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Additional file 5. Template case report form for the extended dataset to be used and adapted for research studies.

Additional file 2. Questionnaires used in Step 2, 3, and 4 of the Delphi study.

Additional file 1: Supplementary file 1. Description of how frailty, vulnerability and robustness defined. Supplementary Table 1. Frailty Phenotype. Supplementary Table 2. Frailty Index. Supplementary Table 3. Edmonton Frailty Scale. Supplementary Table 4a. Multiple linear regression of FP by BATT. Model 3. Supplementary Table 4b. Multiple linear regression of Frailty Phenotype by Low Muscle Mass. Model 3. Supplementary Table 4c. Multiple linear regression of Frailty Phenotype by Sarcopenia. Model 3. Supplementary Table 5a. Multiple linear regression of Frailty Index by BATT. Model 3. Supplementary Table 5b. Multiple linear regression of Frailty Index by Low Muscle Mass. Model 3. Supplementary Table 5c. Multiple linear regression of Frailty Index by Sarcopenia. Model 3. Supplementary Table 6a. Multiple linear regression of Edmonton Frailty Scale by BATT. Model 3. Supplementary Table 6b. Multiple linear regression of Edmonton Frailty Scale by Low Muscle Mass. Model 3. Supplementary Table 6c. Multiple linear regression of Edmonton Frailty Scale by Sarcopenia. Model 3. Supplementary Table 7a. Multiple linear regression of Clinical Frailty Scale by BATT. Model 3. Supplementary Table 7b. Multiple linear regression of Clinical Frailty Scale by Low Muscle Mass. Model 3. Supplementary Table 7c. Multiple linear regression of Clinical Frailty Scale by Sarcopenia. Model 3. Supplementary Table 8a. Multivariable logistic regression of Frailty Phenotype by BATT. Model 3. Supplementary Table 8b. Multivariable logistic regression of Frailty Phenotype by Low Muscle Mass. Model 3. Supplementary Table 8c. Multivariable logistic regression of Frailty Phenotype by Sarcopenia. Model 3. Supplementary Table 9a. Multivariable logistic regression of Frailty Index by BATT. Model 3. Supplementary Table 9b. Multivariable logistic regression of Frailty Index by Low Muscle Mass. Model 3. Supplementary Table 9c. Multivariable logistic regression of Frailty Index by Sarcopenia. Model 3. Supplementary Table 10a. Multivariable logistic regression of Edmonton Frailty Scale by BATT. Model 3. Supplementary Table 10b. Multivariable logistic regression of Edmonton Frailty Scale by Low Muscle Mass. Model 3. Supplementary Table 10c. Multivariable logistic regression of Edmonton Frailty Scale by Sarcopenia. Model 3. Supplementary Table 11a. Multivariable logistic regression of Clinical Frailty Scale by BATT. Model 3. Supplementary Table 11b. Multivariable logistic regression of Clinical Frailty Scale by Low Muscle Mass. Model 3. Supplementary Table 11c. Multivariable logistic regression of Clinical Frailty Scale by Sarcopenia. Model 3. Supplementary Table 12. Sensitivity Analyses of Frailty Score by multiple linear regression models in reverse order. Supplementary Table 13. Sensitivity analyses of multivariable logistic regression models of frailty. Multivariable models reversed.

Additional file 4. Template case report form for the core dataset to be used and adapted for research studies.

Additional file 3. This file demonstrates each of the different aspects that were included or not included at each stage of the Delphi study.

Additional file 1. Members of the UK Geriatric Medicine Core Dataset Extended Working Group.

COVID-19 is one of the worst pandemics in recent human history, causing huge health, economic, and psychosocial damage. Since the pandemic hit, several unsubstantiated claims regarding exposure, transmission and management have been disseminated. Misinformation and associated public confusion now extend to the COVID-19 vaccines, spanning from claims based on possible links between some vaccine types and rare blood clots, to baseless claims. As a result, the public's trust in COVID-19 vaccines has been eroded, fuelling an already troubling trend of vaccine hesitancy. As medication experts and the most accessible healthcare providers, pharmacists are well equipped with the required skills and knowledge to improve COVID-19 vaccine uptake by taking roles that range from dispelling myths, to providing reliable evidence-based information, through to vaccine administration. This paper discusses public hesitancy to COVID-19 vaccines, major contributing factors, and the role pharmacists can play in reducing hesitancy and increasing vaccine uptake.

Tungiasis (sand flea disease) is a neglected tropical disease caused by penetration of female sand fleas, Tunga penetrans, into a person’s skin usually in their feet. The disease inflicts immense pain and suffering on millions of people, particularly children. The condition is most prevalent in Latin America, the Caribbean, and sub-Saharan Africa. Currently, there is no standard drug treatment for tungiasis. The available treatment options are fairly limited and unrealistic to use in endemic areas; as a result, in desperation, the affected people do more harm to themselves by extracting the fleas with non-sterile instruments, further exposing themselves to secondary bacterial infections and/or transmission of diseases such as hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, or HIV. This highlights the urgent need for simpler, safer, and effective treatment options for tungiasis. Tea tree oil (TTO) has long been used as an antiseptic with extensive safety and efficacy data. The evidence on parasiticidal properties of TTO against ectoparasites such as head lice, mites, and fleas is also compelling. The purpose of this review is to discuss the current tungiasis treatment challenges in endemic settings and highlight the potential role of TTO in the treatment of tungiasis.

Introduction: Mock interviews were introduced into a second-year pharmacy course with an embedded pharmacy placement. The aim was to prepare pharmacy students for interviews with possible preceptors when seeking community pharmacy placements. This study aimed to assess students’ perspectives on the impact of this activity. Methods: Second year pharmacy students (n = 35) were provided with general interview guidance and participated in mock placement interviews conducted by community pharmacists. After participating in the mock interview, students were invited to complete two online questionnaires. The first questionnaire was completed following the mock interview and the second questionnaire was completed after students had secured professional placements. Both surveys contained multiple domains including student approach to placement, perceived impact of the mock interview on confidence and preparation, application of the feedback on their real-life interview, understanding employer priorities, linkage with the curriculum and overall student satisfaction. Results: Following the mock interview, most participants (89.5%, n = 17) indicated that they felt better prepared to approach a placement preceptor and for the interview process. All participants who completed the first questionnaire (100%, n = 19) agreed that the feedback following the mock interview was helpful. After securing a placement, more than half (56.5%, n = 13) indicated that they used the skillsets developed during the mock interview when approaching a placement preceptor. Conclusion: The inclusion of mock interviews in the pharmacy curricula was found beneficial and conducive to enhanced skills and confidence in students’ career development.

Tungiasis (sand flea disease) is an epidermal parasitic skin disease occurring in resource-limited communities. There is no standard treatment for tungiasis, and available treatment options are scarce. To our knowledge, this is the first systematic review aimed to assess randomised controlled trials (RCTs) investigating interventions for tungiasis. We systematically searched databases including MEDLINE (EBSCOhost), CENTRAL, CINAHL, PubMed, Web of Science, SciELO, LILACS and Embase (Scopus) for RCTs in any language, from inception of the databases until June 12, 2021. RCTs exploring preventive and therapeutic interventions for tungiasis were eligible. We used the revised Cochrane Collaboration's risk of bias tool to assess the risk of bias and Jadad scale to quantify the methodological quality of the RCTs. Of the 1839 identified records, only eight RCTs involving 808 participants were included, and several methodological deficiencies were identified in most of the trials. Trial interventions included: oral drugs niridazole and ivermectin and topical interventions of ivermectin lotion, metrifonate lotion, thiabendazole lotion, thiabendazole ointment, dimeticones (NYDA), and a neem seed and coconut oils-based mixture for treatment and coconut oil-based lotion (Zanzarin) for prevention. The coconut oil-based lotion for prevention and dimeticones for treatment of tungiasis have displayed the most promise. Most of the RCTs included in this study had low methodological quality. There is a clear unmet need for high-quality RCTs examining safe and effective prevention and treatment alternatives of tungiasis in endemic settings.

This systematic review aimed to determine the level of existing research that investigates the intake, specifically macro and micronutrient intake, of patients undergoing opioid replacement therapy.A systematic review was conducted across PubMed, Embase, Cochrane and CINAHL databases using a pre-determined protocol. Studies published between 2001 and 2022 assessing macronutrient or micronutrient intake in opioid replacement therapy patients were included. The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology checklist was utilised for quality appraisal. Data from each of the included papers was synthesised in a narrative manner. Data extracted included all measurements of nutrition including macronutrient, and micronutrient intake and any bioanalysis results and methods utilised.Seven papers (one cohort study and six cross-sectional studies, n = 443) were included that investigated an aspect of nutritional intake in patients receiving opioid replacement therapy. The majority of included papers reported an assessment of both macro and micronutrient and resulting energy intake as determined by food consumption. The included papers described a picture of irregular nutritional intake in patients undergoing opioid replacement therapy.Minimal research into the nutritional intake of opioid replacement therapy patients exists. The existing research is suggestive of irregular nutritional intake from both macro and micronutrient consumption and indicates a need for further studies and increased attention on this vulnerable patient group.