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This study evaluated prospective associations between self-reported and objectively measured physical activity (PA) and risk of falls among older adults. A cohort study started in 2014 with 1,451 community-dwelling older adults living in Pelotas, Brazil. Leisure-time PA was obtained by the International Physical Activity Questionnaire and 7-day raw accelerometer data evaluated for total, light PA, and moderate to vigorous PA. In 2016–2017, participants recorded their falls in the previous 12 months. Around 23% of the 1,161 participants followed-up in 2016–2017 experienced a fall in the last 12 months. Participants who did not spend any time in self-reported leisure-time PA at baseline had on average 34% higher risk of falls, and individuals in the lowest tertile for moderate to vigorous PA had on average 51% higher risk of falls compared to those in the highest tertile. Low levels of self-reported and objectively measured moderate to vigorous PA were related to higher risk of falling among Brazilian older adults. Objective and Self-Reported Physical Activity and Risk of Falling Among Community-Dwelling Older Adults From Southern Brazil

Background: Physical activity (PA) declines during childhood. Important sources of PA are active travel, organized sport and physical education (PE), but it is unclear which domain contributes most to improving and maintaining PA. Purpose: To examine cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between domain-specific PA (active travel, organised sport and PE) and daily moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) in children and adolescents. Methods: Participants (8.5-18 years at baseline) were drawn from three studies in the International Children���s Accelerometry Database (ICAD); n=3871 and n=2302 were included in cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses, respectively. Accelerometer-measured MVPA was regressed on self-reported standardised active travel, organised sport and PE in separate linear regression models, adjusted for study, age, sex, maternal education, season, and monitor wear time. Longitudinal analyses regressed changes in MVPA on baseline PA domain, additionally adjusted for change in season and wear time, follow-up duration, and baseline MVPA. R-squared was used to compare variance explained by each PA domain. Results: Cross-sectionally, organised sport showed the strongest magnitude of association (beta coefficient=3.81, p0.05; 21.5%). Associations followed a similar pattern in longitudinal analyses, albeit all non-significant. Conclusions: Childhood participation in organised sport contributed more to MVPA than active travel and PE cross-sectionally, but none of the PA domains predicted change in MVPA. A wide range of PA domains should be promoted to minimise the age-related decline in MVPA during childhood. Funding: UK Medical Research Council [MC_UU_00006/5]., The Health & Fitness Journal of Canada, Vol. 14 No. 3 (2021): Proceedings from the 8th International Society for Physical Activity and Health Congress

Background: What are the joint associations of physical activity/sedentary time and adiposity with mortality risk? Purpose: Determine the joint associations of total, light intensity physical activity (LPA), moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), and sedentary time with BMI in relation to all-cause mortality risk. Methods: Harmonized meta-analysis of 34,492 participants (2034 deaths) with a median age of 62.1 years from 8 population-based prospective cohort studies with device-measured physical activity and sedentary time. Follow-up ranged from 6.0 to 14.5 years. Standard BMI-based categories of weight-status were combined with tertiles of total, LPA, MVPA and sedentary time, yielding 9 combinations of weight status and physical activity for each activity exposure. All studies used multivariable-adjustment and excluded individuals with prevalent cardiovascular disease or cancer. Results: There was an inverse dose-response relationship between higher levels of total and intensity-specific physical activity and lower mortality within the normal- and overweight categories, but a clear dose-response relationship within the obese category was only observed for total physical activity. Sedentary time was not associated with mortality risk in individuals with obesity. Compared with the obese-low total activity reference, the HRs (95%CI) were 0.67 (0.48 to 0.94), 0.56 (0.40 to 0.79), and 0.59 (0.44 to 0.79) for the obese-high total activity, overweight-high total activity, and normal weight-high total activity groups. There was no difference in mortality risk between normal weight-low active and obese-low active individuals. Conclusions: Higher physical activity was associated with lower risk of mortality irrespective of weight status. Funding: No funding directly supported this work. Jakob Tarp was funded by the Research Council of Norway (249932/F20)., The Health & Fitness Journal of Canada, Vol. 14 No. 3 (2021): Proceedings from the 8th International Society for Physical Activity and Health Congress

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Background: Physical activity (PA) surveillance, policy, and research efforts need to be periodically appraised to gain insight into national and global capacities for PA promotion. The aim of this paper was to assess the status and trends in PA surveillance, policy, and research in 164 countries. Methods: We used data from the Global Observatory for Physical Activity (GoPA!) 2015 and 2020 surveys. Comprehensive searches were performed for each country to determine the level of development of their PA surveillance, policy, and research, and the findings were verified by the GoPA! Country Contacts. Trends were analyzed based on the data available for both survey years. Results: The global 5-year progress in all 3 indicators was modest, with most countries either improving or staying at the same level. PA surveillance, policy, and research improved or remained at a high level in 48.1%, 40.6%, and 42.1% of the countries, respectively. PA surveillance, policy, and research scores decreased or remained at a low level in 8.3%, 15.8%, and 28.6% of the countries, respectively. The highest capacity for PA promotion was found in Europe, the lowest in Africa and low- and lower-middle-income countries. Although a large percentage of the world’s population benefit from at least some PA policy, surveillance, and research efforts in their countries, 49.6 million people are without PA surveillance, 629.4 million people are without PA policy, and 108.7 million live in countries without any PA research output. A total of 6.3 billion people or 88.2% of the world’s population live in countries where PA promotion capacity should be significantly improved. Conclusion: Despite PA is essential for health, there are large inequalities between countries and world regions in their capacity to promote PA. Coordinated efforts are needed to reduce the inequalities and improve the global capacity for PA promotion.

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Additional file 1: Supplementary Table 1. Comparisons of characteristics of the included sample and the excluded sample. Supplementary Table 2. Means of MVPA and FMI by wealth index and education level among males. Supplementary Table 3. Means of MVPA and FMI by wealth index and education level among females. Supplementary Figure 1. Adjusted means of the change in fat mass (kg) from age 18 to 22 years by six MVPA groups among males. Supplementary Figure 2. Adjusted means of the change in fat mass (kg) from age 18 to 22 years by six MVPA groups among females. Supplementary Figure 3. Adjusted means of the change in BMI from age 18 to 22 years by six MVPA groups among males. Supplementary Figure 2. Adjusted means of the change in BMI from age 18 to 22 years by six MVPA groups among females. Supplementary Figure 5. Adjusted means of the change in fat mass (kg) from age 18 to 22 years by six wMVPA groups among males. Supplementary Figure 6. Adjusted means of the change in fat mass (kg) from age 18 to 22 years by six wMVPA groups among females.

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Funder: Bristol University, Funder: Loughborough University; Id: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100000857, Funder: Norges Idrettsh‐gskole, OBJECTIVES: To investigate associations of bedtimes and sleep durations with adiposity levels in children and adolescents. METHODS: Individual data were pooled for 12 247 children (5819 with follow-up adiposity at 2.3 ± 1.4 years post-baseline) and 3563 adolescents from 11 international studies. Associations between questionnaire-based sleep durations, bedtimes and four groups of combined bedtimes and sleep lengths (later-shorter [reference]/earlier-shorter/later-longer/earlier-longer) with measured adiposity (body mass index [BMI] and waist circumference z-scores) and weight status, were investigated. RESULTS: In children, longer sleep durations were consistently associated with lower adiposity markers, and earlier bedtimes were related to lower BMI z-score. Compared to sleeping

OBJECTIVES: Low and high birth weight is associated with higher levels of cardiometabolic risk factors and adiposity in children and adolescents, and increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases, obesity, and early mortality later in life. Moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) is associated with lower cardiometabolic risk factors and may mitigate the detrimental consequences of high or low birth weight. Thus, we examined whether MVPA modified the associations between birth weight and cardiometabolic risk factors in children and adolescents. METHODS: We used pooled individual data from 12 cohort- or cross-sectional studies including 9,100 children and adolescents. Birth weight was measured at birth or maternally reported retrospectively. Device-measured physical activity (PA) and cardiometabolic risk factors were measured in childhood or adolescence. We tested for associations between birth weight, MVPA, and cardiometabolic risk factors using multilevel linear regression, including study as a random factor. We tested for interaction between birth weight and MVPA by introducing the interaction term in the models (birth weight x MVPA). RESULTS: Most of the associations between birth weight (kg) and cardiometabolic risk factors were not modified by MVPA (min/day), except between birth weight and waist circumference (cm) in children (p = 0.005) and HDL-cholesterol (mmol/l) in adolescents (p = 0.040). Sensitivity analyses suggested that some of the associations were modified by VPA, i.e., the associations between birth weight and diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) in children (p = 0.009) and LDL- cholesterol (mmol/l) (p = 0.009) and triglycerides (mmol/l) in adolescents (p = 0.028). CONCLUSION: MVPA appears not to consistently modify the associations between low birth weight and cardiometabolic risk. In contrast, MVPA may mitigate the association between higher birth weight and higher waist circumference in children. MVPA is consistently associated with a lower cardiometabolic risk across the birth weight spectrum. Optimal prenatal growth and subsequent PA are both important in relation to cardiometabolic health in children and adolescents.

Background Physical activity may be a way to increase and maintain fat-free mass (FFM) in later life, similar to the prevention of fractures by increasing peak bone mass. Objectives A study is presented of the association between FFM and physical activity in relation to age. Methods In a cross-sectional study, FFM was analyzed in relation to physical activity in a large participant group as compiled in the International Atomic Energy Agency Doubly Labeled Water database. The database included 2000 participants, age 3–96 y, with measurements of total energy expenditure (TEE) and resting energy expenditure (REE) to allow calculation of physical activity level (PAL = TEE/REE), and calculation of FFM from isotope dilution. Results PAL was a main determinant of body composition at all ages. Models with age, fat mass (FM), and PAL explained 76% and 85% of the variation in FFM in females and males