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We compare waves generated by subaerial solid-block and granular landslides and propose equations for predicting their maximum initial wave amplitudes. The recent Anak Krakatau subaerial landslide tsunami in December 2018, which resulted in more than 450 deaths, demonstrated the knowledge gap on this subject and motivated this study. Here, we make numerical models using the numerical package FLOW3D-Hydro for solid-block and granular landslides and validate them using physical experiments. Results indicate that the maximum initial wave amplitudes generated by solid-block landslides are 107% larger than those generated by granular landslides in our experiments. The relationship between maximum initial wave amplitude and slope angle is inverse for solid-block slides whereas, it is direct for granular slides. However, a critical angle of 60° is achieved for granular slides, and for slope angles more than this critical value, the maximum wave amplitudes start to decrease. Regarding wave period, our results show that it remains nearly unchanged for both types of landslides as water depth and slide volume vary. The period generated by solid-block slides increases as the slope angle decreases; however, it remains unchanged for granular slides. The predictive equations are applied to real landslide tsunamis and resulted in satisfactory performances. • Maximum amplitudes of subaerial solid-block slides were 107% larger than granular. • A critical slope angle of 60° was obtained for granular slides. • Wave periods remain unchanged as water depth and slide volume vary for both slides. • Wave period increases as the slope angle decreases for solid-block slides. • Water particle speed for solid-block slides was nearly twice that of granular. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The long process time and low product quality are major challenges in the composting process. To overcome the above challenges, the effects of produced biosurfactants on composting were investigated as a biological model. Pseudomonas aeruginosa IBRC-M 11180 inoculum and its supernatant were used as in-situ and ex-situ treatments in the composting process, respectively. The results showed that the presence of rhamnolipid biosurfactants in the composting process could improve many parameters such as maximum temperature, electrical conductivity (EC), cation exchange capacity (CEC), C/N, and germination index (GI). The GI value above 80% was observed for in-situ and ex-situ reactors on 12th day, while for the control was observed on 18th day, which indicates the significant effects of rhamnolipids on process time reduction. The C/N ratios of final compost for ex-situ, in-situ, and control reactors were 12.83, 13.27, and 17.05, respectively, which indicates the rhamnolipids also improves the quality of the final product. To better understand the performance of the rhamnolipids in the composting, wettability changes of the compost surface were evaluated. Our results show that the produced rhamnolipids altered the waste wettability from intermediate wet (θ = 85°) to water-wet (θ = 40°). It can be concluded that the presence of biosurfactants in composting leads to an increase in the contact surface area of microorganisms with nutrient sources and consequently improves the composting process. Furthermore, comparative studies showed that the in-situ treatment has better effects on composting, thus it can be an economically significant achievement because of the high cost of ex-situ treatment. [Display omitted] • A significant reduction in process time was observed using rhamnolipid. • The C/N decreased further in the presence of rhamnolipid. • Rhamnolipids altered the waste wettability from intermediate wet toward water-wet. • Compost of rhamnolipid treatments had less phytotoxic effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 15 January 2022 Tonga volcanic tsunami was a unique event as it was the only event after the 1883 Krakatau volcanic tsunami that created waves by a dual-mechanism generation process comprising atmospheric pressure waves and eruption-induced water displacements. Here, we study 22 tide gauge waveforms, eight DART (Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis) records, eight air pressure time series, apply spectral analysis, and conduct numerical modelling to develop a source model. Our source model accounts only for the contribution of eruption-induced water displacement. The maximum overall coastal tide gauge amplitudes were in the range of 4.2–148.8 cm, whereas DARTs registered maximum amplitudes of 3.6–21.4 cm. We identified the dominant tsunami periods due to the localized water displacement mechanism as 10–17 min and 4–7 min. The waves generated by atmospheric pressure waves had a period of 7–10 min and an amplitude of 9–19 cm on coastal tide gauges; the corresponding values for DARTs were 30–60 min and 4.2–15.7 cm. Modelling showed that the eruption-induced water displacement source had a characteristic initial length of 12 km, a maximum initial amplitude of 90 m, and a volume of 6.60 × 109 m3. • 2022 Tonga tsunami generated by atmospheric pressure wave and volcano mass movement. • The length of tsunami source was 12 km and maximum initial amplitude was 90 m. • The volume of displaced water at volcano source was 6,600 million m3. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dam break is considered as a major catastrophe with significant negative economic, social, and environmental consequences, and thus must be prevented at any cost. Here, we report and analyze a near-miss dam break incident in Toddbrook dam, England during the August 2019 flooding, where the spillway of the dam failed putting the entire dam at the risk of failure. A combination of field surveys, desk studies and numerical modelling is applied to analyze the incident and to develop a cascading risk model for the first time. Our hydraulic modelling showed that the spillway was under fast-flowing water having a speed of up to 15.0 m/s. Such a high-speed flow played a major role in the failure of the spillway through facilitating water injection beneath the spillway slabs. The spillway suffered from poor maintenance and was densely vegetated, which most likely undermined the foundation. The spillway was poorly designed as the concrete slabs were relatively thin and unreinforced, the profile of the spillway was not fit for purpose, and the spillway lacked a stilling basin. Due to rapid drawdown, a landslide was generated on the upstream slope of the dam, which was reconstructed through our geotechnical modelling, indicating that a slower pace must have been taken during the process of emptying the reservoir. We developed a cascading risk model which begins with three primary causes of insufficient maintenance, design shortcomings, and the torrential rainfall leading to flooding. Our risk model, which is among the first of its type, would help preventing future dam failures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We constrain the source of the 27 November 1945 tsunami in the Makran Subduction Zone (MSZ) using available tsunami waveforms recorded on tide gauges at Mumbai (India) and Karachi (Pakistan), and that inferred at Port Victoria (Seychelles), and coseismic deformation data along the Makran coast. Spectral analysis of the tsunami waveforms shows that the tsunami governing period was 40-50 min at Karachi whereas it was around 22 min at Mumbai. The inferred tsunami waveform at Port Victoria also indicated a period of around 21 min for the tsunami. Tsunami numerical simulations from the previously proposed source models failed in reproducing the observed tsunami waveforms and coseismic deformation data. Sensitivity analysis showed that the source fault needs to be extended offshore into deep water in order to reproduce the first 22-min signal at Mumbai. Based on the inversion of the observed tsunami waveforms, we propose a four-segment fault with varying slip amounts as the final source. This source includes a slip of 4.3 m onshore near Ormara (Pakistan) and a slip of 10 m offshore at water depth of around 3,000 m. The total fault length is 220 km, and the average slip is 6.1 m. This source, first, reproduces fairly well the observed tide gauge records at Mumbai and Karachi, second, produces ~1 m of uplift at Ormara and ~1 m of subsidence at Pasni, and third, gives a moment magnitude of 8.3 for the earthquake, which is in the acceptable range of seismic data. The computed 1 m uplift at Ormara is in the uplift range of 1-3 m reported in the literature. As the tide gauge stations were located in the far field, our proposed source explains mainly the tectonic source of the tsunami. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We studied the tsunami generated by the 1 April 2014 M 8.2 Iquique (Chile) earthquake using 20 Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis (DART) records and applying Fourier and wavelet analyses as well as performing numerical simulations. Deep-water tsunami wave heights were in the range of 0.8-35.0 cm. For the stations located more than 2,200 km from the source, the average wave height was 1.7 ± 1.1 cm. The observed tsunami arrivals were delayed by 1-17 min relative to the simulated ones based on the linear long wave equations, and the delays were proportional to the tsunami travel distances. A small initial depression was observed at DART stations located at distances >10,000 km from the source whereas, traditionally, an initial elevation is expected at stations located seaward of subduction zones. Fourier analyses showed tsunami governing periods of 21.1 ± 1.7 and 14.7 ± 0.7 min, corresponding to a fault length of 60-70 km and a fault width of 40-45 km. While the two 21-min and 15-min signals appeared in most DART stations during ~0.5 h following the conventional arrival times, the 15-min signal was delayed at some far-field stations. Distribution of maximum DART wave heights across the Pacific Ocean did not show a meaningful relation between maximum DART wave heights and directivity or distance from the source. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• To meet parents' needs surrounding their child resuscitation, it is important to respect their religion and cultural beliefs. • Parents need professional empathy to be shown both verbally and behaviorally. • There is a need to provide information to parents about their child's condition. • Presence of parents during the resuscitation of their child is appreciated and desired. • Parents needed to trust healthcare professionals had done everything possible for their child. Resuscitation of a child is one of the most critical times that parents need support, and parental support is fundamental to providing family-centered care in high acuity settings. The aim of this systematic review was to appraise and synthesize studies conducted to examine the support needs of parents during resuscitation of their child from their own perspective. The PRISMA model guided the systematic literature search of Google Scholar, PubMed, Cochrane, Scopus, and Ovid for studies published until the end of 2020. Keywords used were: family support, family-centered care, family needs, resuscitation, CPR, children, neonatal, pediatric, family presence, family-witnessed, and parents. There were 787 articles located. After reviewing for relevancy, 21 articles met criteria and were included in this review. Findings indicate the needs of parents during resuscitation of their child include: Spiritual and cultural support; Communication with the child before and after resuscitation; Professional behavior from staff; Receiving information; Presence at resuscitation; Trust in the resuscitation team; and Having physical and mental needs met. Parents have differing support needs when their child is resuscitated in the hospital, and meeting these needs is critical for providing family-centered care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study is an attempt towards understanding the sources of long oscillations observed within the Pacific Ocean following the 11 March 2011 Tohoku earthquake. We present evidence that extremely long modes of the Pacific Ocean in the range of 2-48 h were excited by this giant tsunami. A numerical approach was employed to calculate the basin-wide modes of the Pacific Ocean, resulting in 49 modes in the range of 2-48 h. We studied 15 tide-gauge records around the Pacific Ocean in order to extract basin-wide modes of the Pacific Ocean excited by this transoceanic tsunami. Spectral analysis of these tide-gauge records showed that some of the calculated basin-wide modes were indeed excited by the Tohoku tsunami. The observed modes ranged from 2 to 49.8 h. We attributed the long oscillations of the Pacific Ocean during the 2011 Tohoku tsunami to the excitation of these basin-wide modes, which can be grouped into global modes (15-48 h) and regional modes (2-15 h). We classified the signals on the tide gauges into three groups: (1) basin-wide modes (>1.5 h), (2) the tsunami source periods (20-90 min), and (3) local bathymetric effects (<20 min). The average contributions to the total tsunami energy were 6.4 % for the basin-wide mode, 64.1 % for the tsunami source, and 29.5 % for the local bathymetry, although the ratios varied from station to station. Simulations suggest that the amount of contribution of basin effects to the total tsunami energy depends on the location of the tsunami source. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We studied two tsunamis from 2012, one generated by the El Salvador earthquake of 27 August ( Mw 7.3) and the other generated by the Philippines earthquake of 31 August ( Mw 7.6), using sea level data analysis and numerical modeling. For the El Salvador tsunami, the largest wave height was observed in Baltra, Galapagos Islands (71.1 cm) located about 1,400 km away from the source. The tsunami governing periods were around 9 and 19 min. Numerical modeling indicated that most of the tsunami energy was directed towards the Galapagos Islands, explaining the relatively large wave height there. For the Philippines tsunami, the maximum wave height of 30.5 cm was observed at Kushimoto in Japan located about 2,700 km away from the source. The tsunami governing periods were around 8, 12 and 29 min. Numerical modeling showed that a significant part of the far-field tsunami energy was directed towards the southern coast of Japan. Fourier and wavelet analyses as well as numerical modeling suggested that the dominant period of the first wave at stations normal to the fault strike is related to the fault width, while the period of the first wave at stations in the direction of fault strike is representative of the fault length. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A hypothetical landslide tsunami at the Nile Delta in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea is modeled in order to study hazards it would pose to the region. The methodology used is based on numerical simulation of the generation and propagation of a realistic landslide scenario. The volume of the landslide source is 41 km², located offshore northern Egypt. The maximum simulated wave heights along the northern, southern, and eastern coasts in the region are in the range of 1-12, 1-6.5, and 0.5-3 m, respectively. The maximum tsunami current velocity along the coasts reaches ~ 2-5 m s-1. Simulations show that bathymetric features in the region and the coastal morphology focus the maximum tsunami waves into some specific paths along which the largest tsunami runup heights occur. The semi-enclosed nature of the eastern Mediterranean causes wave reflections, which result in several wave trains arriving at every coastal site. In some coastal sites, the largest simulated wave belongs to the second wave train, indicating that wave reflection is responsible for this delayed large wave. Based on the results, deployment of a network of deepwater pressure gauges may help in detection and early warning of possible landslide-generated tsunamis in the Eastern Mediterranean. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report the statistical and wavelet analyses of the 21 May 2003 tsunami produced by an M 6.8-6.9 thrust earthquake in the western Mediterranean Sea using 19 tide gauge records. The largest trough-to-crest wave height was 196 cm recorded at the Sant Antoni station in the lee of the incoming tsunami wave. Except at one station, the first wave was not the largest wave at all the analyzed stations, and the largest wave arrived several hours after the first arrival. In addition, the tsunami waves persisted for more than 1 day at most stations. As the spectra of coastal tide gauge stations are strongly influenced by topographic features, special care was taken here while interpreting the results of spectral and wavelet analysis. Our wavelet analysis shows that only a peak at around 23 min is persistent for long duration, and other peaks at 14, 30, 45, and 60 min appeared at short durations. The 23-min signal is possibly associated with the width of the source fault whereas the fault length contributed to the 45-min signal. Based on these dominant periods, the tsunami source dimensions are estimated as 95 km × 45 km. The statistical and wavelet analyses performed here provide some new insights into the characteristics of the tsunami that was generated and propagated in the western Mediterranean basin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We studied the 11 March 2011 Tohoku tsunami through analysis of the sea level records from 21 tide gauge and 16 DART (Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis) stations from across the Pacific Ocean. The extreme power of this trans-oceanic tsunami was indicated by the trough-to-crest heights of 3.03 m at Arena Cove on the western coast of the USA and 3.94 m at Coquimbo on the southern coast of Chile. The average value of the maximum amplitude was 163.9 cm for the examined tide gauge records. At many coastal tide gauge stations the largest wave arrived several hours after the first arrival of the tsunami wave, and the tsunami lasted for a long time with an average duration of 4 days. On the contrary, at most of the DART stations in the deep ocean, the first wave was the largest, the tsunami amplitudes were smaller with an average maximum of 51.2 cm, and the durations were shorter with an average of 2 days. The two dominant tsunami periods on the DART records were 37 and 67.4 min, which are possibly attributed to the width and length of the tsunami source fault, respectively. The dimensions of the tsunami source was estimated as 233 km × 424 km. Wavelet analyses of tide gauge and DART records showed that most of the tsunami energy was distributed at the wide period band of around 10-80 min during the first hour after the tsunami arrival, then it was concentrated in a relatively narrower band. The frequency-time plots showed the switches and lapses of tsunami energy at the 35- and 65-min period bands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There has been an increasing interest in the application of non-invasive respiratory support in preterm infants, and different types of nasal continuous positive airway pressure (N-CPAP) devices are being used in Neonatal Intensive Care Units (NICUs). The objective of the present study was to compare the duration of CPAP need and possible complications of two methods of (N-CPAP) delivery: Bubble CPAP (B-CPAP) and Medijet (MJ) system device in preterm infants with respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). This prospective randomized clinical trial was performed on 161 preterm infants (28-37 weeks of gestational age) with RDS and eligible for CPAP therapy. The infants were inborn and admitted in a level III NICU of Al-Zahra Teaching Hospital (Tabriz, Iran) from April 2010 to September 2011. All infants were randomized in the first hour of life to B-CPAP or MJ system. Short binasal prongs were used in both groups and CPAP was set at the level of 5-6 cm H2O. The primary outcome of this study was duration of CPAP need (hour). Other outcomes, such as complications of the two methods of N-CPAP, were evaluated using a checklist. Ninety infants were randomized to the MJ system, and 71 were randomized to B-CPAP. The mean gestational age and birth weight were similar in the two groups, as was the duration of CPAP need (44.3±20.64 vs. 49.2±21.2 hours, respectively; p=0.66). Moreover, the probability of complications, such as CPAP failure rate, pulmonary hemorrhage, pneumothorax, intraventricular hemorrhage, abdominal distention, necrotizing enterocolitis, and bronchopulmonary dysplasia, was the same between the two study groups (p>0.05). There was a trend of more hyperemia of the nose in the B-CPAP group in comparison to the MJ system group (10% versus 3.3%, respectively), but the difference was not significant (p=0.08). In conclusion, the MJ system is as effective as B-CPAP in the management of infants with RDS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

probabilistic tsunami hazard assessment is performed for the Makran subduction zone (MSZ) at the northwestern Indian Ocean employing a combination of probability evaluation of offshore earthquake occurrence and numerical modeling of resulting tsunamis. In our method, we extend the Kijko and Sellevoll's () probabilistic analysis from earthquakes to tsunamis. The results suggest that the southern coasts of Iran and Pakistan, as well as Muscat, Oman are the most vulnerable areas among those studied. The probability of having tsunami waves exceeding 5 m over a 50-year period in these coasts is estimated as 17.5%. For moderate tsunamis, this probability is estimated as high as 45%. We recommend the application of this method as a fresh approach for doing probabilistic hazard assessment for tsunamis. Finally, we emphasize that given the lack of sufficient information on the mechanism of large earthquake generation in the MSZ, and inadequate data on Makran's paleo and historical earthquakes, this study can be regarded as the first generation of PTHA for this region and more studies should be done in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present a preliminary estimation of tsunami hazard associated with the Makran subduction zone (MSZ) at the northwestern Indian Ocean. Makran is one of the two main tsunamigenic zones in the Indian Ocean, which has produced some tsunamis in the past. Northwestern Indian Ocean remains one of the least studied regions in the world in terms of tsunami hazard assessment. Hence, a scenario-based method is employed to provide an estimation of tsunami hazard in this region for the first time. The numerical modeling of tsunami is verified using historical observations of the 1945 Makran tsunami. Then, a number of tsunamis each resulting from a 1945-type earthquake ( M w 8.1) and spaced evenly along the MSZ are simulated. The results indicate that by moving a 1945-type earthquake along the MSZ, the southern coasts of Iran and Pakistan will experience the largest waves with heights of between 5 and 7 m, depending on the location of the source. The tsunami will reach a height of about 5 m and 2 m in northern coast of Oman and eastern coast of the United Arab Emirates, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carrying out a Probabilistic Tsunami Hazard Assessment (PTHA) requires a large number of simulations done at a high resolution. Statistical emulation builds a surrogate to replace the simulator and thus reduces computational costs when propagating uncertainties from the earthquake sources to the tsunami inundations. To reduce further these costs, we propose here to build emulators that exploit multiple levels of resolution and a sequential design of computer experiments. By running a few tsunami simulations at high resolution and many more simulations at lower resolutions we are able to provide realistic assessments whereas, for the same budget, using only the high resolution tsunami simulations do not provide a satisfactory outcome. As a result, PTHA can be considered with higher precision using the highest spatial resolutions, and for impacts over larger regions. We provide an illustration to the city of Cilacap in Indonesia that demonstrates the benefit of our approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The present study was conducted with the aim of evaluating the accuracy of International Classification of Disease Perinatal Mortality (ICD-PM) codes assigned on death certificates before and after an expert panel review. Method: The present study was a mixed methods observational study conducted at Umm al-Benin Hospital, the sole specialized obstetrics and gynecology center affiliated with Mashhad University of Medical Sciences. The study comprised three distinct stages: (1) Collecting primary ICD-PM codes assigned to perinatal death certificates, along with other relevant information, from October 2021 to March 2022; (2) Examining the circumstances of each perinatal death case and re-identifying the causes of death through a consensus process involving a panel of experts comprising pediatricians, obstetrics and gynecology specialists, and nursing and midwifery experts; presenting the new ICD-PM code; (3) Comparing the ICD-PM codes assigned to perinatal death certificates before and after the expert panel's evaluation. Result: During the study period, a total of seven specialized panels were conducted to examine perinatal deaths. Out of the 71 cases, 41 were carefully reviewed by experts. These cases included 32 stillbirths and nine neonatal deaths. The examination process followed specific inclusion and exclusion criteria. The findings revealed that there were no significant changes in the causes of neonatal deaths. However, it was notable that 80% of the previously unknown causes of stillbirths were successfully identified. Notably, the occurrence of stillbirths increased by 78% due to maternal causes and conditions. Conclusion: Convening panels of experts to discuss the causes of perinatal deaths can effectively reduce the percentage of unknown causes, as classified by ICD-PM. This approach also guarantees the availability of essential data for implementing effective interventions to decrease preventable perinatal deaths. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The July 2020 M w 7.8 Alaska tsunamigenic earthquake was a fresh call for potential large tsunamis associated with the Aleutian subduction zone. The second largest ever-recorded earthquake worldwide (M w 9.2) occurred in this zone in 1964 indicating its massive earthquake and tsunami risk. Our analysis of the July 2020 tsunami revealed that it involves very long period waves (51–64 min) which is unusual for an M w 7.8 earthquake. The tsunami coastal amplitude was small (~0.5 m) which is much smaller than that usually expected from a tsunamigenic earthquake of this size. Here, through numerical simulations and spectral analyses, we explain the ultra-long period and small amplitude waves of the tsunami. Our analysis using an analytical equation showed that the ultra-long period of the tsunami (51–64 min) can be reproduced using the shallow water depth around the source region (100–200 m) and the length of the coseismic deformation area (~100 km). By comparing the coastal amplitude of this event with four other similar-size and similar-mechanism earthquakes (thrust M w 7.8), we attribute the relatively small coastal amplitude of this tsunami to the deep focal depth of the earthquake (28 km) and the extremely shallow water around the source region. • July 2020 Alaska tsunami from M7.8 earthquake has ultra-long period of 51–64 min. • The coastal amplitude of the tsunami was ~0.5 m which is unusually small. • Ultra-long period of the tsunami is due to generation in shallow water (~150 m). • Small coastal amplitude is due to deep earthquake (28 km) and shallow water (~150 m). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the first end-to-end example of a risk model for loss of assets in households due to possible future tsunamis. There is a significant need for Government to assess the generic risk to buildings, and the concrete impact on the full range of assets of households, including the ones that are key to livelihoods such as agricultural land, fishing boats, livestock and equipment. Our approach relies on the Oasis Loss Modelling Framework to integrate hazard and risk. We first generate 25 representative events of tsunamigenic earthquakes off the Southern coast of Java, Indonesia. We then create a new vulnerability function based upon the Indonesian household survey STAR1 of how much assets have been reduced in each household after the 2004 tsunami. We run a multinomial logit regression to precisely allocate the probabilistic impacts to bins that correspond with levels of financial reduction in assets. We focus on the town of Cilacap for which we build loss exceedance curves, which represent the financial losses that may be exceeded at a range of future timelines, using future tsunami inundations over a surveyed layout and value of assets over the city. Our loss calculations show that losses increase sharply, especially for events with return periods beyond 250 years. These series of computations will allow more accurate investigations of impacts on livelihoods and thus will help design mitigation strategies as well as policies to minimize suffering from tsunamis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The failure of the vital economic railway link between London and the southwest of the United Kingdom in the 2014 storm chain incurred up to £1.2bn of economic losses. This incident highlighted the urgent need to understand the cascading nature of multi hazards involved in storm damage. This study focuses on the Dawlish railway where a seawall breach caused two months of railway closure in 2014. We used historical and contemporary data of severe weather damage and used failure analysis to develop a multi-hazard risk model for the railway. Twenty-nine damage events caused significant line closure in the period 1846–2014. For each event, hazards were identified, the sequence of failures were deconstructed, and a flowchart for each event was formulated showing the interrelationship of multiple hazards and their potential to cascade. The most frequent damage mechanisms were identified: (I) landslide, (II) direct ballast washout, and (III) masonry damage. We developed a risk model for the railway which has five layers in the top-down order of: (a) root cause (storm); (b) force generation (debris impact, wave impact, overtopping, excess pore pressure, wind impacts); (c) common cause failure (slope instability, rail flooding, coping and parapet damage, foundation failure and masonry damage); (d) cascading failure (landslide, ballast washout, upper masonry seawall failure, loss of infill material), and (e) network failure forcing service suspension. We identified five separate failure pathways and damage mechanisms by analysing these 29 major events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Far-field tsunamis and their features, as well as methods to quantify trans-oceanic tsunamis are reviewed, with examples of instrumental and historical data. Tsunamis from the 1854 Nankai earthquakes, the 1946 Aleutian tsunami earthquake, the 1960 and 2010 Chile earthquakes, as well as the 2011 Tohoku earthquake, were recorded around the Pacific Ocean. The 1883 Krakatoa volcanic eruption caused volcanic tsunami in the Indian Ocean and meteotsunami in the Pacific Ocean. The 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami was also recorded in the Pacific Ocean. When a tsunami amplitude is larger than that of ocean tides, which usually requires the parent earthquake to be gigantic (Mw ~ 9), it can cause damage and may be historically documented. The trans-Pacific tsunamis described in historical documents include those from the 1700 Cascadia earthquake, the 1730, 1751, 1837, and 1877 earthquakes off Chile, and the 1687 and 1868 earthquakes off Peru. The tsunami record in Japan from the 1586 Peru earthquakes was found to be incorrect and should be discounted. The tsunami magnitude scale relates the tsunami heights to the earthquake size. Tsunami travel time can be computed from actual bathymetry, and the tsunami ray tracing provides relative amplitudes, due to focusing/defocusing caused by irregular bathymetry. Numerical computations from fault models produce tsunami amplitudes and waveforms, and indicate strong directivity due to strike of fault or orientation of subduction zones. Far-field tsunamis are often long-lasting, due to multiple reflections across the basin or on continental shelf, or due to resonance in bays/harbors. These features would provide important criteria to estimate tsunami sources from paleo-tsunami data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The eruption of the Anak Krakatoa volcano (Indonesia) in December 2018 produced a destructive tsunami with maximum runup of 13 m killing 437 people. Since the occurrence of this rare tsunami, it has been a challenge as how to model this tsunami and to reconstruct the network of coastal observations. Here, we apply a combination of qualitative physical modeling and wavelet analyses of the tsunami as well as numerical modeling to propose a source model. Physical modeling of a volcano flank collapse showed that the initial tsunami wave mostly involves a pure-elevation wave. We identified initial tsunami period of 6.3–8.9 min through Wavelet analysis, leading to an initial tsunami dimension of 1.8–7.4 km. Twelve source models were numerically modelled with source dimensions of 1.5–4 km and initial tsunami amplitudes of 10–200 m. Based on the qualities of spectral and amplitude fits between observations and simulations, we constrained the tsunami source dimension and initial amplitude in the ranges of 1.5–2.5 km and 100–150 m, respectively. Our best source model involves potential energy of 7.14 × 1013–1.05 × 1014 J equivalent to an earthquake of magnitude 6.0–6.1. The amplitude of the final source model is consistent with the predictions obtained from published empirical equations. • Initial tsunami wave is a pure-elevation wave based on our physical modeling. • The dominant tsunami period is 6.3–8.9 min giving tsunami length of 1.8–7.4 km. • Final tsunami source has a length of 1.5–2.5 km and amplitude of 100–150 m. • Our model has energy of 7.14 × 1013–1.05 × 1014 J equivalent to M 6.0 earthquake. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The September 2018 Sulawesi tsunami was one of the two tsunamis that attacked Indonesia in 2018 which left a death toll of approximately 2000 people. The other tsunami was the Sunda Strait event on 22 December which killed nearly 500 people. In this study, we focus on the Sulawesi tsunami. The September 2018 Sulawesi tsunami was unexpected because it was generated following an Mw 7.5 strike-slip earthquake whereas such earthquakes do not produce large tsunamis due to their dominant horizontal movements. To address the Sulawesi puzzle, here we present results of tide gauge data analysis, tsunami field surveys and numerical simulations. Two tide gauge records are analyzed here recorded in Pantoloan (inside the Palu Bay) and Mamuju (outside the Palu Bay). Maximum tsunami trough-to-crest heights of 380 and 24 cm, were measured in Pantoloan and Mamuju, respectively. Spectral analyses of the tide gauge records revealed dominating wave periods of 3.6−4.4 and 10 min at the aforesaid stations, respectively. Spectral results indicate that the tsunami source dimensions should have been most likely in the range of 3.4–4.1 km and 32.5 km, for inside and outside of the Palu Bay, respectively. Our field surveys showed that tsunami runup was up to 11 m and largest runups were focused at the southern part of the Palu Bay. We were able to reproduce the two observed tide gauge records using numerical simulations. However, the maximum simulated runup was approximately 2 m which was less than the observed runup of 11 m. It is likely that a secondary source, i.e. submarine landslide(s), has contributed to the tectonic source of the tsunami. Occurrence of several actual landslides following the earthquake, which were recorded on videos, may strengthen the potential contribution of landslides to the Sulawesi tsunami. The other supporting facts are the short-period waves on the Pantoloan tide gauge and the short inundation length of the tsunami along the Palu Bay coasts. We identify the southern part of the Palu Bay, around the latitude of -0.82 S, as the most likely location of a potential landslide based on our backward tsunami ray tracing analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since its inception in 1845, the coastal railway between Exeter and Newton Abbott (UK) has been problematic – for those designing, building, maintaining and living with it. This vulnerability was infamously brought into sharp focus during the winter storm season of 2013/14, when a series of extratropical cyclones funnelled up the English Channel (Masselink et al, 2016, Earth Surface Process. Landforms. 41, 3) and blew easterly gales and storm surges onto the coast at Dawlish in Southern Devon, UK. A section of the seawall dating from 1846 was breached leading to £ 50m of damage, two months of travel disruption and an economic impact of up to £ 1.2bn to Devon and Cornwall in the south west of the UK (Peninsula Rail Taskforce, 2016). Various media and technical reports (Network Rail, 2014) suggested this was an exceptional and unique event, however our archival research showed that the line has always suffered from storm surge related damage and was affected on at least one occasion in the same place at Sea Lawn. The inland topography is difficult in this part of the UK for railroad infrastructure with undulating hills. For these reasons, the railway was built on a coastal ledge sandwiched between the sea and sheer cliff faces on low and relatively-flat land. This study aims to detail the specific failure mechanisms that the coastal line has suffered since its inception in 1845 looking specifically at the role of weather. Hazards are identified and a discussion made regarding the cascading nature of the events. Our data comes from extensive research of original documents from the UK National Archives, UK's Institution of Civil Engineers, Brunel University London and from contemporary reporting of the events. The methodology of archival research helped to develop a database of past failure mechanisms and classification of the damage.Based on our study, within 12 months of construction, a major storm caused a large section of seawall to be washed away, the ensuing interruption of train services led to a review of design to improve resilience. Train operations were also vulnerable to landslips. The blasting during construction led to cliffs becoming unstable in the early years of the railway (December 1852 – February 1853). After heavy rainfall, water levels built up inside the sandstone deposits and made collapse a frequent occurrence (for example 12 March 1923). Our study reveals that a cascade of events has often been responsible for damage and interruption on the railway. A risk model is presented which shows different cascading hazards and the hierarchy of the events that led to railway failure based on the examined data for 2014. Our risk model includes various hazards such as undermining of the soft sandstone foundations, landslides, signal disruption, overtopping, foundation scour and washout of infill materials behind the wall fascia. This structure will be the basis for future studies to develop a probabilistic model for railway failure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are several types of tsunamis originating from different sources. Among them are landslide- and earthquake-generated waves which could be the most hazardous. Some tsunamis generated by earthquakes are associated with landslides which can amplify the coastal wave heights of the tsunamis. These tsunamis are called tsunamis with dual sources, i.e. earthquakes and landslides. This project studies the interaction between landslide and earthquake-generated waves to understand how the velocity of landslide movement, the period of the earthquake-generated waves and the slope angle of the failure plane can influence on wave amplitudes over time. This study is conducted through physical modelling. Practical experiments are carried out in the wave flume at the Brunel University London in a 10m long, 0.3m wide and 0.47m deep flume. Tsunami amplitudes were recorded using wave gauges. In total 31 experiments were conducted among which several of them were performed twice to obtain the required accuracy. The procedures of the experiments have been video recorded and photographed.The results of this study indicate that the overall tsunami amplitude changes due to the considered parameters. Based on the results, tsunami peak amplitude varied in different experiments due to the effects of wave periods, water depths and landslide parameters. Furthermore, the results of this study showed that the highest tsunami amplitude for dual waves (combined earthquake and landslide sources) was 74.4 mm in experiment 23, while the lowest amplitude was 36.5 mm in experiment 24. The highest percentage of amplitude increase was 60% (in experiment 15) compared to the single earthquake source. The analysis demonstrates that the velocity of landslide could be the most important factor in generating a wave with high amplitude. It is planned in this project to conduct further experiments in the future to study various aspects of dual-source tsunamis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractIntroduction: Kangaroo mother care (KMC), as a complement to incubator care, is one of theten recommendations of the World Health Organization (WHO) for the care of preterm infants.The KMC stabilizes the heart rate, improves oxygen saturation, makes weight gain better, andreduces crying in the infant. In order to launch KMC unit, the barriers for implementing this typeof care should be recognized.Methods: This qualitative research was conducted using a focus group discussion and individualsemi-structured interview with nurses, doctors, executive and management staff of a neonatalunit of a third level teaching hospital in Tabriz, northwest Iran. The participants were selectedusing purposeful sampling. Content analysis was used for analyzing data. Data were analyzedby MAXQDA 10 software.Results: After analyzing data, four main themes were extracted including mother-relatedbarriers, father-related barriers, physician- related barriers, and system-related barriers.Conclusion: Based on the findings of the research, it seems that in order to facilitate practicingcontinuous KMC, much emphasis should be placed on training the parents and health careproviders. Furthermore, in some cases, reforming the payment system for physicians, providingan instruction for performing continuous KMC, and continuous assessment of hospitals annuallyare necessary [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The efficacy of continuous kangaroo mother care (C-KMC) in reducing neonatal mortality and morbidity among low birthweight and premature infants has been confirmed. Despite the recommendations of the World Health Organization, UNICEF, and the Ministry of Health of Iran to use C-KMC for eligible hospitalized neonates, this type of care is not performed due to implementation problems. This protocol aims to describe the design, implementation, and assessment of C-KMC in one tertiary hospital by means of participatory action research. Methods: The objective of this study is to design and implement a C-KMC program for neonates that will be performed in two phases using a stages-of-change model. The first phase will be conducted in three consecutive activities of designing, implementing, and assessing the introduction of C-KMC. The second phase of the study has a before-and-after design to assess the effectiveness of C-KMC by comparing the length of preterm neonates' stay in hospital and exclusive breastfeeding at discharge before and after implementing C-KMC. Discussion: KMC is an important component of neonatal developmental care as part of family-centered care. Applying this type of care requires creating appropriate strategies, budget allocation, and clear and coordinated planning at different levels of the health system. The stages-of-change model is one of the appropriate approaches to the implementation of C-KMC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: After the outbreak of COVID-19, a huge part of the health care services was dedicated to preventing and treating this disease. In case of COVID-19 infection, severe COVID-19 is reported more in pregnant individuals. Afterward, Vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 became a hot topic due to known effects in preventing severe COVID-19 during pregnancy. Vaccination of pregnant individuals started in August 2021 with the Sinopharm vaccine in Iran. The aim of current study was to determine the incidence of perinatal outcomes in women who were vaccinated during pregnancy. Method: This retrospective cohort study included 129,488 singleton births from March 21, 2021, until March 21, 2022, in Tehran, Iran. The data was obtained from the Iranian Maternal and Neonatal (IMaN) Network and the Maternal Vaccination Registry. Adverse perinatal outcomes investigated in this study include preterm birth, extremely preterm birth, low birth weight, very low birth weight, intrauterine growth restriction, stillbirth, neonatal intensive care unit admission, congenital anomaly, neonatal death and low 5-minute Apgar score. The risk of all perinatal outcomes was evaluated using multiple logistic regression. The analysis was done using STATA version 14. Results: Of all 129,488 singleton births included in this study, 17,485 (13.5%) were vaccinated against SARS-CoV-2 (all with Sinopharm (BBIBP-CorV)). The exposure to the Sinopharm vaccine during pregnancy caused a significant decrease in the incidence of preterm birth (P =0.006, OR=0.91 [95% CI, 0.85 to 0.97]), extremely preterm birth (P =<0.001,OR=0.55 [95% CI, 0.45 to 0.66]), and stillbirth (P =<0.001, OR=0.60 [95% CI, 0.47 to 0.76]). Exposure to vaccination during the first trimester was associated with an increased risk of preterm birth (P =0.01, OR=1.27 [95% CI, 1.04 to 1.55]) Maternal vaccination during pregnancy was not associated with an increased risk of other adverse perinatal outcomes included in this study. Conclusion: The finding of this population-based study indicated no adverse pregnancy outcome due to vaccination with the Sinopharm vaccine during the second and third trimesters of pregnancy. Overall risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes were lower in the vaccinated individuals compared to the unvaccinated group. Also, vaccination during the first trimester was associated with an increased risk of preterm birth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has profoundly affected healthcare systems worldwide, with significant collateral damage to vulnerable populations, including the perinatal population. This study sought to compare pregnancy-related complications before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in Iran. Methods: This retrospective data analysis was performed from February 20 to August 20, 2019 (prior to the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic) and from February 20 to August 20, 2020 (during the pandemic), encompassing the initial wave of the pandemic and the subsequent lockdown. To collect data, we utilized the medical records of 168,358 women obtained from the Iranian Maternal and Neonatal Network, which is a comprehensive electronic health record database management system specifically designed to store information pertaining to maternal and neonatal health. Results: A total of 168,358 medical records were analyzed, with 87 388 (51.9%) and 80 970 (48.1%) before and during the pandemic, respectively. The occurrence of pregnancy complications was found to be significantly more frequent during the pandemic compared to the pre-pandemic period. Notably, there was a higher likelihood of experiencing preeclampsia (odds ratio [OR] = 1.14, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.07-1.22, P = 0.0001) and gestational diabetes (OR = 1.14, 95% CI: 1.09-1.19, P = 0.0001) during the pandemic. Furthermore, cesarean section (CS) became more prevalent during the pandemic in comparison to vaginal delivery (OR = 1.19, 95% CI: 1.17-1.22, P = 0.0001). Conclusion: Our findings demonstrated a significant association between the COVID-19 pandemic and an escalation in adverse pregnancy outcomes, notably preeclampsia, gestational diabetes, and CS deliveries. However, further research is warranted to gain a richer understanding of the intricate interplay between the COVID-19 pandemic and pregnancy complications. This is particularly crucial in light of the evolving landscape of new coronavirus variants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]