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The globe has been compelled to develop other fuels due to tight emission restrictions, poor environmental circumstances, depletion of oil reserves, and rising prices of petroleum fuels. The rapid and rapid development of the automobile sector has resulted in a sharp increase in demand for petroleum-based fuels. Petroleum-based fuels have a finite amount of reserves. Biodiesel, a viable alternative fuel and has qualities that are similar to diesel fuels. By combining it with diesel, it can be a suitable fuel in diesel engines. Biodiesel, which is usually made from non-edible oils like Jatropha karanja oils, has sparked a lot of interest as a diesel engine alternative fuel. When compared to edible oil, non-edible oil is more helpful.Non-edible plants that may be grown in a variety of soils, including degraded woods, road edges, and irrigation canals. The goal of this study is to take review of the performance, combustion, and emission characteristics of Jatropha and Karanja biodiesel fuels in diesel engines in more depth. Researchers will benefit from this comprehensive analysis of the published literature in understanding the suitability of biodiesel as a diesel engine fuel substitute.

The strict emission laws, deteriorating environmental conditions, the depletion of oil reserves and the increasing price of petroleum fuels have forced the world to find alternatives fuels. Biodiesel, the promising alternative fuel can be used in diesel engines with little or no modifications. The properties of biodiesel are similar to those of diesel fuels. It can use as a fuel in diesel engine by blending with diesel The use of non-edible oil is more beneficial as compared with edible oil. Various non-edible oil seeds like Jatropha, Karanja, Neem etc. are widely available in India. Among them, Karanja has a potential to be used for the production of biodiesel. Karanja, are multipurpose non-edible plants can be cultivated on any type of soil such as degraded forests, boundaries of roads and irrigation canals. Its seeds contain 27–39% of the oil. This paper provides a comprehensive review on the important contributions of researcher work on Karanja oil and its blend as alternative fuel for diesel engine .The performance parameters evaluated include brake specific fuel consumption, brake thermal efficiency and emission parameters of karanja bio diesel and its blends are described. It is observed that Karanja oil can be used as alternative fuel for diesel engine.

The Water Treatment Plant is responsible for the operation, repair , and maintenance of the City’ s water supply system. This includes all parts of the water system supply chain from: The raw water diversion and pumping facilities to the raw water pipelines • The treatment facilities • The finished water pumping facilities • The finished water storage facilities Testing of SCADA and Automation system for entire Headwork to WTP and Sump & ESR in this WTP premises with Flow meters, Solar power battery , Power & Signal cable, PRV etc completed as per specification.

Variation present in vegetables provides plentiful of opportunity for development of breeding lines and hybrids. Germplasm development depends on incorporation of approaches such as MAGIC population, use of wild relatives, genetic transformation for transferring resistance gene and gene pyramiding. These approaches are most reliable to improve qualitative as well as quantitative characters. Since conventional methods are time consuming, molecular techniques are also utilized at appropriate stages to enhance swiftness of line development. Molecular approaches includes many tools but marker assisted selection is best to use in vegetable breeding programme. It helps to rapid back cross breeding also selection of resistance or qualitative lines from segregating populations. Double haploid is one of finest methods to create diverse pure lines in short interval. There are many ways to incorporate diverse gene in single line through double haploid technology. Hybridization mating such as line x tester or diallel are common methods instead combination breeding method is very result oriented as compared with others. The success rate of specific combination breeding is as much as double as associated with other ones.

Cutting fluid is a vital part of the machining process. Cutting fluid is significantly applied tolower the friction and heat generated in the machining zone. It also helps in easy chip removal, protection against oxidation, tool life improvement, and an overall improvement in the quality of the product. The current industrial practices are majorly emphasized on mineral-based oil application under flood lubrication to achieve superior quality. However, these oils and techniques are toxic and environmentally unfriendly. Machining under dry or with minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) has been mostly preferred to eliminate the use of abundant oil. The current research work has established the promising potential for vegetable oils as a cutting fluid under MQL during turning of AISI 4130 steel. The results inferred that vegetable-based cutting fluids performed better over mineral-based cutting fluids in terms of lower values of machined surface roughness, tool wear, cutting forces, and chip-tool interface temperature. The MQL machining performance in terms of cutting forces, surface roughness and tool life has been observed better in comparison to machining under flood and dry cutting conditions.

In the present study, Reciprocating and Rotating Sieve Plate Column (RRSPC) was used with C6(mim)PF6; ionic liquid as dispersed phase and water as continuous phase to study hydrodynamics, which has...

For any machining process cutting tool temperature, surface roughness value of work piece, cutting forces are the performance deciding parameters. These parameters directly, indirectly affect the tool life and thus affect machine cycle time, product cost and productivity. Cutting fluids are used to improve the machining performance however its cost and environment unfriendliness raise several questions. Researchers have documented several adverse health and environment effects of cutting fluids through their work. Plenty are efforts are going on to reduce the cutting fluid costs and to minimize its harmful effect to the environment. There is urgent need to provide sustainable, low cost and productive alternative to conventional machining processes. Minimum quantity lubrication is emerging as a tool to minimize the quantity exposure to the cutting fluids. In present work, low cost minimum quantity lubrication is used to verify its performance in terms of temperature, cutting forces and surface roughness. Results are compared for dry, flood and MQL cutting. Performance of MQL is better as compared to dry and flood cutting.

Maharashtra state particular has faced the problem of control of pink bollworm in cotton as a more pronounced during last year and the incidence has been identified from the middle of crop season seriously damaging the cotton in late pickings. Hence the Pink bollworm of Bt. (Bacillus thuringiensis) otton is the major pest in observed in this state. So the present study was conducted in Beed district of Marathwada region from Maharashtra state. In Beed district and three tehsils namely Beed, Wadwani and Majalgaonwere randomly selected on the basis of area under Bt cotton. From each tehsils 4 villages were randomly selected and from each village 10 respondents were randomly selected to comprise 120 respondents. How profile characters affecting adoption of IPM in Bt Cotton was the major objective of the study. Regarding independent variables age had negative significant relationship with their adoption of Integrated Pest Management for controlling pink bollworm. Independent variables of: i) education, ii) occupation, iii) land holding, iv) annual income, v) social participation, vi) economicmotivation, vii) innovativeness, viii) ix) risk orientation, and x) knowledge had significant relationship withtheir adoption of Integrated Pest Management for controlling pink bollworm and extension mcontact had positive and highly significant relationship with their adoption of Integrated Pest Management for controlling pink bollworm.

The present study on knowledge of Bt cotton growers for control of pink bollworm was conducted in Parbhani district of Marathwada region in Maharashtra State. The data were collected through personal interview with the help of interview schedule by contacting 120 respondents. The data was processed by making primary and secondary tables. The distributional analysis pertaining to age of the farmers indicated that (50.00%) of the respondents belonged to middle age category. It was found that, majority (30.00%) of the respondents belonged to primary education category, majority (54.16%) of the respondents had medium level of area under Bt cotton of respondents, 47.50 per cent of the respondents had semi-medium land holding (2.01 to 4.00 ha), 67.50 per cent of the respondents had medium annual income (Rs.98,000 to Rs 2,98,000). While majority (50.00%) of the respondents had medium level of social participation, 50.00 per cent of the respondents had medium economic motivation, larger proportion (50.00%) of the respondents belonged to medium innovativeness, 41.66 per cent of the respondents had medium risk orientation, 55.00 per cent of the respondents had medium level of farming experience, majority (58.33%) of the respondents had medium level of source of information of source of information, 66.68 per cent of the respondents had medium level source of irrigation, 58.33 per cent of the respondents had medium extension contract.

Synsepalum dulcificum is also called as "wonder fruit," "magic fruit," "miracle fruit," and "flavor fruit." It is a shrub that can reach a height of 20 feet (6.1 meters) in its natural habitat ,but rarely exceeds 10 feet in cultivation. The fruit has a low sugar content and includes miracle, a glycoprotein molecule. The glycoprotein adheres to the taste bud on the tongue when the fleshy section of the fruit is eaten, making sour meals taste sweet. While the specific mechanism of this shift is uncertain, it is thought that the glycoprotein miraculin operates by altering sweet receptors, causing them to respond to acids rather than sugar and other sweet substances. Because of its flavor modifying and non-caloric properties, miraculin could be used as a sweet fix for our palate. The use of miraculous berries or miraculin in the development of novel foods for dietitians and diabetics has the potential to change the health food sector. Because of its high vitamin C concentration, the fruit can also be used as an anti-cancer supplement. It has also been discovered to improve insulin sensitivity, suggesting that it could be utilized as an adjuvant in the treatment of diabetes individuals with insulin resistance. Its applications are intriguing because of the taste modification function, particularly as an alternative sweetener and antioxidant, as well as for treating chemotherapy patients' dyspepsia.The purpose of this project is to provide an overview of the miracle berry and miraculin, including its features, limitations, and current and potential applications in the food and therapeutic industries. Key words : Miraculin ,Taste modifier, Miracle berry, Sweet fix, Diabetes.

To fulfil the world's growing need for fossil fuel energy, renewable energy harvesting is required, and the rate of depletion of non-renewable energy sources must be slowed. Currently, many of these techniques are available, but with less effectiveness than before. These techniques result in a long payback period of investment. The goal of this research is to look at many elements of convective heat transfer enhancement using finned heat pipes, as well as the recovery of industrial waste heat. To validate these new energy-saving concepts, ANSYS 2020 R1 is used, including control strategies and simulation techniques. An integrated waste heat recovery system using finned heat pipes is having a significant effect on overall efficiency. The efficiency is increased by 10.5%–18.8% for various load conditions.

The present study is aimed to evaluate

Background: Endoscopic spine techniques impart minimum approach related disruption of normal anatomy and provide excellent visualisation and magnification of tissues. The purpose of the study is to evaluate the functional outcome and possible complications of Destandau technique of posterior lumbar discectomy. Materials and Methods: One hundred and five patients were operated for lumbar disc herniation by using Destandau technique of lumbar discectomy from July 2012 to January 2019. Minimum follow-up was 12 months and maximum was 7 years. Results were evaluated by Visual Analog Scale (VAS) and Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) scores and MacNab’s criteria. Results: Based on MacNab’s criteria, 87 patients (82.85%) had excellent results, 6 patients had good and 12 patients had fair results. Average VAS score for leg pain was improved from 8.3 (range 7-10; SD 1.10) to 0.8(range 0-3; SD 0.86) and average ODI score from 69.65 (range 60-78; SD 5.5) to 4.51 (range 0-12) at one year follow-up. Eighty eight percent patients were able to join sedentary work at 3 weeks, with restrictions to avoid heavy manual work till 6 weeks. The complication rate was 18% which included dural tears (3.8%), recurrent disc (3.8%), discitis (1.9%), transient neuralgia (7.61%) and superficial infection (0.9%). Conclusion: Destandau technique of endoscopic lumbar discectomy is a safe, effective, minimally invasive procedure and reduces the approach related morbidity. It also allows early postoperative rehabilitation and faster return to work. Proper training and experience is vital to overcome the steep learning curve. Keywords: Herniated lumbar disc, Destandau technique, Endoscopic discectomy, Minimally invasive surgery.

Introduction: The purpose of the present study is to evaluate functional outcomes and complications associated with open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) with plates for displaced midshaft clavicle fractures. Materials and Methods: A retrospective review was performed utilising hospital database for patients treated with ORIF with plate for displaced mid-shaft clavicle fracture from January 2016 to August 2018. The primary outcome measure was union. The secondary outcome measures were functional outcome (DASH), patient satisfaction with treatment and cosmetic appearance, pain, complications and reoperations. All selected patients were requested to attend out-patient department (OPD) for assessment of patient oriented functional outcome measures. Results: Thirty patients were included in the study. Eighty percent were male patients with male female ratio of 4:1, with an average age of 35years. Forty percent fractures were Robinson type 2B1 and 60% were type 2B2. All patients treated with ORIF had fracture union (ie union rate of 100%) at an average time of 7.9 weeks. Patient satisfaction rate was 83%. Mean DASH Score was 14.63 6.27. The complication rate was 33.33%. The common complications were reoperation rate (30%), symptomatic hardware (23.33%), implant failure (6.66%) and superficial infection (3.33%). Conclusion: Open reduction and internal fixation for displaced, midshaft clavicle fracture results in high rates of union and patient satisfaction, and improved functional outcome. Symptomatic hardware removal remains the most common cause of reoperation. Patients with complications reported significantly worst functional outcome scores than patients without complication. Keywords: Clavicle fracture, Mid-shaft, Plate fixation, Functional outcome, Union, Reoperations, Complications.

In this work, an extractive distillation configuration for dehydration of nitric acid is proposed with sulfuric acid as a solvent. Thermodynamic modeling of the vapor–liquid equilibrium of binary a...