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Barton could also have contrasted the fate of the internees with those of the thousands of deserters and escaped prisoners of war who fled to Switzerland. Barton also discusses the marriages of internees with fiancés who visited, or with compatriots in Switzerland, or even with Swiss girls. Above all it was this presence of family members that made internment in Switzerland 'a completely different experience from the homosocial closed communities of the prisoner-of-war-camps' (p. 194). [Extracted from the article]

Hayes highlights its importance as 'a Renaissance version of an ancient Greek guide to health and fitness', containing 'detailed descriptions of exercises going back to the fifth century BC' (p. 10). The main focus of the book is Girolamo Mercuriale's I De Arte Gymnastica i , initially published in 1569, and the author's journey through a variety of archives and gymnasia in his American homeland and in Europe. In Bill Hayes' I Sweat: A History of Exercise i , the author takes an auto-ethnographic approach to examine the history of physical exercise. [Extracted from the article]

When greyhound racing disappeared from terrestrial television somewhere around the mid-1990s the sport also disappeared from the British public's consciousness. 2 Keith Laybourn, I Going to the Dogs: A History of Greyhound Racing in Britain, 1926-2017 i (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2019), p. 37. 3 Ibid. Going to the dogs: a history of greyhound racing in Britain, 1926-2017, by Keith Laybourn, Man-chester, Manchester University Press, 2019, 224 pp., £80.00 (hardcover), ISBN 978-1-5261-1451-8; Please mister: the Golden Age of greyhound racing, by Charles Blanning, Withymoor, Fullerton Press, 2020, 230 pp., £35 (hardcover), ISBN unknown: Going to the dogs: a history of greyhound racing in Britain, 1926-2017, by Keith Laybourn, Manchester, Manchester University Press, 2019, 224 pp., £80 (hardcover), ISBN 978-1-5261-1451-8: Please mister: the golden age of greyhound racing, by Charles Blanning, Withymoor, Fullerton Press, 2020, 230 pp., £35 (hardcover), ISBN unknown. [Extracted from the article]

Thus, for anyone interested in sporting or equestrian history, Mike Huggins' new study, I Horse Racing and British Society in the Long Eighteenth Century i , is an essential book. Horse racing as it developed three hundred years ago in England not only influenced the eighteenth-century world of politics and culture but reached forward to shape the global sport as practised today. As Huggins proves, horse racing was about more than passive masculine sociability and elite leisure; race meetings were active buzzing hives of political activity as well. [Extracted from the article]

Objective. To measure rapid weight loss and urinary indicators of hydration status, as well as to assess the effects and symptoms of dehydration in Brazilian jiu-jitsu (BJJ) athletes at different moments. Methods. 17 male BJJ athletes (aged: 24.4 ± 3.5 years; body mass (BM): 76.8 ± 14.6 kg; body fat: 16.6 ± 6.4%), were evaluated between 8 and 9 am at three different moments: Baseline (10 days pre- competition), measurement of BM and stature, collection of urine samples, and food record of the previous 24 hours; pre-competition, measurement of BM, urine samples, and questionnaire to assess rapid weight loss (RWL), and post-competition (24h after), day after competition, with measurement of BM, and urine samples for analysis of specific gravity. Results. There was a tendency to decrease BM to compete (baseline: 76.8 ± 14.6 kg, pre-competition: 75.4 ± 13.4 kg, post-competition: 77.3 ± 13.7 kg; p < 0.07), with 88.2% of athletes using methods that increase dehydration. The majority of athletes were dehydrated at the three time points of the study (94.1%; USG = 1.021 ± 0.005 Usg at baseline, 88.2%; 1.020 ± 0.007 Usg at pre-competition, 88.2%; 1.022 ± 0.008 Usg on the post-competition day), accompanied by symptoms associated with RWL (82.4% increased heart rate, 52.9% headache, 47.1% hot flashes, 41.2% nausea, 41.2% disorientation, and 29.4% dizziness). Conclusions. Rapid pre-competitive weight loss and symptoms associated with dehydration were observed in the BJJ athletes. It is recommended that educational measures are promoted to inhibit RWL among BJJ athletes, requiring the engagement of health professionals and organizations that govern the sport (federations and confederations). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the latter part of the paper, I review aspects of three stages of Curry's comprehensive six-stage model of modern football development and diffusion[12] - namely Stage 2 - Revisionist Forms of the Game; Stage 3 -the Public Schools (and notably the status rivalry hypothesis) and Stage 4 - University Compromise, again identifying areas of concern or issues for further study. Both the Eton and the Rugby rules were produced by those charged as "keepers" and conservers of their school's games in order to ensure that their respective internal and ever-growing audiences grasped the rules of football "as I played i at" their schools. And whereas public schoolboys generally experienced school life as an "inner directed existence",[85] it was as undergraduates or after leaving school that pupils moved beyond the limits of the "total institution"[86] that was their particular school and, on entering Oxbridge came into direct contact I on the field i with other public schoolboys whose experience of football or rowing was often different from their own. 'The close-knit community of the [great]public schools,[83] increasingly progressing into the universities from the late 18th century, was to be all-important in transmitting the sports of the schools into adult recreation'.[84] While the parallels between the development of cricket and football at the universities are seen largely in relation to club formation, financial organization and types and degree of associativity of members of those clubs, the parallels between the development of rowing and the development of football are much closer. [Extracted from the article]

Throughout the 1950s, colonial Kenya experimented with multiracial governance – maintaining separate racial identities and instituting group political representation – as a strategy for protecting white supremacy. Though independence negotiations in 1960 ended political multiracialism, in cultural arenas, white sports officials – and their conservative allies in the International Olympic Committee – continued drawing on multiracialist ideologies to justify their disproportionate influence as heads of Kenya's sports organizations and as coaches. Kenyan sport during the midcentury thus reveals the unevenness and incompleteness of decolonization, as well as the specific means by which white settlers attempted to maintain power in the independent era. These efforts can be seen as part of a broader, global right-wing backlash to African nationalism. Though white Kenyans attempted to clutch onto power within the world of sport, Kenya's independent state actors intervened, nationalizing the sports administration and sidelining white-dominated institutions. While recent scholarship has examined African decolonization as a contested process, much of this work has centered on the formal mechanisms of transition. This article shows that, after political transition, sport became a new battleground of decolonization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Materiales para la Historia del Deporte is the property of Polytechnic University of Madrid and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Dans les activités de nature, la « première » est une forme de performance particulière. L'analogie entre les premières et les records sportifs doit être questionnée. L'objet de cet article est de démontrer les spécificités des premières par rapport aux records sportifs et d'en tirer une meilleure compréhension de l'identité des activités de nature. Nous nous appuyons sur une analyse socio-historique des premières et de leur valorisation dans différents médias, propres à une communauté de pratiquants ou grand public. Nos principaux résultats révèlent que, les premières et les records se rejoignent sur certaines caractéristiques liées notamment à la performance physique. Néanmoins, derrière ces analogies, les premières se distinguent par de nombreux aspects comme leur unicité qui leur confère une historicité particulière. De cette analyse ressort l'identité des activités de nature et explique la mobilité inhérente à ces pratiques dans la mesure où la découverte est un moteur essentiel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The issue of entrepreneurship in sports joins the more general trend of catching up with the long Renaissance period of "reflecting" on the character of the professional sportsman (athlete), so peculiarly overlooked, and one of the main protagonists of the culture of antiquity, alongside the artist or philosopher. The author of the article adopts the convention of the 'corporate athlete', for which he sees a contemporary exemplification in football, the most popular sport. The examples cited from the economic history of football, preceded by an outline of the basic categories of entrepreneurship, are an attempt to show the essence of an economic, two-way view of these issues. The description of the institutionalisation of analytics and football's 'information bank', highlights the effectiveness of an interdisciplinary approach to entrepreneurship in sport. In contrast, the characterisation of the re-engineering carried out at FC Barcelona is a case of an approach that treats sport as a natural economic environment. Providing a wholesome, inspirational building block, grounding some elements of management and entrepreneurial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyses the popular post-war boys' baseball manga Kyojin no Hoshi, to highlight how pre-war militaristic values were carried over into post-war Japanese sports. Militarism in pre-war Japan was underpinned by bushidō, a set of beliefs that idealised the values upheld by samurai, and which greatly influenced Japan's pre-war physical education system. While post-war Japan achieved democratisation in many ways, the democratic transformation in sports after the war was much slower. For this reason, elements of military training that were included in sports training prior to the war continued to be emphasised in the post-war era. This article uses examples taken from Star of the Giants to highlight this phenomenon, as well as the broader connection between manga and cultural context. It also touches upon cultural representations of fathers and the male gender in post-war Japanese boys' fiction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the reporting of the Haxey Hood, a communal game which is a Lincolnshire calendar custom observed on old Christmas Day on January 6th in England, in newspapers produced from the 1840s until the 1950s found in the British Newspaper Archive. Topics discussed include origins of the Haxey Hood, verse and folk songs of the Haxey Hood, intervention of outsiders in reporting, and changes relating to the Haxey Hood such as celebration of Hood Days and smoking of the Fool activity.

The five important features of Chinese-style modernization have profound sports implications. Being an important part of the socialist modernization process, the new and high-quality development of Chinese sport is not only the internal requirement for the comprehensive construction of socialist modernization, but the embodiment of Chinese-style modernization in the field of sport, and the strong foundation and support for promoting and expanding Chinese modernization. Chinese-style modernization offers a basic context for the development of Chinese sport as well as the logic of its future prospect. Therefore, based on the Chinese-style modernization in the new era, sport should become the basic means to promote the all-round development of people due to the characteristics of sport in itself, such as strengthening the body, challenging and surpassing the self. Sport should become an important means to shape the society through the awareness of rules, teamwork and fighting spirit carried by sport. Sport should play as an engine for economic development and become a new driving force for economic and social development and a new way for balanced regional development. And the essence of competitive sports' function of "winning glory for the country" should be explored thus to make Chinese spirit of sport become a unique symbol of Chinese modernization construction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of "shared history" is a historical research paradigm vigorously advocated by historian Xu Guoqi in recent years, which has received great attention from the academic circles at home and abroad. In Xu's work, sport plays an important role. Through analyzing the research paradigm for sport's "shared history", it can be seen that the paradigm is obviously characteristic of the non-government participators as the research subject, the cultural exchange as content, and the human destiny community construction as the research purpose. The research shows this paradigm originates from a transnational history and has a clear academic tradition, aiming to promote mutual understanding among civilizations and help realize shared future for mankind. Taking sport's "shared history" as an example, the study on the history of sport in China should follow the principles of Marx's historical materialism and write with the "grand historical view", thus gradually form the academic research family tree and accelerate the construction of Chinese-style sport history research. Taking sport's "shared history" as references, the practical study can be conducted from two dimensions of space and behavior subjects. The sport's "shared history" concept academically breaks through the historical writing paradigm of "Western-centered thinking", and provides a reliable historical perspective for easing international tension and constructing a harmonious society in practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In 1924 Tex Austin, an American showman, brought his world travelling Rodeo to Croke Park in Dublin. Coming at a time of significant social and political upheaval in Ireland, Austin's rodeo promised an entirely new kind of spectacle which was free from imperial or British connotations. Austin's rodeo, and cowboy paraphernalia in general, seemed largely immune from cultural suspicions despite the fact that few citizens knew what a rodeo actually entailed. The purpose of the present article is twofold. First it provides a detailed examination of Tex Austin's Dublin Rodeo, and a growing proliferation of cowboy culture in interwar Ireland. Second, it uses Austin's Rodeo and its aftermath, to discuss the rise of cowboy masculinities in Ireland. Done to highlight the multiplicity of masculine identities in the Free State, the article discusses the appeal of cowboy inspired masculinity in Ireland, as well as the mediums through which it passed. Such an identity was not all encompassing but it did exist, and was sustained by the entertainment and leisure industry. Its study reiterates the need for more work on the various pressures and influences brought to bear on Irish masculinity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The British Society of Sports History is actively working towards a more diverse and inclusive membership alongside the aim of encouraging a more representative research output in the field of sports history in Britain. This article provides an introduction to the process of developing and implementing strategies towards this intention. The article sits alongside and is informed by texts from authors such as Skillen and Osborne who have highlighted the continuing gender divide within sports history and the traditional leaning towards a male centred approach, and Evans et al, who have recently focussed on the disappointing legacy of the 'Black Lives Matter' movement within the field. Not limited to these particular underrepresented groups, the article considers the questions which need to be asked to produce useful and considered policies for inclusivity. With collaboration from members of the North American Society for Sport History, the author draws no conclusions, but hopes to contribute to the debate related to the inclusion of marginalised or underrepresented individuals within our sphere of academia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We reflect here on the history of the British Society of Sports History (BSSH) from its inception in 1982 through to its fortieth anniversary in 2022. The origins of the Society are contextualised with reference to a burgeoning interest in the history of sport and physical education in the 1970s and early 1980s. The BSSH's development is then considered with reference to its annual conferences, its membership, its publications and its recent initiatives seeking to promote sports history more widely. The contribution of women to the work of the Society is an underlying theme throughout, especially where it relates to gender inequity issues. This account draws extensively on the Society's archive, as yet uncatalogued, most significantly papers deposited by Dr Richard William Cox, which will eventually be available for consultation at the Kimberlin Library, De Montfort University, Leicester, UK. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Empire's subaltern peoples and its justification in coloniality are strangely absent from British sport history, despite a key strand of the field being grounded in links between Empire, masculinity and sport: in this the subject reflects gaps and silences in British social history more generally. This paper that is both theoretical and historiographical explores this absence and considers ways that it might be addressed. It first sketches the coloniality of sport history as epistemology and ontology through an exploration of the field's methodological national whiteness as redacting the agency and voice (past and present) of Indigenous and colonial subaltern peoples and implicating sport history in a continuing Imperial Archive. Although necessarily broad brush the paper concludes by examining aspects of the field that disrupt methodological nationalism and methodological whiteness to suggest ways of rethinking and recasting historians' practice to suggest decolonial methods for British sport history that rupture in analyses of sport the constraints of the nation as anachronism and Whiteness as a fundamental characteristic of British history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the Chair of the British Society of Sports History during its 40th anniversary year, I was delighted to be asked to write the Introduction to this special issue, celebrating four decades of our existence as the BSSH. This is thanks in particular to the work of Dr Geoffrey Levett in launching our BSSH "Sport in History" podcast, and of Dr Lisa Taylor in revamping our BSSH website (www.sportinhistory.org). [Extracted from the article]

This paper provides an overview of potential sites for sports historians to position their work. Opportunities to be employed focusing on sports history within a university setting are limited and it is challenging for sports historians to find opportunities for employment within traditional media organisations too. This paper tries to answer the simple question of 'Where will sport historians go in the future?' and considers opportunities to work with sporting organisations and others with the aim of presenting our work to audiences. In an uncertain financial climate, it can be difficult to find a role that supports the ambitions of sports historians. The article concludes that sports historians need to develop a multi-faceted approach to their careers, combining traditional academic opportunities with activities aimed at a general audience. Finding an appropriate niche is important. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the importance of sports history societies sharing their research with a broader audience. It draws on our own experiences and highlights examples of the work done by other British Society of Sports History members to disseminate their research through 'traditional' methods such as films, radio, and exhibitions and digital means, for example, Playing Pasts. However, the paper's aim is not simply self-congratulatory; it also focuses on the need to broadcast sports history to a younger audience, including those studying in further education. In considering how to ensure the survival of sports history as a subject, we, as members of sports history societies, need to engage the next generation of sports historians. This article considers the importance of doing so and the difficulties of this. With universities under increasing pressure and history departments facing significant cuts, ensuring the relevance and importance of our subject has never been more critical. This article makes some suggestions of how to do this and challenges sports history societies to reflect on what else they could do. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the evolving historiography of 'sport' vis-à-vis the British Society of Sports History (BSSH), as per fluid and shifting definitions of what the term 'sport' means. It begins by discussing broad themes within the previous historiography of UK sport. Afterwards, it roughly quantifies the content of articles the BSSH's journal The Sports Historian/Sport in History during the period 1993–2021, with an emphasis on sporting forms and emerging trends. Finally, the author provides a similar discussion of the topics of conference papers at annual meetings of the BSSH during the period 2011–21. Throughout this article, the author, Chair of the Society from 2017 to 2019, attempts to provide some causal explanations for why certain sporting forms are popular points of discussion, how others are pushing the envelope of the term 'sport', and issues therein. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Ultimate Frisbee, players are responsible for administering and reinforcing adherence to the rules of the game. As a self-refereed sport, UF relies upon the Spirit of the Game (SOTG). This study aimed to profile the experience, to ascertain the training history of the sport, the participation and goal orientations of international Ultimate Frisbee players in the European Beach Ultimate Championship, and to evaluate the contribution of these variables in a discriminant function to classify players according to SOTG level and competitive level. The sample consisted of 160 players [females 33.8% (29.3 ± 7.2 years); males 66.2% (37.6 ± 9.7 years)] who competed in the European Beach Ultimate Championship, 2019. Factorial ANOVA was used to test the effect of sex, competitive level and SOTG level (measured by the sum of the scores obtained in five questions addressing the following domains: (1) Knowledge and use of the rules; (2) Fouls and body contact; (3) Fair-mindedness; (4) Positive attitude and self-control; (5) Communication. The results revealed that sex was not a consistent source of SOTG level variation among players. In each competitive level, those with high SOTG levels obtained lower European Beach Ultimate Championship classification (t = 5.73 to 6.55, p < 0.001, d = 1.28 to 2.06), higher SOTG classification (t = −13.21 to −7.04, p < 0.001, d = 1.28 to 2.85), and better evaluation for fouls and body contact (t = 2.76 to 9.23, p < 0.05, d = 0.86 to 1.99) and for positive attitude (t = 5.88 to 7.43, p < 0.001, d = 2.06 to 2.57), than regular SOTG level players. Players of different competitive levels demonstrated similar SOTG results. These findings provide important information to coaches, physical education teachers and sport consultants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Measurement of the adverse outcomes of repeated head trauma in athletes is often achieved using tests where the comparator is 'accuracy'. While it is expected that ex-athletes would perform worse than controls, previous studies have shown inconsistent results. Here we have attempted to address these inconsistencies from a different perspective by quantifying not only accuracy, but also motor response times. Age-matched control subjects who have never experienced head trauma (n = 20; 41.8 ± 14.4 years) where compared to two cohorts of retired contact sport athletes with a history of head trauma/concussions; one with self-reported concerns (n = 36; 45.4 ± 12.6 years), and another with no ongoing concerns (n = 19; 43.1 ± 13.5 years). Participants performed cognitive (Cogstate) and somatosensory (Cortical Metrics) testing with accuracy and motor times recorded. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) investigated corticospinal conduction and excitability. Results showed that there was little difference between groups in accuracy scores. Conversely, motor times in all but one test revealed that ex-athletes with self-reported concerns were significantly slower compared to other groups (p ranges 0.031 to <0.001). TMS latency showed significantly increased time (p = 0.008) in the group with ongoing concerns. These findings suggest that incorporating motor times is more informative than considering accuracy scores alone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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