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The text is based on the correspondence preserved in the estates of prof. Otakar Sommer and prof. Miroslav Boháček stored in the Archives of the Czech Academy of Sciences (Prague). Based on these letters, it turns out that the traditional views on non-communication between professors at Charles University and the German University in Prague are not entirely true. There were professional and collegial contacts between the Czech and German Romanists, which in the case of O. Sommer and prof. Mariano San Nicolò also turned out to friendship, even between their families. Letters written by M. San Nicolò also partially show the background of his departure from Prague and his pedagogical work in Munich. The aim of the article is to point out the fact that correspondence between the academics of that time is an important source of knowledge about the scientific community of interwar Czechoslovakia.

The article deals with the Association of Czechoslovak Advocates Abroad in Exile in Great Britain during the Second World War, its rights and aspects of life in exile. Attention is paid to the tasks arising from cooperation with the Czechoslovak government in exile.

Conference Report

The article provides a detailed analysis of life and professional career of Rudolf Wierer (1907–1986), professor of canon law at the Faculty of Law of Masaryk University. Based on an analysis of archival materials from several Czech archives and a critical study of the memoirs of Wierer’s wife Bohumila, the article provides brand new biographical information about Rudolf Wierer that have never been published before. After the end of the Second World War, Wierer was investigated in Czechoslovakia as a part of the so-called retributive trials for his alleged activities during the period the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia. He was never convicted, however, because he managed to escape to Germany, where he became involved in Czechoslovak exile organizations and resumed his academic career as a professor at the Ukrainian Free University. In the 1960s he emigrated to the United States, where he held lectures on history at first and later worked as a librarian.

Abstract - The transcription of Eugen Huber’s notes on Karl Georg Bruns’ ‘Pandekten’ course held in 1870 in Berlin constitutes a meritorious work that makes a previously unpublished source available: it is an important testimony not only of the romanistic training of Huber, the father of the Swiss Civil Code, but also of the teaching role of Bruns, from whose lectures emerges the awareness of Roman law as a common basis for European legal culture.

Abstract - The contribution makes available in open access the translation from the German into Italian of the first part of one of the classics of Roman law studies, Das edictum perpetuum. Ein Versuch zu seiner Wiederherstellung by Otto Lenel. The reconstructive effort of praetor’s edict, elaborated by the German scholar who lived at the turn of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, is to this day in its entirety still unsurpassed.

Abstract - Some texts by Alfenus Varo and Titius Aristo speak of an actio negatoria granted in cases where the servitude relationship appears difficult to configure: since the formula ‘ius non esse ’ is also used by Alfenus in place of reivindicatio, it appears extremely likely are not hypotheses of edictal actions but of formulas dating back to the procedure of the agere per sponsionem.

Abstract - The linguistic derivation of ‘opera’ from ‘opus’ allows us to advance useful hypotheses on the recent nature of the locatio operarum. From the primitive unity of the locatio-conductio the locatio operarum would in fact have detached itself from the locatio rei in order to move the object of the assignment from the person of the worker to his activity and thus allow the work of the free man who subjected himself imperio alterius et potestati (Cic. Off. 22) for economic reasons. An attraction towards the obligation to do from the original obligation to give would have been exercised precisely by the locatio operis, which left the worker with greater managerial autonomy, limiting the control of the counterpart to the fairness of the corpus perfectum to be returned, without dividing the actions into individual operae to be carried out under the guidelines of others.

Abstract - The essay deals with a theme that, during the central period of the last century, was the object of a radical contrast of addresses, the one of the ‘reconstitution’ of extinct servitudes, and it shares the idea that the most significant law sources quoted concerning it would be suitable to certify the recurrence of the phenomenon (at least) till late antiquity.

Abstract - The paper deals with aequitas and its relationship to ius from the perspective of the declaimers of Seneca the father’s anthology of controversiae, a scholastic practice in many ways connected to the world of jurists, which also teaches to apply rhetorical status theory, in turn of great importance for the development of jurisprudence. In them, aequitas, which appears in the divisio between quaestiones iuris and quaestiones aequitatis or tractationes, adapts the ius, general and abstract, produced by the lex to the individual concrete case without opposing it.

Abstract - A precious epigraphic document, a latin inscription from Alba Fucens from the first half of the first century AD, which can be reconstructed in its content also thanks to the sixteenth-century transcription by the humanist Mariangelo Accursio, offers the opportunity to take a look at certain aspects relating to the administrative organization of the Italic municipia of the early imperial age. The epigraph provides interesting informations about the judicial structure of municipium and certifies the presence in Alba Fucens of a praefectus Caesaris, a key figure in defining the relationship between local communities and central power in the changed context following the bellum sociale; last issue worth noting is that relating to the mentioned public building intervention which fits well into the activity, typical of this period, aimed at adapting the city facilities to the new political needs arising from the urbanization process following the end of the social war.

Abstract - The frequency and intensity of the number of constitutions promulgated by Honorius varied considerably during the twenty-eight years of his reign. The aim of this contribution is to analyse the leges promulgated in the year 413, with particular regard to the summer. It may be noted, in fact, that the African diocese monopolized the legislator's attention. Honorius promulgated measures on two issues: on the one hand, he dealt with the difficult coexistence between the possessores and the militia who, more and more frequently, asked to be hosted on the estates during the discharge of their duties; on the other hand, Ravenna’s concern was to eliminate any trace that could be attributed to the consul Heraclianus, author of an incursion into Italy in the summer of 413, with the declaration of hostis publicus and the rescissio actorum.

Abstract - This paper firstly describes, though very briefly, the state of the studies and essays on general aspects of daily life in Roman age; among such studies, specific attention is given to how urban areas conceptually near to what we call nowadays “public parks” were conceived and enjoyed. To this regard, this paper explains the notion of “parco pubblico” (public park) that can be inferred both from the Italian (also in relation to the juridical usage) and from the Latin vocabulary (till Middle Age language), mostly in connection to specific uses of ‘hortus’. Then, the Roman notion is examined for what concerns its juridical relevance. Thus, the paper goes on by investigating the juridical regulations and a parallel defence that could be called administrative (concerning mainly penalties given by non-jurisdictional authorities) and judiciary in reference to such areas, and by showing how these aspects were at the origin entangled with divine law (in particular with the defence of sacred woods). Quite soon, namely already in the middle of the Republican age, as the conclusion of this paper shows, specific ways of defence in reference to the above mentioned areas can be found firstly inside the municipal body and then also in more general rules included in the Pretorian edict (mostly through interdicts), by such letting a specific town planning policy emerge, mostly from the middle of the Imperial age.

Abstract - From 23 to 25 June 2022, the eighth edition of the ‘Laboratorio Romanistico Gardesano’, organised by the Universities of Milan, Rome 'Sapienza', Trento and Verona, was held in Gargnano (BS). The first part of the event was dedicated to the ‘Moot court competition’, a competitive trial simulation in Roman law aimed at first-year law students. In the second part, the doctoral seminar took place in which many young scholars had the opportunity to present and discuss their research results with a specialist audience.

Abstract - In ancient Rome, the phenomenon of infants fed by hired nurses could be dated back as early as the late republic. The practice became even more widespread during the imperial age, owing to the updating social customs and the medical culture of that time. Although it is widely believed in the literature that the age of the Antonines there was an attempt to curb this tendency, by reverting back to encouraging mothers to assume the role of feeding the infants, there is no specific legislative intervention to attest. However, my research points out that the testimony of Gellius, who reports on Favorinus, a strenuous defender of traditional maternal care for infants, and some other sources from the 2nd century seem to give actual confirmation of the great topicality of this subject at that historical moment.

Abstract - Using fallacious argumentative means, such as the antistréphon, causes dilemmas and leads the judge to not decide and therefore to postpone the trial, thus avoiding an injustice verdict. Noctes Atticae by Gellius contains an example (5.10.1-16). In another passage (12.7.1-7) the dilemma and the deferment of the trial are determined by the same facts advanced in the judgment. By both Gellian passages, postponing the judgement is a substantial non liquet but with the function of preventing an injustice.

Abstract - The theme of the lex Voconia is illustrated by the author in an innovative way with respect to the previous bibliography on the subject, focusing on the rationale of the lex of wanting to affect the juridical-social position of women. It is illustrated how the provision was often evaded – also through recourse to historical sources – and how, despite the validity of the law, there were Roman marriages in possession of large assets. The problem of female succession thus presents itself as a starting point for reflection on the juridical status of women.

Abstract - It is known that the hostile attitude of Marcus Aurelius towards Christianity has even an autograph attestation in a famous fragment of Marc. Aur. Τὰ εἰς ἑαυτόν 11.3, based on this testimony the princeps philosophus, on the one hand reproached the Christians for their lack of reasonableness, on the other the obstinate theatricality with which they faced martyrdom. At the end of an analysis aimed at retracing the testimonies of the acts of the Martyrs, apologists and historians and writers, it was decided to 'drop' the individual episodes attributable to the twenty years of the Aurelian principality in the broader context of administrative and legislative reforms of the princeps . What emerged was the absence of an ad hoc regulatory provision and more generally a hostile attitude of administrators and officials, which also reflected a hostility of the ‘intellighenzia’ of the time. In essence, more elements, local – such as the gladiator shows – and global, such as the plague and religious and normative conservatism, as well as the administrative reorganization, contributed, perhaps beyond an ill-concealed antipathy of the princeps, conservative both in the legislative and in the religious one, to create unfavorable conditions for Christians, during the Aurelian age.

Abstract - The city of Sarajevo recently hosted the Seventh International Conference of the Balkan Association of Roman law and Roman Legal Tradition «Societas pro Iure Romano» («SIR.»). The title of the event was ‘Provinciae’, a multi-layered and versatile theme, which was well grasped by more than forty participants. The contributions, grouped in three thematic areas – private law, public law and Roman civilization – allowed us to deepen our socio-legal knowledge of many provincial realities.

Abstract - The interpretatio Gai Institutionum Augustodunensis is – despite the large lacunae in the manuscript that made it known in 1897 – an exceptionally important document. This scholastic commentary – written at the end of the 4th or on the threshold of the 5th century A.D. – allows us to perceive how the law of the age of the principate still represented the centre of gravity of scholastic education in Late Antiquity. What we hear again, in the Interpretatio of Autun, is precisely the vox magistra celebrated by Justinian in the constitutio Omnem 1. This writing was probably composed in the Galliae, perhaps within the Menianae scholae of Autun.

Abstract - The work examines the involvement in entrepreneurial activity, especially maritime, of alieni iuris and females. In the context of the broad theme relating to the relationships between man, land and sea (on which some preliminary reflections are carried out), the various roles relating to the administration of the ship (exercitor and magister navis) and the possibility of their entrustment to people other than pater familias are briefly reconstructed. A comparison follows between the text contained in D. 14.1.1.16, relating to the actio exercitoria, and the analogous affirmation reported in D. 14.3.7.1 on the actio institoria, from which the irrelevance results of sex and of subjection to potestas, on one side of the exercitor, on the other of the institor. In the light of these sources, the intermediation of filii familias, slaves, women sui iuris and in power, as well as subjects of minor age, is taken into consideration, with a distinction between impuberes and adulescentes.

Abstract - The contribution consists of the translation from German into Italian of the essay by Hermann Usener, Italische Volksjustiz, which appeared in «Rheinisches Museum für Philologie », in 1901, on the issues of sacertà and occentatio, a topic of great relevance in contemporary romanistics, declined through the examination, above all, of Plautine sources.

Abstract - This report retraces the central passages of the conference Classical Jurists of Jewish Origin in German Legal Science in the Nineteenth and First Half of the Twentieth Century, organized by Fulvio Cortese and Luca Nogler of the University of Trent, two days of work in which the figure of Hugo Sinzheimer (1875-1945) and the jurists presented in the work, Jüdische Klassiker der Deutschen Rechtswissenschaft of 1938, were discussed. Scholars of public law, Roman law, labor law, as well as philosophy of law, morality and politics were confronted with the personalities and works of a selection of the jurists included in Sinzheimer's work.

Abstract - Starting from the 1950s, the reaction to the interpolation critique, on the one hand, allowed the abandonment of an extremism that had led to excesses and apriorisms, and on the other, led to an anti-interpolationist extremism and to a consequent superficiality in the study of the sources, approached in a sectorial and uncritical manner, rejecting any possibility of their alteration. Illustrative of such illogical genuinism are the attempts to save two texts, namely D. 8.5.10. pr.-1 and D. 39.3.1.23, which, despite appearing to raise insurmountable problems both as regards the terminology and therefore the conceptualisations used by them, and especially the legal regulation of iura in re aliena implied by them, are considered classical. Urgent then is the need to revise this tendency, aspiring to a «critical neo-interpolationism», centred on the historical study of the text and on the identification of its possible various drafts - focusing on the specific reasons that led the late antique jurist or the Justinian commissioner to that specific type of intervention on the classical text - with the consequent return of the sources to their intrinsic diachrony.

Abstract - The article aims to illustrate the topic of Consultatio veteris cuiusdam iurisconsulti based on the latest studies, briefly considering its various aspects (bibliography, discovery of the manuscript, its edition, formal and content aspects, nature of the work). The approach is particularly problematic, aimed at pointing out the doubts and perplexities that persist and require new solutions or hypotheses. In particular, the emphasis is placed on the possibility of a more concrete use for the particular study of the sources that appear in it (individual norms of the Gregorian, the Hermogenian, the Theodosian, the Pauli Sententiae) and their development in the Late Antiquity centuries, thanks to the specific comparison with the tradition in common use.

Abstract This paper provides the «Cronaca» of the XXVIth International Conference of the Accademia Romanistica Costantiniana, held in Spello from 15 to 17 June 2023. The event marked an important milestone: the 50th anniversary of the Research Centre of the University of Perugia. In consideration of this special anniversary, the inaugural session was intended to recompose the historiographical lines drawn by the «Accademia» in this fifty-year period and to outline new research perspectives. In the subsequent sessions, the more than twenty-five papers that followed dealt with relations between East and West in a multiform perspective: in particular, the mobility of people, the circulation of legal knowledge and the comparison of divergent legislative choices between the partes Imperii were explored.

Abstract The contribution focuses on the publication of Diocletian’s edict on prices in Egypt. A scrap of papyrus, from Oxyrhynchus, PSI. XVII 1685 recto, preserves the initial part of a text that the editor Marco Stroppa has recognized as the draft of a publication edict of a strategos, datable between 293 and 305. The PSI. XVII 1685 recto’s review suggests it is the draft of the publication edict of Diocletian’s tariff: it would be an important testimony, which adds to the law’s publication in Phrygia, by Tiberius Fulvius Asticus. Precisely this edict of the praeses provinciae allows to integrate the surviving lines of PSI. XVII 1685 recto, and to reconstruct the entire text.

Abstract On 14 April 2023 the presentation of the book Ἡ Πεῖρα - Die Peira: Ein juristisches Lehrbuch des 11. Jahrhunderts aus Konstantinopel was held at the University of Milan. The work consists of an edition, translation and commentary of a collection of jurisprudential cases from the Byzantine era. The publication of the two volumes, edited by Dieter Simon and Diether Roderich Reinsch, created an opportunity for discussion and dialogue on various topics pertaining to Byzantine law, for which the Peira is an important source of knowledge.

Abstract The present work is concerned with investigating the “feminine silence”, in the procedural field, trying to free it from the notion of behavior imposed on the female universe by the ancient legal system by virtue of a choice of gender, but rather envisaging it as a consequence of an “occasional non-participation in the army” following Servian’s social classification.

Abstract Ferdinando Zuccotti in his latest volume analyzed with peculiar accuracy and scientific care, with which he has always conducted his research, the evolution of the concept of paelex typical of archaic Rome as an element for reconsidering new itineraries of investigation without preconceptions on the elements and structure of marriage in dating times. The Author through the lexically ambiguous figure of the paelex, has offered the wedge to open a new perspective and rereading the roman marriage system through the axiom that the ius Quiritium did not contemplate it as the engaged were civilly legitimate spouses consequently to the conventio in manum. From this openness derives the need to review the very structure of conjugal unions in archaic Rome, in the effort to focus with analysis and synthesis on a period on which the sources are particularly scarce, almost non-existent.

This article is a short response to a recent contribution by Dietze-Mager in Erga-Logoi 10.2. There, within a larger discussion of the reliability of the Aristotelian Athenaion Politeia as a historical source, Dietze-Mager argues against our proposed identification of the Athenian nomothetai with a special session of the Assembly. In response, we start with a concise summary of our interpretation of the constitutional stages in the Athenaion Politeia in light of the socio-economic methodology of Politics IV, and clarify the role of Aristotle’s political theory in our reconstruction. We then provide a close reading of some key evidence about the identity of the Athenian nomothetai (particularly Aeschin. III 38-40). We demonstrate that Dietze-Mager’s proposed reading of the relevant passage is linguistically and syntactically problematic, arguing that the only possible interpretation of the relevant procedure as described at Aeschin. III 38-40 involves identifying the nomothetai with a special lawmaking session of the Assembly.

Polybius and the art of war: proposal for the identification of some passages from his lost Treatise on tactics – Polybius retains in his Histories traces of an expert in military historiography, a genre that he had previously cultivated, probably in early youth years. From testimonies such as Aelianus Tacticus (I 2) including Polybius among the writers of military genre, the author’s own testimony regarding a lost treatise on Commentaries on military tactics (Ὑπομνήματα περὶ τὰς τάξεις, IX 20, 4) can be agreed, even though only the title has been preserved. Nevertheless, the place in which this bibliographical citation is found and the prevailing scientific style, in addition to application of intertextuality criteria, encourages us to propose, furthermore, the chapters from 12 to 20 in book IX as indirect evidences of this lost handbook. Likewise, chapters of book X dealing with the issue of signals on fire (X 43-45), would support the hypothesis that a meaningful part of the treatise is preserved in both consecutive books.

The aim of this essay is to shed light on three related Peripatetic texts that have received little scholarly attention: a passage in Aristotle’s Historia animalium I 11, on the nose, which mentions in passing that «sneezing […] is alone of breaths (πνευμάτων) a sign prophetic and sacred»; and, two chapters in pseudo-Aristotle, Problemata physica XXXIII, which ask and attempt to answer the question: why is sneezing (thought to be) sacred? An important issue distinguishing the latter from the former is the view that the head is the seat of reason.

The aim of this work is to analyse the critical cruces about some geographical locations in reference to the western coast and the inland parts of the South Arabian and Nabataean area. In detail, the purpose of this research is to investigate the probable location of the port of Leuke Kome through a comparison between an epigraphic source written in Safaitic and some indication in Strabo’s account of the expedition of Aelius Gallus to Arabia Felix. In addition, a new reading of another Safaitic inscription mentioning a curious S1ly (Silleus?) could help to better understand some details of the Roman Arabian campaign too.

The article discusses an unusual prescription for a sitz bath (ἐγκάθισμα) derived from Galen’s treatise De compositione medicamentorum per genera. The term ἐγκάθισμα is not used in any other known fragment of the writings of the famous Pergamonian. The prescription given in discussed passage differs from most of the known prescriptions for sitz baths preserved in other medical authors of antiquity, because it consists mainly of metals and their minerals.

Jews in the Severan oecumene. Some aspects of Septimius Severus’ policy towards the Iudaei – This paper aims at exploring some aspects concerning the condition of the Jewish community during the Severan period, especially focussing on the political and administrative reorganisation carried out by Septimius Severus in the first years of his principate. Our main goal is to find out whether and to what extent a correlation can be detected between the administrative arrangement given by Septimius Severus (beginning with the defeat of Pescennius Niger in 194/195 AD) to the Egyptian, African and Syriac territories of the Empire, where many Jewish were then living, and the socio-economic conditions of these groups, dwelling particularly on a passage from Ulpian (Dig. L 2, 3, 3) concerning the municipal career of the Jews.

Notes on an ideal Hellenic coin. For a contribution to Plato, Leg. V 742a-c – The colony of Laws, described by Plato in his last dialogue, represents a concrete attempt to create a new city. In this sense, the philosopher proposes a new economic policy, at the basis of which the idea of a currency that acts as a currency for all the activities within the polis is advanced. A real currency that has similar characteristics to the one of real cities. But also for external activities: this is, perhaps, a novelty in Plato’s thinking, that we must look at in order to verify any elements of originality for a new Greek monetary policy.

The sanction against the insolvent debtor in Etruscan law – In Etruscan society, according to a historiographical trend that begins with Aristotle, there was a law that punished the insolvent debtor with public redicule exposure. This punishment, apparently not incisive, to be understood needs to be correlated with the Etruscan legislation on perjury, preserved by Maurus Servius Honoratus, and with many other Roman, Greek and the laws of other ancient peoples. I will highlight the Dionysian aspect of the norm and the link with the poena cullei of archaic Roman law. So, the aim of this paper is to reconstruct the Etruscan legislation in debt matters, to the limited extent possible due to the gaps in the sources.

Jan Kanty Rzesiński – Cracovian Roman Law and Legal History Scholar of 19th Century The article is the second part of the work devoted to the academic profile and views of Jan Kanty Rzesiński – a Cracovian lawyer who was vigorously engaged in research on Roman law, Polish legal history, and legal philosophy in the first half of the 19th century. Despite his academic interests, J.K. Rzesiński was not working at the Faculty of Law of the Jagiellonian University for most of the time. In the first part of the article, the author discussed J.K. Rzesiński’s curriculum vitae and his works on Roman law. The objective of this the second part of the article, is to examine those of remaining literary works that dealt with law (the translation of Processus iuris civilis Cracoviensis, articles on obstagium in lieu of securing creditors rights in the old Polish law, articles on language and jurisprudence, and articles on the relations between legal history and philosophy of law) as well as his views against the epoch and the Cracovian academic milieu.

Implementation of the Provisions of the Constitution of the Republic of Poland of 17 March 1921 Concerning the Administration of Justice The article – divided into four sections – is centered around the implementation of the provisions of the Constitution of the Republic of Poland of 17 March 1921 in the area of the administration of justice. The first section discusses the work on a draft constitution carried out between 1917 and 1921, with particular focus on the judiciary. The second analyses the content of the provisions of the Constitution referring to the administration of justice. The third deals with the judicature. In this section, the author discusses the organisation and work of, among others: the State Tribunal, the Supreme Administrative Tribunal, the Competence Tribunal, and courts of common pleas, paying particular attention to the unimplemented norms of the Constitution – mainly the failure to establish administrative courts of different instances with the participation of citizens, and the absence of citizens serving as justices of the peace or jurors. Two issues played important roles in the implementation of constitutional norms regarding the administration of justice. The first was the political situation in Poland after the 1926 May Coup. The second was the amendments to the Constitution introduced in connection with the entry into force of the 1926 “August Amendment”, that gave the President of the Republic of Poland the power to promulgate ordinances having the legal effect of legislative acts. This allowed the Polish government of that time to carry out, to a great extent, a standardisation of the courts of common pleas, which was accomplished by promulgation of the Ordinance of the President of the Republic of Poland of 6 February 1928 – the Act on the Organisation of Courts of Common Pleas. Additionally, between 1929 and 1932 the government embarked on an extensive program of dismissing existing judges and appointing new ones. Importantly, this was accompanied by a change in the line of jurisprudence of the Supreme Court and the Supreme Administrative Tribunal, according to which courts lost their authority to examine the constitutionality of ordinances promulgated by the President of the Republic of Poland. In the final section of the article – the summary – the author notes that the implementation of the norms of the Constitution concerning the administration of justice was, to a great extent, non-existent, given the political situation after the May Coup. It further points out that the same was also true in the period between 1944 and 1952, during which the basic principles of the Constitution of 17 March 1921 applied. * Artykuł stanowi rozszerzoną wersję wystąpienia autora na konferencji pt. „Tradycje ustrojowe II Rzeczypospolitej. W stulecie Konstytucji marcowej”, która odbyła się w dniach 5–6 października 2021 r. Konferencję zorganizował Wydział Prawa i Administracji Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego w Krakowie.

* Tekst przygotowany w ramach projektu „Uregulowania prawne relacji pomiędzy dziedzicami a chłopami na centralnych ziemiach polskich w okresie od zniesienia poddaństwa do uwłaszczenia”, finansowanego przez Narodowe Centrum Nauki (UMO-2018/31/B/HS5/00315).

The article is a review of the monograph entitled Bildung und Demokratie in der Weimarer Republik, published by Franz Steiner Verlag in 2022. This monograph is an effect of the academic conference “Bildung und Demokratie”, that took place in 2020 and was organized by the Weimar Republic Research Institution of the Friedrich Schiller University of Jena and Weimarer Republik e. V. The editors of the reviewed monograph, namely Andreas Braune, Sebastian Elsbach, and Ronny Noak, are renowned scholars specializing in problematics of the Weimar Republic. This review article contains a short de- scription and evaluation of all sixteen chapters published together as a monograph. As a whole, they refer to a wide spectrum of subjects. However, their common ground is the question of the education of both youth and adults on the subjects of democracy and republicanism during the period of the Weimar Republic. All issues raised in the monograph are also analysed in the context of the very complex political reality of Weimar Germany. The article ends with general remarks on the problematics discussed in the monograph.

Be Careful with Marxism! Notes on the Margins of Tomasz Banach’s Work Catyline and Tabulae Novae. The Problem of Universal Indebtedness and Utilitas Rei Publicae in Cicero’s Speeches (Warszawa: C.H. Beck, 2022, pp. 87, ISBN 978-83-8291-242-5) In Tomasz Banach’s interesting and useful monograph on the promises of debt relief (tabulae novae) with which Catiline tried to win the favour of Roman society, the reader can find statements in which the author expresses powerful opposition to some „Marxist” and „neoliberal” tendencies. Unfortunately, the author does not explain what he understands by the term “Marxism”, nor does he cite academic literature to define the characteristics of a „Marxist Catiline”. This is a mistake, because the views of Polish representatives of Marxist doctrine regarding the figure and achievements of Catiline, are analogous to those of Tomasz Banach.

Issues Concerning Legal Protection of Artistic Performances in Poland in the Years 1919–1994 (Part I) The article presents the views of the legal doctrine and the discussions related to attempts to bring artistic performances under legal regulation, from 1918 to 1945. Between 1918 and 1945 an artistic performance draft law was created. However, the bill never became law due to a lack of support from the legal community. The actual protection of rights in regard to artistic performances was provided by the provisions of copyright law.

French jurists have thought that their Civil Code expresses an individualism characteristic of the ideals of the French Revolution and the principles of liberalism. Property was regarded as a right of the owner that was unlimited in principle. Contract was defined in terms of the will of the parties to contract on whatever terms they chose. The drafters of the Code, however, were among the last adherents of an older natural law tradition in which the rights of an owner were limited by the purposes for which property rights were created, and the terms of a contract must be just. This article describes the drafter’s debt to that tradition and how it was ignored by jurists in the 19th century.

Book review: Harper, K. Pád Říma. Podíl klimatických změn a epidemií na zániku římské říše. Přel. Petříček, J. Praha, Maraton, 2021, 406 s.

Book review: Štemberk, J. – Jakubec, I. Hotel Alcron / K dějinám symbolu českého a československého hotelnictví. Praha: Karolinum, 2022, 156 s.