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SRI LANKA HAS been faced with a worsening economic situation in 1974. It became virtually a battle for economic survival, and one that is far from over. World food shortages, the oil crisis and global inflation have had such a severe impact on the economy that Sri Lanka came to be listed by the IMF among the "most seriously affected" countries. The increasing severity of economic problems dominated the country's socio-political situation throughout the period.

A Strategy for corporate survival is, by definition, a response to a challenge. In the financial services industry, the challenge to the economic survival of money center commercial banks is clear and present. Can they continue to exist in a field crowded with competitors who are not as impeded by regulations, who are therefore more cost effective and competitive than commercial banks, and who are steadily gaining market share, particularly in the high‐quality end of the business?

The games of economic survival introduced by Shubik and Thompson seem tailor-made for the analysis of some problems in insurance and have found many applications in this industry. The optimal strategy in such games may be a so-called “band strategy.” This result seems counter-intuitive and has caused some puzzlement. This paper gives sufficient conditions so that the optimal strategy will be of a simpler form, and it is argued that these conditions are satisfied in most applications to insurance.

This article will explore the Amish subculture and evidence suggesting that gradual social change is occurring within the five communities selected for study: Berne, Indiana; Ethridge, Tennessee; Intercourse, Pennsylvania; Kalona, Iowa; and, Plain City, Ohio. Data has been collected from 87 Amish families using a 12 page structured questionnaire. Social change is investigated in each major social institution that impacts upon Amish life—and select micro-trends are identified for the mid 1980's. The “findings” in this sample suggest that the Amish are accepting selective (modest) acculturation—particularly in their work and their search for economic survival. The respondents in this study have sought to avoid extreme dependence on any one aspect of modern life, and they have remained largely unfettered by the national pursuit of success, careerism, competition, one-up-manship, and power seeking.

Management was increasingly preoccupied with economic survival during 1980, and this included reviewing the financial impact of occupational health and safety requirements. Up to now the cost or pace of improved health and safety standards has not been seriously questioned because legislation has been flexible, allowing progressive improvement, and the Inspectorate has worked closely with employers, trade organisations, and the trade unions. This co‐operation is continuing to raise standards in particular fields.

This paper is devoted to a semi-markovian generalization of a well-known game of economic survival: a firm has an initial capital x, the profits resulting from the successive time intervals (n, n + 1) are random variables; at each instant n the firm may pay dividends to the shareholders, his only goal being to maximize the expected discounted value of all dividends payed before the ruin. The existence of an optimal stationary strategy is proved; the only “impatient” optimal stationary strategy is a “band-strategy”. In the last part of the paper we construct an algorithm producing the optimal band-strategy after a finite number of iterations, and we show how to calculate the ruin-probabilities associated with this strategy.

Major structural changes are sweeping the national and world economies. The United States is shifting away from the basic industries and toward an economy based on more specialized production, services, and information exchange. The effects of this shift—unemployment, plant closures, and major reductions in force—disrupt the work force and the communities that support it. The public and private sectors have a stake in developing nondisruptive approaches to plant closures and layoffs and the transition of affected workers to other occupations. The private sector has developed some positive responses, from employment security and profit sharing, to buffering the job transition for workers when no alternatives to termination can be found. Models currently being used are state of the art. Communities have also taken a proactive stance as closures and layoffs threaten their economic survival. The community-based model is very similar to the private sector worker-transition model, except that it features the community in a leadership role. Communities are encouraged to develop an economic crisis plan for use when a major facility closure or layoff occurs.

SUMMARY This article investigates one of the most recent developments in the field of electronic communication, namely subscription television (STV). This medium is used as a form of self-subsidy by newspaper groups. First of all, attention is paid to subsidization itself, as well as to the difference and implications of direct and indirect forms of subsidization. In this regard, experience of subsidization gained in Western Europe and the USA is examined. Thereafter, the subsidy problem in the RSA is considered. Such a consideration must necessarily take into account the battle for economic survival of the local press, as well as the infringements on press freedom in the RSA. The South African Media Council is an important institution in this regard. Attention is also paid to attitudes and opinions in the newspaper world with regard to newspaper subsidization. Finally, the viability of the introduction in South Africa of STV as a form of selfsubsidization, and, as an extension of the conventional activit...

This study provides a political-economic analysis of the roots of, and the relationship between, the process of underdevelopment and external migration in Nepal. While the internal institutional policies were responsible for initiating these two economic and demographic processes, British India's Gorkha recruitment policy contributed to their perpetuation. Today, Nepal's economy is trapped in a negative feedback cycle in which underdevelopment fuels outmigration which, in turn, propagates underdevelopment. Regardless of the nature of its socioeconomic impact, outmigration from the hills has emerged as a major economic survival factor for many migrant households and local economies.

During 1979 and the early part of 1980 the Government of Libya was engaged in a review of the state of social and economic development of the country with a view to preparing a long-range strategy to the year 2000. The exercise involved assessment of the position in 1979 and examination of alternative courses of economic change for the country as a whole and for its constituent regions. While this was far from being a first essay in economic and social planning, it represented a new time horizon (twenty rather than five years) and a rather different approach from previous proposals. In particular, it had become apparent from 1980 that Libyan oil reserves, when set against probable production to reserves ratios for the 1980-2000 period, would be fast depleting by the turn of the century. The last two decades of the twentieth century could be the last years in which Libya could lay the basis for economic survival while still comparatively wealthy from the proceeds of bulk oil exports.This short article will set out to discuss the resource base of the al Khalij area which was the source of the largest part of Libyan crude oil and natural gas supply and which might be expected to be the region on which Libyan prosperity might be founded in the post-oil era.

The subculture of bodybuilding is the backdrop of an analysis of some contradictions inherent in American masculinity. One of the most unusual, but telling of these has to do with “hustling”: the widespread selling of sexual favors by bodybuilders to gay men. In this, one also finds the incongruent presence of homophobia. Hence, homosexual behavior is juxtaposed by anti‐homosexual behavior. This study shows that this irony is necessary if the hustler is to maintain his alleged heterosexual identity. Hypermasculinity and strategies of economic survival in the highly competitive southern California bodybuilding scene are also examined in relation to hustling and more generally to American masculinity. Contradictions in bodybuilding are shown to be more problematic than studies of other street hustlers and prison populations where homosexual behavior is juggled with heterosexual identity.

This article presents an analysis of the effects restructuring in the health care sector is likely to have on the economic conditions of black physicians. The model presented of the physicians’ services market is one in which black physicians, because of perceived quality differences and patient preferences, are relegated to servicing the lowest income clients and those with the lowest quality insurance. It is argued that the physician surplus, the growth in the uninsured, and the increasing competition by large group practices, outpatient-care facilities, and HMOs will place additional pressure on black physicians.

All schoolchildren know the camel is famous for its ability to survive for long periods without water, but since innovations in long-distance travel have reduced the usefulness of this unusual feature of the camel, might it not be expected that the camel has by now become an endangered species?' The answer is clearly no because apparently the camel is a survivor in more ways than one. In Pakistan, which provided the empirical base for this article, the camel survived the decline in caravan routes to serve as a pack and cart animal and as a work animal in rural areas. In this article an analysis is made of new economic competition faced by the camel in Pakistan in recent decades and of its likely economic survival in the near future. In some ways Pakistan is not typical of major camel regions in Africa and the Middle East. For one thing, Pakistan and India are the only countries where camel carts are widely used.2 Furthermore, in contrast to many other camel-using regions, in most of South Asia the camel is usually not the principal rural transport or work animal, the exceptions being parts of Baluchistan in Pakistan and Rajasthan in India. However, the experience of Pakistan reported in this article does have wider implications for the study of factors that may facilitate or impede the substitution of mechanical power for camel or other animal power in agricultural work and in rural and urban transport. Small fuel-efficient vans like the Suzuki, which have become quite popular in many developing countries, and other machines (e.g., pump sets that replace the camel-drawn Persian wheel, tractors for ploughing, and mechanized sugar-cane crushers) are all recent substitutes for some of the traditional tasks that camels have performed. With the rapid changes of the last few decades, countries such as Pakistan with large camel populations have seen many diverse factors operating to

Reviewing a recent publication by J. R. Bright, it is shown that automation can be applied at many levels of increasing complexity, that different industries have hitherto adopted automation to different extents, and that degrees of automation accepted as commonplaces in some industries would be regarded as revolutionary in others. The older fermentation industries have been slow to adopt automation, but examples of what can be achieved are discussed In relation to malting, baking and whisky distilling. The variability of raw materials is an obvious difficulty in industries such as brewing, but there is reason to suppose that automatic analyses for control purposes may become increasingly possible in the near future; in some cases, the principles on which such analyses are based may themselves serve for automatic process control, giving such advantages as economy of cost and labour and reliability of product, all factors of extreme importance in the struggle for economic survival.

In this model the income process of a firm is assumed to be a homogeneous Markov process (discrete or continuous). One is interested in an optimal dividend strategy, i.e., a strategy that maximizes the expected sum of the discounted dividend payments. This paper derives general results in the case where the income process is skip free to the right; in particular, it establishes the factorization formula and shows it to be closely connected with the probability of ruin. The theory is illustrated by a numerical example.

THE SHIPPING AND SHIPBUILDING INDUSTRIES of India once had a proud record of achievement?as witnessed by the single fact that Nelson's flagship at the battle of Trafalgar was an Indian-built vessel. Events of the mid-nineteenth century, however, dealt blows from which these industries have never recovered; and the establishment of a merchant marine adequate to aid India's economic survival remains a thorny problem. Present obstacles arise in part from India's internal trou? bles and shortages, in part from the international ship? ping situation, and in part from the inevitably painful readjustment of old economic relationships between India and Great Britain.

This study examines the preliminary results of almost four years experience with a literacy and mathematics program via a system of radio schools among a community of Maya Indians in the Western Highlands of Guatemala. Almost all the households of the community no longer have sufficient land to be self-sustaining in corn, the basic staple. This has forced the Atitecos to leave the isolation of their community and encounter Guatemalan national culture in search of economic survival. This experience has generated a felt need for literacy. A system of radio schools was established in which Maya teaches Maya. The educational and development philosophies make provision for this peasant group's view of the universe, their sense of inability with regard to the skills of the national culture, and Atiteco control over their own educational process. The acquiring of literacy by Atiteco peasants as well as the assumption of administrative duties and part of the financial responsibilities by the teacher group are the...

Triple Revolution1, both popular and professional interest in cybernation has risen markedly and an expanding literature has been appearing. This indicates an increasingly favorable reception to those ideas which are intrinsic to what has come to be referred to as the coming Age Of Cyberculture. The leading ideas of cybernation have been discussed in this journal earlier2, and the present writer will not review them in any detail. Here it will be sufficient to stress only that cybernation, defined as the combination of the computer and the automated self-regulating machine, has broken the link between work and income. According to cyberculturists, if the West is therefore willing to take advantage of the technical and social possibilities inherent in cybernation, certain dramatic consequences must inevitably follow-consequences which will require drastic social and institutional innovation in the future. Let me mention briefly some of these major consequences. Production in the future will require a new type of social and technical organization, and technically advanced countries, particularly the United States, will have to recognize that only a small percentage of its citizens would have to work at all. Under the new social dispensation promised by cybernation a high standard of living is guaranteed, without any need for the type of backbreaking toil which has historically been recognized as the prerequisite for economic survival. A Great Society is emerging whose dominant characteristic will be leisure for all, and if we have the foresight to use that leisure intelligently, along intellectual, cultural, educational, spiritual, and aesthetic lines, there is literally no limit to what men can accomplish socially. Partisans of the social and technical possibilities inherent in an Age of Cyberculture describe a vision of the human community which surpasses in desirability and novelty anything dreamed of in most of the utopias which have thus far been advanced by thinkers in the

There are counselors who oppose the concept of differential staffing, or the use of aides in secondary school counseling offices. In this article the author reviews some of the stated objections, provides some remarks in rebuttal, and gives some of the unstated reasons for the concept's lack of acceptance among practicing secondary school counselors.

Robin Ward and Richard Jenkins (eds.), Ethnic Communities in Business: Strategies for Economic Survival. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1984, xii + 270 pp. £25.

For years now, there has been a growing consensus that US national economic problems, such as inflation and industry down-turn, are closely linked to innovation and technology; and there has been growing concern that US capability in both these areas has been steadily declining, particularly the propensity for innovation. Accordingly, the sixth Henniker National Materials Conference (held in Henniker, New Hampshire, 28 July–1 August, 1980) was designed to face the problem of innovation in the materials field.

IN its spectacular rise from early beginnings, the American chemical industry has passed through several important phases. Each major phase has seen the establishment of new products and processes, and what is probably more important, new principles of operation. In early colonial days our simple and limited chemical requirements were largely imported from England or supplied by small American producers. Leather, soap, brick, glass, and saltpeter were typical of these early products, and their manufacture in the Colonies was retarded by our colonial status and the ever-present threat of foreign competition. Prior to 1776, such limited chemical manufacturing continued to increase slowly in those fields where economic survival was possible. Following the War of Independence, the American chemical industry, greatly encouraged by a protective tariff, by the establishment of the U. S. patent system, and by the real desire of the Federal Government to aid American industries, looked forward to a period of expan...

Providing quality service to an adequate client base is only part of the challenge of managing a dairy practice. Effective charging for services and efficient collection of charges is necessary for economic survival. Charging by procedure, by time, and by contract are alternatives discussed, as well as methods to manage accounts receivable.

During the last 20 years, a number of laboratories in France and Algeria have performed population research in central Sahara*. The societies of central Sahara constitute a fascinating model for studies on population dynamics because of their comparative isolation, tribal structure, kinship, the struggle for economic survival in arid surroundings, and the present-day problems of socioeconomic and cultural development. The Tuaregs, former leaders of this society, form a relatively well-defined, coherent population unit in which the connections between demography, gene pool, and mesologic factors can be clearly assessed.

One of the outstanding characteristics of European empires in Africa during the decade after 1945 was how little they were affected by the backwash from the demise of colonialism in Asia. R. Robinson and J. Gallagher pointed out some years ago that Europe’s acquisition of African territories in the latter part of the nineteenth century was simply ‘scraping the bottom of the barrel’ following more important seizures elsewhere;1 but any expectation that when the barrel of empire began to be emptied of its Asian contents in the late 1940s the African flotsam would be simultaneously ejected proved to be misplaced. In fact the late 1940s and early 1950s were the heyday of African empire, when it seemed to have a coherence and dynamic of its own. This coherence and dynamic was merely the reflection of the passing utility which Africa appeared to have for western Europe in its struggle for post-war economic survival; by the mid-1950s the appearance had faded because one set of metropolitan crises had, as we shall see later, been replaced by another. But these fissiparities were not evident at the time. ‘Development and welfare’ was the theme of the moment circa 1950, and it seemed that within this framework Euro-African relationships were bound to become tighter, not looser, over time.

As late as mid-1965 Viet Cong control of the area within a 30-mile radius of Saigon was vested in the Saigon-Gia Dinh Special Zone Committee, which operates through a Standing Group and several staff sections with the chain of command leading to committees of similar structure at the lower administrative levels. This paper deals with Viet Cong control in the fields of military affairs, propaganda, Communist Party organization security and intelligence, courier and liaison services, and financial and economic survival. Data used in this study are derived almost exclusively from Viet Cong sources available in the files of the American intelligence community. A comprehensive analysis of the subject would require access to data from Vietnamese and third-country files.

Havana and Moscow share a relationship of mutual benefits and costs, where each side values the other’s assets. Havana relies on Moscow’s economic and military aid — about US $4–5 billion annually — as vital support facilitating Cuba’s key policy goals: defence against US threats, economic survival, and prominence in the Third World. Moscow uses Cuba’s geostrategic proximity to the United States and backing of Third World revolutionary movements to undermine US power in Latin America and other Third World arenas. Neither Moscow nor Havana dominates the other, but each strives to maximise its benefits and minimise costs in their relations.

At a time of increasing demand, the extremely high cost of manual labor required to harvest fruit in table olive groves is limiting the economic survival of the crop in many producing countries. New grove designs and management practices such as superhigh-density (SHD) groves now in use in oil olive production should be explored as an option to facilitate mechanical harvesting in table olives. The feasibility of two table olive cultivars, Manzanilla de Sevilla and Manzanilla Caceren˜a, to be harvested in a 5- year-old SHD grove (1975 trees/ha) was studied in 2012 when trees of both cultivars formed highly productive continuous hedgerows (’10,000 and 18,000 kg·haL1 , respectively). The differences between manual and mechanical harvesting using a grape straddle harvester were evaluated taking into consideration harvesting time, efficiency in fruit removal, and fruit quality both before and after processing as Spanish-style green olives. The average harvest time per hectare with a grape straddle harvester was less than 1.7 hours compared with 576 person/hour or more when done manually. Fruit removal efficiency was high in both cases, 98% for mechanical treatment and 100% for hand treatment. Mechanically harvested fruits had a high proportion of bruising damage (greater than 90%) and the severity of the damage was greater in ‘Manzanilla de Sevilla’ than in ‘Manzanilla Caceren˜a’. After Spanish-style green processing, however, the proportion of bruised fruits was below 3% in each cultivar. The fruit size in both cultivars was suitable for table olive processing and only 7% and 4% of ‘Manzanilla de Sevilla’ and ‘Manzanilla Caceren˜a’ fruits, respectively, were diverted to oil extraction as a result of insufficient size. Small differences were found between processed ‘Manzanilla Caceren˜a’ fruits that were manually or mechanically harvested. In contrast, mechanically harvested ‘Manzanilla de Sevilla’ fruits showed a significantly higher proportion of cutting (18%), a type of damage that may take place during harvesting, and lower firmness and texture than those harvested manually.

In Reply. —Medical news tabloids—or "throwaway journals" or specialty magazines—have existed in an uneasy parallel realm with peer-reviewed scientific journals for some time. Readership studies indicate that these controlled-circulation publications are received and read (or at least scanned) by large numbers of physicians. However, caution has been urged in evaluating original scientific information presented in the tabloids on the grounds that these publications frequently obscure the distinction between extemporaneous clinical observation and proved scientific fact. 1,2 The unreliability, incompleteness, and inaccuracy of reporting by the tabloids thus becomes a crucial issue in evaluating the contribution of these publications to the medical community, as indicated by Mr Croes' correspondence. The burgeoning number of these publications in the last five years, which has threatened the economic survival of many peer-reviewed journals by diverting finite advertising revenue in a shrinking marketplace, has intensified the debate surrounding the tabloids' claim to legitimacy. Tabloids and

TENURE in medical schools is a relatively new phenomenon. It developed slowly, primarily because most medical schools consisted of parttime faculty until World War II. These part-time faculty were primarily clinicians who derived most of their income from the practice of medicine and were not dependent on the university for their economic survival. Although a number of medical schools had small basic science departments, even in them, tenure was not a subject of contention. Tenure developed in medical schools primarily as the medical schools became a progressively integral part of the university. It developed a much stronger base in public medical schools than in private medical schools, but was accepted even by the private schools, primarily to place them in a competitive position in the recruitment and retention of faculty and to provide employment security. The purposes of tenure are well known. It exists to protect faculty from adverse outside

How did working-class families make ends meet in the face of low, and often erratic, wages? This unusual piece of working-class social history explores the various ways that British industrial families and local communities responded to this most pressing of practical problems, and offers some stimulating new observations about economic survival for the working classes of late 19th- and early 20th-century Britain.

Peasant Inheritance Strategies in Russia Russian peasants in the nineteenth century used inheritance practices long associated with widespread socioeconomic mobility and egalitarianism. The Russian partible inheritance system mandated the equal division of land and other resources among all male children. Contemporary observers and twentieth-century scholars suggest that the frequent subdivision of property led to the breaking apart of large, prosperous households and promoted downward mobility. This custom, the scholars conclude, weakened village socioeconomic stratification. Recent studies indicate that Russian serfs, together with their owners, used the postponement of property division to ensure the economic survival of the newly created households. This article argues that Russian serfs in the first half of the nineteenth century employed a variety of additional inheritance strategies not only to prevent impoverishment, but also to protect the household's economic standing in the community. Many of the strategies successfully constrained socioeconomic mobility and buttressed stratification rather than encouraged egalitarianism.'

The question of how men are to live in a world which seems so little geared to their accomodation is of primary concern in all Dickens' novels. The depth and heaviness of the way in which the majority of men are compelled to live make up the travail of the actual which is variously confronted by major characters from Samuel Pickwick at the moment of his entry into Fleet Street Prison to Eugene Wrayburn in Our Mutual Friend who would prefer an existence " on an isolated rock in a stormy sea " (I, xii, 145) 1 over the exacerbating boredom of his present vassalage to society. It is not a matter of physical or economic survival that is at issue, though failure in both may also occur, but it is rather the human need to reconcile a widely cherished dream of what life ought to be like with the apprehension of what it really is. By the nineteenth century the world which had once seemed a sphere turning in accord with some celestial music had become a battleground where the forces of order and chaos appeared locked in tenebrous conflict. The gap between the individual and the universal appeared to be unbridgeable, for there was, as the narrator in Our Mutual Friend observes, an " immensity of space between mankind and Heaven " (IV, vi, 689). Such as it was, the busy, discordant world of the nineteenth

The author looks back over the hundred years that have passed since Perry opened up Japan and forward to the future of our relationship with Japan. He deals with the problems of Japan's rearmament and of its economic survival.