Search

Метою статті є вивчення особливостей формування рослинами люпину вузьколистого листкової поверхні, накопичення ними сухої речовини, визначення чистої продуктивності фотосинтезу посівами залежно від сорту, удобрення, способу сівби, норми висіву насіння та умов мінерального живлення, враховуючи дію позакореневого підживлення в різні фази розвитку культури. Оптимізація умов мінерального живлення за рахунок внесення мінеральних добрив у нормі N30-60Р60К60 в поєднанні з двома позакореневими підживленнями водорозчинними азотно-фосфорно-калійними добривами з мікроелементами забезпечує формування найбільших показників площі листкової поверхні, фотосинтетичного потенціалу, фотосинтетичної продуктивності рослин люпину вузьколистого, що в свою чергу створює передумови для одержання його максимальної продуктивності., The purpose of this article is to study of characteristics of leaf surface formation by plants of blue lupine; accumulation of dry substance; determination of net planting productivity of photosynthesis depending on variety; fertilizer; sowing method; seeding rate and the conditions of mineral nutrition; taking into account the effect of foliar application in different phases of culture development. Optimization of the conditions of mineral nutrition by mineral fertilizers in N30-60Р60К60 norm in combination with two foliar feedings by water-soluble nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium fertilizers with microelements provides the formation of the largest indicators of leaf area; photosynthetic potential and photosynthetic plant productivity of blue lupine; which in its turn creates the preconditions of its maximum productivity.

Submitted by Auxiliadora Costa (aucydj@gmail.com) on 2018-11-27T16:46:45Z No. of bitstreams: 1 SAULO SOARES DA SILVA - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGSA ACADÊMICO 2018.pdf: 1119595 bytes, checksum: 4d97ff9e13ca6a25b081099b15cb6a8b (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2018-11-27T16:46:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 SAULO SOARES DA SILVA - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGSA ACADÊMICO 2018.pdf: 1119595 bytes, checksum: 4d97ff9e13ca6a25b081099b15cb6a8b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-10-18 A cultura do milho exerce grande expressão socioeconômica no cenário brasileiro, sendo um dos principais cereais cultivados na região Nordeste, que além de enfrentar sérios problemas com escassez dos recursos hídricos, principalmente em seu aspecto qualitativo, verifica-se, também, elevados teores de sais. Nesse sentido, objetivou-se avaliar o cultivo do milho irrigado com água de diferentes níveis salinos sob diferentes doses de esterco bovino. O experimento foi realizado em ambiente protegido vinculado ao Centro de Ciências e Tecnologia Agroalimentar (CCTA) da Universidade Federal de Campina Grande (UFCG), localizado no município de Pombal, PB. Utilizou-se o delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados, com esquema fatorial (5 x 4), relativo a cinco níveis de condutividade elétrica da agua de irrigação (CEa), S1- água de abastecimento com CEa de 0,3 dS m-1, S2 – CEa de 0,8 dS m-1, S3- CEa de 1,3 dS m-1, S4- CEa de 1,8 dS m-1 e S5- CEa de 2,3 dS m-1, combinados com quatro doses de adubação, sendo D1- sem adubação (testemunha), D2- 50% de esterco bovino, D3- 100% de esterco bovino e D4- 125% de esterco bovino. Foram avaliados o crescimento, as trocas gasosas, a fluorescência da clorofila a, os índices fisiológicos, e a fitomassa seca. O crescimento e a fitomassa seca aos 30 DAS, e as trocas gasosas, sobretudo a condutância estomática e a transpiração do milho são comprometidas pelo aumento salinidade da água de irrigação, porém esse aumento influenciou num maior incremento na fluorescência da clorofila a e nos índices fisiológicos. O aumento das doses de esterco bovino reduziram os índices fisiológicos, porém influenciaram em um maior incremento nas trocas gasosas, no crescimento e no maior acúmulo de fitomassa seca milho. Na eficiência instantânea no uso da água, a adubação com esterco bovino só favoreceu num maior incremento até a dose de 50%. O aumento das doses de esterco bovino pode minimizar um pouco os efeitos deletérios dos sais no diâmetro do colmo e na fitomassa seca de colmo e folhas do milho aos 30 DAS. Corn cultivation exerts a great socioeconomic expression in the Brazilian scenario, being one of the main cereals cultivated in the Northeast region, which in addition to facing serious problems with scarcity of water resources, mainly in its qualitative aspect, also verified high levels of salts. The objective of this study was to evaluate the cultivation of maize irrigated with water of different saline levels under different doses of bovine manure. The experiment was carried out in a protected environment linked to the Agricultural Science and Technology Center (CCTA) of the Federal University of Campina Grande (UFCG), located in the city of Pombal, PB. The experimental design was a randomized block design, with a factorial scheme (5 x 4), related to five levels of electrical conductivity of the irrigation water (CEa), S1 water supply with CEa of 0.3 dS m-1, S2-CEa of 0.8 dS m-1, S3-CEa of 1.3 dS m-1, S4-CEa of 1.8 dS m-1 and S5-CEa of 2.3 dS m-1, combined with four doses of fertilization, being D1 without fertilization (control), D2-50% bovine manure, D3- 100% bovine manure and D4-125% bovine manure. Growth, gas exchange, chlorophyll a fluorescence, physiological indexes, and dry biomass were evaluated. Growth and dry matter at 30 DAS, and gas exchange, especially stomatal conductance and corn transpiration, are compromised by increased salinity of irrigation water, but this increase influenced a greater increase in chlorophyll a fluorescence and in physiological indices. Increased doses of bovine manure reduced the physiological indexes, but influenced a greater increase in gas exchange, growth and greater accumulation of dried corn phytomass. In the instantaneous efficiency in the use of the water, the manure with bovine manure only favored in a greater increment until the dose of 50%. Increasing doses of bovine manure can somewhat minimize the deleterious effects of salts on stalk diameter and dry matter of corn stalk and leaves at 30 DAS.

Submitted by ALINE DA SILVA SANDIM null (alinesandim@gmail.com) on 2016-09-12T20:38:24Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE - Aline da Silva Sandim.pdf: 2959963 bytes, checksum: e48ed31b6fe1a0d76b3667120318a649 (MD5) Approved for entry into archive by Felipe Augusto Arakaki (arakaki@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-09-14T19:49:11Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 sandim_as_dr_bot.pdf: 2959963 bytes, checksum: e48ed31b6fe1a0d76b3667120318a649 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-14T19:49:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 sandim_as_dr_bot.pdf: 2959963 bytes, checksum: e48ed31b6fe1a0d76b3667120318a649 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-08-01 Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) Atualmente, a produção de fertilizantes fosfatados acidulados gera muitos rejeitos e entre esses estão materiais ainda relativamente ricos em P, cujo aproveitamento ainda não é possível pelos atuais métodos industriais. Isso tem representado, portanto, um bem mineral não utilizado e um problema ambiental preocupante, devido aos grandes volumes envolvidos. Estes “novos” fertilizantes foram testados nas mais distintas condições de solo e, portanto ainda não se sabe exatamente qual será seu desempenho agronômico em condições distintas. Diante do exposto, a seguinte hipótese geral foi testada: fertilizantes fosfatados cuja solubilidade é baixa podem apresentar comportamento e desempenho agronômico semelhante aos superfosfato triplo dependendo das condições do solo e manejo. Para tal, foram realizados quatro experimentos em condições de vaso em casa de vegetação, em campo e em laboratório. Dois experimentos foram realizados em casa de vegetação, variando doses, fontes de P (superfosfato triplo, fosfato natural reativo, fosfato precipitado – FP1 1 e fosfato precipitado 2 – FP2) e tipos de solo, cultivados com milho como planta teste. Nas condições do primeiro experimento onde houve variação de doses e fontes, o solo utilizado, foi coletado em condições distintas, isto é, na primeira situação o solo apresentava 3 mg dm-3 de P e na segunda situação o mesmo solo apresentava 30 mg dm-3 de P. Neste experimento pôde-se observar que, onde havia fósforo residual no solo, proveniente de adubações anteriores, os resíduos utilizados, proporcionaram produção de massa de matéria seca (70g por vaso) e índices de eficiência agronômica (75%) semelhantes ao superfosfato triplo (100g por vaso), concluindo que em situações de fertilidade construída, em especial, a fonte alternativa FP1, pode ser utilizada em cultivos com culturas anuais. No segundo experimento foram utilizados cinco solos com diferentes texturas, todos oxídicos, ácidos e com baixo teor de fósforo. Nesta situação, pôde-se concluir que a maior produção de massa de matéria seca do milho (79g por vaso) e o maior índice de eficiência agronômica dos resíduos (75%) foram alcançados também com a fonte FP1, em solos com baixa a média capacidade de adsorção de fósforo quando comparado a solos de alta CMAP. No experimento realizado em condições de campo, a espécie utilizada como teste foi a Urochloa brizantha, cultivar Marandú, com variação do pH do solo e uso das diferentes fontes de fósforo, além do tratamento controle, sem fósforo e sem correção do solo. Neste experimento foram realizados 4 cortes do capim Urochloa brizantha, com o objetivo de observar o efeito residual e o aproveitamento do P pela cultura fornecido por cada fonte. Pôde-se concluir que, a pastagem obteve maior produção de massa de matéria seca (6 t ha-1) e o maior índice de eficiência agronômica (181%) foi obtido com o uso da fonte alternativa FP1, em condições de V% 45, intermediário, exceto no primeiro corte onde a disponibilidade de P foi maior pelo superfosfato triplo, já que é uma fonte solúvel. Indicando ser essa fonte, o FP1, um potencial fertilizante fosfatado em especial para espécies de ciclo perene como as pastagens. O quarto experimento foi realizado em condições de laboratório com o objetivo de determinar quais as formas de fósforo seriam disponibilizadas por cada fertilizante a partir do uso da metodologia de fracionamento de fósforo. Neste experimento houve variação da textura do solo (argiloso e arenoso), do pH do solo (ácido e moderadamente ácido) e distância do grânulo. Pôde-se observar, que as formas lábeis de fósforo, mais próximas do grânulo, foram em sua maioria, disponibilizadas pela fonte solúvel e pela fonte alternativa FP1 quando comparada com o fosfato natural reativo e com o a fonte alternativa FP2. Portanto, sabendo-se da importância atual da reutilização de materiais antes considerados rejeitos, conclui-se que a fonte alternativa FP1 pode ser considerada um potencial fertilizante fosfatado para utilização em culturas de ciclo perene como pastagens, ou em solos de fertilidade construída em cultivos com plantas anuais. Currently, the production of phosphate fertilizers acidulated generates many residues and between these materials are still relatively rich in P, whose use is not yet possible by the current industrial methods. This has meant, however, not used a mineral well and disturbing environmental problem due to the large volumes involved. These "new" fertilizer were tested in very diverse soil conditions and therefore it is not known exactly what will be their agronomic performance under different conditions. Given the above, the following general hypothesis was tested: phosphate fertilizers whose solubility is low may have agronomic behavior and performance similar to triple superphosphate depending on soil conditions and management. To this end, four experiments were carried out in vessel conditions in the greenhouse, in the field and in the laboratory. Two experiments were conducted in a greenhouse, varying doses, phosphorus sources (triple superphosphate, reactive phosphate, precipitated phosphate - FP1 1 and precipitated phosphate 2 - FP2) and soil types, cultivated with corn as a test plant. Under the conditions of the first experiment where there was a variation of dosages and sources soil used was collected at different conditions, in the first situation the soil had 3 mg dm-3 P and in the second position the same soil had 30 mg dm-3 P. In this experiment it was observed that, where there was residual phosphorus in the soil of previous manuring, the waste used, provided mass production of dry matter (70 g per pot) and agronomic efficiency ratios (75% ) similar to the triple superphosphate (100g per pot), concluding that fertility in situations constructed, in particular, the alternative source FP1 can be used in crops for annual crops. The second experiment used five soils with different textures, all oxidic, acids and low phosphorus content. In this situation, it could be concluded that the increased production of dry matter corn (79g per pot) and the highest agronomic efficiency of waste (75%) were also achieved with the FP1 source, low in soils average phosphorus sorption capacity when compared to high MAPC soils. In the experiment carried out under field conditions, the species used as a test was Urochloa brizantha cultivate Marandú with variation of soil pH and use of different sources of phosphorus, beyond the control treatment without phosphorus and without soil correction. In this experiment were performed 4 grass courts Urochloa brizantha, in order to observe the residual effect and the use of P by culture provided by each source. It was concluded that the pasture had higher mass of dry matter production (6 t ha-1) and the highest agronomic efficiency (181%) was obtained with the use of alternative source FP1, V% 45 conditions , intermediate, except in the first cut where the availability of P was higher by triple superphosphate, as it is a soluble source. Indicating that this source, the FP1, a potential phosphate fertilizer especially for species of perennial cycle as pastures. The fourth experiment was conducted in laboratory conditions in order to determine the phosphorus forms would be made available for each fertilizer from the use of phosphorus fractionation methodology. In this experiment there was variation in soil texture (clayey and sandy) soil pH (acid and moderately acid) and distance from the bead. It was observed that the labile P forms, closer to the bead, were mostly provided by soluble source and the alternate source FP1 compared with the reactive phosphate rock and the alternative source FP2. Therefore, knowing if the current importance of reuse of materials previously considered tailings, it is clear that an alternative source FP1 can be considered as a potential phosphatic fertilizer for use in continual cycle crops such as grass, or soil fertility built in cultures with annual plants. CNPq: 142157/2012-0

Araştırmanın amacı, Bursa iline bağlı Orhangazi ve Gemlik ilçelerindeki zeytin üreticilerinin mekanizasyon düzeyini belirlemektir. Orhangazi ve Gemlik ilçelerinde zeytin tarımı yapılan 16 köyden seçilen toplam 150 işletmede anket çalışması yapılmıştır. Anket çalışması ile yöredeki üreticilerin genel sosyal yapıları, arazi varlıkları, traktör-tarım alet ve makina varlıkları incelenerek mekanizasyon kriterleri belirlenmiştir. Zeytin üretiminde toprak işlemeden hasada kadar tüm tarımsal işlemlerdeki mekanizasyon uygulamaları incelenmiştir. Yapılan araştırma sonucunda yöredeki işletmelerin mekanizasyon düzeyine ilişkin olarak; ortalama arazi büyüklüğü 10-15 da, ağaç varlıkları 400-600 adet, ortalama işletme başına 0.82 adet traktör, traktör başına düşen ekipman sayısı 4.76 adet/traktör olarak saptanmıştır. Yöredeki işletmelere ait bu sonuçlar özellikle bölgede yapılmış daha önceki çalışmalara göre kıyaslandığında mekanizasyon düzeyinde bir artış söz konusudur. Özellikle alet-makina varlığına bakıldığında, artış gözükmesine karşın, tüm tarımsal işlemlere orantılı bir şekilde dağılmadığı saptanmıştır. Bununla birlikte toprak işleme aletlerinde bir yoğunlaşma söz konusu iken buna karşın zeytin tarımının en fazla iş gücü gerektiren özellikle bakım ve hasat işlemlerinde alet ve makinaya ihtiyaç duyulduğu görülmektedir. The aim of this research is to determine mechanization level in olive cultivation in Orhangazi and Gemlik districts of Bursa province. A survey study was carried out in total of 150 businesses chosen from 16 villages where olive cultivation was carried out in Orhangazi and Gemlik districts. With the survey study, mechanization level were investigated by means of general social structures, land assets and tractor-agricultural tools and machinery assets of the farmers in the region. The mechanization applications were determined in olive agriculture production from soil cultivation to harvest. As a result, regarding mechanization level of olive production in the region; the average land size was 10-15, tree assets were 400-600 pieces, 0.82 tractor per business, and the number of equipment per tractor was 4.76. When these results are compared with the previous studies carried out in the region, an increase level of mechanization have been observed. Especially when the toolmachine asset was analysed, it was obtained that they were not dispersed proportionally to all agricultural operations although an increase was seen. Besides, it was observed that while there was increases on soil tillage equipment, maintenance and harvest equipment is needed in particular requiring maximum workforce of olive farming.

Fill the deficiency of macro elements by introducing into the diet of the complex ammonium salts of sulphur and phosphorus at the expense of improvement and normalization of metabolic processes allow to increase the gain in live weight during the fattening period by 17.6 %. High indices of meat productivity were manifested in the feeding of mineral supplements offer. The most heavy carcasses 208.9 kg obtained from experienced bulls. Top dressing with macronutrients increases in meat animals the content of such nutrients as fat on 1.21% and protein at 0.61%, and improves processing quality. A reduction of the energy consumption of 1.41 fodder units per 1 kg increase in live weight in the group of calves treated with fertilizer.

A soja tem sido amplamente cultivada no Brasil e no mundo por sua importância alimentar e econômica, que impulsiona diversos complexos agroindustriais. O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de arranjos espaciais, simples e fileira dupla, associados a níveis de adubação sobre o desenvolvimento e produtividade da cultivar de soja Anta 82 RR, levando em conta parâmetros produtivos e ecofisiológicos. O experimento foi conduzido na Universidade Federal de Goiás, Regional Jataí, com o delineamento experimental constituído de 10 tratamentos estabelecidos em blocos casualizados, com parcelas subdivididas, em quatro repetições. Cada parcela correspondeu a um nível de adubação com P e K (0, 50, 100, 200 e 400% da dose recomendada) e as subparcelas a dois tipos de arranjos espaciais: simples (0,45 m) e fileira dupla (0,25 x 0,65 m). A dose recomendada de P e K foi 80 kg ha-1 de P2O5 e 80 kg ha-1 de K2O. Durante o período de desenvolvimento da cultura determinou-se a população inicial de plantas, o índice de clorofila Falker, a massa de planta seca, o índice de área foliar, o fator de cobertura e os teores nutricionais das folhas índice. Quando as plantas de soja encontravam-se no estádio R8 foram realizadas as seguintes avaliações: população final de plantas, altura de planta e inserção da primeira vagem, número de vagens e de grãos por planta, número de grãos por vagem, peso de mil grãos e produtividade. A cultivar de soja Anta 82 RR demonstrou pequena resposta para os componentes morfológicos, com o uso de arranjo espacial alternativo. O aumento no nível de adubação, mesmo com doses 2 e 4 vezes maiores que o recomendado, possibilita resposta da soja em produtividade de grãos para os dois arranjos estudados. O arranjo simples proporciona maior produtividade de grãos, independentemente do nível de adubação The soybeans have been broadly cultivated in Brazil and the world due to it`s food and economic importance, that boost many agroindustrial complexes. The objective of this study was evaluate the effect of spatial arrangements, simple and twin rows, associated with different fertilizing levels on the development and yield at Anta 82 RR soybean cultivar. The experiment was carried in Universidade Federal de Goiás, Regional Jataí, with 10 treatments established in a split plot randomized block design, with four replications. Each plot corresponded to one fertilizing level with P and K (0, 50, 100, 200 and 400% of recommended dose) and the sub plots were two spatial arrangements: simple (0,45 m) and twin rows ( 0,25 x 0,65 m). The recommended rate of P and K was 80 kg ha-1 of P2O5 and 80 kg ha-1 of K2O. During the development period of the culture were determined the initial population, Falker chlorophyll index, dry mass, leaf area index, cover factor and nutritional content of the index leaves. When the soybean plants was in growth stage R8 were done the following evaluations: final plant population, plant and first pod insertion height, number of pods and grains per plant, number of grains per pod, mass of thousand grains and yield. The soybean cultivar Anta 82 RR demonstrated small answer for morphological components, with the use alternative spatial arrangements. The increase of fertilizing level, even with rates 2 and 4 times higher than the recommended, allowed soybean response in grain yield for the two studied arrangements. The simple arrangement provides higher grain yield, independently of fertilizing level. Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES

A soja é uma das culturas mais importantes do mundo. Porém, quando cultivada em solos com deficiências de nutrientes sua produtividade é bastante afetada, sendo que o zinco é um dos micronutrientes que mais limita a produção das culturas em diferentes regiões do mundo. Com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito de doses e épocas de aplicação de zinco nas características agronômicas da soja, instalou-se um experimento no município de Ipameri – Goiás, na safra 2014/15. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos casualizados, com 10 tratamentos e quatro repetições, dispostos em esquema fatorial 2 x 5, sendo: duas épocas de aplicação de zinco (estádio V9 e R1) e cinco doses (0, 3, 6, 9 e 12 kg ha-1 de zinco), sendo a fonte de zinco utilizada o sulfato de zinco (20% de Zn). A cultivar utilizada foi a M7739 IPRO. O Zn foi aplicado em superfície e distribuído a uma distância de 0,1 m da linha da cultura. Foram avaliadas as seguintes características: teor de zinco foliar, teor de clorofila Spad, altura de planta, diâmetro do caule, altura de inserção da primeira vagem, número de vagens por planta, número de grãos por vagem, número de nós reprodutivos por planta, massa de 100 grãos, produtividade de grãos e qualidade fisiológica das sementes. Os resultados foram submetidos à análise de variância e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Tukey a 5% de probabilidade. Para analisar as influências significativas das doses de Zn sobre as características avaliadas, trabalhou-se com análises de regressão. A adubação com Zn influenciou positivamente o teor foliar de Zn, altura de plantas, diâmetro do caule, altura de inserção da primeira vagem, número de vagens por planta, número de nós reprodutivos por planta, massa de 100 grãos e produtividade de grãos. O teor foliar de Zn, a massa de 100 grãos e a produtividade de grãos apresentaram diferença significativa entre as épocas de aplicação, com resultados superiores para as médias de V9. De acordo com estes resultados recomenda-se a adubação com Zn na cultura da soja. The soybean is one of the most important crops worldwide. However, when grown in soils with nutrient deficiencies the productivity is significantly affected, and Zinc is a micronutrient that most limits the crops production in different regions of the world. Aiming to evaluate the effect of zinc doses and application times on the agronomic characteristics of soybean, an experiment was conducted in the city of Ipameri, Goiás – Brazil, in the season 2014/15. The experimental design was a randomized block with 10 treatments and four replications in a factorial 2 x 5, as follows: two zinc application times (stage V9 and R1) and five doses (0, 3, 6, 9 and 12 kg ha-1 of Zinc), and the source of zinc used was zinc sulfate (20% of Zn). The cultivar used was the M7739 IPRO. The Zn was applied on the soil surface and distributed at a distance of 0.1 m from the crop rows. We evaluated the following characteristics: leaf zinc content, Spad chlorophyll content, plant height, stem diameter, the first pod height, number of pods per plant, number of grains per pod, number of reproductive nodes per plant, weight of 100 grains, grain yield and physiological quality of seed. The results were submitted to analysis of variance and the means were compared by Tukey test, at 5% probability. To analyze the significant influence of doses of Zn on the characteristics evaluated, it worked with regression analyzes. The fertilization with Zn positively influenced the leaf Zn content, plant height, stem diameter, the first pod height, number of pods per plant, number of reproductive nodes per plant, weight of 100 grains and grain yield. The leaf Zn content, the weight of 100 grains and grain yield showed significant difference between application times, with superior results to the average V9. According to these results it is recommended to fertilization with Zn in soybean. Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES

Metoda vizualne dijagnostike brza je indikatorska metoda utvrđivanja stanja ishranjenosti biljaka tijekom vegetacije. Primjenjuje se posebice kod profitabilnih biljnih vrsta (povrće, cvijeće) i trajnih nasada. Poljoprivrednici koji se bave proizvodnjim na istom terenu duži niz godina lakše zapažaju simptome poremećaja ishrane i mogu ih lako povezati s promjenama klimatskih uvjeta i agrotehnike, te pravovremeno poduzeti odgovarajuće mjere. Zbog sigurnosti i ekonomičnosti proizvodnje, za određivanje potrebe u gnojidbi uz vizualnu dijagnostiku potrebno je obaviti i analizu biljne tvari. Uzorci biljnog materijala za analizu uzimaju se ovisno o fazi vegetacije, kod mlađih biljaka uzimaju se cijele biljke, a kod starijih pojedini razvijeni dijelovi. Simptomi su jasni samo kod akutnog nedostatka ili suviška, pa je vizualna dijagnostika samo indikator poremećaja. Latentni (skriveni) poremećaji ishrane ne mogu se vizualno primjetiti ili se uočavaju onda kada je već prekasno za intervenciju. Zato je važno pravovremeno uočiti simptome i obaviti potrebne analize. Za interpretaciju rezultata analiza u našoj se zemlji još uvijek koriste strane literaturne vrijednosti. Trebalo bi provesti ispitivanja u našim agroekološkim uvjetima i na našim kultivarima, te formirati jedinstvenu bazu podataka, dostupnu svim proizvođačima. Time bi se pomoglo sustavu odlučivanja u provođenju skupe agrotehničke mjere-gnojidbe., Visual diagnosis is fast method that can provide an indication of the nutritional status of plants during the growing season. It is especially applicable for profitable plant productions (vegetables, flowers) and permanent crops. Farmers who produce on the same field for many years easier notice symptoms of disorders in plant nutrition status and they can be linked to changes in climate conditions and agrotechnical practices, and promptly take appropriate measures. Due to the security and economy of production, to determine fertilizer requirements in addition to visual diagnosis is necessary use the plant tissue analysis. Samples of plant material for analysis shall be taken depending on the stage of growth, related to younger crops whole plants are taken, and for older/permanent crops individual meture parts are collected. The symptoms are cleary seen only if the acute deficiency or excess exists, and visual diagnostic is only the indicator of disorders. Latent (hidden) nitritional disorders can not be visually noticed or perceived so it is often too late for intervention when they occure. Therefore, it is important to timely notice symptoms and carry out the required analysis. For interpretation of the results of plant tissue analysis in our country foreign literature data is still being used. It would be of great importance to conduct research in our environmental conditions and our cultivars, and form a single database, accessible to all producers. This would help in providing decision making system in the implementation of costly agrotehnical measure- fertilization.

RESUMO O Vale do São Francisco constitui o maior produtor nacional de manga em regime irrigado. Na mangueira, além da produtividade, o boro é o nutriente que mais afeta a qualidade dos frutos, e sua deficiência pode provocar distúrbios fisiológicos. Nesse sentido, um experimento foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de avaliar a associação do boro com a incidência de frutos de manga Palmer acometidos com desordem fisiológica e seu efeito na produtividade de frutos. Os tratamentos consistiram em sete diferentes manejos de adubação: T1 = Duas fertirrigações com 50 g planta-1 de H3BO3 (adubação do produtor); T2 = T1 + cinco pulverizações com H3BO3 [duas primeiras (0,3%) e demais (0,2%)]; T3 = T1 + cinco pulverizações com H3BO3 [duas primeiras (0,3%) e demais (0,4%)]; T4 = T1 + cinco pulverizações com H3BO3 [duas primeiras (0,3%) e demais (0,6%)]; T5 = T1 + duas pulverizações com H3BO3 (0,3%) + três fertirrigações (10 g planta-1 de H3BO3); T6 = T1 + duas pulverizações com H3BO3 (0,3%) + três fertirrigações (20 g planta-1 de H3BO3); T7 = T1 + duas pulverizações com H3BO3 (0,3%) + três fertirrigações (40 g planta-1 de H3BO3). Os resultados demonstram que há evidências de que a deficiência de boro pode provocar a emissão de frutos acometidos por desordem fisiológica e de que o manejo da adubação boratada é eficiente na redução desse problema e, ainda, influencia a produtividade de manga Palmer, destacando-se que o T2 atingiu produtividade média de 35,62 t ha-1, embora mais estudos sejam necessários para a recomendação de um sistema de manejo adequado para a cultura. ABSTRACT The São Francisco Valley is the largest producer of mango under irrigated conditions. In the mango crop, beyond yield, boron is the micronutrient that most affects the fruit quality and this deficiency can cause physiological disorders. Accordingly, an experiment was carried out to evaluate the association of boron with incidence of physiological disorder in mango fruits cv. Palmer and his effect in the fruit yield. The treatments consisted on seven different fertilization managements: T1 = Two fertirrigations with 50 g plant -1 of H3BO3 (fertilizing of the grower); T2 = T1 + five sprays with H3BO3 [first two (0.3%) and others (0.2%)]; T3 = T1 + five sprays with H3BO3 [first two (0.3%) and others (0.4%)]; T4 = T1 + five sprays with H3BO3 [first two (0.3%) and others (0.6%)]; T5 = T1 + two sprays with H3BO3 (0.3%) + three fertirrigations (10 g plant -1 of H3BO3); T6 = T1 + two sprays with H3BO3 (0.3 %) + three fertirrigations (20 g plant -1 of H3BO3); T7 = T1 + two sprays with H3BO3 (0.3%) + three fertirrigations (40 g plant -1 of H3BO3). There is evidence that boron deficiency can cause the emission of fruits affected by physiological disorder and the management of boron fertilization is effective for reducing this problem and also influences mango fruit yield cv. Palmer, detaching that T2 reached an average yield of 35.62 t ha-1, although more studies are needed to recommend a suitable crop management system.

Climate change in the past but still affected the lives of humans and bees. The yield of honey, among other factors, depends on the climatic conditions. Climate change is happening today, and known in the recent history of mankind, recorded special in the 16th, 17th and 18th century. Also, a big challenge for beekeepers, in recently, happening during 2014 year with a lot of rain. Climatic conditions significantly affect the behavior and survival of bee colonies. It is known that best fertilization, nectar secretion and the largest bee activity occurs at air temperature 17-29°C and relative humidity of 65-75%, with the conditions lack of rainfall during daylight. For the survival of bee colonies in the extreme conditions the greatest role is preparing the hive for overwintering, which begins in late July and early August each year. Proper care and providing good conditions for the queen, form the conditions for the "winter bees" survival and wintering. In years with extreme climatic conditions, it is necessary to provide feeding and bee colonies. Growing of bees is necessary to adjust the climatic conditions in each year. Particular attention should be paid to the preparation of bees for wintering and nutrition during the year when do not have enough natural sources. The aim is to show the important information on the impact of climate change on the survival of bee colonies, and point to the need to adapt breeding bees.

This bachelor thesis is a literature review, examinig the effect of agricultural and nutritional measures on soil biological activity. Bachelor thesis is systematically divided into several parts. At the beginning of the thesis are included important dates regarding soil organic matter and edaphon. Another part of the work has been to study effects of fertilization and liming on soil biological activity. Furthermore, there are studies on the impact of agro-technical measures and the impact of the application of pesticides. The paper also lists methods of research soil biological activity.

O presente trabalho foi conduzido no municipio de Selviria, Mato Grosso do Sul, na Fazenda de Ensino, Pesquisa e Extensao da Faculdade de Engenharia, Campus de Ilha Solteira - Unesp, com o objetivo de verificar o efeito de manejos do milheto (herbicida, triturador horizontal, rolo faca e rocadora) e doses de nitrogenio (0, 40, 80, 120 e 160 kg ha -1 ) sobre as caracteristicas agronomicas e a produtividade do milho cultivado em sistema plantio direto. O delineamento experimental foi disposto em blocos casualizados em esquema fatorial de 4x5, com quatro repeticoes. Utilizaram-se o cultivar de milheto BRS 1501 e o hibrido de milho 30F35H. Nesta pesquisa, avaliaram-se altura de planta e de insercao da primeira espiga, numero de fileiras de graos por espiga e de graos por fileira, massa de cem graos e produtividade. Os resultados obtidos permitiram concluir que a forma de manejo adotada para a cultura do milheto nao influenciou na produtividade do milho. A maior produtividade do milho foi verificada com a dose de 160 kg ha -1 de N.

Suharja, Sutarno. 2009. Biomass, chlorophyll and nitrogen content of leaves of two chili pepper varieties (Capsicum annum) in different fertilization treatments. Nusantara Bioscience 1: 9-16. This study aims to determine the influence of various fertilization treatments on biomass, chlorophyll and nitrogen content of leaves from two varieties of chili, Sakti (large chili) and Fantastic (curly chili). The study was conducted in the village of Gatak, Karangnongko sub-district, Klaten District, Central Java in September 2006 to March 2007. The study used a complete block design with two factorial of chili varieties and fertilizer treatment. Fertilization treatments includes no fertilizer (control) (P1); manure 2 kg/plant (P2), manure (1 kg/plant) + chemical fertilizer (ZA, SP-36, KCl = 2: 1: 1) + NPK (P3); and manure (1 kg/plant) + chemical fertilizer (SP-36: KCl = 1:1) + liquid organic fertilizer (P4). Chlorophyll content was measured refers to Harborne (1987), whereas leaf nitrogen concentration was measured with Kjeldahl method. Data were analyzed using ANOVA followed by DMRT. The results showed that on the Fantastic chili fertilizer treatment affected the biomass and chlorophyll a, but gave no effect on chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll and leaf nitrogen. On the curly chili fertilizer treatment effected plant fresh weight, chlorophyll a and total chlorophyll, but gave no effect on dry weight, fresh fruit weight, chlorophyll b and leaf nitrogen. It is, therefore, recommended to use the formulation of manure + chemical fertilizer (SP-36: KCl = 1: 1) + liquid organic fertilizer in the cultivation of chili.Key words: biomass, chlorophyll, leaf nitrogen, chili, Capsicum annum, fertilizing.Abstrak. Suharja, Sutarno. 2009. Biomassa, kandungan klorofil dan nitrogen daun dua varietas cabai (Capsicum annum) pada berbagai perlakuan pemupukan. Nusantara Bioscience 1: 9-16. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh berbagai perlakuan pemupukan terhadap biomassa, kandungan klorofil dan nitrogen daun dari dua varietas cabai, Sakti (cabai besar) dan Fantastic (cabai keriting). Penelitian dilakukan di Desa Gatak, Kecamatan Karangnongko, Kabupaten Klaten, Jawa Tengah pada September 2006 sampai Maret 2007. Penelitian menggunakan rancangan blok lengkap dengan dua faktorial yaitu varietas cabai dan perlakuan pemupukan. Perlakuan pemupukan meliputi tanpa pupuk (kontrol) (P1); pupuk kandang 2 kg/tanaman (P2), pupuk kandang (1 kg/tanaman) + pupuk kimia (ZA, SP-36, KCl = 2: 1: 1) + NPK (P3); dan pupuk kandang (1 kg/tanaman) + pupuk kimia (SP-36: KCl = 1:1) + pupuk organik cair (P4). Kadar klorofil diukur merujuk Harborne (1987), sedangkan kadar nitrogen daun diukur dengan metode Kjeldahl. Data dianalisis menggunakan Analisis Varians dilanjutkan DMRT. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan pada cabai Fantastic, perlakuan berbagai macam pemupukan berpengaruh terhadap biomassa dan klorofil a, namun tidak berpengaruh terhadap kandungan klorofil b, total klorofil dan nitrogen daun. Pada cabai Sakti perlakuan pemupukan berpengaruh terhadap bobot segar tanaman, kandungan klorofil a dan total klorofil, namun tidak berpengaruh terhadap bobot kering, bobot buah segar, kandungan klorofil b dan nitrogen daun. Oleh kerena itu direkomendasikan untuk menggunakan formulasi pupuk kandang + pupuk kimia (SP-36: KCl = 1: 1) + pupuk organik cair dalam budidaya cabai.Kata kunci: biomasa, klorofil, nitrogen daun, cabai, Capsicum annum, pemupukan.

O objetivo com este trabalho foi verificar o efeito da aplicação de composto orgânico e da compactação de dois solos na matéria seca (MS) e nos macronutrientes da parte aérea do milho (Zea mays) cultivar Itapuã 700. Visando aprimorar este estudo se aplicaram, em 54 vasos, três doses de composto orgânico resultante do processamento de resíduos da Central de Abastecimento (CEASA), em dois solos, sendo um Argissolo Vermelho Escuro (AVE) e o outro Argissolo Vermelho Amarelo (AVA), coletados no horizonte Ap, na profundidade de 0 a 0,20 m, e sob três níveis de compactação formando um arranjo fatorial 2 × 3 × 3, com três repetições. As variáveis avaliadas foram biomassa seca e teores de N, P, K, Ca e Mg da parte aérea do milho. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que a compactação do solo não afetou o crescimento do milho mas a adubação com o composto orgânico promoveu acúmulo de K e Ca e redução de Mg nas plantas. O teor de cálcio no milho aumentou com a adubação orgânica, no solo AVE, ocorrendo o contrário com o solo AVA. The objective of the this study was to evaluate the effect of organic compost and compaction levels of two soils on shoot dry weight and macronutrient contents of corn (Zea mays), cultivar Itapoã 700. In 54 pots, three doses of the processed organic compost residue from Recife Central Market were applied in two soils, one being a dark red Argissoil (DRA) and the other a yellow red Argissoil (YRA), collected in Ap horizon (0 to 0.20 m depth) and under three compaction levels in a factorial arrangement 2 × 3 × 3 with three replications. Shoot dry matter and N, P, K, Ca and Mg contents were evaluated. The results indicate that soil compaction does not affect corn growth. The organic compost application increased K and Ca but decreased Mg content in shoots. Calcium content in corn shoot increased with the organic compost in DRA soil, but was found to decrease in YRA soil.

Com o objetivo de avaliar o desempenho agronômico de nove cultivares de milho, sendo cinco destinadas ao cultivo com baixo investimento e quatro cultivares destinadas ao cultivo sob condições de alto investimento, foram conduzidos dois experimentos no ano agrícola 2004/2005, em Lavras, MG. Em um dos experimentos, utilizou-se a densidade de semeadura de 55.000 plantas ha-1 e, no outro, 65.000 plantas ha-1. Em cada experimento, as nove cultivares de milho foram avaliadas em três níveis de adubação: (1) 300 kg ha-1 de 8-28-16 na semeadura, mais 200 kg ha-1 de 30-00-20, em cobertura; (2) 400 kg ha-1 de 8-28-16 na semeadura, mais 300 kg ha-1 de 30-00-20, em cobertura e (3) 500 kg ha-1 de 8-28-16 na semeadura, mais 300 kg ha-1 de 30-00-20 e 150 kg ha-1 de uréia, em cobertura. Os resultados permitiram concluir que a adubação de 500 kg ha-1 de 8-28-16 na semeadura, mais 300 kg ha-1 de 30-00-20 na primeira cobertura e 150 kg ha-1 de uréia na segunda cobertura proporciona aumento significativo na produtividade de grãos e na altura das plantas. O aumento da densidade de semeadura de 55.000 plantas ha-1 para 65.000 plantas ha-1 não influenciou a produtividade de grãos, mas, interferiu na altura de plantas e de espigas e na prolificidade. As cultivares destinadas ao alto investimento apresentam maior prolificidade, maior altura de planta e maior produtividade de grãos do que as cultivares destinadas ao baixo investimento. With the aim of evaluating the agronomic traits in nine maize cultivars, five being considered for cultivation of low investment and four maize crops considered for high investment, two trials were carried out in the agricultural year 2004/2005, in Lavras, MG. One of the trials was carried out with plant density of 55.000 plants ha-1 and the other, 65.000 plants ha-1. In each trial the nine maize crops were carried out in three fertilizing levels: (1) 300 kg ha-1 of an 8-28-16 formula at the sowing date, with an additional 200 kg ha-1 of a 30-00-20 formula, for covering; (2) 400 kg ha-1 of 8-28-16 at the sowing date, with an additional of 300 kg of 30-00-20, for covering; (3) 500 kg ha-1 of 8-28-16 at the sowing date, with an additional of 300 kg ha-1 of 30-00-20 and 150 kg ha-1 of N, for covering. The results allowed concluding that fertilizing with 500 kg ha-1 of 8-28-16 at the sowing date, with an additional 300 kg ha-1 of 30-00-20 and 150 kg ha-1 of N, for covering, the maize crops showed expressive increase in the productivity of grains and plant height. The increase of plant density from 55.000 plants ha-1 to 65.000 plants ha-1 did not influence the productivity of the grains, but interfered in the plant height, ear length, and prolificacy. The maize crops of high input showed higher prolificacy, higher plant height and higher productivity of grains in relationship to the crops of low investment.

O objetivo com este trabalho foi verificar o efeito da aplicação de composto orgânico e da compactação de dois solos na matéria seca (MS) e nos macronutrientes da parte aérea do milho (Zea mays) cultivar Itapuã 700. Visando aprimorar este estudo se aplicaram, em 54 vasos, três doses de composto orgânico resultante do processamento de resíduos da Central de Abastecimento (CEASA), em dois solos, sendo um Argissolo Vermelho Escuro (AVE) e o outro Argissolo Vermelho Amarelo (AVA), coletados no horizonte Ap, na profundidade de 0 a 0,20 m, e sob três níveis de compactação formando um arranjo fatorial 2 × 3 × 3, com três repetições. As variáveis avaliadas foram biomassa seca e teores de N, P, K, Ca e Mg da parte aérea do milho. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que a compactação do solo não afetou o crescimento do milho mas a adubação com o composto orgânico promoveu acúmulo de K e Ca e redução de Mg nas plantas. O teor de cálcio no milho aumentou com a adubação orgânica, no solo AVE, ocorrendo o contrário com o solo AVA.The objective of the this study was to evaluate the effect of organic compost and compaction levels of two soils on shoot dry weight and macronutrient contents of corn (Zea mays), cultivar Itapoã 700. In 54 pots, three doses of the processed organic compost residue from Recife Central Market were applied in two soils, one being a dark red Argissoil (DRA) and the other a yellow red Argissoil (YRA), collected in Ap horizon (0 to 0.20 m depth) and under three compaction levels in a factorial arrangement 2 × 3 × 3 with three replications. Shoot dry matter and N, P, K, Ca and Mg contents were evaluated. The results indicate that soil compaction does not affect corn growth. The organic compost application increased K and Ca but decreased Mg content in shoots. Calcium content in corn shoot increased with the organic compost in DRA soil, but was found to decrease in YRA soil.

The present work studied the production of biomass and the anatomical, physical and energy characteristics ofSclerolobium paniculatum Vogel var. subvelutinum wood of a plantation of 18 years old, under different levels of soil fertilization. Theinfluences of fertilization in the production of biomass and the anatomical, physical and energy characteristics showed no significantresults. The results showed an average production of biomass per hectare of 92.55t. The results disclose that the cultivated carvoeiro,with 18 years old, have fibers with 14.03mm of diameter; 3.41mm of thickness and 708mm length; basic specific gravity of 0.52g/cm3;83.84% of volatile material; 15.65% of fixed carbon; calorific power of 4,671kcal/kg.

O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de densidades de plantio e doses de biofertilizante comercial na produção de capim-limão (Cymbopogon citratus (D.C.) Stapf). O experimento foi implantado em parcelas subdivididas com três repetições, colocando-se nas parcelas as densidades de plantio (33.333, 49.382, 55.555 e 111.111 plantas ha-1) e nas subparcelas as doses de biofertilizante (0; 20; 40 e 60 t ha-1). Foram realizadas nove colheitas em intervalos de 42 dias. Avaliou-se a sobrevivência, a altura de planta, o número de perfilhos por touceira, a massa seca por touceira e da parte aérea, o teor e o rendimento de óleo essencial. O teor de óleo essencial não foi influenciado pelas densidades de plantio e doses de biofertilizante. A densidade crescente resultou em regressões lineares crescentes para o rendimento de óleo essencial e a massa seca da parte aérea e em uma regressão linear decrescente para a massa seca por touceira. A dose de biofertilizante resultou em regressões lineares crescentes para o rendimento de óleo essencial e a massa seca por touceira e da parte aérea. A densidade de 111.111 plantas ha-1 (0,30 x 0,30 m) e a dose de biofertilizante de 60 t ha-1 no primeiro ano de cultivo poderão ser recomendados para produção do capim-limão.The aim of this work was to evaluate the plant density and biofertilizer levels on lemon grass (Cymbopogom citratus (D.C.) Stapf). The experiment was installed in split plot design with three replications, having plant density as plots (33,333; 49,382; 55,555 and 111,111 plants ha-1) and biofertilizer doses as sub plots (0; 20; 40; 60 t ha-1 year-1). Nine cuttings were realized using an interval of 42 days between cuttings. We evaluated survival, plant height, number of tillers per plant, dry weight per plant and of biomass yield, essential oil content and yield. The essential oil content was not influenced by the plant densities and biofertilizer doses. The crescent density resulted in a crescent linear regression for essential oil yield and dry weight of biomass yield and in a declining linear regression for dry weight per plant. The biofertilizer dose resulted in a crescent linear regression for essential oil yield and dry weight per plant and of biomass yield. The plant density of 111.111 plants per hectare (0.30 x 0.30 m) and the biofertilizer dose of 60 t ha-1 year-1 can be recommended for lemon grass production in the first year.

Načrtno gnojenje krompirja na podlagi analiz postaja edina priporočena praksa. Na posestvu UKC Pohorski dvor Maribor smo izvedli enoletni poskus po naključnem bloku v štirih ponovitvah. Poskus je vključeval pet sort krompirja 'Carlingford', 'Frisia', 'Desiree', 'Romano' in 'Cvetnik' in tri različne ciljne vrednosti dušika: 133, 153 in 173 kg N ha-1. Za kontrolno obravnavanje smo pri vsaki sorti uporabili obravnavanje brez dodanega dušika (0 kg N ha-1). Med rastno dobo krompirja je bil analiziran indeks listne površine, višina rastline in število stebel na posameznem obravnavanju. Ob spravilu smo pridelek gomoljev stehtali in sortirali po debelini na drobne, srednje debele in debele gomolje. Ciljna vrednost 173 kg N ha-1 ima statistično značilen vpliv na pridelek krompirja (31,0 kg 10 m-2), med posameznimi ciljnimi vrednostmi N pa ni razlik (obravnavanje 133 in 153 N, pridelek 25,4 in 24,6 kg 10 m-2 ). Pri morfoloških lastnostih je največji indeks listne površine dosežen pri obravnavanju 173 kg N ha-1 (2,7). Na višino rastlin in število stebel imata sorti in ciljne vrednosti statistično značilen vpliv. Največja višina je dosežena pri sorti 'Carlingford' (64,3 cm) in pri obravnavanju 153 kg N ha-1 (58,1cm), največje število stebel pa pri sorti 'Desiree' (4,9) in pri obravnavanju 173 kg N ha-1 (5,0). Systematic fertilization of potato on the basis of analysis becomes the only recommended practice. We performed an one-year experiment in randomized block system with four repetitions at the estate of the University of Agriculture Centre Pohorski dvor (UKC). The experiment included five varieties of potatoes: 'Carlingford', 'Frisia', 'Desiree', 'Romano' and 'Cvetnik' and three different target levels of nitrogen in the soil: 133, 153, 173 kg N ha-1. For the control treatment no nitrogen was added to the soil for each individual variety (0 kg N ha-1). During the growing season of potatoes, we analyzed the leaf area index, plant height and the number of stems in a particular test area. At harvest, the tuber crops were weigted and sorted according to the thickness into small, medium, and large tubers. The target value of 173 kg N ha-1 had a significant impact on the potato yield (31.0 kg 10 m-2), while there was no difference between the target values of treatment 133 N and 153 N, which resulted in the yield of 25,4 and 24,6 kg 10 m-2. In the morphological characteristics, the largest leaf area index is achieved in the treatment of 173 kg N ha-1 (2.7). The variety and the target value have had a significant impact on the plant height and the number of stems. The maximum height was achieved in the variety 'Carlingford' (64.3cm) and by applying the treatment of 153 kg N ha-1(58.1), the largest number of stems was achieved in the 'Desiree' variety (4.9) and by applying the treatment of 173 kg N ha-1 (5.0).

[EN] Nitrate accumulation in leafy vegetables, as endives, Cichorium endivia L, could be influenced by nitrogen source supplied in the fertilizing. That is why it established as the objective of this experiment compares the influence of three fertilizing, with the same amount of nitrogen, three different with three ratios Ammonium /Nitrate different (N0:0/13; N5:0,65/12,32; N10: 1,30/11,72 mmol L-1 ), on the nitrates accumulation in leaves and the obtained final production. Also one tried to determine the evolution of different physiological parameters and of quality along the cultivation cycle. Also, it was about to elucidate, if the measurements realized with the SPAD and the colorimeter can to be included like effective hardware for the nitrates estimation in endive leaves. For all this, using cultivating of escarole ‘Cuartana‘ – of wide leave - it was analyzed periodically (0, 14, 28,42 days after the transplant) the evolution of different physiological parameters and of quality (content of chlorophylls (SPAD), (reflectometry) nitrates, nitrogen (Kjeldahl), phosphorus (colorimeter) and color of the leaves (scale CIELab)), and at the end of the cultivation, there were valued the percentage of commercial plants, its middleweight and the incidence of different fisiopatías ("tipburn" and increase to premature flower). The increase of the concentration of ammonium supposed an increase of the values of SPAD (content in chlorophylls) and a decrease of the parameters of color a* and b*. The values of SPAD increased with the development of the cycle, what was joined to a decrease of the yellow color (parameter b*). The increase of the concentration of ammonium did not decrease the accumulation of nitrates, which was increasing on having advanced the cycle., [ES] El objetivo de este trabajo pretende establecer la influencia de la relación Nitrato/Amonio en las soluciones nutritivas, en la acumulación de de nitratos en hoja de escarola, así como en la producción obtenida. También se pretendió determinar la evolución de distintos parámetros fisiológicos y de calidad a lo largo del ciclo de cultivo. Material: se ha llevado a cabo un ciclo de cultivo primaveral con escarola de hoja ancha, cv. `Cuartana'.La plantación definitiva, bajo invernadero y en condiciones de hidroponía, se llevo a cabo en macetas de 8L, rellenas con una mezcla de perlita y fibra de coco (50-50). Metodología:En este experimento se analizó periódicamente (0,14,28,42 ddt) la evolución de los distintos parámetros fisiológicos y de calidad con la escarola ( contenido de clorofilas (SPAD), nitratos( reflectometría),nitrógeno (Kjeldahl), fósforo (colorimetría) y color de las hojas (escala CIELAB)), al final del cultivo se valoró el porcentaje de plantas comerciales, su peso medio y la incidencia de distintas fisiopatías (tipburn y subida a flor prematura)- Se emplearon tres soluciones nutritivas en las que se modificó la ratio amonio/nitratos; N0:0/13 N5:0,65/12,32 N10: 1,30/11,72 mmol L `^ -1.

Zdruţivanje (Intercropping), gajenje dve ili više razliĉitih vrsta na istoj površini u toku iste proizvodne sezone, jedan od prvih sistema gajenja biljaka u organizovanoj poljoprivredi, kroz istoriju ljudskog društva, opstalo je kao odrţivo rešenje koje se i danas, primenjuje u proizvodnji hrane za ljude i domaće ţivotinje. Cilj ovog istraţivanja bio je da se ispita uticaj zdruţivanja, Ċubrenja i rokova setve na morfološke osobine i komponente prinosa boranije i uticaj Ċubrenja i rokova setve na prinose boranije, cvekle, zelene salate, rotkvice, crnog luka i rotkve, kao i produktivnost zdruţenih useva boranije s navedenim vrstama povrća. Poljski mikroogled, postavljen po sluĉajnom blok sistemu u ĉetiri ponavljanja, u toku tri vegetacione sezone (2009 - 2011. godine), obavljen je na oglednom polju Instituta za povrtarstvo (Smederevska Palanka, 102 m nadmorske visine, 44o22’ severne geografske širine i 20o57’ istoĉne geografske duţine). Tretman zdruţivanja obuhvatio je zdruţene useve boranije i cvekle, boranije i zelene salate, boranije i rotkvice, boranije i crnog luka, boranije i rotkve i ĉist usev boranije. Tretmani Ċubrenja bili su kontrolni tretman bez Ċubrenja, tretmani mikrobiološkim, mineralnim Ċubrivom i stajnjakom. Svi tretmani ispititvani su u dva roka setve, prolećnom i letnjem. Praćene su morfološke i produktivne osobine boranije: visina biljke, visina do prve mahune, masa biljke, broj mahuna po biljci, prinos mahuna po biljci, duţina mahune, masa mahune, prinos mahuna po jedinici površine, ţetveni indeks. Praćene su i hemijske osobine boranije, sadrţaj suve materije i sadrţaj pepela u mahuni boranije, kao i prinosi zdruţenih useva koji su korišćeni za izraĉunavanje LER indeksa. Proseĉna visina biljke boranije bila je 35,83 cm, a proseĉna visina do prve mahune 14,15 cm. Na visinu biljke statistiĉki znaĉajno su uticali faktori zdruţivanja, Ċubrenja i roka setve, a na variranje visine do prve mahune Ċubrenje, rok setve i interakcija ova dva faktora... Intercropping, growing two or more different crops on the same field during one production season is one of the first systems of plant growing in organized agriculture. Through the history of human society, it survived as a sustainable solution, which can be used in production of food or food, even today. The goal of this research was to examine the effects of intercropping, fertilization and sowing dates on morphological traits and productive components of green bean and the effect of fertilization and sowing dates on productivity of green bean, beetroot, letuce, radish, onion and white winter radish, as the productivity of green bean intercropped with previously mentioned vegetables. A field trial set up in a random block system with four repetitions, during three vegetative seasons (2009 – 2011), was done on an experimental field of the Institute of vegetable crops (Smederevska Palanka, 102 m above sea level, 44o22’ north latitude and 20o57’east longitude). The intercropping treatment included intercropped beetroot and green bean, letuce and green bean, radish and green bean, onion and green bean, white winter radish and green bean, and a sole crop of green bean. Fertilization treatments used were: control treatment without fertilization, microbiological and mineral fertilizers and farm yard manure. All the treatments were examined for two sowing periods, spring and summer. Morphological and productive characteristics of green bean were followed: plant height, first pod height, plant weight, number of pods per plant, pod yield per plant, pod length, pod weight, pod yield per area unit, harvest index. Chemical properties, dry matter and ash content were also monitored, along with the yield of intercropped species used to calculate LER index. Average plant weight was 35.83 cm, average first pod height 14.15 cm. Plant height was significantly affected by the factors of intercropping, fertilization and sowing date, variations of first pod height were affected by the sowing date, fertilization and interaction of these two factors...

Submitted by (edna.saturno@ufrpe.br) on 2017-03-31T14:10:26Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Cristiane Gomes da Silva Oliveira.pdf: 1111052 bytes, checksum: baa496b92be175b9301405ec24ef15ed (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-31T14:10:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Cristiane Gomes da Silva Oliveira.pdf: 1111052 bytes, checksum: baa496b92be175b9301405ec24ef15ed (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-04-29 Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq The cactus is a culture quite adapted to the climatic conditions of the arid and semiarid regions of northeastern Brazil. However, its production can be affected by several management factors, such as planting density, fertilizing, cutting intensity and other factors. The objective was to evaluate the morphological and productive characteristics of the forage cactus cv. (small) on different cropping systems. The assessments were performed in two experiments conducted at the Experimental Station José Nilson de Melo belonging to Agronomic Institute of Pernambuco (IPA), located in City of Caruaru-PE. In Experiment 1, the cactus cv (small) was cultivated under different planting densities and cutting intensities in randomized block design with a split-plot experimental arrangement, with four repeats, in the period from January to September 2014.The main plot was formed by planting densities (10,417; 20,833; 41,666 e 83,333 plants há-1) and the subplots, by cutting intensities (preservation of primary or secondary cladodes). In Experiment 1, was evaluated levels of organic and mineral fertilizing, in randomized block design with a split-plot experimental arrangement. The main plot was evaluated in terms of organic fertilizer levels of (0, 10, 20 e 30 OM t/ha/year) and subplots, for the nitrogen chemical fertilization levels of (0, 120, 240 e 360 kg N/ha/year) with four repeats from October 2013 to October 2014. In both experiments, the traits evaluated were height and width of the plant, number of cladodes per plant and per order, dimensions of cladodes (length, width, perimeter and thickness), productivity (DMP) t DM/ha-1year-1and the cladode area index (CAI). In experiment 1, greater heights (68.3 cm) and width (80.8 cm) were obtained in plants which cutting intensities based on the preservation of the secondary cladodes. Increased planting density caused a linear reduction in the number of cladodes per plant to the two cutting intensities tested. Increasing the evaluation period led to increments in the morphological characteristics of the spineless cactus. There were no effects (P

The effect of crop rotation and the application of fertilisers on maize yield were investigated in a 12-year study (1998-2009) on the chernozem soil type at Zemun Polje, Serbia. The treatments included four cropping systems: continuous maize cropping (CS1); two crop rotation: maize - soybean (CS2) and maize - winter wheat (CS3), and three crop rotation maize - winter wheat - soybean (CS4) and the following fertilising treatments for maize: F1 - no fertiliser, F2 - 180 kg ha(-1) NPK, F3 - 270 kg ha(-1) NPK and F4 - 360 kg ha(-1) NPK. The amount of applied nitrogen fertiliser in soybean was twice lower than in maize. The grain yield, on the average for all years, was the lowest (5.37 t ha(-1)) in continuous maize cropping. In a dominant type of the cropping system in Serbia (CS3), the maize grain yield was 6.82 t ha(-1) and in CS2, was higher (7.60 t ha(-1)), even though the amount of nitrogen fertilisers applied, was lower by 50%. The highest average yield was obtained in CS4 (9.03 t ha(-1)). The application of fertilisers generally significantly influenced maize yield in comparison with control. These results favoured cropping systems with legumes preceded maize due to lower investments necessary to obtain higher yields.

Suncokret (Helianthus annus l.) jedna je od četiri najvažnije uljne kulture u svijetu. Ima velik značaj jer sadrži ulje, bjelančevine, celulozu, minerale i nedušične tvari. Koristi se za ishranu ljudi i jedno je od najkvalitetnijih biljnih ulja. Cilj ovog rada je u kratkim i jasnim poglavljima pojasniti koje se agrotehničke mjere i radnje poduzimaju kako bi urod suncokreta bio što uspješniji. Rad je pisan isključivo navedenom literaturom, te literaturom koja je korištena tijekom pohađanja navedenog studija. Poglavlja u radu su usko vezana za glavnu temu rada. Svako poglavlje predstavlja jednu od mjera ili postupaka koje objašnjavaju i rješavaju problematiku rada. U radu je objašnjen niz koraka koje je potrebno poduzeti kako bi urod suncokreta bio čim veći te kako bi se što minimalnijim ulaganjima postigao što bolji rezultat., Sunflower (Helianthus annus l.) is one of four most important oil culture in the world. It contains oil, proteins, cellulose, minerals and nonnitrogen agents and it is used in human nutrition. It is one of the finest herbal oil. The aim of this paper is to brief and concise chapters clarify that cultural measures and actions taken to harvest sunflower as successful as possible. The work is written in the specified literature, and literature that was used during the attendance of the above studies. Chapters in this paper are closely related to the main theme of the work. Each chapter represents one of the measures or procedures that explain and solve the problems of the work.

Den huvudsakliga uppgiften för reningsverk har alltid varit att rena avloppsvatten. Under denna process avskiljs slam, vilket under en lång tid betraktats som en oönskad biprodukt. Under många år använde man slam som gödselmedel inom jordbruk samt att man använda slammet vid sluttäckning av deponi. Idag ser situationen annorlunda ut. Man har fått en ökad insikt i hållbarhetsfrågor och resurshantering, samt att det under 1990-talet kom ett deponeringsförbud. Slamhantering har under en lång tid varit ett kontroversiellt ämne och blivit föremål för debatt. Detta har lett till att under de senaste 10-15 åren har blivit en viktig fråga att hitta alternativa vägar för en nyttig användning av slammet. Slammets kvalitet och dess innehåll av föroreningar speglas av de som är uppkopplade på ledningsnätet och för att minska miljöriskerna krävs det ett aktivt uppströmsarbete. Edsbyns reningsverk skickar i dagsläget iväg sitt slam för sluttäckning av deponi på BORAB:s avfallsanläggning i Sävstaås, Bollnäs. Den deponi som håller på att täckas idag är inom en snar framtid färdigtäckt vilket leder till att BORAB inte kan ta emot mer slam. Detta medför att alternativa metoder för slamhantering för Edsbyns reningsverk måste identifieras. Syftet med denna litteraturstudie var att undersöka och utvärdera fyra olika slamhanteringsmetoder för Edsbyns reningsverk utifrån rådande lagstiftning, kostnader, energiförbrukning samt miljörisker. Studien undersöker också åtgärder som kan göras uppströms för att förbättra slammets sammansättning och minska miljöriskerna. Resultaten visar bland annat att samtliga metoder ger upphov till ökad risk för läckage och upplagring av näringsämnen och tungmetaller, framför allt Koppar och Zink. Miljöriskerna kan dock minimeras med ett aktivt uppströmsarbete, exempelvis genom samarbete och genom att ställa krav på industrier och andra organisationer samt att förbättra informationen till hushåll, skolor etc. Studien visar också att den billigaste avsättningmetoden är gödsling av jordbruksmark och den dyraste är gödsling på skogsmark. Den senare är också mest energikrävande av alla avsättningsmetoder. I dagsläget uppfyller reningsverket de lagkrav som ställs på produkten gällande metallhalterna i slammet. Gränsvärdena uppfylls med god marginal, både de lagstadgade (SFS 1998:944) om förbud m.m. i vissa fall i samband med hantering, införsel och utförsel av kemiska produkter, men också kraven enligt certifieringssystemen REVAQ och SPCR 148. Utrustning för kalkning och slamlagring finns på plats vilket gör att man kan uppfylla produktkraven som ställs för användning på jordbruksmark. Det bästa alternativet för Edsbyns reningsverk på längre sikt är att försöka återföra slammet till jordbruksmark för att uppnå ett fullständigt kretslopp av näringsämnen. I Ovanåkers kommun finns det stora arealer jordbruksmark vilket skapar goda förutsättningar för denna avsättningsmetod. På kort sikt är anläggningsjord ett bra alternativ utifrån kostnads- och energisynpunkt och kan vid samarbete med kommunen reducera kostnaderna och energiförbrukningen avsevärt. The main purpose of treatment plants has always been to purify wastewater. During this process sludge is separated, which for a long time has been regarded as an unwanted byproduct. For many years sludge was used as a fertilizer in agriculture, and final cover of landfills. Today the situation is different. It has been an increased awareness of sustainability issues and resource management, as well since there came an landfill ban in 1990s. Sludge treatment has for a long time been a controversial topic and a subject of debate. This has led to that in the last 10-15 years this has become an important issue, to find alternative ways for a beneficial use of sludge. Sludge quality and the amount of impurities are mirrored by those who are connected to the grid and to reduce environmental risks requires an active work upstreams. Edsbyns treatment plant sends their sludge for use as final cover of a landfill on BORAB's waste facility in Sävstaås, Bollnäs. The landfill that is currently being covered today will in the near future be finished which means that they will be unable to recieve any more sludge. This means that alternative methods of sludge treatment for Edsbyns treatment plant must be identified. The purpose of this study was to investigate and evaluate four different sludge management methods for Edsbyns treatment plant based on current laws, costs, energy consumption and environmental risks. The study also examines measures that can be done upstream to improve the composition of the sludge and reduce environmental impact. The results show that all methods give rise to increased risk of leakage and accumulation of nutrients and heavy metals, particularly copper and zinc. Environmental risks can be minimized with an active upstream work, for example through cooperation and by imposing requirements on industries and other organizations, as well as improve information for households, schools, etc. The study also shows that the cheapest deposition method is fertilization of agricultural land and the most expensive is fertilization of forest land. The latter is also the most energy intensive of all methods that were studied. Today the treatment plant meet the legal requirements for the product regarding metal content in the sludge. The limits are met by a good margin, both legislated (SFS 1998: 944) om förbud m.m. i vissa fall i samband med hantering, införsel och utförsel av kemiska produkter, but also the requirements of the certification systems REVAQ and SPCR 148. Equipment for liming and storage is in place which allows the treatment plant to meet the product requirements set for use on agricultural land. The best option for Edsbyns treatment plants in long term is to use the sludge on agricultural land in order to achieve a complete nutrient cycling. In Ovanåker municipality there are large areas of farmland which creates good conditions for this deposition method. In the short term, soil production is a good option based on cost and energy and may reduce costs and energy consumption significantly if cooperation with the municipality is established.

This thesis is about the effects of fertilizing and thinning on furniture timber from redwood. Interviews of furniture manufactures have been made and observing of timber from the Swedish fertilizing and thinning trails. The result from the interviews showed which properties that is important for the furniture manufactures and then the result from the observation showed which type of management of the forest that gave the most timber that had those properties.

An increased rate of decomposition has been observed in a large number of raised bogs in southern Sweden and elsewhere since the 1970s. The effect is manifest as a discoloured and mucous subsurface peat layer, and there is associated subsidence of mire surfaces. This paper reports the results of a systematic investigation of the phenomenon in 14 raised bogs in southern Sweden, which was carried out between 1997 and 2005. Degree of decomposition, bulk density and ash content were measured and evidence of surface subsidence over recent decades was collected. Shallow peat layers of ‘normal’ appearance could not be found anywhere within the study sites, and all showed the same signs of secondary decomposition. In particular, the ombrotrophic parts of the Komosse Bog Complex appeared to have subsided by at least 150 mm over the last 35 years, i.e. at a rate of approximately 4.3 mm per annum, which is more than four times the average rate of peat formation in circumboreal raised bogs. The changes observed could have been caused by change in any one of a number of factors, e.g. climate, hydrology and rate of nutrient supply; or by a combination of such factors. However it seems most likely that they are attributable to the heavy modern nutrient load, e.g. of dust from anthropogenic sources. There is cause for concern that many high-latitude peatlands may consequently have switched over from being net sinks, to net sources, of atmospheric carbon.

Os experimentos foram instalados na Fazenda Experimental da Epamig em São Sebastião do Paraíso, com o objetivo de estudar o comportamento das cultivares Mundo Novo-IAC 379/19; Icatu Precoce-IAC 3282; Icatu Amarelo-IAC 2944 e Rubi-MG 1192, em relação a épocas de parcelamento de adubação. As respostas das cultivares foram medidas sobre a produção em função das épocas de parcelamento da adubação, demonstrando que a característica estudada foi influenciada pelas combinações das épocas em que foram submetidas. A cultivar Mundo Novo-IAC 379/19 tolerou intervalos maiores entre as adubações no período de outubro a março, e a cultivar Icatu Amarelo-IAC 2944 respondeu de modo significativo a quatro parcelamentos consecutivos com intervalo de 30-40 dias entre as aplicações. Para a cultivar Icatu Precoce-IAC 3282, existem opções de estabelecimento de épocas adequadas, dependendo do início das chuvas. A cultivar Rubi-MG 1192 não respondeu às épocas de parcelamento da adubação.ABSTRACT - The work was conducted at EPAMIG's Experimental Station in São Sebastião do Paraíso, MG, to study the performance of Mundo Novo-IAC 379/19; Icatu Precoce-IAC 3282; Icatu Amarelo-IAC 2944 and Rubi- MG 1192 coffee cultivars, in relation to time and parceling out of fertilization. Cultivar responses were evaluated by yield measurements, with the results showing that this parameter was affected by time in which fertilization was made. Mundo Novo-IAC 379/19 cultivar tolerated broader intervals between the fertilizations from October to March. Icatu Amarelo-IAC 2944 response was significant to four consecutive parceling, with intervals from 30 to 40 days between applications. Icatu Precoce-IAC 3282 cultivar presented other more appropriate time options depending on the start of rainy season. Rubi-MG 1192 cultivar was not responsive to split-fertilization.