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511 results on '"Ewald, F"'

251. Nonlinear Theory of Turboalternators Part II. Load Dependent Synchronous Reactances

Author

Ewald F. Fuchs and E. A. Erdelyi

Subjects
Engineering, business.industry, Computation, Mathematical analysis, Nonlinear theory, General Engineering, Electrical engineering, Energy Engineering and Power Technology, Power factor, Electric power system, Power rating, Power engineering, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, business, Test data
Abstract

The method in Ref. [1] is used to determine synchronous reactances for the turbogenerator at operating conditions in Part I [2]. The influence of saturation on the direct and quadrature reactances is studied and the difficulties caused by linear parameters in nonlinear theory are discussed. A modified phasor-diagram taking the small angles ?d and ?q into account is developed. The results are given for a Westinghouse Electric Corp. 200 MVA, 15 kV, wye-connected, four-pole, 50 Hz generator. Available test data are compared with computations.

Published
1973

252. Determination of Waterwheel Alternator Steady-State Reactances from Flux Plots

Author

E. A. Erdelyi and Ewald F. Fuchs

Subjects
Alternator (automotive), Engineering, Steady state (electronics), business.industry, Mathematical analysis, General Engineering, Electrical engineering, Energy Engineering and Power Technology, Flux, Magnetic flux, Electromagnetic induction, law.invention, Cross section (physics), law, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Constant (mathematics), business, Magnetic analysis
Abstract

In the steady-state analysis of salient pole alternators the reactances Xd and Xq are generally assumed to be constant. This is not the case in saturated machines. The reactances are functions of the operational regime of the alternators, and for an exact analysis of the alternator's behavior the appropriate values of Xd and Xq have to be used. The magnetic induction is found in the cross section of the alternator by difference methods established at the Universityl and then saturated Xd and Xq are determined from flux plots. The results confirm that Xd and Xq are load dependent. The analysis is applied to a General Electric alternator with nameplate data 82.5 MVA, 16.5 kV, wye-connected, 40 poles and 60 Hz.

Published
1972

253. Nonlinear Magnetic Field Analysis of DC Machines, Part I: Theoretical Fundamentals

Author

E. A. Erdelyi and Ewald F. Fuchs

Subjects
Physics, Electromagnet, medicine.medical_treatment, Mathematical analysis, General Engineering, Energy Engineering and Power Technology, Control engineering, Magnetic flux, law.invention, Magnetic field, Nonlinear system, law, medicine, Boundary value problem, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Magnetic reactance, Relaxation technique, Armature (electrical engineering)
Abstract

Improvements in the method of determining the magnetic fields of nonlinear dc machines are introduced in part I of the paper. A modified, successive line overrelaxation technique to satisfy boundary conditions is developed. A novel block relaxation technique, the additive acceleration of convergence, is explained. The improved method also takes care of relative position changes between field and armature. In part II [8] the improved method is applied to a large dc machine. A new computer flux plotting procedure is developed in part III [9].

Published
1970

255. Determination of Waterwheel Alternator Transient Reactances from Flux Plots

Author

E. A. Erdelyi and Ewald F. Fuchs

Subjects
Alternator (automotive), Leakage inductance, Engineering, Rotor (electric), business.industry, Stator, Reactance, Mathematical analysis, General Engineering, Electrical engineering, Energy Engineering and Power Technology, law.invention, Magnetic circuit, law, Transient (oscillation), Electrical and Electronic Engineering, business, Electrical impedance
Abstract

In the transient analysis of salient pole alternators, the reactances X'd and X'q are assumed to be constants. In saturated machines, however, these reactances are functions of the pre-transient load of the alternator. For more exact analyses saturated reactances should be used. The expression of rotor quantities in stator terms, or vice versa, at nonlinear condition is explained. The operational impedances Xd(p), Xq(p) and the various time constants of alternators without amortisseur windings are developed from leakage reactance concepts. After a first approximation of the transient reactances is obtained from the operational impedances, a step-by-step correction procedure is used for finding the operationally dependent direct transient reactance. This is obtained from a simulated dynamical test. Only a few step-by-step corrections are necessary to yield good values for the transient reactances. Since there is a slight difference between Xq and X'q, the analysis will concentrate only to X'd. Notations not explained here are the same as in Concordia [1]. The analysis is applied to a General Electric alternator with nameplate data 82.5 MVA, 16.5 kV, wye-connected, 40 poles and 60 Hz, described in [2].

Published
1972

256. Load Analysis of Nonlinear Homopolar Inductor Alternators

Author

Frederick C. Trutt, Ewald F. Fuchs, and K. E. Schenk

Subjects
Alternator (automotive), Physics, Partial differential equation, Homopolar motor, Mathematical analysis, General Engineering, Energy Engineering and Power Technology, Magnetic flux, law.invention, Nonlinear system, law, Electronic engineering, Magnetic potential, Boundary value problem, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Vector potential
Abstract

For a more accurate load analysis of the Homopolar Inductor Alternator (HIA), a magnetic vector potential analysis must be used which considers the nonlinearities of the iron and the actual current density fields. A nonlinear quasi-Poissonian partial differential equation, subject to the appropriate boundary conditions, is defined to solve for the vector potential in the middle cross section of the alternator. The partial differential equation and boundary conditions are transformed into a set of partial difference equations which are solved numerically by a successive line-overrelaxation method. The magnetic induction, flux distribution and volt-ampere characteristic are obtained for a 95 KVA, 208/115 V, 3400 Hz experimental alternator.

Published
1973

257. Nonlinear Theory of Turboalternators Part I: Magnetic Fields at No-Load and Balanced Loads

Author

E. A. Erdelyi and Ewald F. Fuchs

Subjects
Alternator (automotive), Engineering, business.industry, Stator, Induction generator, General Engineering, Electrical engineering, Energy Engineering and Power Technology, Mechanics, Magnetic flux, law.invention, Magnetic field, Electromagnetic induction, Generator (circuit theory), Cross section (physics), law, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, business
Abstract

The method of finding flux plots in the cross section of salient pole rotating machines is extended to large, internally cooled turbogenerators. The relaxation procedure used by the authors in former papers [1,2,3] is assumed to be known to the reader and is not reviewed here. The grid systems for the partial differential equations are described in detail for a Westinghouse Electric Corp. 200 MVA, 15 kV, wye-connected, four-pole, 1,500 r/min, 50 Hz generator. Flux plots in the cross section of the alternator and the distribution of the radial magnetic induction on the stator bore are determined at no-load, three-phase short circuit, and at balanced lagging and leading loads. Available test data compare well with calculated results.

Published
1973

258. Dicarbonyl-, Carbamoyl-carbonyl-und Carbomethoxo-carbonyl-Komplexe des Rhodiums mit tri-und tetratertiären Phosphinliganden [1] Dicarbonyl-, Carbamoyl-carbonyl-and Carbomethoxo-carbonyl Complexes of Rhodium with Tri-and Tetratertiary Phosphine Ligands [1]

Author

Behrens, Helmut, Ellermann, Jochen, and Hohenberger, Ewald F.

Abstract

The cationic dicarbonyl complexes [Rh(CO)2(R2PCH2)3CRʹ]PF6(R = C6H5; Rʹ = CH3, -CH2PR2), formed by high pressure synthesis from RhCl3(H2O)3, CO and (R2PCH2)3CRʹ react with liquid ammonia at 20 °C to give the carbamoyl complexes Rh(CO)(CONH2)(R2PCH2)3CRʹ. At 100 °C in liquid ammonia the carbamoyl-carbonyl complexes Rh(CO)(CONH2)(R2PCH2)3CRʹ form the CO-bridged, dinuclear compounds (μ-CO)2[Rh(R2PCH2)3CRʹ]2. Upon treatment of Rh(CO)(CONH2)(R2PCH2)3CRʹ with CH3OH the carbomethoxo carbonyl complexes Rh(CO)(COOCH3)(R2PCH2)3CRʹ are obtained. The new compounds were characterised, as far as possible, by their IR, Raman and 31P NMR spectra.

Published
1980
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261. Current and Candid

Author

Haslam, Phyllis, Howarth, L. D., Ewald, F. E. A., Richmond, V. S. J., Clewes, J., McLean, D. M., Henheffer, B. W., and Braithwaite, J. W.

Published
1963
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263. ANALYTICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF ROTATING STALL PHENOMENA IN TURBINE ENGINE COMPRESSORS.

Author

CORNELL AERONAUTICAL LAB INC BUFFALO NY, Brady, W. Gordon, Ludwig, Gary R., Rice, Roy S., Jr., Schroeder, Ewald F., CORNELL AERONAUTICAL LAB INC BUFFALO NY, Brady, W. Gordon, Ludwig, Gary R., Rice, Roy S., Jr., and Schroeder, Ewald F.

Abstract

A research program to investigate fundamental mechanisms of rotating stall in axial-flow turbojet engine compressors is described. Analysis of the lift hysteresis of an oscillating elliptic airfoil at stall indicates that including the effects of a moving separation point on the criterion for separation of the boundary layer has a negligible effect on the computed lift hysteresis. Attempts were made to modify a previously developed rotating small-disturbance stability theory based on an actuator representation of blade rows so as to improve theoretical predictions of rotating stall. These attempts included modifications of blade-row representation, inclusion of viscous dissipation effects in the flow away from blade rows, and extension of the stability theory to include three-dimensional unsteady flows. The only modification of the stability theory which appeared to improve theoretical prediction of flow instability and for which numerical results were obtained was the assumption of actuators of finite thickness incorporated in the analysis of a configuration with a rotor plus a row of upstream guide vanes. It is concluded that more research is required before a final assessment of the validity of the rotating small-disturbance stability theory can be made. An annular cascade was designed and fabricated. The preliminary rotating-stall data obtained from the cascade are presented and discussed., Continuation of Contract AF 33(615)-1240.

Published
1967

264. Non-Linear Electrical Generator Study.

Author

COLORADO UNIV BOULDER DEPT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING, Erdelyi,Edward Alexander, Fuchs,Ewald F., COLORADO UNIV BOULDER DEPT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING, Erdelyi,Edward Alexander, and Fuchs,Ewald F.

Abstract

Improvements in the method of determining by numerical methods the magnetic fields of nonlinear dc generators used by the Navy are finalized in a comprehensive computer program. A modified, successive line overrelaxation numerical method is explained, a novel block acceleration of convergence introduced. Position changes between armature and field are considered as preparation for commutation studies. The procedure is applied to find the performance of a 500 hp, 75oV, 4-pole, 300/900 rpm dc machine. The convergence of the relaxation procedure is studied and suitable overrelaxation factors experimentally established. A separate computer program controls a Calcomp X-Y plotter to represent the results with the aid of equi-potential field lines. (Author)

Published
1970

279. Closure on "Measured Efficiency Improvements of Induction Motors With Thyristor/Triac Controllers".

Author

Fuchs, Ewald F. and Hanna, W. J.

Subjects
*ELECTRIC switchgear, *MOTORS, *INDUCTION motors, *ELECTRONIC control, *POWER semiconductors, *ELECTRONICS
Abstract

The article focuses on the views of the researchers on the article "Measured Efficiency Improvements of Induction Motors With Thyristor/Triac Controllers." Researcher Jonas Martynaitis raises the question of how the low losses of inverters, where input and output frequencies are different, can be directly measured in a similar manner as done fot transformers. The general two port can be a single phase inverters grounds are the same.

Published
2004
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280. Closure on "Theoretical and Experimental Analyses of Photovoltaic Systems With Voltage and Current-Based Maximum Power Point Tracking".

Author

Masoum, Mohammad A. S., Dehbonei, Hooman, and Fuchs, Ewald F.

Subjects
ELECTRICAL load, SOLAR energy, SOLAR cells, OPTOELECTRONIC devices, ELECTRIC currents, ELECTRONICS
Abstract

The article focuses on the comments of Joseph Appelbaum on theoretical and experimental analysis of photovoltaic systems with voltage and current based maximum power point tracking. Temperature variations of solar cell v-i characteristics, current factor and voltage factor are known. The fact that the increase in power using maximum power-point tracking depends on load characteristics.

Published
2004
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281. Discussion of 'No-Load Losses in Transformer Under Overexcitation/Inrush-Current Conditions: Tests and a New Model'.

Author

Fuchs, Ewald F.

Subjects
*ELECTRIC transformers, *MAGNETIZATION
Abstract

Comments on a study about no-load losses in transformer under overexcitation/inrush-current conditions. Variable magnetizing resistance and its associated losses at no-load and inrush conditions; Stray capacitance of the windings; Procedure for finding the corrected flux-current characteristics.

Published
2003
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282. Closure on 'Measurement of λ-i Characteristics of Asymmetric Three-Phase Transformers and Their Applications'.

Author

Fuchs, Ewald F. and Yiming You

Subjects
*ELECTRIC transformers, *MAGNETISM, *DIRECT currents, *REACTIVE power
Abstract

Responds to comments about the study 'Measurements of lambda-i Characteristics of Asymmetric Three-Phase Transformers and Their Applications.' Magnetic properties of core material and geometric dimensions; Direct currents; Methods for mitigation of the reactive power demand.

Published
2003
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283. Closure to Discussion of 'Measurement of Eddy-Current Loss Coefficient P[sub EC-R], Derating of...

Author

Fuchs, Ewald F. and Yildirim, Deniz

Subjects
*ELECTRIC transformers, *EDDY currents (Electric), *DIRECTIONAL couplers
Abstract

Responds to comments on an article appearing in the January 2000 issue of 'IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,' which dealt with derating measurements of single phase transformers. Enhancement of numerical calculation of eddy currents; Back-to-back connection of two transformers; Use of optocouplers.

Published
2000

287. Closure to Discussion of 'Measured Transformer Derating and Comparison with Harmonic Loss Factor...

Author

Yildirim, Deniz and Fuchs, Ewald F.

Subjects
*ELECTRIC transformers, *EDDY currents (Electric), *ELECTRIC power distribution
Abstract

Responds to comments on an article appearing in the January 2000 issue of 'IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,' which dealt with derating measurements of transformers. Reduction in apparent power rating; Reliance on eddy-current calculations for very large transformers; Innovative measurement procedure used by the authors.

Published
2000

289. SHILOH.

Author

Ewald, F. C.

Published
1850

290. EUREC4A

Author

B. Stevens, S. Bony, D. Farrell, F. Ament, A. Blyth, C. Fairall, J. Karstensen, P. K. Quinn, S. Speich, C. Acquistapace, F. Aemisegger, A. L. Albright, H. Bellenger, E. Bodenschatz, K.-A. Caesar, R. Chewitt-Lucas, G. de Boer, J. Delanoë, L. Denby, F. Ewald, B. Fildier, M. Forde, G. George, S. Gross, M. Hagen, A. Hausold, K. J. Heywood, L. Hirsch, M. Jacob, F. Jansen, S. Kinne, D. Klocke, T. Kölling, H. Konow, M. Lothon, W. Mohr, A. K. Naumann, L. Nuijens, L. Olivier, R. Pincus, M. Pöhlker, G. Reverdin, G. Roberts, S. Schnitt, H. Schulz, A. P. Siebesma, C. C. Stephan, P. Sullivan, L. Touzé-Peiffer, J. Vial, R. Vogel, P. Zuidema, N. Alexander, L. Alves, S. Arixi, H. Asmath, G. Bagheri, K. Baier, A. Bailey, D. Baranowski, A. Baron, S. Barrau, P. A. Barrett, F. Batier, A. Behrendt, A. Bendinger, F. Beucher, S. Bigorre, E. Blades, P. Blossey, O. Bock, S. Böing, P. Bosser, D. Bourras, P. Bouruet-Aubertot, K. Bower, P. Branellec, H. Branger, M. Brennek, A. Brewer, P.-E. Brilouet, B. Brügmann, S. A. Buehler, E. Burke, R. Burton, R. Calmer, J.-C. Canonici, X. Carton, G. Cato Jr., J. A. Charles, P. Chazette, Y. Chen, M. T. Chilinski, T. Choularton, P. Chuang, S. Clarke, H. Coe, C. Cornet, P. Coutris, F. Couvreux, S. Crewell, T. Cronin, Z. Cui, Y. Cuypers, A. Daley, G. M. Damerell, T. Dauhut, H. Deneke, J.-P. Desbios, S. Dörner, S. Donner, V. Douet, K. Drushka, M. Dütsch, A. Ehrlich, K. Emanuel, A. Emmanouilidis, J.-C. Etienne, S. Etienne-Leblanc, G. Faure, G. Feingold, L. Ferrero, A. Fix, C. Flamant, P. J. Flatau, G. R. Foltz, L. Forster, I. Furtuna, A. Gadian, J. Galewsky, M. Gallagher, P. Gallimore, C. Gaston, C. Gentemann, N. Geyskens, A. Giez, J. Gollop, I. Gouirand, C. Gourbeyre, D. de Graaf, G. E. de Groot, R. Grosz, J. Güttler, M. Gutleben, K. Hall, G. Harris, K. C. Helfer, D. Henze, C. Herbert, B. Holanda, A. Ibanez-Landeta, J. Intrieri, S. Iyer, F. Julien, H. Kalesse, J. Kazil, A. Kellman, A. T. Kidane, U. Kirchner, M. Klingebiel, M. Körner, L. A. Kremper, J. Kretzschmar, O. Krüger, W. Kumala, A. Kurz, P. L'Hégaret, M. Labaste, T. Lachlan-Cope, A. Laing, P. Landschützer, T. Lang, D. Lange, I. Lange, C. Laplace, G. Lavik, R. Laxenaire, C. Le Bihan, M. Leandro, N. Lefevre, M. Lena, D. Lenschow, Q. Li, G. Lloyd, S. Los, N. Losi, O. Lovell, C. Luneau, P. Makuch, S. Malinowski, G. Manta, E. Marinou, N. Marsden, S. Masson, N. Maury, B. Mayer, M. Mayers-Als, C. Mazel, W. McGeary, J. C. McWilliams, M. Mech, M. Mehlmann, A. N. Meroni, T. Mieslinger, A. Minikin, P. Minnett, G. Möller, Y. Morfa Avalos, C. Muller, I. Musat, A. Napoli, A. Neuberger, C. Noisel, D. Noone, F. Nordsiek, J. L. Nowak, L. Oswald, D. J. Parker, C. Peck, R. Person, M. Philippi, A. Plueddemann, C. Pöhlker, V. Pörtge, U. Pöschl, L. Pologne, M. Posyniak, M. Prange, E. Quiñones Meléndez, J. Radtke, K. Ramage, J. Reimann, L. Renault, K. Reus, A. Reyes, J. Ribbe, M. Ringel, M. Ritschel, C. B. Rocha, N. Rochetin, J. Röttenbacher, C. Rollo, H. Royer, P. Sadoulet, L. Saffin, S. Sandiford, I. Sandu, M. Schäfer, V. Schemann, I. Schirmacher, O. Schlenczek, J. Schmidt, M. Schröder, A. Schwarzenboeck, A. Sealy, C. J. Senff, I. Serikov, S. Shohan, E. Siddle, A. Smirnov, F. Späth, B. Spooner, M. K. Stolla, W. Szkółka, S. P. de Szoeke, S. Tarot, E. Tetoni, E. Thompson, J. Thomson, L. Tomassini, J. Totems, A. A. Ubele, L. Villiger, J. von Arx, T. Wagner, A. Walther, B. Webber, M. Wendisch, S. Whitehall, A. Wiltshire, A. A. Wing, M. Wirth, J. Wiskandt, K. Wolf, L. Worbes, E. Wright, V. Wulfmeyer, S. Young, C. Zhang, D. Zhang, F. Ziemen, T. Zinner, M. Zöger, Max Planck Institute for Meteorology (MPI-M), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (UMR 8539) (LMD), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Caribbean Institute for Meteorology and Hydrology (CIMH), Meteorological Institute [Hamburg], University of Hamburg, National Centre for Atmospheric Science [Leeds] (NCAS), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research [Kiel] (GEOMAR), NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory [Seattle] (PMEL), Institute for Geophysics and Meteorology [Köln] (IGM), University of Cologne, Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science [Zürich] (IAC), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization (MPIDS), NOAA Physical Sciences Laboratory (PSL), SPACE - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Leeds, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), Deutscher Wetterdienst [Offenbach] (DWD), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU), Laboratoire d'aérologie (LAERO), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universität Hamburg (UHH), Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), Processus et interactions de fine échelle océanique (PROTEO), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado [Boulder]-National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie (MPIC), Centre national de recherches météorologiques (CNRM), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO - UC San Diego), University of California [San Diego] (UC San Diego), University of California (UC)-University of California (UC), Universität zu Köln = University of Cologne, National Center for Atmospheric Research [Boulder] (NCAR), Hydrometeorological Service [Georgetown], Ministry of Agriculture [Guyana], Institute of Marine Affairs (IMA), Institute of Geophysics [Warsaw], Polska Akademia Nauk = Polish Academy of Sciences (PAN), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), United Kingdom Met Office [Exeter], Institute of Physics and Meteorology [Stuttgart] (IPM), University of Hohenheim, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI), Queen Elizabeth Hospital [Bridgetown, St. Michael, Barbados] (QEH), Department of Atmospheric Sciences [Seattle], University of Washington [Seattle], École nationale des sciences géographiques (ENSG), Institut National de l'Information Géographique et Forestière [IGN] (IGN)-Université Gustave Eiffel, Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPGP (UMR_7154)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPG Paris)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Equipe Marine Mapping & Metrology (Lab-STICC_M3), Laboratoire des sciences et techniques de l'information, de la communication et de la connaissance (Lab-STICC), École Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Brest (ENIB)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-École Nationale Supérieure de Techniques Avancées Bretagne (ENSTA Bretagne)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Bretagne Loire (UBL)-IMT Atlantique (IMT Atlantique), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-École Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Brest (ENIB)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-École Nationale Supérieure de Techniques Avancées Bretagne (ENSTA Bretagne)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Bretagne Loire (UBL)-IMT Atlantique (IMT Atlantique), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT), École Nationale Supérieure de Techniques Avancées Bretagne (ENSTA Bretagne), University of Manchester [Manchester], Institut de Recherche sur les Phénomènes Hors Equilibre (IRPHE), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-École Centrale de Marseille (ECM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Warsaw (UW), NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory (CSL), Max-Planck-Institut für Meteorologie (MPI-M), St. Christopher Air and Sea Port (SCASPA), Service des Avions Français Instrumentés pour la Recherche en Environnement (SAFIRE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France, Laboratoire d'Océanographie Physique et Spatiale (LOPS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Meteorological Services, Grenada Meteorological Services, Chimie Atmosphérique Expérimentale (CAE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), University of California [Santa Cruz] (UC Santa Cruz), University of California (UC), Cayman Islands National Weather Service, Laboratoire d’Optique Atmosphérique - UMR 8518 (LOA), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Météorologie Physique (LaMP), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA), Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Centre for Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences [Norwich] (COAS), School of Environmental Sciences [Norwich], University of East Anglia [Norwich] (UEA)-University of East Anglia [Norwich] (UEA), College of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences [Corvallis] (CEOAS), Oregon State University (OSU), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Department of Meteorology and Geophysics [Vienna], Universität Wien, Leipziger Institut für Meteorologie (LIM), Universität Leipzig, Meteorological Department (St. Maarten), Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca = University of Milano-Bicocca (UNIMIB), TROPO - LATMOS, NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (AOML), Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences [Albuquerque] (EPS), The University of New Mexico [Albuquerque], University of Miami [Coral Gables], Farallon Institute, Division technique INSU/SDU (DTI), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt [Oberpfaffenhofen-Wessling] (DLR), Regional Security System [Barbados], Max Planck Institute for Chemistry (MPIC), Applied Physics Laboratory [Seattle] (APL-UW), Barbados Coast Guard, Développement Instrumental et Techniques Marines (DITM), Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), Austral, Boréal et Carbone (ABC), Institut Pythéas (OSU PYTHEAS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Nucleus for European Modeling of the Ocean (NEMO R&D ), Laboratoire d'études en Géophysique et océanographie spatiales (LEGOS), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), European Project: 694768,EUREC4A, European Project: 820829,CONSTRAIN H2020, European Project: 741120,COMPASS, European Project: 817578,TRIATLAS(2019), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Laboratoire d'aérologie (LA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Sorbonne Université (SU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Météo France-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO), University of California-University of California, Universität zu Köln, Queen Elizabeth Hospital [Bridgetown, St. Michael, Barbados], Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPGP), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-IPG PARIS-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-IMT Atlantique Bretagne-Pays de la Loire (IMT Atlantique), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-École Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Brest (ENIB)-École Nationale Supérieure de Techniques Avancées Bretagne (ENSTA Bretagne)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Bretagne Loire (UBL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), École Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Brest (ENIB)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-École Nationale Supérieure de Techniques Avancées Bretagne (ENSTA Bretagne)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Bretagne Loire (UBL)-IMT Atlantique Bretagne-Pays de la Loire (IMT Atlantique), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-École Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Brest (ENIB)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-École Nationale Supérieure de Techniques Avancées Bretagne (ENSTA Bretagne)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Bretagne Loire (UBL)-IMT Atlantique Bretagne-Pays de la Loire (IMT Atlantique), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-École Centrale de Marseille (ECM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo France-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), University of California [Santa Cruz] (UCSC), University of California, Universität Leipzig [Leipzig], Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca [Milano] (UNIMIB), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Stevens, B, Bony, S, Farrell, D, Ament, F, Blyth, A, Fairall, C, Karstensen, J, Quinn, P, Speich, S, Acquistapace, C, Aemisegger, F, Albright, A, Bellenger, H, Bodenschatz, E, Caesar, K, Chewitt-Lucas, R, De Boer, G, Delanoe, J, Denby, L, Ewald, F, Fildier, B, Forde, M, George, G, Gross, S, Hagen, M, Hausold, A, Heywood, K, Hirsch, L, Jacob, M, Jansen, F, Kinne, S, Klocke, D, Kolling, T, Konow, H, Lothon, M, Mohr, W, Naumann, A, Nuijens, L, Olivier, L, Pincus, R, Pohlker, M, Reverdin, G, Roberts, G, Schnitt, S, Schulz, H, Pier Siebesma, A, Stephan, C, Sullivan, P, Touze-Peiffer, L, Vial, J, Vogel, R, Zuidema, P, Alexander, N, Alves, L, Arixi, S, Asmath, H, Bagheri, G, Baier, K, Bailey, A, Baranowski, D, Baron, A, Barrau, S, Barrett, P, Batier, F, Behrendt, A, Bendinger, A, Beucher, F, Bigorre, S, Blades, E, Blossey, P, Bock, O, Boing, S, Bosser, P, Bourras, D, Bouruet-Aubertot, P, Bower, K, Branellec, P, Branger, H, Brennek, M, Brewer, A, Brilouet, P, Brugmann, B, Buehler, S, Burke, E, Burton, R, Calmer, R, Canonici, J, Carton, X, Cato, G, Charles, J, Chazette, P, Chen, Y, Chilinski, M, Choularton, T, Chuang, P, Clarke, S, Coe, H, Cornet, C, Coutris, P, Couvreux, F, Crewell, S, Cronin, T, Cui, Z, Cuypers, Y, Daley, A, Damerell, G, Dauhut, T, Deneke, H, Desbios, J, Dorner, S, Donner, S, Douet, V, Drushka, K, Dutsch, M, Ehrlich, A, Emanuel, K, Emmanouilidis, A, Etienne, J, Etienne-Leblanc, S, Faure, G, Feingold, G, Ferrero, L, Fix, A, Flamant, C, Flatau, P, Foltz, G, Forster, L, Furtuna, I, Gadian, A, Galewsky, J, Gallagher, M, Gallimore, P, Gaston, C, Gentemann, C, Geyskens, N, Giez, A, Gollop, J, Gouirand, I, Gourbeyre, C, De Graaf, D, De Groot, G, Grosz, R, Guttler, J, Gutleben, M, Hall, K, Harris, G, Helfer, K, Henze, D, Herbert, C, Holanda, B, Ibanez-Landeta, A, Intrieri, J, Iyer, S, Julien, F, Kalesse, H, Kazil, J, Kellman, A, Kidane, A, Kirchner, U, Klingebiel, M, Korner, M, Kremper, L, Kretzschmar, J, Kruger, O, Kumala, W, Kurz, A, L'Hegaret, P, Labaste, M, Lachlan-Cope, T, Laing, A, Landschutzer, P, Lang, T, Lange, D, Lange, I, Laplace, C, Lavik, G, Laxenaire, R, Lebihan, C, Leandro, M, Lefevre, N, Lena, M, Lenschow, D, Li, Q, Lloyd, G, Los, S, Losi, N, Lovell, O, Luneau, C, Makuch, P, Malinowski, S, Manta, G, Marinou, E, Marsden, N, Masson, S, Maury, N, Mayer, B, Mayers-Als, M, Mazel, C, Mcgeary, W, Mcwilliams, J, Mech, M, Mehlmann, M, Meroni, A, Mieslinger, T, Minikin, A, Minnett, P, Moller, G, Avalos, Y, Muller, C, Musat, I, Napoli, A, Neuberger, A, Noisel, C, Noone, D, Nordsiek, F, Nowak, J, Oswald, L, Parker, D, Peck, C, Person, R, Philippi, M, Plueddemann, A, Pohlker, C, Portge, V, Poschl, U, Pologne, L, Posyniak, M, Prange, M, Melendez, E, Radtke, J, Ramage, K, Reimann, J, Renault, L, Reus, K, Reyes, A, Ribbe, J, Ringel, M, Ritschel, M, Rocha, C, Rochetin, N, Rottenbacher, J, Rollo, C, Royer, H, Sadoulet, P, Saffin, L, Sandiford, S, Sandu, I, Schafer, M, Schemann, V, Schirmacher, I, Schlenczek, O, Schmidt, J, Schroder, M, Schwarzenboeck, A, Sealy, A, Senff, C, Serikov, I, Shohan, S, Siddle, E, Smirnov, A, Spath, F, Spooner, B, Katharina Stolla, M, Szkolka, W, De Szoeke, S, Tarot, S, Tetoni, E, Thompson, E, Thomson, J, Tomassini, L, Totems, J, Ubele, A, Villiger, L, Von Arx, J, Wagner, T, Walther, A, Webber, B, Wendisch, M, Whitehall, S, Wiltshire, A, Wing, A, Wirth, M, Wiskandt, J, Wolf, K, Worbes, L, Wright, E, Wulfmeyer, V, Young, S, Zhang, C, Zhang, D, Ziemen, F, Zinner, T, Zoger, M, and Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-École Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Brest (ENIB)-École Nationale Supérieure de Techniques Avancées Bretagne (ENSTA Bretagne)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Bretagne Loire (UBL)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-IMT Atlantique Bretagne-Pays de la Loire (IMT Atlantique)

Subjects
[SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, QE1-996.5, [SDU.STU.GP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], Cloud Feedback, Geology, [SDU.STU.ME]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Meteorology, Environmental sciences, Atmospheric circulation, Trade-wind cumulus, Field campaign, Aerosol, clouds, sea, sub-tropic, CHIM/12 - CHIMICA DELL'AMBIENTE E DEI BENI CULTURALI, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, GE1-350, Shallow convection, [SDU.OTHER]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Other, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract

The science guiding the EUREC4A campaign and its measurements is presented. EUREC4A comprised roughly 5 weeks of measurements in the downstream winter trades of the North Atlantic – eastward and southeastward of Barbados. Through its ability to characterize processes operating across a wide range of scales, EUREC4A marked a turning point in our ability to observationally study factors influencing clouds in the trades, how they will respond to warming, and their link to other components of the earth system, such as upper-ocean processes or the life cycle of particulate matter. This characterization was made possible by thousands (2500) of sondes distributed to measure circulations on meso- (200 km) and larger (500 km) scales, roughly 400 h of flight time by four heavily instrumented research aircraft; four global-class research vessels; an advanced ground-based cloud observatory; scores of autonomous observing platforms operating in the upper ocean (nearly 10 000 profiles), lower atmosphere (continuous profiling), and along the air–sea interface; a network of water stable isotopologue measurements; targeted tasking of satellite remote sensing; and modeling with a new generation of weather and climate models. In addition to providing an outline of the novel measurements and their composition into a unified and coordinated campaign, the six distinct scientific facets that EUREC4A explored – from North Brazil Current rings to turbulence-induced clustering of cloud droplets and its influence on warm-rain formation – are presented along with an overview of EUREC4A's outreach activities, environmental impact, and guidelines for scientific practice. Track data for all platforms are standardized and accessible at https://doi.org/10.25326/165 (Stevens, 2021), and a film documenting the campaign is provided as a video supplement.

Published
2021

291. Optimal Placement, Replacement and Sizing of Capacitor Banks in Distorted Distribution Networks by Genetic Algorithms.

Author

Masoum, Mohammad A. S., Ladjevardi, Marjan, Jafarian, Akbar, and Fuchs, Ewald F.

Subjects
*COMBINATORIAL optimization, *ELECTRIC equipment, *CAPACITORS, *ENERGY dissipation, *SET theory, *ALGORITHMS
Abstract

This paper presents a new genetic algorithm (GA)-based approach for the simultaneous power quality improvement and optimal placement and sizing of fixed capacitor banks in radial distribution networks in the presence of voltage and current harmonics. The objective function includes the cost of power losses, energy losses and that of the capacitor banks. Constraints include voltage limits, number/size and locations of installed capacitors (at each bus and the entire feeder) and the power quality limits of standard WEE-S 19. Candidate buses for capacitor placement are selected based on an initial generation of chromosomes. Using a proposed fitness function, a suitable combination of objective and constraints is defined as a criterion to select (among the candidates) the most suitable buses for capacitor placement. A genetic algorithm computes improved generations of chromosomes and candidate buses until the solution is obtained. Simulation results for two IEEE distorted networks are presented and solutions of the genetic algorithm are compared with those of the maximum-sensitivities-selection (MSS), the maximum sensitivities selection-local variations (MSS-LV), and the fuzzy set algorithms. The main contribution of this paper is the computation of the near global solution, with weak dependency on initial conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2004
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292. Tracking the structural dynamics of proteins in solution using time-resolved wide-angle X-ray scattering

Author

Michael Wulff, Jungkweon Choi, Antonio Cupane, Friedrich Schotte, Hyotcherl Ihee, Friederike Ewald, Matteo Levantino, Philip A. Anfinrud, Marco Cammarata, CAMMARATA, M, LEVANTINO, M, SCHOTTE, F, ANFINRUD, PA, EWALD, F, CHOI, J, CUPANE, A, WULFF, M, and IHEE, H

Subjects
Materials science, Protein Conformation, Crystallography, X-Ray, Biochemistry, Sensitivity and Specificity, Article, chemistry.chemical_compound, Hemoglobins, Protein structure, Scattering, Radiation, Spectroscopy, Wide-angle X-ray scattering, Molecular Biology, protein dynamics, conformational changes, hemoglobin, myoglobin, cytochrome c, Scattering, Myoglobin, X-Rays, Resolution (electron density), Cytochromes c, Cell Biology, Nanosecond, chemistry, Chemical physics, Protein quaternary structure, sense organs, Biotechnology
Abstract

We demonstrate tracking of protein structural changes with time-resolved wide-angle X-ray scattering (TR-WAXS) with nanosecond time resolution. We investigated the tertiary and quaternary conformational changes of human hemoglobin under nearly physiological conditions triggered by laser-induced ligand photolysis. We also report data on optically induced tertiary relaxations of myoglobin and refolding of cytochrome c to illustrate the wide applicability of the technique. By providing insights into the structural dynamics of proteins functioning in their natural environment, TR-WAXS complements and extends results obtained with time-resolved optical spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography.

Published
2008

294. Sexuality : The 1964 Clermont-Ferrand and 1969 Vincennes Lectures

Author

DORON, CLAUDE-OLIVIER, Edited by, EWALD, FRANÇOIS, General Editor:, HARCOURT, BERNARD E., English Series Editor:, BURCHELL, GRAHAM, Translated by, HARCOURT, BERNARD E., Foreword by, DORON, CLAUDE-OLIVIER, EWALD, FRANÇOIS, HARCOURT, BERNARD E., BURCHELL, GRAHAM, and HARCOURT, BERNARD E.

Published
2021
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295. After MPFL reconstruction, femoral tunnel widening and migration increase with poor tunnel positioning and are related to poor clinical outcomes.

Author

Ewald F, Klasan A, Putnis S, Farizon F, Philippot R, and Neri T

Subjects
Male, Female, Humans, Young Adult, Adult, Ligaments, Articular surgery, Femur diagnostic imaging, Femur surgery, Knee Joint surgery, Patellar Dislocation surgery, Patellofemoral Joint diagnostic imaging, Patellofemoral Joint surgery, Joint Instability surgery
Abstract

Purpose: Isolated MPFL reconstruction (iMPFLR) is increasingly used for the surgical treatment of treatment for recurrent patella dislocation. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of tunnel widening and migration on clinical outcomes after iMPFL using a CT-scannographic analysis at 6 months postoperatively., Methods: One hundred and sixty patients (91 females for 69 males) with an average age of 23 years [14-54] who underwent iMPFLR and had an evaluation scan at 6 months postoperatively were evaluated with a mean follow-up of 97 ± 89 months [12 to 166]. Functional International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) Score, Kujala score, and joint mobility were assessed preoperatively, at 6 months and at the latest follow-up. The IKDC and Kujala scores were expressed as the difference between pre- and postoperative scores (dIKDC and dKujala). The position of the femoral tunnel was assessed according to the Schöttle criteria on post-operative radiographic profiles. Tunnel widening (at three levels of measurement) and the migration of the center of the tunnel were studied on a CT-scan analysis at 6 months. Any correlation and regression between the evolution of the clinical scores and the measured scannographic parameters were investigated. The relationships between tunnel position and tunnel changes were also studied., Results: Between pre- and post-op, the IKDC (45 ± 13 to 80 ± 15, p < 0.001) and Kujala (55 ± 11 to 87 ± 12, p < 0.001) scores were significantly improved. Patients with tunnel changes had decreased clinical and functional results at 6 months post-op of an iMPFLR (p < 0.001). These changes in the femoral tunnel, evidenced by a tunnel entrance widening and migration of the tunnel center, were related to an initial malposition of the tunnel (p < 0.001)., Conclusion: In iMPFLR, changes in the femoral tunnel, corresponding to dilatation and migration of the tunnel center, may occur. These changes are increased by the initial malpositioning of the femoral tunnel and are correlated with less good clinical and functional outcomes., Level of Evidence: Level IV., (© 2022. The Author(s) under exclusive licence to European Society of Sports Traumatology, Knee Surgery, Arthroscopy (ESSKA).)

Published
2023
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296. How Can Academia Help Industry Reduce the Footprint of Chemicals Manufacture?

Author

Godineau E, Gallou F, Enger O, Ewald F, Herber C, Hildbrand S, Künzle N, Marty M, Netscher T, Püntener K, Reiter M, Taeschler C, and Zarate C

Subjects
Switzerland, Humans, Chemical Industry, Universities
Abstract

Industrial representatives from the Swiss chemistry ecosystem met to formulate unmet needs in the field of sustainability and share the content of the exchange. The aim is to spark inspiration and trigger ambitious and pre-competitive projects collectively at the interface of the academic and industrial worlds, with the hope to profoundly change the current practices and provide an answer to some of the most urgent environmental challenges., (Copyright 2023 F. Gallou, E. Godineau, O. Enger, F. Ewald, C. Herber, S. Hildbrand, N. Künzle, M. Marty, Thomas Netscher, Kurt Püntener, M. Reiter, C. Taeschler, C. Karate. License: This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.)

Published
2023
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297. Tumor cell integrin β4 and tumor stroma E-/P-selectin cooperatively regulate tumor growth in vivo.

Author

Genduso S, Freytag V, Schetler D, Kirchner L, Schiecke A, Maar H, Wicklein D, Gebauer F, Bröker K, Stürken C, Milde-Langosch K, Oliveira-Ferrer L, Ricklefs FL, Ewald F, Wolters-Eisfeld G, Riecken K, Unrau L, Krause L, Bohnenberger H, Offermann A, Perner S, Sebens S, Lamszus K, Diehl L, Linder S, Jücker M, Schumacher U, and Lange T

Subjects
Animals, Humans, Mice, Cell Line, Tumor, Chemokines, Endothelial Cells metabolism, P-Selectin, Tumor Microenvironment, Integrin beta4 metabolism, Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells, Neoplasms
Abstract

Background: The immunological composition of the tumor microenvironment has a decisive influence on the biological course of cancer and is therefore of profound clinical relevance. In this study, we analyzed the cooperative effects of integrin β4 (ITGB4) on tumor cells and E-/P-selectin on endothelial cells within the tumor stroma for regulating tumor growth by shaping the local and systemic immune environment., Methods: We used several preclinical mouse models for different solid human cancer types (xenograft and syngeneic) to explore the role of ITGB4 (shRNA-mediated knockdown in tumor cells) and E-/P-selectins (knockout in mice) for tumor growth; effects on apoptosis, proliferation and intratumoral signaling pathways were determined by histological and biochemical methods and 3D in vitro experiments; changes in the intratumoral and systemic immune cell composition were determined by flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry; chemokine levels and their attracting potential were measured by ELISA and 3D invasion assays., Results: We observed a very robust synergism between ITGB4 and E-/P-selectin for the regulation of tumor growth, accompanied by an increased recruitment of CD11b + Gr-1 Hi cells with low granularity (i.e., myeloid-derived suppressor cells, MDSCs) specifically into ITGB4-depleted tumors. ITGB4-depleted tumors undergo apoptosis and actively attract MDSCs, well-known to promote tumor growth in several cancers, via increased secretion of different chemokines. MDSC trafficking into tumors crucially depends on E-/P-selectin expression. Analyses of clinical samples confirmed an inverse relationship between ITGB4 expression in tumors and number of tumor-infiltrating leukocytes., Conclusions: These findings suggest a distinct vulnerability of ITGB4 Lo tumors for MDSC-directed immunotherapies., (© 2023. The Author(s).)

Published
2023
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298. The Extremely Brilliant Source storage ring of the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility.

Author

Raimondi P, Benabderrahmane C, Berkvens P, Biasci JC, Borowiec P, Bouteille JF, Brochard T, Brookes NB, Carmignani N, Carver LR, Chaize JM, Chavanne J, Checchia S, Chushkin Y, Cianciosi F, Di Michiel M, Dimper R, D'Elia A, Einfeld D, Ewald F, Farvacque L, Goirand L, Hardy L, Jacob J, Jolly L, Krisch M, Le Bec G, Leconte I, Liuzzo SM, Maccarrone C, Marchial T, Martin D, Mezouar M, Nevo C, Perron T, Plouviez E, Reichert H, Renaud P, Revol JL, Roche B, Scheidt KB, Serriere V, Sette F, Susini J, Torino L, Versteegen R, White S, and Zontone F

Abstract

The Extremely Brilliant Source (EBS) is the experimental implementation of the novel Hybrid Multi Bend Achromat (HMBA) storage ring magnetic lattice concept, which has been realised at European Synchrotron Radiation Facility. We present its successful commissioning and first operation. We highlight the strengths of the HMBA design and compare them to the previous designs, on which most operational synchrotron X-ray sources are based. We report on the EBS storage ring's significantly improved horizontal electron beam emittance and other key beam parameters. EBS extends the reach of synchrotron X-ray science confirming the HMBA concept for future facility upgrades and new constructions., Competing Interests: Competing interestsThe authors declare no competing interests., (© The Author(s) 2023.)

Published
2023
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299. A Critical Role of the IL-22-IL-22 Binding Protein Axis in Hepatocellular Carcinoma.

Author

Giannou AD, Lücke J, Kleinschmidt D, Shiri AM, Steglich B, Nawrocki M, Zhang T, Zazara DE, Kempski J, Zhao L, Giannou O, Agalioti T, Brockmann L, Bertram F, Sabihi M, Böttcher M, Ewald F, Schulze K, von Felden J, Machicote A, Maroulis IC, Arck PC, Graß JK, Mercanoglu B, Reeh M, Wolter S, Tachezy M, Seese H, Theodorakopoulou M, Lykoudis PM, Heumann A, Uzunoglu FG, Ghadban T, Mann O, Izbicki JR, Li J, Duprée A, Melling N, Gagliani N, and Huber S

Abstract

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) ranks among the five most common cancer entities worldwide and leads to hundred-thousands of deaths every year. Despite some groundbreaking therapeutical revelations during the last years, the overall prognosis remains poor. Although the immune system fights malignant transformations with a robust anti-tumor response, certain immune mediators have also been shown to promote cancer development. For example, interleukin (IL)-22 has been associated with HCC progression and worsened prognosis in multiple studies. However, the underlying mechanisms of the pathological role of IL-22-signaling as well as the role of its natural antagonist IL-22 binding protein (IL-22BP) in HCC remain elusive. Here, we corroborate the pathogenic role of IL-22 in HCC by taking advantage of two mouse models. Moreover, we observed a protective role of IL-22BP during liver carcinogenesis. While IL-22 was mainly produced by CD4 + T cells in HCC, IL-22BP was abundantly expressed by neutrophils during liver carcinogenesis. Hepatocytes could be identified as a major target of this pathological IL-22-signaling. Moreover, abrogation of IL-22 signaling in hepatocytes in IL22ra1 flox/flox × Alb Cre+ mice reduced STEAP4 expression-a known oncogene-in HCC in vivo. Likewise, STEAP4 expression correlated with IL22 levels in human HCC samples, but not in healthy liver specimens. In conclusion, these data encourage the development of therapeutical approaches that target the IL-22-IL-22BP axis in HCC.

Published
2022
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