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Die effektive und sinnvolle Nutzung von bereits erhobenen Geodaten wird in Zukunft eine große Rolle für satellitenbezogene Klassifikationsprozesse spielen. Fernerkundung ist nicht länger nur ein Datenlieferant sondern Teil einer Datenbasis, welche sich bezüglich ihrer Homogenität, Aktualität und Verfügbarkeit zunehmend verbessert. Speziell wenn Monitoringprozesse durch Vorgaben der Politik gefordert werden, sollten Daten welche durch andere nationale oder Europäische Initiativen bereits erhoben wurden effizient einbezogen werden. Das Monitoring der NATURA 2000 Richtlinie – eines EU-weiten Netzwerkes von Schutzgebieten – ist einer der ersten Ansätze im Bereich der Umweltplanung, welcher eine gemeinsame Nutzung von aktuellen Fernerkundungsdaten und Geoinformationen benötigt. Die Zielsetzung dieser Dissertation ist es daher, Methoden zu entwickeln und zu evaluieren, welche vorhandene Geodaten und Zusatzinformationen in einem wissensbasierten Klassifikationsprozess von räumlich sehr hoch auflösenden Satellitenbildern integrieren. Dies geschieht im Kontext des Biodiversitätsmonitoring. Um den Erfolg des Integrationsprozesses zu ermitteln ist es daher erforderlich, die Signifikanz des Einflusses einzelner Geodaten und der Wissensbasis für die Klassifikationsgenauigkeit zu analysieren. Für diese Aufgabe wurden verschiedene Arten von Integrationstechniken in Kombination mit Satellitendaten der Sensoren QuickBird, Spot5 und Aster auf zwei bewaldete NATURA 2000 Gebiete in Bayern (Süddeutschland) angewandt. In der Arbeit wird aufgezeigt, dass unterschiedliche Integrationsmethoden die Aufgaben des Monitoring im Kontext von NATURA 2000 unterstützen können. Deshalb werden innerhalb der Dissertation auf Grundlage von vordefinierten Maßstabsebenen der FFH-Richtlinie zwei Techniken angewandt. Die vorgestellte Modellierung und die integrierte Klassifikation verwendeten verschiedene Satellitendaten um unterschiedliche Biodiversitätsindikatoren zu bestimmen. Weiterhin wird nachgewiesen, dass sich die Klassifikationsgenauigkeit der untersuchten Waldtypen durch Verwendung von Zusatzdaten verbessert. Die Exaktheit der Klassifikation ist dabei von der Art der Geodaten und der verwendeten Integrationstechnik abhängig. Diese Ergebnisse wurden mit zwei Methoden, unter Zuhilfenahme verschiedener Variationen von Klassifikationsgenauigkeiten, auf ihre Signifikanz geprüft. Speziell die Signifikanzanalyse von Mikroarrays (SAM) kann Einflüsse verschiedener Arten von Zusatzdaten identifizieren. Die Methode trägt daher zu einer besseren Evaluierung der Klassifikationsergebnisse bei. Die Dissertation schließt mit Empfehlungen für Klassifikationsstrategien des NATURA 2000 Monitoring und gibt Hinweise für eine effektivere Kombination von Fernerkundungsdaten und Geodaten. Weitere Untersuchungen sollten sich verstärkt auf die Übertragbarkeit der Methoden auf andere biogeographische Regionen konzentrieren. Auch die Herausforderungen des Klimawandels und die Folgen für besonders gefährdete Habitate wie auch die Prüfung und Verwendung weiterer Integrationstechniken von Zusatzdaten sollte Gegenstand zukünftiger Forschung sein., The effective and meaningful usage of already available geo-data will be of major importance for satellite-based classification processes. Remote sensing is not longer just data-provider but is one part of a spatial data-basis which is increasingly advancing in terms of homogeneity, actuality, and accessibility. Especially when monitoring processes are forced by policy directives, provided data-sources from other national or European initiatives should be included efficiently. The monitoring of the NATURA 2000 guideline - an EU-wide network of nature protection areas – is one of the first approaches of environmental planning which requires a joint usage of up to date remote sensing data and geo-information. The objective of this thesis is to develop and evaluate methods of integrating existing geo-data and ancillary information into a knowledge-based classification process of very high resolution satellite imagery in the context of biodiversity monitoring. Moreover, for investigating the success of the integration process it is important to analyse the significance of the geo-data and the knowledge-base for the classification accuracy. For this purpose, different types of integration techniques in combination with satellite data of the sensors QuickBird, Spot5 and Aster were applied to two forested NATURA 2000 areas in Bavaria, Southern Germany. With applying different integration methods it is shown that a support of monitoring tasks in the context of NATURA 2000 is possible. Therefore, depending on pre-defined scales of the Habitats Directive two techniques were applied in this thesis. A modelling technique and an integrated classification used different types of satellite data and aimed at different biodiversity-indicators. Furthermore, the thesis demonstrates that the classification accuracy of the investigated forest types can be enhanced by including ancillary data. The classification precision is influenced by the type of geo-data and the applied integration technique. Moreover, two methods of evaluating the significance of multiple classification accuracies were presented in this work. Especially the Significance Analysis of Microarrays (SAM) can identify significant influences of different types of additional data. This contributes to a better evaluation of classification results. The thesis concludes with overall recommendations for a NATURA 2000 classification strategy as well as suggestions for an efficient combination of remote sensing data and geo-data. Future research should focus on transferability of these methods to other biogeographic regions, meeting the challenge of climate change in terms of monitoring particularly vulnerable habitats, and evaluating other techniques of integrating ancillary data.

Die zunehmende Globalisierung der Wirtschaftsbeziehungen und die Individualisierung der Produkte führen zu einer stetig wachsenden Vielfalt und Komplexität in den Unternehmen. Diese Arbeit beschreibt eine Methodik zur Beherrschung, Reduzierung und Vermeidung dieser Komplexität in Unternehmen des Anlagen- und Maschinenbaus. Im ersten Teil dieser Arbeit werden dazu die Charakteristika der Branche, die Auswirkungen überhöhter Vielfalt auf die Unternehmen und die Auswirkungen von Fusionen auf die Variantenvielfalt beschrieben. Im zweiten Teil wird die darauf aufbauende Methodik erläutert, die auf den verschiedenen Ebenen eines Produktmodells, Methoden und Lösungsansätze zur Reduzierung der Vielfalt zur Verfügung stellt. Im letzten Teil werden die Ergebnisse und Erfahrungen bei der Anwendung der Methodik während eines 3 Jahre andauernden Variantenmanagement-Projektes in einem Unternehmen vorgestellt. The increasing globalization of economic relations and the individualization of the products are leading to a constant growing variety and complexity of products in companies. This thesis describes a methodology to control, to reduce and to prevent this complexity in mechanical engineering companies. Therefore in the first part of the thesis all characteristics of the branch, the impact of excessive variety on companies and the impact of amalgamation of business on the variant variety will be described. In the second part the thereon-constitutive methodology will be illustrated that allocates methods of resolution and techniques in all different levels of the product model to reduce the variety. In the last part the results and experiences will be presented that are gathered in the last 3 years of appliance of the methodology in a variant management project in a company.

This paper reports levels of income inequality and poverty in four Central and Eastern European countries: the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland and Russia. Unlike many previous researchers who examine transition economies, we aggregate the detailed individual-level income surveys made available through the efforts of the Luxembourg Income Study at the regional level of analysis. Although national-level investigations have contributed much to our understanding of the income distribution dynamics, these studies mask intracountry variance in levels of income inequality and thus may not capture the true distribution of household income and accurately reflect individual wellbeing. Accordingly, we compute summary measures of inequality and relative poverty rates, using both local and national relative poverty lines, for the most recent waves of data available.

This paper reports levels of income inequality and poverty in four Central and Eastern European countries: the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland and Russia. Unlike previous research on transition economies, we aggregate the detailed individual-level income surveys made available through the efforts of the Luxembourg Income Study at the regional level of analysis. Although national-level investigations have contributed much to our understanding of the income distribution dynamics, these studies mask intra-country variance in levels of income inequality and thus may not capture the true distribution of household income and accurately reflect individual well-being. Accordingly, we compute summary measures of inequality and relative poverty rates, using both local and national relative poverty lines, for the most recent waves of data available. We offer comparisons between regional and national median incomes and assess levels of inter- and intra-regional income inequality.

In our paper we present a comparative analysis of the effects of family policy measures on poverty patterns in the Czech Republic, Hungary and Poland. A special attention is devoted to changes in the extent, depth and composition of poverty, in particular that of the youngest generation. Economic well-being of families is a result of a whole complex of social and economic policies and economic developments. The primary source of family incomes is generated on the labor markets in general. The actual constellation of education, labor market, housing and health policies does have an important effect on the economic well-being of families. Importance and effects of policies directly designed for families, therefore, always depend heavily on a number of other factors. Nevertheless, in this paper we focus on family policy changes and their effects, accompanied by a most necessary short mention of other policies and developments. After discussing some methodological issues, we turn to a brief overview of the main trends of the economy in the Czech Republic, Hungary and Poland, followed by a short description of poverty in the observed countries. In these parts of the paper we draw on our earlier work concerning overall poverty, inequality and the incidence of transfers in the Visegrad countries 2. The third section provides policy descriptions. Types of benefits are compared and described across countries and different reform attempts are highlighted. The fourth part of the paper analyses possible effects of family policies on alleviating poverty. Section five concludes.

The transition to a market economy has lead to liberalization in a great many spheres of society in the reform economies of Central and Eastern Europe. At the same time, financial insecurity of many households persisted or increased, and certain parts of the population face for the first time risks of impoverishment. To respond to this situation and to design effective programs combating poverty under budgetary constraints is therefore one of the prime objectives of social policy in these countries. We argue in the paper that there may be two major determinants of income inequalities and poverty. First and foremost, labour and capital markets play a very important role, through the allocation of jobs and earnings opportunities to the various segments of the population. Secondly, social policies, via the redistribution of taxes through the state budget from those having higher incomes to those having lower incomes also play a role in shaping income inequalities.