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The electronic absorption and MCD spectra of [PdCl2L] (L=ethylenediamine(en), 1,3-propanediamine, N,N-dimethylethylenediamine, N,N′-dimethylethylenediamine, N,N-diethylethylenediamine, and N,N-dimethyl-1,3-propanediamine) and trans-[PdCl2(L)2] (L=EtNH2, Me2NH, Me3N, n-BuNH2, i-BuNH2, s-BuNH2, t-BuNH2, and rac-pea (pea=1-phenylethylamine)), and CD spectra of [PdCl2L] (L=(S)-1,2-propanediamine-(S-pn) and (2S)-N1,N1-diethyl-1,2-propanediamine) and trans-[PdCl2(S-pea)2] have been measured over the visible-near UV region, together with the corresponding spectra of [PtCl2L] (L=en and S-pn). The examination of the three kinds of spectra as well as their Gaussian analyses indicates that the splitting pattern of metal d orbitals for the cis type complexes is similar to that for [PdCl4]2−, and that as to the trans complexes the dx2−y2←dxz and dyz transitions split largely to give apparent two spin-allowed d-d bands characteristic of the trans complexes. The average energy of the dx2−y2←dxz and dyz transitions for t...

Six square-planar complexes, [PdL(meso-stien)](ClO4)2 (meso-stien=meso-1,2-diphenyl-1,2-ethanediamine; L=N,N-diethylethylenediamine, N,N-dimethylethylenediamine, 2-methyl-1,2-propanediamine, N2,N2-dimethyl-2-methyl-1,2-propanediamine, N, N-dimethyl-1,3-propanediamine, and (2S)-N1,N1diethyl-1,2-propanediamine), were prepared and optically resolved (or separated in the case of the last named ligand) using diacetyl-d-tartaric anhydride as the resolving agent. Their electronic absorption and CD spectra were measured. A definite additivity has been confirmed between the configurational CD caused by the chiral configuration and the vicinal CD due to the asymmetric carbon atom in the (2S)-N1,N1-diethyl-1,2-propanediamine complex. Absolute configurations of this and the other five complexes have been assigned by examining molecular models and the CD spectra.

An information retrieval and data analysis system is developed for analyzing surveyed data by questionnaire on living environment of local residents. The questionnaire has new forms of a free association test and a controlled association test. All the surveyed data are coded and stored as a database. A system of data analysis softwares is designed and developed for the present database. The whole system is divided into three subsystems of information retrieval, basic statistics, and advanced techniques of analyzing cognitive structures. The last subsystem includes new methods of twoway clustering and a method of neighborhood for analyzing data of free association test. Theoretical aspects as well as results of application of these methods to the present survey are discussed.

The way through which people conceive images of their living conditions is examined in this paper in order to develop an evaluation method of the environment. Ordinary residents seem to recognize their living condition in its entirely. Therefore, the usual survey questionnaire, where a respondent finds questions on individual items, would not give satisfactory information of his/her cognitive structure of the environment. To find the inseparable cognitive structure as a whole, the authors employ the association method. In the authors' questionnaire, a free association test asking subjects what they associate with a concept “ease of living” is followed by a controlled association test which deals with some 30 stimulus words and possibly associated words. These words were chosen to cover almost all environmental aspects including amenities, human relations in the neighborhood, culture, and administrative services. Surveys were conducted in a district in downtown Tokyo and in a small city near the metropolis. Researchers of environmental studies and pollution control also responded to the survey. Data of the frequency of association between the words in the controlled association test was scrutinized through cluster analysis, and on the other hand the words involved were displayed into a directed graph due to the probability of association between them. By integrating these results into a diagram, the cognitive structures of environment are uncovered. Replies to the free association test are dealt with a two-way cluster analysis method to reveal the relation between groups of the associated words and groups of the subjects. This analysis makes it easy to know what aspect of the environment is of prime interest to a particular group of residents.

A fuzzy bibliographic information retrieval based on a fuzzy thesaurus or on a fuzzy pseudothesaurus is described. A fuzzy thesaurus consists of two fuzzy relations defined on a set of keywords for the bibliography. The fuzzy relations are generated based on a fuzzy set model, which describes association of a keyword to its concepts. If the set of concepts in the fuzzy set model is replaced by the set of documents, the fuzzy relations are called a pseudothesaurus, which is automatically generated by using occurrence frequencies of the keywords in the set of documents. The fuzzy retrieval uses two fuzzy relations in addition, that is, a fuzzy indexing and a fuzzy inverted file: the latter is the inverse relation of the former. They are, however, related to different algorithms for indexing and retrieval, respectively. An algorithm of ordering retrieved documents according to the values of the fuzzy thesaurus is proposed. This method of the ordering is optimal in the sense that one can obtain documents of maximum relevance in a fixed time interval. An example of the fuzzy retrieval is shown on a prototype database. This method shows one of the simplest way to realize fuzzy retrieval in practical database systems.

The magnetic circular dichroism (MCD) spectra of K2PtCl4 and K2PdCl4 have been carefully remeasured over the visible-near UV region. The examination of the electronic absorption and the MCD spectra together with their Gaussian analyses strongly suggests that the band of K2PtCl4 at 30.3×103 cm−1 contains both Γ5(1Eg) and Γ3(1B1g)←Γ1(1A1g) transitions, and the band of K2PdCl4 at 21.1×103 cm−1 all three spin-allowed d-d transitions. The separation of the Γ2(1A2g) and Γ5(1Eg) excited states is considerably large with K2PtCl4 as compared with K2PdCl4. The MCD for the high-intensity absorption bands in K2PtCl4 is different from that reported previously. On the basis of new MCD result, the bands at 43.3 and 46.6×103 cm−1 have been assigned to d-p transitions, a2u(pz)←a1g(dz2) and eg(dxz,yz), respectively.

Mixed-ligand [Pd(N)n(O)4–n]-type complexes constituting a long systematic series (n=0–4) were synthesized. Ammonia, ethylenediamine, rac-propylenediamine, trimethylenediamine, glycinate, β-alaninate, acetate, oxalate, and malonate were employed as ligands. Their magnetic circular dichroism (MCD) and electronic absorption spectra were discussed together with the CD spectra of the corresponding optically active complexes. The results strongly suggest that the dispersion of MCD observed in the spin-allowed d-d region is primarily a composite of B terms. Moreover, the MCD in the charge transfer region was found to be qualitatively additive with respect to contributions by the constituent ligands. From a detailed examination of the spin-allowed d-d absorption bands, it is noted that the substitution of an N,O-ligand for an N,N-ligand largely affects neither the band area nor band width whereas that of an O,O-ligand for an N,O-ligand does.

This article surveys studies on bibliometrics and related subjects in Japan. Reviewed articles are classified according to the following categories: (a) studies on bibliometrics—including bibliometric laws, citation studies, scientific communication, and software tools for bibliometrics; and (b) application of bibliometrics—including policies for scientific research, bibliometrics and information retrieval, and databases in oriental languages. An interesting characteristic in the Japanese studies is that databases of texts in oriental languages such as Japanese and Chinese have been developed. Applications of fuzzy set theory to document retrieval using bibliometric techniques are also observed. We emphasize the models and methods used in common between bibliometrics and other fields of sciences.

A method based on a constrained optimization technique is presented to determine the time of removal of scientific periodicals from the shelf of a library. The problem is that of minimizing shelf maintenance cost on the condition that the loss of the information is less than some specified rate. The solution obtained indicates that all the utilities of the periodicals should be equal at the removal time. A geometrical interpretation of the theoretical result is given. Moreover this method is shown to be a generalization of the contour cut solution considered by Brookes. A numerical example is given to show how this technique is applicable to real bibliographical data.

This is the first report from a series of studies on the evaluation of students' life at ICU as an application for the comprehensive school assessment at college level, whose principle and methodology was described in the preceding article. (Hara & Watanabe) Problem: Since the campus atmosphere determines to a certain extent the basic ground for the success or failure of any educational program, the present investigation tries to focus its attention on the students' general attitudes towards their student lives i.e. how much they recognize the importance of, and how much they have been satisfied with, the various characteristics and activities of the university at present. Method: In October 1967, a questionnaire, "A survey of attitudes toward student life", was distributed to all Japanese undergra-duate students in the Liberal Arts College at ICU, and 197 responses were collected. The questionnaire consisted of 121 items in 8 areas, which were considered as major components of student life. The 8 areas of student life were as follows: 1. General impression of ICU. 2. Academic programs. 3. Extracurricular activities. 4. University events. 5. Unique characteristics of ICU. 6. Educational and living facilities. 7. Contacts with the off-campus world. 8. Daily living circumstances. The responses to these items were obtained from two aspects: -how important they thought these were, and how much they were satisfied. The gap between these two were considered to reflect the degree of unfulfilment or frustration. Individual sub-total scores for those 8 areas were used as basic data for statistical analysis. For group comparisons, the subjects were also subgrouped into various categories according to their sex, years at college, age, clubs to which they belonged, decisions for career, major fields of study, interest in Christianity, and types of residence. Results: The distributions of individual scores for the areas were examined by analysis of variance, whose chi-squares are shown in Tables 1, 2 and 3. For those categories that showed statistical significance t-tests were then employed to check those group differences, and the significant mean differences are shown in Fig. 1, 2 and 3. Conclusion: As a whole, the subjects rated their student life as important. Consequently, they indicated some discontent with their present condition. Since general problem areas in their student's lives, at least from their viewpoint, have been exposed very clearly, more thorough scrutiny of each item is strongly recommended. Also, by comparison with other groups, such as faculty and alumni, it should be possible to detect the problematic foci and to find causes for their frustrations as well as to suggest some possible remedial programs for their unhappy student life.

Purpose In concluding a series of evaluative study of the student life at ICU, the present study compared responses to a questionnaire obtained from 3 groups: undergraduate students, almnus members, and faculty members and staffs. Specific aims of the study were as follows: (1) to find both common and different value orientations among the groups, (2) to analyze their conflicts produced from the gaps between their goals and their assessments of student life, (3) to diagnose psychological tensions among the groups and within the individuals, and (4) to explore the possibility of improving our educational activities. Method A questionnaire consisted of 121 items in 8 areas of student life (general impression, academic programs, extracurricular activities, university events, unique characteristics of ICU, facilities and equipments, cultural environment, and daily living) was distributed, and 197 undergraduate students, 133 alumni and 27 faculty members and staffs voluntarily responded. Responses for those items were obtained on 5 point scales, separately indicating how much they were important and how much they were fulfilled. Results and discussion General trends observed hereby were as follows: 1. Three groups showed very similar response patterns in all areas. 2. The sense of satisfaction fell short of the sense of importance in all areas by all groups; thus great degrees of dissatisfaction were manifested. 3. While the evaluation of importance were in the order of the faculty members and staffs, the alumni and the students, much higher satisfaction than others was shown by the alumni. Therefore, the faculty members and staffs manifested the most and the alumni the least dissatisfaction. 4. Assessments of the alumni were significantly lower than the other groups on those items representing the utility of higher education in general, but the faculty members and staffs evaluated the unique characteristics of ICU significantly higher than the others. Therefore, though the students appreciated secular values of higher education, they tended to ignore the goals and the uniqueness of ICU. The facts hitherto described imply enormous psychological dissents both between those who are in the campus at present and who have left, and between those who are teaching now and who are studing or have studied in the same campus. From the present study, we are able not only to reveal various problems involved in our student life, but also to gain some insights for the directions which we should pursuit our educational goals. Some of those inevitable questions we are confronted are mentioned as follows: 1. Methods to clarify our common value orientations. 2. Methods to practice the actualization of own values on campus. 3. Methods to perticipate in decision making. 4. Methods to enhance our communication. 5. Methods to deepen our understanding of group dynamism. 6. Methods to promote our community mental health. 7. Methods to establish longterm comprehensive evaluation programs.

In order for high school reports to be used reliably as one of the criteria for screening, it is required that the information in the reports are identical with the records kept at high schools. The writer studied and compared the identity and differences in such reports for 291 applicants who had applied ICU more than twice in 1962, '63, and '64 examinations. Surprisingly, the large number of 70 reports (24.2%) were revealed to have differences in grades in reports submitted at different times. This means that they were falsely reported. From examining other facts, it could also be supposed that some reports without any difference in their grades were possibly not identical with the original records at school. Reports from private schools revealed more false statements than those from public or national high schools. It is said that high school records have higher predictability of college grades than the total score of the entrance examination. When high school grades are used as one of the important data for screening, however, the differences among high schools should be taken into consideration as Okabe's proposal for manipulation of reports from different high schools. In addition to false reports on grades, it was also found in a few reborts that the number of absences, overall evaluation of grades, the number of students at each grade level, and the like were falsely reported. There was a tendency for the grades in reports submitted while students were still attending the last year at high school, to be better reported than in those written after their graduation. The same was true with the overall evaluation of grades. It can be hypothesized that teachers tend to give better marks for the last year (which are expected grades) when they write reports. Records of activities were in almost all cases written in abstract and stereotyped words and could hardly be expected to provide any important information about the applicant. There is a column in the report for personality evalutaion, in which the applicant is to be evaluated on four items.; emotional stability, sociability, and citizenship, according to five-point scale (a-e). Most students were evaluated on most items either "a" or "b". Seventy per cent of the appilcants were evaluated differently in different reports, a large number of whom were evaluated even two points higher or lower. These show that this column for personality evaluation cannot possibly be used in screening. As thus revealed, there were a large numbre of false reports and meaningless evaluation which reduce the value of the high school reports in screening applicants. However, in the sense that high school grades still better predict college grades than points at entrance examination, it is wise to utilize the report and not discard it completely. In order to do so, the university should of course study better methods for utilizing it. More than. that, it is strongly hoped that the high schools which have reduced the value of their own reports should take this fact seriously and correct their attitude in reporting about their students.

Aims Severe pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is an incurable disease whose exact mechanisms remain unknown. However, growing evidence highlights the role of inflammation and endothelin (ET) signaling. The lack of reliable models makes it difficult to investigate the pathophysiology of this disease. Our aim was therefore to develop a mouse model of severe PAH closely mimicking the human condition to explore the role of interleukin-6 (IL-6), and ET signaling in advanced PAH progression. Main methods Young male SV129 mice received vascular endothelial growth factor receptor inhibitor (SU5416) three times a week and were exposed to hypoxia (10% O 2 ) for three weeks. Molecular analysis and histological assessment were examined using real-time PCR, Western blot and immunostaining, respectively. Key findings The developed murine model presented important characteristics of severe PAH in human: concentric neointimal wall thickening, plexogenic lesions, recruitment of macrophages, and distal arteriolar wall muscularization. We detected an increase of IL-6 production and a stronger macrophage recruitment in adventitia of remodeled arterioles developing plexogenic lesions. Moreover, ET-1 and ET receptor A were up-regulated in lung lysates and media of remodeled arterioles. Recombinant IL-6 stimulated the proliferation and regulated endothelial cells in increasing ET-1 and decreasing ET receptor B. Significance These data describe a murine model, which displays the most important features of human severe PAH. We assume that inflammation, particularly IL-6 regulating ET signaling, plays a crucial role in forming plexogenic lesions. This model is thus reliable and might be used for a better understanding of severe PAH progression and treatment.

Fatigue reduces productivity and is a risk factor for lifestyle diseases and mental disorders. Everyone experiences physiological fatigue and recovers with rest. Pathological fatigue, however, greatly reduces quality of life and requires therapeutic interventions. It is therefore necessary to distinguish between the two but there has been no biomarker for this. We report on the measurement of salivary human herpesvirus (HHV-) 6 and HHV-7 as biomarkers for quantifying physiological fatigue. They increased with military training and work and rapidly decreased with rest. Our results suggested that macrophage activation and differentiation were necessary for virus reactivation. However, HHV-6 and HHV-7 did not increase in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS), chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) and major depressive disorder (MDD), which are thought to cause pathological fatigue. Thus, HHV-6 and HHV-7 would be useful biomarkers for distinguishing between physiological and pathological fatigue. Our findings suggest a fundamentally new approach to evaluating fatigue and preventing fatigue-related diseases.

This paper presents an experiment to store and process the Scene Image data using ADABAS and SOAR. The Scene Image data (extracted by LANDSAT) is a set of Pixels. The data (Pixel records) is stored in ADABAS database. All attributes (Band 4, 5, 6, 7 and others) of the Pixel records are defined as descriptors (Retrieval keys). ADABAS automatically generates and maintains an Inverted List for each descriptor attribute.

The purpose of this paper is to give a comprehensive description of a databank consisting of image data which was extracted from the Landsat multispectral scanning system. The databank, which will be called Tsukusys image-bank, is intended to provide an environmental monitoring and image analysis in Japan. The conventional Landsat image data in the databank are stored in data cartridges on the mass storage system that permit on-line operations. The design consideration of the Tsukusys image-bank includes the following item: types of data structure, hardware resources and data processing for constructing the image-bank. The image-bank is under development as an experimental Landsat image databank at University of Tsukuba. We include in this paper a case study of application of the Tsukusys image-bank.

Planning and design considerations are presented for a full scale high performance heterogeneous computer network coupled by a 100 MBPS optical fiber ring bus. The design goals of this system are efficient resource sharing and improved RAS. All common resources, such as processors, peripheral devices, terminals and file devices, are directly connected to the ring bus, instead of directly to a processor. This network includes two or more large computers of different types, a guide subsystem to manage common resources and to control their usage, peripheral and terminal control subsystems, and a gateway processor.

Cobalt modification was made in a wet process for the γ-Fe2O3 thin films which were derived from iron thin films prepared by a vacuum evaporation method. The surface structures were closely investigated by X-ray diffraction, electron microscopic observations of surface replica films, reflection electron diffraction, and ESCA, and were discussed with the magnetic properties. In the modification reaction at 55degC by a simultaneous addition of iron and cobalt ions, δ-(Fe0.67Co0.33)OOH particles which were attached to the spinel-modified layer were detected. The diffusion of the particles into the film and the resulting formation of a spinel phase were found to play important roles in the improvement of the magnetic properties.

homozygote, A heterozygote and no insertion genotype on case group and control group were 7.5%, 81.1%, and 11.3% and 0%, 98.0%, and 2.0% respectively, and the difference between these two groups were of statistical significance (&chi = 7.88, P = 0.019). (2) There were no statistically significant differences in genotypewithin steroid resistant NS group and non-steroid resistant NS group and hypertension group and non-hypertension group (P N 0.05). Conclusions: There is an adenine insertion in locus rs10305936. The endothelin-A receptor gene polymorphisms in locus rs10305936 are related to the morbidity of nephrotic syndrome in children.

By histological analysis, pulmonary vascular remodeling induced by MCT was also inhibited (vessel wall thickness: MCT 0.44 vs. M/A 0.31, p b 0.001). MCT treatment increased mRNA levels of endothelin (ET) receptor-A, ET receptor-B, ET-1 and transforming growth factor (TGF)beta in the lung. ADRCs therapy suppressed these increased mRNA (p b 0.05). Conclusion ADRC therapy inhibited the development of PAH by reversing the changes in ET expression and inflammatory cytokines. These findings suggest that ADRC therapy may open a novel strategy to treat PAH.