroductionIncreasing evidence suggests that it is necessary to find effective and robust clinically validated prognostic biomarkers that can identify “high-risk” colorectal cancer (CRC) patients. Currently, available prognostic factors largely include clinical-pathological parameters and focus on the cancer stage at the time of diagnosis. Among cells of tumor microenvironment (TME) only Immunoscore classifier based on T lymphocytes showed high predictive value.MethodsIn the present study, we performed the complex analysis of mRNA and protein expression of crucial regulators of tumor angiogenesis and tumor progression, expressed by tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs): S100A4, SPP1 and SPARC. Colon and rectal cancer patients were investigated independently and in a combined cohort (CRC). For mRNA expression, we analyzed RNA sequencing data obtained from TCGA (N=417) and GEO (N=92) cohorts of colorectal cancer patients. For protein expression, we performed IHC digital quantification of tumor tissues obtained from 197 patients with CRC treated in the Department of abdominal oncology in Clinics of Tomsk NRMC.ResultsHigh S100A4 mRNA expression accurately predicted poor survival for patients with CRC independently of cancer type. SPARC mRNA level was independent prognostic factors for survival in colon but not in rectal cancer. SPP1 mRNA level had significant predictive value for survival in both rectal and colon cancers. Analysis of human CRC tissues revealed that S100A4, SPP1 and SPARC are expressed by stromal compartments, in particular by TAMs, and have a strong correlation with macrophage infiltration. Finally, our results indicate that chemotherapy-based treatment can change the predictive direction of S100A4 for rectal cancer patients. We found that S100A4 stromal levels were higher in patients with better response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy/chemoradiotherapy, and S100A4 mRNA levels predicted better DFS among non-responders.DiscussionThese findings can help improve the prognosis of patients with CRC based on S100A4, SPP1 and SPARC expression levels.

A wide variety of zoonotic viruses that can cross the interspecies barrier promote the emergence of new, potentially pandemic viruses in the human population that is often accompanied by the disappearance of existing circulating strains. Among the various reasons underlying this phenomenon is the strengthening of herd immunity by expanding the immune layer of population and improving means and methods of medical care. However, natura abhorret vacuum, and new pathogens come to replace disappearing ones. Over the past ten years, humanity has faced two pandemics: swine flu A(H1N1)pdm09 in 2009 and COVID-19 in 2019, providing scientists with a unique opportunity to learn more about a relationship between respiratory viruses and their pathogenesis. Together with viruses of pandemic significance, a large number of seasonal respiratory viruses circulate, which contribute to the structure of human morbidity, and coinfections aggravate the condition of the illness. In the conditions of the spread of new viruses with unexplored characteristics, in the absence of means of prevention and therapy, it is especially important to prevent the aggravation of morbidity due to mixed infections. Here we review the mutual involvement of pandemic influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 and SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus and seasonal respiratory viruses in the epidemic process, discuss some issues related to their spread, potential causes affecting the spread and severity of the morbidity. The given facts testify to the existence of seasonality and temporal patterns of the beginning and end of respiratory viruses circulation. Interestingly, the beginning of circulation of the pandemic influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus led to a shift in the timing and intensity of circulation of some respiratory viruses, which is probably caused by existence of “replication conflicts” between them, and did not affect others. Coinfection with SARS-CoV-2-19 and other respiratory viruses, especially respiratory syncytial virus and rhinoviruses, was quite often observed. At the current stage, no aggravating effect of influenza on the course of COVID-19 in mixed infection has been established. Whether this is due to the mild course of influenza infection in the 2020 epidemic season, or the competitive impact of SARS-CoV-2 on influenza viruses is not yet clear. Experts are still at the stage of accumulating facts and working on creating means of effective prevention and treatment of the new coronavirus infection.

A marker of the epidemic significance of Vibrio cholerae is their toxigenicity. Therefore, much attention is currently paid to the creation of diagnostic preparations for the detection of cholera toxin and assessment of the level of its production. The volumetric immunosuspension agglomeration reaction, carried out with the help of latex diagnosticums, is an analogue of the indirect hemagglutination reaction, an affordable and technically simple method, since it does not require special equipment and can be used when conducting research in the field. The aim of the study was to design a polymeric immunoglobulin diagnosticum for determining cholera toxin and the level of its production by vibrio strains. Materials and methods. Cholera toxin was obtained from the producer strain Vibrio cholerae Classical 569 B. Rabbit serum to the toxin was obtained according to the method selected by the authors. A polymeric diagnostic immunoglobulin antitoxic drug was obtained through sensitizing immunoglobulins from cholera antitoxic rabbit serum on the surface of polyacrolein microspheres with a size of (1±0.1) μm. Results and discussion. The analytical sensitivity of the developed diagnostic preparation with control cholera toxin is 100 ng/ml. It detects cholera toxin in toxigenic strains of Vibrio cholerae in a titer of 1:16 – 1:512, gives negative results with non-toxigenic strains of V. cholerae O1, V. Cholerae nonO1/nonO139, with samples of heterologous cultures, LPS preparations, liquid nutrient medium used for the cultivation of V. cholerae. Thus, a polymeric immunoglobulin diagnosticum has been constructed to detect and quantify the production of cholera toxin by vibrio strains, and its analytical sensitivity and specificity have been established.

Neutropenia is the most common hematologic toxicity of chemotherapy. Severe and prolonged neutropenia can cause treatment delay and dose reduction. Clinical studies indicate that reducing the relative dose intensity of regimens harms treatment outcomes, especially in breast, ovarian, and pancreatic cancers. Therefore, screening of patients at high risk of neutropenia that limits planned chemotherapy is of practical importance. Unfortunately, most clinical studies indicate only the incidence of myelotoxicity with each chemotherapy regimen, and only a few have analyzed the potential risks associated with this complication. That is significant importance in highly chemotherapy-sensitive malignancies. Such patients often receive dose intense and dose dens chemotherapy. The risk of severe neutropenia in such patients and failure to adhere to planned chemotherapy may reduce the chances of cure. Currently, there is no consensus among oncologists on the management strategy for patients with neutropenia limiting chemotherapy. This topic is a worldwide discussion. The article presents scientific evidence and clinical studies dedicated to this problem. A general analysis of clinical data and experience of oncologists will allow the medical community to develop approaches to prevent this complication.

The importance and relevance of the study of the globalization effects on the introduction of innovative technologies in the hotel industry is difficult to overestimate, as only those hotels that are able to change with demographic, technological and economic changes, and to adapt to occurring changes, will be able to succeed. The aim of this work is to study and assess the impact of globalization on the introduction of innovative technology companies in the hospitality industry. For the analysis of contemporary processes in the hospitality industry, the authors of this article used theoretical and empirical methods of research economic-statistical and factor analysis, expert assessment. In the article, a list of the external aspects of globalization in the hospitality industry, the peculiarities of network forms of business organization in the hospitality industry, and its benefits for innovation in the context of globalization is given. The main trends of innovation in the hospitality industry are identified, the estimation of the impact of globalization on the innovative technologies implemented by the hospitality industry is done. The authors proved that the processes of globalization impact on the innovation management long-term growth potential of the hotel business, including a basic set of tangible and intangible business assets of strategic importance for sustainable development of enterprises in the hospitality industry.

The relevance of the topic is determined by the new challenges faced by the Russian state in modern conditions that have a significant impact on public administration, which entails the need for its comprehensive modernization. In this regard, this article is aimed at the disclosure of social and socio-cultural aspects of the modernization of management as the most important part of it. Leading method to the study of this problem is the expert interviews, which allowed to reveal comprehensively the main factors influencing the possibilities of modernization of the public administration both in positive and negative ways. The article presents the basic models and approaches to the public management, identifies and studies opinion of the expert community on the issue of modernization of management in the present situation, bases the necessity of a multifaceted study of possible consequences, and develops social and sociological figures and indicators to reflect the dynamics of social impacts in the context of modernization of public administration.

The importance of the studied problem is caused by the USA's leading role in the development of modern world order and the economy, its influence in the international economic organizations. The article is aimed at revealing the reasons of choosing neoliberal strategy for Russian reforms, the amount and results of the American financial and technical aid to these reforms. The leading approach of researching this problem is the complex one. It allows finding out economic, internal political, geopolitical and cultural factors which influenced the implementation and the results of the American assistance to the Russian reforms. Authors draw a conclusion about considerable influence of the USA on domestic policy of Russia in the early nineties of the XX century. The amount and the content of the American financial and technical assistance to the Russian government are analyzed. Promises of massive financial aid from the international economic organizations and the USA were realized partially and much later, than it was necessary for economic transformations. The article's content and conclusions can be used in other scientific works on American-Russian relations history, Modern history of Russia, during elaboration the effective strategy of reforms for the countries which are in a condition of a transitional economy.

The relevance of the problem stated in the article is that in conditions of nonstationary economy the modification of existing approaches and methods is necessary during the formation of the capital. These methods allow taking into account the heterogeneity of factors' change in time and the purpose of the development of a particular company, thereby ensuring higher market value of the business. The purpose of this article is to develop a methodology for determining the risk associated with the formation of the capital structure in conditions of nonstationary economy. During the study, the authors used the methods of economic-statistical and factor analysis, economic and mathematical modeling, allowing to consider the problem as a purposeful and organized process and form the capital structure with the objectives of business development, the dynamics of changes in each component of the cost of capital, minimize total financial costs and risks to attract sources for the foreseeable future and to maximize the market value of the company. The methodology includes five stages: creation of a dynamic database of key macro and microeconomic indicators; the formation of the matrix of the risk reasons associated with the price of capital, the calculation and comparative analysis of factors affecting the cost of capital in a period of time; establishing a weighted average cost of capital and its components for the planning period and determining the degree of influence of each component on the price change of capital and total risk level. The proposed methodology of the evaluation of the capital structure can be used in conditions of nonstationary economy for companies engaged in activities at the expense of their own and borrowed funds, considering the cost of capital by the current time.

The importance and relevance of research of questions is determined by the intensive development of the tourism and hospitality industry, the consequence of which is the increase of business needs for skilled personnel. The purpose of this paper is to examine and assess the main strategic trends in educational technologies and methods used for education of qualified personnel for the hospitality industry. For analysis of the modern educational processes in the hospitality industry the authors of the article have used theoretical and empirical research methods, economic-statistical and factor analysis, expert evaluations. In the article the conclusions about the quality of Russian education are made, the main trends in change of system of personnel education by the Russian higher education institutions are proved, including those in which personnel education for the hospitality industry is conducted. The main strategic directions of Russian education development are determined, the European experience of education for the hospitality industry is summarized, the main tendencies of the development of education system for the hospitality industry in Europe are formulated. Moreover, the application of professional standards in the Russian system of education for the hospitality industry is proved, and a draft of "road map" of the development of higher education system (on the example of personnel education for the hospitality industry) until 2025 is developed.

The article is devoted to the main problems of studying the rules of Russian spelling at secondary school at different stages of its development. It is presented a general overview of scientific and methodological works, from the 19th century to the present day, which consider the history of formation, streamlining of methodological thought in the study of spelling rules, determining their significance for the formation of literate writing of students. In addition, in the process of research, problems are raised: why spelling rules are necessary; if it is possible to teach schoolchildren to write literally without memorizing the wording of spelling rules; if you teach students on the basis of rules, then what should be the requirements for the formulation of spelling rules from a linguistic, methodological and psychological-pedagogical point of view. The author’s analysis of thesis research from 2000 to 2020 made it possible to determine the basic approaches to the study of spelling rules in a modern secondary general education school: the communicative-activity approach, the cognitive-activity approach, the programmed approach (or programmed teaching) - and to identify the linguodidactic principles underlying the study of spelling rules within each of these approaches. In the course of the study, special attention was paid to the analysis of the spelling course in the new educational-methodical complex (EMC) in the Russian language (authors: M.M. Razumovskaya, S.I. Lvova, V.I. Kapinos, V.V. Lvov). It is concluded that the study of spelling rules (and this has been proven by leading scientists-methodologists of the past and present times) form the basis of the school spelling course, which is therefore called rule-oriented. Learning spelling is impossible without rules and dictionaries. The formation of the relative literacy of students, which is formed in secondary school, requires time, observance of stages and reliance on spelling rules studied as educational and scientific texts of linguistic content, taking into account the development of all types of speech activity in unity and interconnection. Each lesson of the Russian language, in which the spelling rule is studied, is a lesson in the development of students’ speech, where their literacy is formed in the broad sense of the word.

This purpose of the article is to assess the quality of life of the population of Russia in the conditions of the ongoing crisis caused by the current global challenges provoked by the current epidemiological situation. The originality and novelty of this article consists of the following aspects. First, the authors characterize the concept of quality of life from the positions of different authors and consider the main factors influencing on this indicator. In addition, the main approaches to assessing this standard of living of society are considered in the article. Secondly, the authors analyze of the main statistical indicators reflecting the quality of life of the population in the certain country using the example of Russia and for this purpose select digital material on such parameters as economic, social, demographic, ecological living conditions. Special attention is paid to the ongoing processes in the public administration system and the provision of public services to the population. Thirdly, the authors carry out a regression-correlation analysis of statistical data on the main parameters of the socio-economic standard of living was and determine the projected figures of the future development of the main spheres of public life. The main conclusions are made about the relationship between the basic indicators of the quality of life of the population and their influence on the general level of socio-economic development of the country in modern economic conditions. The main scientific contribution of the study is lying in the identification of the degree of the correlation between various indicators of the socio-economic development of the country in the context of the current crisis state of the public sector on the example of Russia. Recommendations for the future development and adjustment of the public administration system under the influence of the current crisis are developed.

In this article we report a case of pericallosal lipoma in a newborn with fetal alcohol syndrome, brain malformation (agenesis of the corpus callosum), and intrauterine infection (meningitis) diagnosed in a perinatal center.

Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are a heterogeneous population of myeloid cells that constitute up to 50% of the cell mass of human tumors. TAMs interact with the components of the tumor microenvironment (TME) by using scavenger receptors (SRs), a large superfamily of multifunctional receptors that recognize, internalize and transport to the endosomal/lysosomal pathway apoptotic cells, cytokines, matrix molecules, lipid modified lipoproteins and other unwanted-self ligands. In our review, we summarized state-of-the art for the role of macrophage scavenger receptors in tumor development and their significance as cancer biomarkers. In this review we focused on functional activity of TAM-expressing SRs in animal models and in patients, and summarized the data for different human cancer types about the prognostic significance of TAM-expressed SRs. We discussed the role of SRs in the regulation of cancer cell biology, cell-cell and cell-matrix interaction in TME, immune status in TME, angiogenesis, and intratumoral metabolism. Targeting of tumor-promoting SRs can be a promising therapeutic approach in anti-cancer therapy. In our review we provide evidence for both tumor supporting and tumor inhibiting functions of scavenger receptors expressed on TAMs. We focused on the key differences in the prognostic and functional roles of SRs that are specific for cancer types. We highlighted perspectives for inhibition of tumor-promoting SRs in anti-cancer therapy.

Data on the vertical distribution of radionuclides in the soil is necessary to fully understand the radioecological situation around ecosystems, give predictive estimates to how safe crop products are and justify a rehabilitation strategy for radioactively contaminated areas. A study was conducted to investigate the vertical distribution of radionuclides in soils of the former Semipalatinsk Test Site (STS) territory beyond its testing sites, that is, in areas in which no nuclear weapons or nuclear effects of radiological warfare agents were tested. Soil was sampled layerwise all over the Semipalatinsk Test Site down to 30 cm deep at a 5-cm spacing. Most of high activity concentrations of radionuclides all over the study area were detected in the 0–5 cm soil layer. Activity concentrations of the major man-made radionuclides were determined in soil samples collected by γ-, β and α-spectrometry. As a result, ranges of activity concentrations of 137Cs, 241Am, 90Sr and 239+240Pu were determined in 0–5, 5–10, 10–15, 15–20, 20–25, 25–30 cm soil layers. In the conventionally ‘background’ area, the 0–5 cm soil layer, on average, contains (the percentage of total activity concentration across the soil profile depth): 137Cs– 83%, 239+240Pu– 87% and 90Sr– 38%. For the 1953 plume, these values were 92%, 83% and 73%, respectively. Values for the 1951 plume in the 0–5 cm soil layer were: 137Cs– 93%, 239+240Pu– 93% and 90Sr– 59%. The minimum concentration of radionuclides are observed 20–30 cm deep in all areas studied. 90Sr is the most mobile radionuclide from the perspective of its ability to travel deep down the soil. The study found out that the nuclide vertical migration rates downward in soils based on detected activity were as follows (in descending order): 90Sr– 137Cs– 239+240Pu– 241Am. Coefficients that determine the ratio of the activity concentration of the radionuclide in the 0–20 and 0–30 cm soil cover layers to that of this radionuclide in the 0–5 cm topsoil were calculated. These coefficients enable to estimate the radionuclide inventory at each soil sampling point from their activity concentration in the 0–5 cm soil layer.

IntroductionCirculating monocytes are main source for tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) that control tumor growth, angiogenesis, metastasis and therapy resistance. We raised the questions how monocyte programming is affected by growing tumors localized in colon and rectal sections, and how treatment onsets affect monocyte programming in the circulation.MethodsPatients with rectal cancer and colon cancer were enrolled in the study. Peripheral blood monocytes were characterized by phenotypic analysis using flow cytometry, by transcriptomic analysis using RNA sequencing and by gene expression analysis using real-time RT-PCR. Phenotypic analysis was performed with IF/confocal microscopy. Spatial transcriptomic analysis was applied using GeoMX DSP-NGS.ResultsIn patients with rectal cancer, increased amount of CCR2+ monocytes was indicative for the absence of both lymphatic and hematogenous metastasis. In contrast, in patients with colon cancer CD163+ monocytes were indicative for LN metastasis. NGS analysis identified tumor-specific transcriptional programming of monocytes in all CRC patients compared to healthy individuals. The key transcriptional difference between monocytes of patients with colon and rectal cancer was increased expression of PFKFB3, activator of glycolysis that is currently considered as therapy target for major solid cancers. PFKFB3-expressing monocyte-derived macrophages massively infiltrated tumor in colon. Nanostring technology identified correlation of PFKFB3 with amount and tumor-promoting properties of TAMs in colon but not in rectal cancer. PFKFB3 was indicative for tumor relapse specifically in colon cancer.DiscussionOur findings provide essential argument towards CRC definition to cover two clinically distinct cancers – colon cancer and rectal cancer, that differentially interact with innate immunity.