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Thinking about God’s grace and man’s freedom at the same time has always been essential, though difficult for Christian reflection. Anselm often considered this difficulty, which is similar to that arising from the use of sola ragione in a prayer posture. In his work De Concordia, third part, ch. 11, Anselm constructs a representation of the will that takes on the maximum demands of Christian reflection. This chapter distinguishes three aspects in the will: instumentum, aptitudo, and usus; the aptitudo is called affectio. In his De libero arbitrio, Anselm distinguished instead between the instrument and the use, without considering the affectio. With special attention to contemporary phenomenology, this paper highlights both why the theme of affectio should be introduced and the significance of this late introduction in Anselm’s work., Pensar na graça de Deus e na liberdade do homem, ao mesmo tempo, tem sido sempre essencial, embora difícil para a reflexão cristã. Anselmo considerou com frequência essa dificuldade, que é semelhante à que nasce do uso da sola ragione numa postura de oração. Na sua obra De Concordia, terceira parte, cap. 11, o Doutor Magnígico constrói uma representação da vontade que assume as exigências máximas da reflexão cristã. Este capítulo distingue três aspectos na vontade: instumentum, aptitudo e usus; a aptitudo é chamada de affectio. No seu De libero arbitrio, Anselmo distinguia, em vez, o instrumento e o uso, sem considerar a affectio. Com um atenção especial à fenomenologia contemporânea, o presente artigo destaca tanto por que o tema da afeição deve ser introduzido quanto o signifcado desta introdução tardia na obra de Anselmo.

The microbial degradation of two crude mineral oils and one synthetic crude oil was studied under In situ estuarine conditions and in the laboratory. The three oils differed widely in composition; the Athabasca synthetic crude was a light oil with a high saturate content, conversely its parent sand tar was a heavy oil low in saturates. The North Sea Forties crude represented an intermediate between these two extremes. A new environmental experimental system was devised to yield quantitative data on oil degradation and this was deployed in the Medway estuary under both winter and summer conditions between December 1976 and July 1978. During both winter and summer experiments oil composition had a major influence on the rate and extent of oil loss which followed the order, synthetic crude > Forties crude > sand tar. This order conforms to predictions made on the basis of the fractional composition of the oils. The saturate fraction of the Forties crude and sand tar was most extensively degraded during the second summer experiment. Temperature rather than inorganic nutrient supply appeared to limit degradation during the winter months; degradation was more rapid during the summer months. Microbial colonization of the oils was predominantly bacterial and was more rapid during the summer. The overall colonization pattern however was similar for each oil throughout both winter and summer experiments . The laboratory experiments using supplemented media broadly confirmed the degradation patterns found during the in situ experiments. However, higher initial degradation rates for all the oils were found at 25°C in supplemented medium than those occurring in the in situ summer experiments. The laboratory- experiments also revealed the interesting phenomena of novel hydrocarbon synthesis and the occurrence of intracellular hydrocarbon inclusions during growth on the Forties crude and synthetic crude respectively.

Performers, such as athletes, actors, dancers, and musicians, function within high pressure competitive and often hostile or critical environments. These individuals can be prone to a range of self-critical cognitions and behaviours which may make them susceptible to mental ill-health and psychological distress. Fostering and nurturing self-compassion is one approach to motivating behaviour and health which may be relevant within training and support settings. Self-compassion has been associated with a range of positive outcomes in the general community, as well as in those functioning in performance spaces, primarily sport. In this commentary, we outline why cultivation of self-compassion may be an increasingly valuable method for psychologists working with individuals from these environments, particularly within the context of a decimated industry during the global pandemic. We provide a brief overview of relevant research, before exploring practical and applied approaches (including transcripts) that can be used within therapeutic settings. KEY POINTS What is already known about this topic:Performers such as athletes, dancers, actors, and musicians are exposed to a range of stressors which can increase susceptibility to mental ill-health.Self-compassion can be cultivated in therapy and is associated with better mental health outcomes.Due to a range of hostile self-critical tendencies that are commonly seen in performers, some individuals may be resistant to concepts of self-compassion. Performers such as athletes, dancers, actors, and musicians are exposed to a range of stressors which can increase susceptibility to mental ill-health. Self-compassion can be cultivated in therapy and is associated with better mental health outcomes. Due to a range of hostile self-critical tendencies that are commonly seen in performers, some individuals may be resistant to concepts of self-compassion. What this topic adds:We outline a rationale for why psychologists working with performers should aim to nurture self-compassionate tendencies and practices.We outline methods and practical approaches to doing this in session, as well as describe potential hurdles and barriers for implementation. We outline a rationale for why psychologists working with performers should aim to nurture self-compassionate tendencies and practices. We outline methods and practical approaches to doing this in session, as well as describe potential hurdles and barriers for implementation.