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The cosine similarity is the most widely used approach to match near-identical tandem mass (MS/MS) spectra with each other. An adaptation thereof, the modified cosine similarity, can be used to discover non-identical but related spectra using analog searching and molecular networking. Recently, neutral loss-based spectrum alignment was introduced as a strategy to match MS/MS spectra of analog molecules. We have systematically evaluated the performance of neutral loss matching, cosine similarity, and modified cosine similarity on a large collection of spectrum pairs of modified peptides and small molecules to assess how spectral alignment can be used for the discovery of structurally related molecules.

US yield curve dynamics are subject to time-variation, but there is ambiguity on its precise form. This paper develops a vector autoregressive model with time-varying parameters and stochastic volatility which treats the nature of parameter dynamics as unknown. Coefficients can evolve according to a random walk, a Markov switching process, observed predictors or depend on a mixture of these. To decide which is supported by the data, we adopt Bayesian shrinkage priors to carry out model selection. Our framework is applied to model the US yield curve. We show that the model forecasts well, and focus on selected in-sample features to analyze determinants of structural breaks in US yield curve dynamics., Series: Working Papers in Regional Science

Zweifellos zählt die 1986 publizierte nachschrift von Heimrad Bäcker (1925–2003) zu den zentralen Errungenschaften der österreichischen Gegenwartsliteratur. Die Neue Zürcher Zeitung nannte das Buch »ein aussergewöhnliches Werk von verstörender Direktheit«, der Schriftsteller Friedrich Achleitner sprach vom »großartigsten Versuch, aus der sprachlichen Verlassenschaft einer Ideologie und ihrer industriell bürokratisch organisierten Tötungsmaschinerie das Unbeschreibbare lesbar zu machen.«Mithilfe von Originaldokumenten und historiographischen Darstellungen entnommenen Zitaten erinnerte nachschrift an die nationalsozialistischen Gewaltverbrechen sowie ihre gesellschaftlichen Nachwirkungen und bereicherte zugleich die Diskussion ihrer literarischen Darstellbarkeit um Theorien und Praktiken der literarischen Avantgarden.Florian Huber unterzieht in der schreiber schreibt Autor und Werk einer kritischen Neubewertung, indem er den multimedialen Entstehungsprozess von nachschrift und ihre zeitgenössische Rezeption im Kontext der Auseinandersetzungen um Quellenkritik, Objektivität und Zeugenschaft in den Geschichtswissenschaften rekonstruiert. Erstmalig wird dabei Bäckers Vorgehensweise als Text im engeren Sinne, als eine komplexe Verschränkung von Zitaten, Anordnung und Aussparungen begriffen, die einen hochreflektierten Umgang mit den »Fakten« ausstellt. Hubers Analysen begreifen Bäckers Ästhetik dementsprechend nicht nur als beispielgebend für einen literarischem Umgang mit der Shoah und anderen Verbrechen gegen die Menschlichkeit. Vielmehr wird deutlich, wie sehr auch die historiographische Arbeit von einer kritischen Lektüre der nachschrift profitieren kann.

Panel Vector Autoregressions (PVARs) are a popular tool for analyzing multi-country datasets. However, the number of estimated parameters can be enormous, leading to computational and statistical issues. In this paper, we develop fast Bayesian methods for estimating PVARs using integrated rotated Gaussian approximations. We exploit the fact that domestic information is often more important than international information and group the coefficients accordingly. Fast approximations are used to estimate the latter while the former are estimated with precision using Markov chain Monte Carlo techniques. We illustrate, using a huge model of the world economy, that it produces competitive forecasts quickly.

To assess the impact on bone depiction quality by decreasing number of radial acquisitions (RA) of a UTE MR bone imaging sequence in MRONJ.UTE MR bone imaging sequences using pointwise encoding time reduction with RA (PETRA) with 60'000, 30'000 and 10'000 RA were acquired in 16 patients with MRONJ and 16 healthy volunteers. Blinded readout sessions were performed by two radiologists. Qualitative analysis compared the detection of osteolytic lesions and productive bony changes in the PETRA sequences of the patients with MRONJ. Quantitative analysis assessed the differences in image artifacts, contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) and image noise.Acquisition times were reduced from 315 to 165 and 65 s (60'000, 30'000, 10'000 RA, respectively), resulting in a fewer number of severe motion artifacts. Bone delineation was increasingly blurred when reducing the number of RA but without any trade-off in terms of diagnostic performance. Interreader agreement for the detection of pathognomonic osteolysis was moderate (κ = 0.538) for 60'000 RA and decreased to fair (κ = 0.227 and κ = 0.390) when comparing 30'000 and 10'000 RA, respectively. Image quality between sequences was comparable regarding CNR, image noise and artifact dimensions without significant differences (allUTE MR bone imaging sequences with a lower number of RA provide sufficient image quality for detecting osteolytic lesions and productive bony changes in MRONJ subjects at faster acquisition times compared to the respective standard UTE MR bone imaging sequence.

Wir beweisen die Existenz von globalen Martingalllösungen für eine allgemeine Klasse von Kreuzdiffusionssystemen unter dem Einfluss multiplikativen Rauschens. Die betrachteten Gleichungen beschreiben Mehrkomponentensysteme, welche aus physikalischen oder biologischen Anwendungen stammen. In den meisten Fällen sind die Diffusionsmatrizen dieser Probleme weder symmetrisch noch positiv semi-definit, woran klassische Ansätze scheitern. Viele dieser Systeme besitzen jedoch eine formale Gradientenfluss- oder Entropiestruktur, welche wir verwenden, um die Existenz globaler Lösungen zu beweisen., We prove the existence of global-in-time martingale solutions to a general class of crossdiffusion systems with multiplicative noise. The equations describe multicomponent systems from physics or biology with volume-filling effects and possess a formal gradient-flow or entropy structure. The diffusion matrix in the studied class of systems is generally neither symmetric nor positive semidefinite, which excludes standard methods. Instead, the existence proof is based on the entropy structure of the model.

Additional file 1. Supplementary Material including details about the benchmark and use cases.

In this article, we write the time-varying parameter (TVP) regression model involving K explanatory variables and T observations as a constant coefficient regression model with KT explanatory variables. In contrast with much of the existing literature which assumes coefficients to evolve according to a random walk, a hierarchical mixture model on the TVPs is introduced. The resulting model closely mimics a random coefficients specification which groups the TVPs into several regimes. These flexible mixtures allow for TVPs that feature a small, moderate or large number of structural breaks. We develop computationally efficient Bayesian econometric methods based on the singular value decomposition of the KT regressors. In artificial data, we find our methods to be accurate and much faster than standard approaches in terms of computation time. In an empirical exercise involving inflation forecasting using a large number of predictors, we find our models to forecast better than alternative approaches and document different patterns of parameter change than are found with approaches which assume random walk evolution of parameters.