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Some hand-held power tools generate repeated shocks of high amplitudes. The daily vibration exposure A(8) is rarely evaluated over the whole working day. The vibration total value ahv emitted by a machine and the total daily duration of exposure T are usually estimated from a sample that may not be representative of the whole working task. Thus, the comparison of A(8) with regulatory limit values is difficult. The daily number of shocks can sometimes be estimated from production features (i.e., the number of manufactured parts). This article presents an A(8) evaluation method adapted to such situations. It allows for a better evaluation of the risk for non-stationary vibrations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clinical performance is a crucial part of evaluation in nurse practitioner education and has traditionally been accomplished through faculty site visits. The evolution of distance learning and on-line programs along with the recent COVID-19 pandemic has further complicated completing site visits, requiring innovative strategies. 'The Peer Patient Round Table (PPRT)' was developed as an innovative evaluation method of student performance. It utilizes the standardized patient simulation concept and shared role-play modality via a telehealth platform. During the PPRT evaluation session, students were involved in a shared role-play of three roles; as a patient, a nurse practitioner student, and a preceptor in individual scenarios. A family nurse practitioner program at Radford University, located in Southwest Virginia, incorporated the PPRT method as the alternative student evaluation method starting May 2020 during COVID-19 pandemic for the last two years. After the first year of implementation of the PPRT, students and faculty were surveyed about the effectiveness of PPRT as a clinical evaluation method as well as their satisfaction with the modality. This article discusses the details of the PPRT procedures, PPRT experiences from faculty and students along with lessons learned. • The 'Peer Patient Round Table' modality uses shared role-play encompassing three unique roles • Allows for an effective virtual clinical evaluation of student performance • Provides an interactive learning environment through role-play of three roles • Helps improve clinical reasoning and confidence in making clinical decisions • Provides an environment for students to enhance greater responsibility and independence to complete the patient visit with diagnosis and patient care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Natural Gas Industry is the property of Natural Gas Industry Journal Agency and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Tobacco Science & Technology is the property of Tobacco Science & Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Traditional agricultural production requires numerous human and material resources; however, agricultural production efficiency is low. The successful development of plant protection unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) has changed the operation mode of traditional agricultural production, saving human, material, and financial resources and significantly improving production efficiency. To summarize the process of improving the productivity of plant protection UAVs, this study established a productivity calculation model of UAVs based on the time composition of the UAV agricultural plant protection process, including spraying, turning, replenishment, and transfer times. The time required for the unmanned aircraft application process was counted through years of tracking the application process of eight different plant protection unmanned aircraft. Plot lengths of 100, 300, 500, 700, 1,000, 1,500, 2,000, 2,500, 3,000, and 3,500 m were established to calculate the theoretical productivity. The results showed that the productivity of different types of plant protection UAVs increased with an increase in plot length in the range of 100 to 1,500 m; however, when the plot length reached a certain value, the productivity growth rate slowed down or even decreased slightly. Simultaneously, based on the working area per 10,000 mu, the recommended plot length and the number of configured models for different models were recommended. If the plant protection UAV was distinguished by electric and oil power, the time utilization rate of electric plant protection UAVs was 72.7%, and the labor productivity was 56.4 mu/person·h. In contrast, the time utilization rate of the heavy load oil-powered plant protection unmanned aircraft was 86%, and the labor productivity was 63.5 mu/person ·h. This study can support plant protection UAV enterprises to optimize equipment efficiency, provide evaluation methods for the operation efficiency assessment of plant protection UAVs, provide a reference for the selection of plant protection UAVs, and provide a basis for field planning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Area development is a critical issue that has a strong relation to economic, social, and environmental performances in an area. Boosting area development can be achieved using digitalization. However, digitalization is predominantly available for city life. Rural areas or villages are often left out, because of infrastructure deficits. With enough infrastructure support, rural areas in developed countries have also faced social problems such as population drops. Therefore, a comprehensive solution regarding the use of digitalization to boost rural area development is needed. This concept is often called the digital village. This paper proposes a concept for managing and evaluating the development of a sustainable digital village. The concept is developed based on the reviewed aims, expected deliverables, and existing concerns in previous digital village implementations. To justify the model, management theories, practices and available technologies are also reviewed. The proposed concept for digital village management is also compared to the concepts of enterprise architecture and project management, to evaluate its usability. Sustainability evaluations are performed regarding the three-bottom line of evaluation and the use of ICT resources in the integration of ICT into human resource management (HRM) and supply chain management (SCM). A development model and evaluation method are also proposed to make sure that digital village development and evaluation can be conducted efficiently. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the changes in human work and lifestyle, the incidence of cervical spondylosis is increasing substantially, especially for adolescents. Cervical spine exercises are an important means to prevent and rehabilitate cervical spine diseases, but no mature unmanned evaluating and monitoring system for cervical spine rehabilitation training has been proposed. Patients often lack the guidance of a physician and are at risk of injury during the exercise process. In this paper, we first propose a cervical spine exercise assessment method based on a multi-task computer vision algorithm, which can replace physicians to guide patients to perform rehabilitation exercises and evaluations. The model based on the Mediapipe framework is set up to construct a face mesh and extract features to calculate the head pose angles in 3-DOF (three degrees of freedom). Then, the sequential angular velocity in 3-DOF is calculated based on the angle data acquired by the computer vision algorithm mentioned above. After that, the cervical vertebra rehabilitation evaluation system and index parameters are analyzed by data acquisition and experimental analysis of cervical vertebra exercises. A privacy encryption algorithm combining YOLOv5 and mosaic noise mixing with head posture information is proposed to protect the privacy of the patient's face. The results show that our algorithm has good repeatability and can effectively reflect the health status of the patient's cervical spine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to make up the deficiency of the performance evaluation method of solvent cold patching mixture and further study it, firstly, a solvent cold patching asphalt was developed by orthogonal test, then the different preparation processes of cold patching asphalt were analyzed, the performance evaluation method of cold patching mixture was proposed and optimized. Finally, the cold patching mixture made of self-developed cold patching asphalt was compared and verified with three kinds of cold patching mixture sold in the market. The results show that the best preparation process of cold patching mixture is to heat the aggregate, cold patching asphalt and mixing pot to 60 ℃ and then mix. The cold patching mixture made of self-developed cold patching asphalt has excellent low-temperature workability, high initial strength and strong water damage resistance. The proposed evaluation method can better evaluate the road performance of cold patching mixture. The performance evaluation system of cold patching mixture were improved, which can better guide the test design and construction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Concrete-filled steel tubular (CFST) piers have been applied in bridge structures due to their high bearing capacity, good ductility, and light weight. During their service life, CFST piers may suffer vehicle collision. Nevertheless, there is still a lack of a performance evaluation method for CFST piers subjected to vehicle impact. Therefore, this paper presents a residual deformation-based method to evaluate the performance of CFST piers under truck impact. Before that, a numerical model was developed to simulate responses of CFST piers under truck collision and validated by reported impact tests. Then, the performance levels of 6- and 12-m high CFST piers under 20 and 40 ton and 60, 100, and 140 km/h truck collisions were numerically investigated. Afterwards, a residual deformation-based performance evaluation method was proposed based on the numerical investigations. In this method, the ratio of the residual lateral deflection at the mid-height to half of the pier height was first selected as the evaluation index. Then, threshold values of the evaluation index at different performance levels were determined. Finally, an analytical model for the evaluation index was developed. Comparisons indicate that the analytical performance levels are in good agreement with the numerical results. The proposed residual deformation-based performance evaluation method can be used for design and accident analysis of CFST piers subjected to truck collision. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Coal Geology & Exploration is the property of Xian Research Institute of China Coal Research Institute and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The construction of transformer substations in transmission lines is a systematic, technical, and complex project with the need for numerous materials and resources. Under the development of the green economy, the requirements for energy conservation and carbon reduction have improved; hence, an assessment of carbon emissions in transformer substations is urgently needed. A calculation method was proposed in the present study to analyze the carbon emissions of transformer substations with different kinds of data sources, which were collected from several practical projects in the west-to-east power transmission project. In this study, a detailed comparison and discussion regarding the differences in carbon emissions of 750 kV transformer substations caused by hydrology, geology, engineering quantity, and other factors were conducted. The mean value, standard deviation, and 90% confidence interval of carbon emissions were obtained by Monte Carlo simulation through MATLAB. Results show that the total carbon emissions of the selected 750 kV transformer substations are between [56,000, 68,000] t CO2 eq. Construction engineering accounts for more than 50% of carbon emissions, followed by installation engineering and additional services. In terms of input items, electricity distribution buildings contribute more than 39% of total carbon emissions, followed by cable/earthing systems, which account for 14% of total carbon emissions. Gas insulated switchgear (GIS) and air insulated switchgear (AIS) could adopt different types of equipment foundations, and GIS equipment foundations would generate fewer carbon emissions due to the smaller land area and input materials. This study can provide experience and reference for similar projects and further guide the substation carbon emission reduction work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Command Control & Simulation / Zhihui Kongzhi yu Fangzhen is the property of Command Control & Simulation Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Transactions of Nanjing University of Aeronautics & Astronautics is the property of Editorial Department of Journal of Nanjing University of Aeronautics & Astronautics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The load-carrying capacities of welded joints need to be paid attention to in the design of the frame, which transfers the thrust generated by the rocket engine to the rocket body. A load-carrying capacity evaluation method of welded joints based on the structural stress method is proposed in this study. Both the ultimate load-carrying capacity and fracture section angle are precisely obtained by the evaluation method. At the same time, a definition of weld-failure stress is given based on the evaluation method and tests. The load-carrying capacity of welded joints in the rocket engine frame is analyzed through the finite element model, including the overall structure and local weld details. The weld-failure stress of welded joints is obtained based on the analysis of three types of welded structures—standard shear specimen, U-shaped fillet welded specimen and pipe-plate fillet welded specimen. The safety factors of the transverse rod and longitudinal bearing rod welded joints of the frame are 8.6 and 13.4, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a mold-less forming technology of sheet materials, single-point incremental forming (SPIF) can efficiently and economically fabricate various protypes and products. Although considerable studies have been conducted on SPIF, further improvement is possible in terms of the analysis method of the forming part quality, such as the accuracy and simplicity of the method. In view of this, this study aimed at establishing a thinning rate evaluation method from a three-dimensional perspective. By taking a titanium alloy sheet as an example, the three-dimensional change in the part size and its thinning rate during the SPIF process were systematically investigated. Furthermore, LS-DYNA software was employed to simulate the forming process. The results showed that the proposed method can effectively evaluate the dimensional changes of any cross-section of the sheet material. With the use of finite element model, a better thinning behavior prediction of the as-formed TA1 titanium sheets was achieved. The finite element simulation results were well comparable to those of the actual forming process. The simulated deformation of the four corners of a square box during the forming process could reach a maximum value of 0.252 mm, which was close to the experimental result of 0.248 mm. The deformation depth from the finite element simulations was 9.01 mm, whereas the actual experimental result was 8.50 mm. This study provided some insight on the development of a forming quality evaluation method and the forming simulation of SPIF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An optimized evaluation method of the bearing capacity of reinforced concrete beam based on the Bayesian theory was proposed in this paper. This evaluation method optimized the traditional Markov Chain-Monte Carlo (MCMC) sampling method, and proposed an improved Metropolis–Hastings (MH) sampling method and a transitive MCMC (TMCMC) sampling method based on the MCMC theory. These two derived sampling methods solved the problem that the traditional MCMC algorithm makes it difficult to achieve convergence when the number of modified parameters is large. Therefore, on the basis of obtaining the measured sample information and the prior information of uncertain parameters, this paper first used multiple "model components" to form a model sample, then carried out a sensitivity analysis based on the relevant response indicators and selected the key parameters that had a great impact on the bearing capacity, carried out static load tests, and extracted and analyzed the experimental data. Then, based on a large amount of analysis data, the improved MH sampling method and TMCMC sampling method were used to establish a posterior probability distribution database. Finally, multiple posterior probability distributions were used to identify and predict the bearing capacity. The results showed that the method was feasible and effective for the evaluation of the bearing capacity of reinforced concrete beam. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The regulation of the seasonal energy supply for natural gas and the storage of fossil energy are important to society. To achieve it, storing a large amount of natural gas in porous underground media is one of the government's choices. Due to the successful lesson learned from the oil and gas industry, natural gas storage in underground porous media has been regarded as the most potential long−term energy storage method. In this paper, we developed a new workflow to evaluate the performance of gas reservoir−type underground natural gas storage (UGS). The theoretical background of this workflow includes the correction of the average formation pressure (AFP) and gas deviation factor by error theory and the analytical mathematical model of UGS wells. The Laplace transform, line source function, and Stehfest numerical inversion methods were used to obtain pressure solutions for typical vertical and horizontal wells in UGS. The pressure superposition principle and weighting method of the gas injection−withdrawal rate were used to obtain the AFP. Through the correction of the AFP and gas deviation factor in the material balance equation, the parameters for inventory, effective inventory (the movable gas volume at standard condition), working gas volume (the movable gas volume is operated from the upper limit pressure to the lower limit pressure), and effective gas storage volume (the available gas storage volume at reservoir condition) were determined. Numerical data from the numerical simulator was used to verify the proposed model pressure solution. Actual data from China's largest Hutubi UGS was used to illustrate the reliability of the proposed workflow in UGS performance evaluation. The results show that large−scale gas injection and withdrawal rates lead to composite heterogeneity in gas storage wells. The nine injection and production cycles' pressure and effective inventory changes from Hutubi UGS can be divided into a period of rapid pressure rise and a period of slow pressure increase. The final AFP is 32.8 MPa. The final inventory of the Hutubi UGS is 100.1 × 108 m3, with a capacity filling rate (the ratio of effective inventory to designed gas storage capacity) of 93.6%. The effective inventory is 95.3 × 108 m3, and the inventory utilization ratio (the ratio of effective inventory to inventory) is 95.2%. The working gas volume is 40.3 × 108 m3. This study provides a new method for inventory evaluation of the gas reservoir−type UGS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To date, the spring stiffness of resilience pads was mostly evaluated based on conventional (site measurement and laboratory tests) methods. Most studies in the past analyzed the effects of the deterioration of resilience pads on track damage. To examine the deterioration of resilience pads, evaluations were conducted based on laboratory tests using site measurements and samples were collected from the site, or based on loading tests using special equipment. such as TSS. However, no methodology was proposed to prove the theoretical equations of Zimmermann which compute the reaction force at the rail support point. Hence, this study aimed to prove that the reaction force increased if spring stiffness at the rail support point increased; this was achieved by using a pressure sensor according to the theoretical equations of Zimmermann. Furthermore, we aimed to propose a method to evaluate the spring stiffness of resilience pads to predict the extent of deterioration of the pads based on the increase in the pressure measured by a pressure sensor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Silicone rubber insulation material is widely used for the external insulation of power systems. During the continuous service of a power grid, it will be seriously aged due to the influence of high voltage electric fields and harsh climate environments, which will reduce its insulation performance and service life and cause transmission line failure. How to evaluate the aging performance of silicone rubber insulation materials scientifically and accurately is a hot and difficult issue in the industry. Starting from the composite insulator, which is the most widely used insulating device of silicone rubber insulation materials, this paper expounds the aging mechanism of silicone rubber materials, analyzes the applicability and effectiveness of various existing aging tests and evaluation methods, especially discusses the magnetic resonance detection methods emerging in recent years, and finally summarizes the characterization and evaluation technology of the aging state of silicone rubber insulation materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of South Architecture / Nanfang Jianzhu is the property of South Architecture Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Petroleum Geology & Recovery Efficiency is the property of Petroleum Geology & Recovery Efficiency and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Food Safety & Quality is the property of Journal of Food Safety & Quality Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

• A disc cutter wear evaluation index named equivalent wear is proposed. • Real-time quantitative evaluation of wear status is achieved. • The proportion of the equivalent wear in different area of cutterhead can be compared. As a crucial equipment for cutting through hard rock in a shield machine, wear of disc cutter is inevitable in tunnel construction. Excessive wear can lead to reduced tunneling performance and increased construction risks. Therefore, a method to evaluate disc cutter wear in real time is necessitated for on-site construction. This study proposed an index named equivalent wear, which can mitigate the influence of installation radii on disc cutter wear and evaluate the wear condition of the cutterhead. By integrating with tunneling parameters, the wear of the cutterhead can be evaluated in real time. The method was applied to a tunnel engineering project in China to validate its practicability. Firstly, the relationship between the equivalent wear and the tunneling parameters is investigated. The change of the cutterhead wear condition in different tunneling intervals is recorded, which proves that the evaluation of cutter wear by this method can reflect the condition of cutterhead in real time. In addition, the equivalent wear was used to investigate the change of percentage wear in different area of the cutterhead during different tunneling intervals, as well as the wear condition of replaced and unreplaced disc cutters. The research results show that the method proposed in this paper is practicable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Steel is an important raw material for human development, and steel emissions are the world's largest source of industrial carbon emissions. Therefore, it is urgent to control carbon emissions in this field and formulate a low-carbon development pathway. However, most of the existing studies focus on the macro level of the steel industry, and there are few studies on industry segmentation. The vanadium titanium steel (VTS) sub-sector is a key area for low-carbon development of steel industry. Achieving carbon neutrality in this sector is crucial for meeting international climate goals. This research takes a leading VTS enterprise as the research object, using carbon accounting and life cycle assessment (LCA) to map emissions across the four sub-units and each smelting stage of the enterprise. The study introduces the LC2MVTS/FP-FB (Low carbon concept model of vanadium titanium steel/four pillars and five beams) framework, which integrates energy, resources, information, and carbon sequestration technology to advance towards carbon neutrality. Based on the conceptual model framework, a feasible low-carbon technology pathway for VTS industry is proposed. Additionally, the research evaluates the LC2MVTS/FP-FB model's reliability and accuracy through the carbon neutrality technology analytic hierarchy process and a fuzzy comprehensive evaluation, offering valuable insights for the VTS industry's sustainable transformation globally. [Display omitted] • A leading vanadium titanium steel enterprise was studied as object. • Carbon accounting and LCA analysis was carried out. • A low-carbon technology pathway of VTS industry was proposed. • Technical evaluation methods were implemented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accelerating energy conservation and carbon reduction in the building sector is crucial for achieving carbon neutrality. The energy consumption of a building is primarily influenced by room load, service time, service space, and the energy efficiency of equipment. While previous studies have concentrated on reducing room load and enhancing equipment efficiency, research on service time and service space dimensions remains limited. Notably, the evaluation of equipment used for intermittent heating remains incomplete. In this study, the terminals and evaluation methods for intermittent heating were investigated. A temperature response matching coefficient focused on the human scale was proposed. The temperature response matching coefficient indicates the proportion of the actual temperature-rise area to the temperature demand curve area. Experiments were conducted on the intermittent effects of conventional convective and radiant terminals using fan coils and floor heating as examples. The suitability of conventional terminals for intermittent heating was quantitatively assessed, leading to the development of a novel radiant-convective terminal that integrates convection and radiation. Utilizing the phase change of flat heat pipes as a radiant surface, a radiant-convective terminal with low thermal inertia was proposed. Experimental results indicated that the temperature response matching coefficients for convection and radiation modes per 10 min in the first half-hour were 0.24, 0.42, 0.55 and 0.12, 0.21, 0.29, respectively. These results were consistent with those of fan coil and floor heating methods. The new radiant-convective terminal combined the effects of two conventional terminals, thereby simplifying the system. This study provides a reference for the evaluation methods of and terminals used for intermittent heating. • Novel evaluation method for intermittent heating focusing on human scale • Evaluation of intermittent heating effect of different terminals was conducted • A new radiant-convective terminal for intermittent heating was proposed • The new terminal realized the combined-use mode for conventional terminals [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A method is proposed for effectively modeling pipelines and extracting corrosion information. • Three neural frameworks are constructed: MLP-matrix, MLP-feature, and CNN-image. • The CNN-image method has a high level of accuracy and significant correlation. • Neural network-based methods exhibit improved applicability and reliability. In recent years, significant developments have been made in methods for assessing the remaining strength of corroded pipelines. However, existing methods have limitations as they mainly focus on the local impact of corrosion defects. This study explores evaluation methods using neural networks to predict the ultimate resistance of pipelines containing multiple corrosive regions. Firstly, based on the validated method, the study generates a dataset comprising 3,000 corroded pipeline models and pixelates the corrosion information of these models via digital images. Then, three neural network evaluation frameworks are constructed: a Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) using the overall corrosion matrix, an MLP based on corrosion feature parameters, and Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) based on corrosion images. Following this, the study analyzes the relationship between various corrosion parameters and failure pressure, compares the training effectiveness of the three neural network methods, and validates the accuracy and applicability of the proposed approach. The results indicated that various corrosion features should be considered when evaluating corroded pipelines, particularly depth. In addition, all three neural network-based methods show improved applicability and reliability compared to traditional evaluation methods, with CNN-image having the highest evaluation accuracy (correlation coefficient = 0.9564, average error = 3.46%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BackgroundHeavy metal pollution in cultivated land will affect crop yield and quality, as well as groundwater quality, ecological security, and human health.ObjectiveTo analyze the pollution status of heavy metal elements such as chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), and lead (Pb) in cultivated soils of the Donghe River Basin in Chenzhou City, and to evaluate the environmental quality of local cultivated soil.MethodsA total of 16 samples of cultivated soil from the Donghe River Basin in Chenzhou City were collected, and the contents of Cr, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, and Pb in the samples were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The Nemerow comprehensive pollution index method (the evaluation indicators included both Nemerow comprehensive pollution index and single pollution index), the geological accumulation index method, and the potential ecological risk index method were used to evaluate the soil environmental quality.ResultsThe average levels of Cr, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, and Pb in the soil samples in the study area were 58.25, 49.50, 273.88, 137.76, 2.92, and 672.29 mg·kg−1, respectively. The average values of Cu, Zn, As, Cd, and Pb were all exceeded the background values of soil elements in Hunan Province. The single pollution indices of As, Cd, Pb, and Zn in soil were 4.40, 9.74, 5.85, and 1.15 respectively. The contamination of As and Pb reached 93.75% and 81.25% respectively. The geological accumulation indices of soil As, Cd, Pb, and Zn were 2.11, 3.71, 2.97, and 0.58, respectively, which showed heavy Cd pollution, moderate As and Pb pollution, and slight Zn pollution. The potential ecological hazard indices of soil Cr, Cu, Zn, As, Pb, and Cd were 1.63, 9.07, 2.90, 87.75, 113.18, and 695.76. 81.Twenty five percent of Cd samples showed heavy pollution and above, and 62.50% of Pb samples had moderate pollution and above. The Nemerow comprehensive pollution index was 7.72, which belonged to heavy pollution; and the comprehensive potential ecological risk index was 910.29, which belonged to high ecological risk.ConclusionThere are certain differences in the results of different evaluation methods. The cultivated soils of the Donghe River Basin in Chenzhou City, is seriously polluted by heavy metals, and Cd, As, and Pb are the main polluting elements.

• A new method is presented to evaluate the effectiveness of endwall treatment methods in preventing corner separation and stall in compressor cascades. • The BE Rule for Stall Prediction is introduced, which predicts corner stall by considering the combined effects of boundary layer intersection (B) and endwall secondary flow (E). • The findings offer valuable insights for the design of third-generation 3D blades, emphasizing the importance of selecting optimal endwall treatment methods to enhance compressor performance. • Four endwall treatment methods, end dihedral, blended blade and endwall, endwall grooves, and endwall vortex generators, are quantified. • The study employs high-fidelity CFD simulations, validated against experimental data, ensuring the reliability of the presented evaluation method and control efficiency comparisons. The modern design of turbomachinery tends to use a combination of the sweep, dihedral and endwall treatment methods to prevent the corner flow from separating. However, there are few rules for selecting the most effective endwall treatment methods and evaluating their efficiencies. In this paper, an evaluation method for the two phenomena that affect the endwall flow field is presented based on the diffusion parameter DJ. The method contains two models: the first is for the phenomenon of the boundary layer intersection in the corner (B), and the second is for the endwall secondary cross flow (E). The BE rule is presented by taking both B and E into account. The corner stall occurs when B · E > 1 , and the value of B and E can be used to evaluate the severity of the two flow phenomena. The control efficiencies of the four kinds of endwall treatment methods are compared with one another using the BE rules. The four kinds of endwall treatment methods are end dihedral, blended blade and endwall, endwall grooves, and endwall vortex generators. The severity of the endwall secondary cross flow in the test case is more serious than the severity of the boundary layer intersection. The numerical results show that the control efficiency of the end dihedral, blended blade and endwall, endwall grooves, and endwall vortex generators are 23%, 50%, 34.6%, and 67.3%, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is well established that the configuration and operation of variable speed air source heat pumps (VS ASHPs) can significantly influence their frosting performance. However, there is currently no effective method to conveniently and accurately evaluate the frosting suppression performance of these units. This paper addresses this gap by proposing a novel evaluation method based on a frosting suppression map for VS ASHPs. Firstly, an experimental setup with four ASHP units and developed frosting suppression maps is described. Second, a method for evaluating the frosting suppression performance of VS ASHP is developed based on the map. Thirdly, a comprehensive evaluation of the frosting suppression performance of the experimental unit is carried out. It is shown that the β values of the four units under the constitutive configuration were 0.74, 0.12, 0.21, and 0.52, and the frosting suppression performance was evaluated as Good, Poor, Fair, and Average, respectively. It could be enhanced and improved to 0.89 (Excellent), 0.24 (Fair), 0.64 (Good), and 0.63 (Good) after applying the frosting suppression operation method. The proposed novel frosting suppression evaluation method is simple and easy to implement, which could contribute to further guiding manufacturers to improve the frosting suppression performance of VS ASHPs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For the newly built very low-frequency long-range lightning location network (VLF-LLN) in China based on the equivalent propagation velocity method, we have evaluated the probability of deviation distance between the locations results and the reference points by using a weighted gridding method, and have drawn some conclusions. (1) By analyzing the effects of different numbers and configurations of stations on the location deviations, it is found that when the number of participating stations increase, the location deviation relatively decreases, and the numbers and configurations of participating stations has much more effect on the probability of location deviation of the lightning flashes outside the network than those in the network; (2) We statistically analyzed the location deviation for each grid of the network by using a weighted gridding method. The deviation probability using 11-station synchronization as a reference is similar to that for 13-station synchronization per grid. Assuming that the deviation distance is less than 3–5 km, the average location results are almost unchanged when the station number exceeds 7 or 8; (3) Comparing with the Advanced Direction and Time-of-Arrival Detecting network (ADTD), our VLF-LLN has an average deviation value of 3.47 km and a median value of 1.81 km for 63767 lightning flashes, and 90% samples have the location deviation less than 8 km and 54% have the location deviation less than 2 km. • The effects of different numbers and configurations of stations on the location deviations of the VLF-LLN in China have been analyzed. • A comprehensive evaluation of lightning location accuracy by using a weighted gridding method has been presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over 200 million people worldwide suffer from color vision deficiency (CVD), leading to a compromised perception of the color world. Despite the availability of various color enhancement technologies (CETs), assessing their actual performance has remained challenging due to the lack of a comprehensive evaluation method. In this paper, we propose a dual-parameter metric system that quantitatively evaluates CETs' capacity to improve CDOs' color discrimination ability and color fidelity relative to color-normal observers (CNOs). We validated this method by comparing its evaluation results with those of prior studies that relied on psychophysical experiments. Our proposed dual-parameter evaluation system can also be employed to optimize CET-based solutions. As a preliminary exploration, we optimized lighting spectra using LED color mixing for CVD-friendly illumination applications, which demonstrated a clear improvement in color vision for color-deficient observers while maintaining good color fidelity for CNOs' color vision. • A dual-parameter metric system was proposed to evaluate CET's impact on color fidelity & color discrimination ability of CDOs. • The evaluation method was validated by comparing its results with those obtained from prior psychophysical experiment studies. • The dual-parameter metric system can be applied to optimize CET solutions that can improve CDOs' color vision. • The optimized lighting spectra can effectively improve color vision for CDOs while maintaining good color fidelity for CNOs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To clarify the key physical and chemical indexes affecting the quality of rice, explore the relationship between sensory evaluation and physical and chemical test, and establish a simple and easy evaluation method of rice edible quality. Methods: Nine groups of rice were obtained from three representative rice under three cooking processes. Through cluster and correlation analysis, the key indexes affecting the edible quality of rice were selected, and then the comprehensive score formula was obtained by principal component analysis. Results: The indexes affecting the edible quality of rice were water, fat, hardness, adhesion, elasticity and recoverability. The comprehensive score formula was Z=0.42×water+0.0532×fat−0.0597×hardness−0.447×adhesion+0.266×elasticity+0.114×recoverability. The validation experiment showed that the best cooking method of Kanghong 1 was IH atmospheric cooking, and the best cooking method of Daohuaxiang and Jilin Xiaoting rice was direct heating atmospheric cooking. Conclusion: The principal component comprehensive score ranking of each sample was basically consistent with the sensory score ranking, would have a high matching degree, and could better predict the edible quality of rice.

This paper reviewed the studies on the compliance with medication among tuberculosis patients, including the evaluation method of treatment compliance, influencing factors and the nursing countermeasures. This review aimed to provide reference for intervention on enhancing the clinical practitioner’s awareness of tuberculosis, improving their evaluation and management ability, and preventing the emergence of MDR-resistant tuberculosis due to the failure to follow the standard medication of tuberculosis treatment. This review also presented ideas for further scientific research and clinical practice. (本文就肺结核患者服用药物治疗依从性的相关研究进行总结, 包括服用治疗依从性的评估方式、影响因素及其提高服用治疗依从性的护理对策等。通过增强临床工作人员对肺结核患者治疗依从性的了解、评估和管理能力, 预防由于未遵循结核治疗规范标准用药而引起耐多药肺结核的出现, 并以此为护理临床工作和科学研究提供参考依据。)

China's energy service demand statistics for the passenger transport sector only cover travel activities for business purpose. The incomplete data have made it very difficult to conduct long-term scenario analysis for this sector. Thus, this study develops a methodology by refining and combining vehicle activity and travel behavior methods. By taking advantage of the two methods, the extent of uncertainty in estimates can be reduced. A detailed description of China's energy service demand in the passenger transport sector for the years 2013, 2015, and 2017 are produced. Results show that there is a significant underestimation of total passenger transport turnover in governmental statistics. After reevaluation, the total passenger turnover doubled and increased by 146%, 167%, and 187%, resulting in national total passenger turnover of 6783, 8031, and 9406 billion passenger kilometers in 2013, 2015, and 2017, respectively. The majority of missing statistics are caused by not accounting for non-operational road transport, which is dominated by private vehicles. After adjustment, the road sector share in total passenger turnover grew substantially from 30% to 40% to approximately 75%, with the proportion of urban travel continuing to increase. We found that without complete data on China's passenger turnover, it may result in more than three-fold overestimation for future travel demand, leading to inaccurate projections with much higher energy consumption and CO2 emissions. It is therefore very important to have a detailed and precise calculation of energy service demand in the passenger transport sector. The estimation framework and step-by-step process can also be applied to other developing countries which are confronting similar statistical issues.

Abstract Objective We developed an actuator-driven pulsed water jet (ADPJ) device to achieve maximal lesion dissection with minimal risk of normal structural damage. Despite the unique dissection characteristics, there is a risk of dissemination of tissue dispersion; however, there is no established method to quantify the dispersion. Hence, this study aimed to assess the factors associated with dispersion and propose a simple experimental method using spectrophotometry to evaluate the degree of dispersion in a wet field. Results Methylene blue-stained brain phantom gelatin was immersed in a chamber with distilled water solution and dissected with an ADPJ. The dispersed gelatin solution was stirred and warmed to dissolve. The absorbance of the solution was measured spectrophotometrically. First, a reference standard curve was constructed to confirm the relationship between the absorbance and the amount of the dispersed gelatin. A clear proportional correlation was observed, which indicated that absorbance measurements can help evaluate the amount of dispersion. Using this method, we revealed that a high dissection force, insufficient suction, and inappropriate long distance between the nozzle tip and the target were associated with increased dispersion. This method might constitute a versatile and reliable approach to evaluate dispersion and aid in the development of surgical devices.

The irregular wellbore trajectory caused by the wellbore deviation and fluctuation makes a significant effect on the torque and drag in extending and direction drilling, especially for wellbore trajectory with obvious deviation in the drilling direction. As a consequence, a new quasi-three-dimensional wellbore tortuosity evaluation method is developed. The new method incorporates the effect of fluctuation frequency and amplitude of oscillating wellbore trajectory; a weight coefficient index that quantifies the effect of tortuosity of one segment trajectory to the entire trajectory; a ‘Peak-Valley’ principle that can decompose the irregular wellbore trajectory in various scale lengths. The studies show that the deflection angle between the segments of tortuous wellbore increases the torque and drag by strengthening the contact behaviors between the drillstring and borehole. Therefore, the deflection angle is introduced to quantify the effect of deviation in the drilling direction on wellbore tortuosity. The evaluation results of two field cases demonstrate the new method which is adapted to the wellbore trajectory fluctuating with various characteristics and can reflect the actual state of wellbore tortuosity with severe oscillation more effectively and accurately.

Most of the proven undeveloped reserves are presently low-grade ones. Overall effective utilization is difficult with current economic and technical conditions. Most of the existing methods evaluate overall utilization potential, which is no longer suitable for evaluating the utilization potential of currently-proven undeveloped reserves. In this paper, a case study has been carried out in Y reservoir. According to the heterogeneity of the spatial distribution of reservoir parameters, the selectivity of development technology and the uncertainty of economic parameters, a prediction model of single-well-controlled recoverable reserves under different development technologies is built. Combined with the economic limits of single-well-controlled recoverable reserves under different technical and economic conditions, movable probability can be obtained, and the movable potential of geological reserves can be further calculated. Field application shows that the coincidence rate of the movable potential reserves calculated by the method in this paper and the actual produced reserves reaches 97.2%, which has high accuracy and can meet the needs of field. The research in this paper provides an effective method for the evaluation of the potential of undeveloped reserves.

Cultivated land provides fundamental land-related resources, and its ecological security is, thus, an important means of protecting it. The ecological security of cultivated land has emerged as an important and challenging area of research in recent years. In this study, we summarize the progress in research on the evaluation of the ecological security of cultivated land through visual analysis. We review the concepts, characteristics, driving factors, scales and methods of evaluation, technologies, and simulations used in the relevant literature. The results show that while the relevant concept has been preliminarily established, research on the ecological security of cultivated land remains in its infancy, and comprehensive work on the subject is lacking. The Prevalent research has mainly focused on analyzing the current situation, but lacks a dynamic analysis of the driving mechanism of the ecological security of cultivated land based on simulations. This has made it difficult to understand the spatiotemporal mechanism of the ecological security of cultivated land. Future research in the area should discuss the complex driving mechanism of interactions between the social economy system and the ecological system and focus on an integrated model to assess its dynamic spatial and multi-scale characteristics of ecological security of cultivated land because this can inform the theory of protecting cultivated land and the design of plans for land use to mitigate global climate change.

IntroductionThe construction of the Yangtze River Delta ecological green development demonstration area aims to take the lead in exploring an eco-friendly development model, demonstrating and leading the higher quality integrated development of the Yangtze River Delta in China.MethodsThrough literature research, expert inquiries, and policy documents as the guidance, this study builds an ecological green high-quality development evaluation system for the demonstration area, including building an index system composed of 4 first-class indicators, 16 second-class indicators and 42 third-class indicators derived from economy, society and environment system, determining the index weight through the network analytic hierarchy process, and establishing the comprehensive evaluation index (CEI) and differential diagnosis index (DDI) of high-quality development, which is based on the relevant theory of statistical comprehensive index.ResultsThe establishment of this system provides a complete theoretical support and scientific guidance for the comprehensive evaluation of high-quality ecological green development and more balanced development of the demonstration area; and it can point out the development direction for the subsequent development of the Yangtze River Delta.DiscussionHowever, due to the availability of data, there is still room for further improvement in this paper. In the future research, the model can be used to evaluate the high-quality development level of the demonstration area through the relevant data of the demonstration area.

The extent of fracture development is associated with the degree of enrichment of a natural gas reservoir and its productivity. Based on numerical simulation results of the paleotectonic stress field, a set of evaluation methods for determining the degree of development of reservoir tectonic fractures were established using rock rupture criteria. Taking the fourth member of the Leikoupo Formation in the Pengzhou area of western Sichuan as an example, a finite element (FE) method was employed to simulate the paleo-tectonic stress field during the period of fracture development, and the degree of tectonic fracture development was further evaluated using the above methods. The results indicated that effective fractures were created in the Himalayan period. In this time, mainly NE–NEE and nearly E–W strike tectonic fractures were developed in the target layer. The fractures were mainly low-angle and oblique fractures, while the high-angle fractures were less developed. According to the integrative fracture index (F), five typical fracture development areas were determined: the fault zone, and the northern, eastern, southeastern, and central regions of the study area. The reliability of the fracture prediction results was verified using fracture distribution statistics and gas production test results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wireless charging technology has become an important development trend in future electric vehicle (EV) power supply technology due to its safety, flexibility, and convenience. With its industrialized development, interoperability has become an essential technical link. The interoperability of wireless charging systems refers to the ability of output performance to meet specified indicators when different transmitter and receiver devices are matched. This study reviews the research status of the interoperability of EV wireless charging technology. First, the definition and composition of the interoperability of wireless charging systems are briefly given. Then, the article provides a review of standards about interoperability so far. The interoperability of various magnetic couplers and compensation topologies is also analyzed and summarized. After that, the paper reviews the existing interoperability evaluation methods. Finally, this work highlights the existing problems and challenges in current research of interoperability. We hope that this work will contribute to the further development of EV wireless charging technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The vital issue of response lag and soot emission during transient operation of turbocharged engine, has been studied so far mainly on experiment in engine system rather than turbocharger basis. The study of turbocharger transient performance, however, is extremely important to manufacturers due to the stringent regulations of exhaust emission and economy for the turbocharger engine. Therefore, a general method independent of the engine for evaluating the transient response performance of a gasoline turbocharger is proposed in this paper. First, an explicit relationship between key thermodynamic parameters of turbine and compressor and the evaluation index of D x that can characterize turbocharger transient response are established. Secondly, the proposed evaluation method is tested and verified using the coupling between GT-Power and MATLAB Simulink software based on the gasoline turbocharger. The simulation results show that the appropriate conditions should be selected for the transient response test, including the starting and ending speed, the starting mass flow rate, etc. For this proposed turbocharger, the value of D x has a good consistency when the ending speed is 200,000 r/min and the initial mass flow rate is in the range of 0.0715∼0.0756 kg/s. Moreover, the influence of rotor moment of inertia, turbine efficiency and compressor efficiency on D x is analyzed in this selected condition. Finally, the evaluating method of the transient response performance of the turbocharger is conducted on a test bench. The test results are in good agreement with the simulation results, indicating that the proposed evaluation method for transient response of turbocharger has a good predictability and can be used for quantitative evaluation of transient response-ability for different turbochargers independent of engine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Mine Automation is the property of Industry & Mine Automation Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Featured Application: This paper presents the application of a software program that is currently under development that provides feedback for the mapping activities that are carried out in built environments and analyses the congruence in the relationship between the flow of activities and their environments. Exemplary results were obtained in the case study of a healthcare emergency facility, although it is possible to apply this software in other types of complex environments. The obtained data allow facility managers to prioritize and reallocate activities when a change is required. It also shows unmapped relationships. It is important to investigate these data because they can indicate failures in the mapping process and can provide an opportunity to obtain a more complete understanding of the allocation and flow of activities. These data can also help us to identify points of conflict or opportunities for adjustment in the allocation of activities in order to improve the flow of activities. Due to the large number of activities that must be carried out by emergency-care services (ESs), the tasks of facility managers and architects are challenging and complex. Several strategies, guides, and diagnoses have already been developed in order to improve ESs. Part of the solution to this problem depends on obtaining a normative and universal understanding of the problem, and another part depends on conducting a specific and relational analysis between the environment and the flow of activities that are allocated within it. This paper presents the results of a study that was conducted using a software program that is currently under development for mapping the congruence relationship between activities and environments. Here, we present a discussion of the first results that were obtained with the instrument, which was applied to a single case. For this purpose, the fundamentals of the instrument, as well as the environment and the flows of an ES at a university hospital, are described. The forms of analysis, benefits, and limitations of the instrument were investigated, with a view towards its use in supporting the management and the design of large and complex environments, such as emergency departments. In this program, the relationships that are hidden from the managers, the designers, and the researchers due to the aforementioned complexity are revealed through the use of matrices. This mapping can supplement the decision making of the managers and the designers. The application showed advantages in modeling with fewer inputs, mainly in pre-design evaluations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Coal Science & Technology (0253-2336) is the property of Coal Science & Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Currently, the published methods used to optimize the number of beam pedestals in a precasting yard for bridge beams or segments do not consider all relevant constraints. Therefore, an optimal calculation method based on multiobjective constraints is proposed. The constraints used are the demand plan for erecting beams, the minimum beam storage time, and the actual beam storage time. Two cases were considered based on the relationship between the minimum and actual storage times. When the minimum storage time of the finished beams was equal to the actual storage time, the minimum number of pedestals could be determined through the stage of maximum demand. When the actual storage time of the finished beams exceeded the minimum storage time, multiobjective constraint equations for the production and demand plans of each stage were established, and a logic algorithm is proposed to calculate the minimum number of pedestals. In addition, to identify the appropriate production plan, an optimization method is proposed based on three evaluation indexes: vacancy rate, dispersion, and core area. Taking one project as an example, the minimum number of platforms and optimized production plans were obtained using the proposed method. A complete set of planning processes, including calculation analysis and scheme comparison, is presented in this paper. The results demonstrate that the proposed methods are applicable and can provide a theoretical reference for the optimization of precast yards for bridge construction projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Several advanced methods for evaluating wrinkles are currently available, however, with limitations in their application because wrinkle structures change in response to facial expressions and surrounding environments. A Visual Illusion‐based image feature enhancement System (VIS) was used to develop a real‐time evaluation method. Objectives: This study expands the VIS application into the wrinkle evaluation method by adjusting VIS to evaluate facial wrinkles, evaluating the age‐dependent wrinkles, and validating it for real‐time wrinkle evaluation. Methods: Wrinkles in various Japanese men and women were evaluated using VIS and the current methods. Furthermore, the effectiveness of an eye cream containing niacinamide was evaluated before and after the 4‐week treatment. Results: VIS qualitatively detects even fine wrinkles and numerically records them without any special instrument. Moreover, VIS can be applied to moving images, revealing the effectiveness of the antiwrinkle formulation qualitatively and quantitatively even when the subjects are smiling. Conclusion: This paper presents an epoch‐making wrinkle evaluation method that is qualitative and quantitative, with high sensitivity in real‐time and relies solely on digital images without any difficulties. Therefore, these results imply that this method enables the wrinkle evaluation under real‐life conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the rapid development of automobiles, car cockpits are becoming more and more intelligent and advanced, and the intelligent requirements of automobile cockpits are gradually increasing. However, the real value of intelligence can only be realized when it makes passengers in a cockpit feel comfortable. In this study, seven factors that affect passenger comfort in intelligent cockpits are defined. Under these factors, a total of 33 evaluation indicators were developed. The core of the method was to determine the dissatisfaction indicators and degree of dissatisfaction in the intelligent cockpit by analyzing the relationship between people's perceived performance and their expectations. This method was used to evaluate the Tesla Model 3, and it was found in the results that the higher the degree of dissatisfaction with the indicator, the more subjective feedback it had, which in turn proved the effectiveness of the model. According to the degree of dissatisfaction, the indicators affecting comfort were also divided into three levels. This hierarchical division helps clarify which indicators should be prioritized for improvement. Generally, this method has a certain feasibility, which is helpful for the development and redesign of an intelligent car cockpit, and provides some reference strategies for other transportation fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]