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High spatial resolution images of polar mesospheric clouds (PMCs) from a camera array on board the Aeronomy of Ice in the Mesosphere (AIM) satellite have been obtained since 2007. The Cloud Imaging and Particle Size Experiment (CIPS) detects scattered ultraviolet (UV) radiance at a variety of scattering angles, allowing the scattering phase function to be measured for every image pixel. With well-established scattering theory, the mean particle size and ice water content (IWC) are derived. In the nominal mode of operation, approximately seven scattering angles are measured per cloud pixel. However, because of a change in the orbital geometry in 2016, a new mode of operation was implemented such that one scattering angle, or at most two, per pixel are now available. Thus particle size and IWC can no longer be derived from the standard CIPS algorithm. The Albedo-Ice Regression (AIR) method was devised to overcome this obstacle. Using data from both a microphysical model and from CIPS in its normal mode, we show that the AIR method provides sufficiently accurate average IWC so that PMC IWC can be retrieved from CIPS data into the future, even when albedo is not measured at multiple scattering angles. We also show from the model that 265 nm UV scattering is sensitive only to ice particle sizes greater than about 20–25 nm in (effective) radius and that the operational CIPS algorithm has an average error in retrieving IWC of -13±17 %.

Bluetongue is a vector-borne disease of ruminants caused by bluetongue virus (BTV). BTV can infect essentially all domestic and wild ruminants but the clinical outcome of infection differs substantially between host species. Clinical disease induced by BTV, including haemorrhagic fever in severe cases, is normally evident only in sheep. Conversely, cattle are more resilient to BTV infection, as they develop high levels of viremia and can be reservoirs of infection, but rarely show clinical signs. Here, we concentrated on BTV-host cell interactions using primary cells as an experimental system. First, we determined that BTV reaches higher titres in ovine cells, compared to bovine cells although it induces comparable levels of antiviral cytokines in both cell types. Importantly, these differences are abolished by inhibiting the Jak/Stat pathway. In addition, pre-treatment with interferon (IFN) severely hampers BTV replication in bovine, but not in ovine, primary cells. These data suggest that bovine, unlike ovine, IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) are effective in controlling BTV replication. Using a high-throughput flow cytometry approach, we screened an expression library of over 300 bovine ISGs to identify genes with antiviral properties against BTV. We have identified ∼10 bovine ISGs that negatively impact BTV replication (by at least 50%). Currently, we are assessing the sheep orthologues to the bovine ISGs of interest in order to investigate host-species differences. Our study provides novel insights on how bovine cells restrict BTV replication and could provide an intellectual framework to understand the host determinants involved in disease severity.

Viral infections induce profound cellular responses resulting the expression of hundreds of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs). Some ISGs have specific antiviral activity, while others regulate the cellular response. For most viruses, the specific antiviral ISG(s) is not known, which has potential consequences for the quest for new therapeutics. The ubiquitin-like protein ISG15 is a major regulator of antiviral response and inherited ISG15-deficiency leads to autoinflammatory interferonopathies where patients exhibit elevated ISG expression in the absence of infection. Using CRISPR/Cas9 knockout technology, we have recapitulated these effects in cultured cells, confirming ‘free’ ISG15’s role as a central regulator of type-I IFN antiviral response. We also show that during an antiviral response, ISG15-deficiency leads to significant physiological defects (inhibition of translation and proliferation) and resistance to parainfluenza viruses. We asked if virus resistance was due to the direct antiviral activity of ISGs, or whether cells were non-permissive due to physiological defects. We took advantage of the knowledge that IFIT1 is the principle antiviral ISG for parainfluenza virus 5 (PIV5). Knockdown of IFIT1 restored PIV5 infection in ISG15-deficient cells, confirming that resistance was due to the antiviral response and not due to physiological state related to ISG15-deficiency. We also compared infections with related viruses where IFIT1 has known intermediate antiviral activity (PIV2) and low activity (PIV3); restoration of replication with these viruses reflected their sensitivity to IFIT1 restriction. Based on the observations in IFIT1-knockdown cells, we propose a novel platform for the identification of antiviral ISGs based on recovery of virus infection.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa colonizes the airways of cystic fibrosis (CF) patients, causing infections that can last for decades. During the course of these infections, P. aeruginosa undergoes a number of genetic adaptations. One such adaptation is the loss of swimming motility functions. Another involves the formation of the rugose small colony variant (RSCV) phenotype, which is characterized by overproduction of the exopolysaccharides Pel and Psl. Here, we provide evidence that the two adaptations are linked. Using random transposon mutagenesis, we discovered that flagellar mutations are linked to the RSCV phenotype. We found that flagellar mutants overexpressed Pel and Psl in a surface-contact dependent manner. Genetic analyses revealed that flagellar mutants were selected for at high frequencies in biofilms, and that Pel and Psl expression provided the primary fitness benefit in this environment. Suppressor mutagenesis of flagellar RSCVs indicated that Psl overexpression required the mot genes, suggesting that the flagellum stator proteins function in a surface-dependent regulatory pathway for exopolysaccharide biosynthesis. Finally, we identified flagellar mutant RSCVs among CF isolates. The CF environment has long been known to select for flagellar mutants, with the classic interpretation being that the fitness benefit gained relates to an impairment of the host immune system to target a bacterium lacking a flagellum. Our new findings lead us to propose that exopolysaccharide production is a key gain-of-function phenotype that offers a new way to interpret the fitness benefits of these mutations., Author summary Microbiologists have known for decades that Pseudomonas aeruginosa mutates during chronic respiratory infection of cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. One of the most reported functions lost during these infections is flagellar motility. A long-standing interpretation of this observation is that the flagellum is disadvantageous for the bacterium in the CF environment. We report the surprising finding that mutation of a wide range of flagellar genes results in the overproduction of the biofilm matrix polysaccharides Psl and Pel. We propose, therefore, that flagellar mutations represent a gain-of-function that would help the bacterium to form biofilms and persist in the CF airways.

The Red Sea is characterised by a unique composition of species of fishes which, based on unpublished data of the present authors, currently consists of 1166 species from 159 families whose habitats range from shallow waters to the deep sea. There is a total of 1120 species in coastal waters of the Red Sea recorded within an overall depth range 0–200 m; among them, 165 species are exclusively endemics to the Red Sea, whilst another 51 species are restricted to the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden only, and 22 species living at depths greater than 200 m are endemic. As the westernmost peripheral area of the Indo-West Pacific region, the Red Sea is at the opposite end of the distributions of many widespread coral reef organisms that range to the easternmost regions, such as the Hawaiian Islands, Easter Island, and the Marquesas Islands. It is noted that these areas exhibit high percentages of endemism among coastal fishes. The Hawaiian archipelago has 30.7% of its fishes as endemic species; Easter Island has 21.7%, the Red Sea 14.7% (19.3% when combined with the Gulf of Aden), and the Marquesas Islands have 13.7% endemic fishes. The Red Sea is 2250 km in length and it is very deep, with an average depth of 490 m, and a maximum depth of 3040 m. As expected, the fish fauna is far from homogeneous. The most divergent sector is the Gulf of Aqaba. We have noted that its entrance to the rest of the Red Sea is shallow. It has a maximum width of only 24 km, but a maximum depth of 1850 m. The shore drops off quickly to deep water. The prevailing cross wind creates upwelling, resulting in surface sea temperature at least as low as 21 ℃. Twenty-two of 46 species of Red Sea fishes living at depths greater than 200 m in the Red Sea are endemic (48% endemism). The Gulf of Aqaba has 22 endemic coastal species of fishes and eight endemic deep-dwelling species. By contrast, the neighboring Gulf of Suez, with extensive sand flats and a maximum depth of 70 m, has only seven endemic species of fishes. Of the 165 endemic Red Sea species of fishes, only two are elasmobranchs. Twenty-three families of Red Sea fishes have more than 20% of endemic species with the highest rates of endemism occurring among the Pseudochromidae, Schindleriidae (83.3% and 100% respectively) and the family Gobiidae with the greatest number of endemic species (36 of 139 recorded species). A brief summary of the history of scientific research on Red Sea fishes is provided together with complete lists of endemic species for (i) the entire Red Sea (separately for coastal and deep-dwelling fishes); (ii) the Red Sea combined with the Gulf of Aden; (iii) the Gulf of Aqaba and the Gulf of Suez; and (iv) Lessepsian migrants. Ongoing research is likely to reveal additional endemic species in the region.

Aims Soil biosolarization (SBS) is a pest control technology that includes the incorporation of organic matter into soil prior to solarization. The objective of this study was to measure the impact of the initial soil microbiome on the temporal evolution of genes encoding lignocellulose-degrading enzymes during SBS. Methods and results Soil biosolarization field experiments were completed using green waste (GW) as a soil amendment and in the presence and absence of compost activating inoculum. Samples were collected over time and at two different soil depths for measurement of the microbial community and the predicted lignocellulosic-degrading microbiome. Compost inoculum had a significant positive effect on several predicted genes encoding enzymes involved in cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin degradation. These included beta-glucosidase, endo-1,3(4)-beta-glucanase, alpha-galactosidase and laccase. Conclusion Amendment of micro-organisms found in compost to soil prior to SBS enhanced the degradation potential of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin found in GW. Significance and impact of the study The type of organic matter amended and its biotransformation by soil micro-organisms impact the efficacy of SBS. The results suggest that co-amending highly recalcitrant biomass with micro-organisms found in compost improves biomass conversion during SBS.

We thank the High-Throughput Genomics Group at the Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics (funded by Wellcome Trust grant 090532/Z/09/Z) for the generation of adapter-ligated mvRNA sequencing data. This work was supported by the Wellcome Trust grant 098721/Z/12/Z, the joint Wellcome Trust and Royal Society grant 206579/Z/17/Z and a Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) grant 825.11.029 to A.J.W.t.V.; EPA Cephalosporin Junior Research Fellowship to D.L.V.B.; support by the Intramural Research Program of NIAID, NIH, to E.d.W.; Research Grants Council of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China, project no. T11-705/14N and a Croucher Senior Research Fellowship to L.L.M.P.; and Medical Research Council (MRC) programme grants MR/K000241/1 and MR/R009945/1 to E.F. and studentship to J.C.L. The molecular processes that determine the outcome of influenza virus infection in humans are multifactorial and involve a complex interplay between host, viral and bacterial factors1. However, it is generally accepted that a strong innate immune dysregulation known as ‘cytokine storm’ contributes to the pathology of infections with the 1918 H1N1 pandemic or the highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses of the H5N1 subtype2,3,4. The RNA sensor retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) plays an important role in sensing viral infection and initiating a signalling cascade that leads to interferon expression5. Here, we show that short aberrant RNAs (mini viral RNAs (mvRNAs)), produced by the viral RNA polymerase during the replication of the viral RNA genome, bind to and activate RIG-I and lead to the expression of interferon-β. We find that erroneous polymerase activity, dysregulation of viral RNA replication or the presence of avian-specific amino acids underlie mvRNA generation and cytokine expression in mammalian cells. By deep sequencing RNA samples from the lungs of ferrets infected with influenza viruses, we show that mvRNAs are generated during infection in vivo. We propose that mvRNAs act as the main agonists of RIG-I during influenza virus infection. Postprint

The availability and quality of forage on the landscape constitute the foodscape within which animals make behavioral decisions to acquire food. Novel changes to the foodscape, such as human disturbance, can alter behavioral decisions that favor avoidance of perceived risk over food acquisition. Although behavioral changes and population declines often coincide with the introduction of human disturbance, the link(s) between behavior and population trajectory are difficult to elucidate. To identify a pathway by which human disturbance may affect ungulate populations, we tested the Behaviorally Mediated Forage‐Loss Hypothesis, wherein behavioral avoidance is predicted to reduce use of available forage adjacent to disturbance. We used GPS collar data collected from migratory mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) to evaluate habitat selection, movement patterns, and time‐budgeting behavior in response to varying levels of forage availability and human disturbance in three different populations exposed to a gradient of energy development. Subsequently, we linked animal behavior with measured use of forage relative to human disturbance, forage availability, and quality. Mule deer avoided human disturbance at both home range and winter range scales, but showed negligible differences in vigilance rates at the site level. Use of the primary winter forage, sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata), increased as production of new annual growth increased but use decreased with proximity to disturbance. Consequently, avoidance of human disturbance prompted loss of otherwise available forage, resulting in indirect habitat loss that was 4.6‐times greater than direct habitat loss from roads, well pads, and other infrastructure. The multiplicative effects of indirect habitat loss, as mediated by behavior, impaired use of the foodscape by reducing the amount of available forage for mule deer, a consequence of which may be winter ranges that support fewer animals than they did before development.

Excessive type I interferon (IFNα/β) activity is implicated in a spectrum of human disease, yet its direct role remains to be conclusively proven. We investigated two siblings with severe early-onset autoinflammatory disease and an elevated IFN signature. Whole exome sequencing revealed a shared homozygous missense Arg148Trp variant in STAT2, a transcription factor that functions exclusively downstream of innate IFNs. Cells bearing STAT2(R148W) in homozygosity (but not heterozygosity) were hypersensitive to IFNα/β, manifest as prolonged JAK-STAT signaling and transcriptional activation. We show that this gain of IFN activity results from the failure of mutant STAT2(R148W) to interact with ubiquitin specific protease 18 (USP18), a key STAT2-dependent negative regulator of IFNα/β signaling. These observations reveal an essential in vivo function of STAT2 in the regulation of human IFNα/β signaling, providing concrete evidence of the serious pathological consequences of unrestrained IFNα/β activity and supporting efforts to target this pathway therapeutically in IFN-associated disease.

In The Ethics of Care, Virginia Held (2006) explores what values of care might fulfil normative criteria for evaluating the moral worth of relations. Held identifies seven potential values: attentiveness, empathy, mutual concern, sensitivity, responsiveness, taking responsibility, and trustworthiness. Though Held’s work is helpful as a starting point for conceptualizing some normative criteria, two problems need addressing. First, Held does not provide sufficient justification for why these potential values ought to be considered genuine values in the care ethical framework. Second, Held overlooks two other potential values cited in the care literature: competence (Tronto 1993) and respect (Engster 2007). This paper builds upon Held’s work to offer a more coherent understanding of the values of care. It does so by scrutinizing and conceptually organizing the above nine potential values. Of these nine, only four are considered genuine values: attentiveness, mutual concern, responsiveness, and trustworthiness. It is concluded that good caring relations are those that exemplify the four values of care in their deliverance of caring practices.

An ozonesonde profile over the Network for Detection of Stratospheric Change (NDSC) site at Lauder (45.0° S, 169.7° E), New Zealand, for 24 December 1998 showed atypically low ozone centered around 24 km altitude (600 K potential temperature). The origin of the anomaly is explained using reverse domain filling (RDF) calculations combined with a PV/O3 fitting technique applied to ozone measurements from the Polar Ozone and Aerosol Measurement (POAM) III instrument. The RDF calculations for two isentropic surfaces, 550 and 600 K, show that ozone-poor air from the Antarctic polar vortex reached New Zealand on 24–26 December 1998. The vortex air on the 550 K isentrope originated in the ozone hole region, unlike the air on 600 K where low ozone values were caused by dynamical effects. High-resolution ozone maps were generated, and their examination shows that a vortex remnant situated above New Zealand was the cause of the altered ozone profile on 24 December. The maps also illustrate mixing of the vortex filaments into southern midlatitudes, whereby the overall mid-latitude ozone levels were decreased.Key words. Atmospheric composition and structure (middle atmosphere composition and chemistry) – Meteorology and atmospheric dynamics (middle atmosphere dynamics)

Background Reducing monies spent on unnecessary medical care is one possible target to improve value in healthcare systems. Regional variation in the provision of medical care suggests physician behaviour and patient demands influence the provision of unnecessary medical care. Recently, Choosing Wisely campaigns began using ‘top 5 do-not-do’ lists to target unnecessary medical care by encouraging greater physician and patient dialogue at the point of care. The present study aims to examine the rationale for Choosing Wisely Canada’s (CWC) design and to analyse physician perceptions regarding the features of CWC aimed to reduce unnecessary medical care. Methods The study involved semi-structured interviews with 19 key informant physicians with CWC experience and the application of procedures of grounded theory to analyse interview transcripts and develop explanations addressing the objectives. Results Participants reported that the CWC was the medical community’s response to three pressures, namely (1) demand for unnecessary medical care from patients during the clinical encounter; (2) public perception that physicians do not always prioritise patients’ needs; and (3) ‘blunt’ government tools aimed to reduce costs rather than improving patient care. Respondents stated that involving the patient in decision-making would help alleviate these pressures by promoting the clinical encounter as the paramount decision-point in achieving necessary care. However, CWC does not address several of the key reasons, from a physician perspective, for providing unnecessary medical care, including time pressures in the clinical encounter, uncertainty about the optimal care pathway and fear of litigation. Conclusion This study contributes to our understanding of the perceptions of physicians regarding the CWC campaign. Specifically, physicians believe that CWC does little to address the clinical reasons for unnecessary medical care. Ultimately, because CWC has limited impact on physician behaviour or patient expectations, it is unlikely to have a major influence on unnecessary medical care.

A new species of alpheid-shrimp-associated goby is described from Guadalcanal in the Solomon Islands based on the holotype (49.1 mm SL male) taken at a depth of 54 m. Diagnostic features include a dark longitudinal stripe extending midlaterally along the head and body from the eye to the caudal-fin base; the body crossed by a wide gray bar at midbody; the dorsal fins with yellow spots, and yellow margins on first dorsal fin; narrow yellow lines on the postorbital side of head behind the eye; the first dorsal fin of moderate height, less than head length; 20 scales on the predorsal midline; scales in the longitudinal series 62; dorsal-fin elements VI-I,10; anal-fin elements I,9; and the gill membranes fused together and to the isthmus along the ventral midline. A key to the species is provided. The relationship between Myersina and Cryptocentrus is discussed.

This work investigates middle atmosphere effects of the September 2005 solar flares and solar proton events (SPEs). X‐17 and X‐6.2 flares occurred on 7 and 9 September, respectively, while two moderate SPEs occurred on 10 and 15 September. Flare ionization and dissociation were calculated in the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model (WACCM) using the Flare Irradiance Spectral Model. Proton measurements from the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite system were used to compute solar proton ionization. SPEs are shown to have a larger impact than solar flares on the polar stratosphere and mesosphere; however, flares have a larger influence on the sunlit and equatorial lower thermosphere. The two flares differed significantly with respect to photon spectrum. The larger, X‐17 flare was stronger during the impulsive phase, while the X‐6.2 flare was stronger during the gradual phase. This resulted in the X‐17 flare causing more initial ionization but for a shorter duration. The simulated flare impacts also differed because specific wavelengths of the flares influenced the atmosphere above the model top. Model‐measurement comparisons show that WACCM captures the overall timing and spatial distribution of the observed electron enhancements, indicating a reasonable simulation of flare and SPE‐induced ionization. Both the SPEs and flares caused odd nitrogen increases in the mesosphere. Odd hydrogen produced in the lower mesosphere by the SPEs led to short‐lived ozone decreases of nearly 100%. The flares caused small temperature increases in the lower thermosphere but had no effect on the stratosphere.

Aim: This study compares the phylogeography, population structure and evolution of four butterflyfish species in the Chaetodon subgenus Corallochaetodon, with two widespread species (Indian Ocean - C. trifasciatus and Pacific Ocean - C. lunulatus), and two species that are largely restricted to the Red Sea (C. austriacus) and north-western (NW) Indian Ocean (C. melapterus). Through extensive geographical coverage of these taxa, we seek to resolve patterns of genetic diversity within and between closely related butterflyfish species in order to illuminate biogeographical and evolutionary processes. Location: Red Sea, Indian Ocean and Pacific Ocean. Methods: A total of 632 individuals from 24 locations throughout the geographical ranges of all four members of the subgenus Corallochaetodon were sequenced using a 605 bp fragment (cytochrome b) of mtDNA. In addition, 10 microsatellite loci were used to assess population structure in the two widespread species. Results: Phylogenetic reconstruction indicates that the Pacific Ocean C. lunulatus diverged from the Indian Ocean C. trifasciatus approximately 3 Ma, while C. melapterus and C. austriacus comprise a cluster of shared haplotypes derived from C. trifasciatus within the last 0.75 Myr. The Pacific C. lunulatus had significant population structure at peripheral locations on the eastern edge of its range (French Polynesia, Johnston Atoll, Hawai'i), and a strong break between two ecoregions of the Hawaiian Archipelago. The Indian Ocean C. trifasciatus showed significant structure only at the Chagos Archipelago in the central Indian Ocean, and the two range-restricted species showed no population structure but evidence of recent population expansion. Main conclusions: Patterns of endemism and genetic diversity in Corallochaetodon butterflyfishes have been shaped by (1) Plio-Pleistocene sea level changes that facilitated evolutionary divergences at biogeographical barriers between Indian and Pacific Oceans, and the Indian Ocean and Red Sea, and (2) semi-permeable oceanographic and ecological barriers working on a shorter time-scale. The evolution of range-restricted species (Red Sea and NW Indian Ocean) and isolated populations (Hawai'i) at peripheral biogeographical provinces indicates that these areas are evolutionary incubators for reef fishes.

A major cause of mortality in epilepsy patients is sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP). Post-ictal respiratory dysfunction following generalized convulsive seizures is most commonly observed in witnessed cases of human SUDEP. DBA mouse models of SUDEP are induced by audiogenic seizures (AGSz) and show high incidences of seizure-induced death due to respiratory depression. The relatively low incidence of human SUDEP suggests that it may be useful to examine seizure-associated death in an AGSz model that rarely exhibits sudden death, such as genetically epilepsy-prone rats (GEPR-9s). Adenosine is released extensively during seizures and depresses respiration, which may contribute to seizure-induced death. The present study examined the effects of inhibiting adenosine metabolism on the durations of post-ictal depression (PID) and respiratory distress (RD), changes in blood oxygen saturation (% SpO2), and the incidence of post-seizure mortality in GEPR-9s. Systemic administration of adenosine metabolism inhibitors, erythro-9-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl) adenine (EHNA, 30 mg/kg) with 5-Iodotubericidin (5-ITU, 3mg/kg) in GEPR-9s resulted in significant changes in the duration of AGSz-induced PID as compared to vehicle in both genders. These agents also significantly increased the duration of post-seizure RD and significantly decreased the mean% SpO2 after AGSz, as compared to vehicle but only in females. Subsequently, we observed that the incidences of death in both genders 12-48 h post-seizure were significantly greater in drug vs. vehicle treatment. The incidence of death in females was also significantly higher than in males, which is consistent with the elevated seizure sensitivity of female GEPR-9s developmentally. These results support a potentially important role of elevated adenosine levels following generalized seizures in the increased incidence of death in GEPR-9s induced by adenosine metabolism inhibitors. These findings may also be relevant to human SUDEP, in light of the elevated adenosine levels that occur post-ictally in humans and its respiratory depressant actions.

The need for developing an ethic(s) of climate change is characterized by the far ranging and complex moral questions that arise through the anthropogenic warming of the earth. This paper provides a literary review of recent advancements in climate change ethics, primarily concerning the issue of climate justice. The books examined are The Moral Challenge of Dangerous Climate Change: Values, Poverty, and Policy, by Darrel Moellendorf; Reason in a Dark Time: Why the Struggle against Climate Change Failed—and What It Means for Our Future, by Dale Jamieson; and Research, Action and Policy: Addressing the Gendered Impacts of Climate Change, edited by Margaret Alston and Kerri Whittenbury.

Background Youth with mental health disorders often experience challenges when transitioning into adult roles (e.g. independent living, work and community engagement). Health interventions that address the needs of youth with mental health disorders during these challenges in their development (i.e. developmental transitions) have not been reviewed in the literature. This scoping review examines the peer-reviewed research that describes evaluated interventions addressing developmental transitions for youth with mental health disorders. Methods A search of four prominent health literature databases (CINAHL, Embase, MEDLINE and PsycINFO) was conducted to identify evaluated developmental transition interventions for adolescents and youth (12–25 years) with mental health disorders. Study selection and analysis were guided by a methodological framework for conducting scoping reviews. Selected studies were described, assessed for quality and collated based on ten dimensions from two notable conceptual frameworks in developmental transitions and disability. Results Nine studies met the inclusion criteria. The interventions within these studies demonstrated five specialized and four multi-faceted programmes (i.e. multiple domains). All domains from the two conceptual frameworks were represented differently across studies. The sub-domains from these studies were most frequently related to vocational-focused interventions, least frequently related to social activities and living situation and did not explicitly map onto the sexuality sub-domain. Three multi-faceted interventions incorporated all domains and utilized each intervention approach. Study quality was rated for seven of the nine studies. Quantitative methodology for five of the seven studies was rated as higher quality. Conclusions Evaluated interventions described in the transitions literature for youth with mental health disorders predominantly focus on vocational needs. The least studied areas were the personal and interpersonal domains. These domains were only incorporated within interventions addressing multiple domains of developmental transitions. These insights can be helpful in guiding evidence-based practice and policy development, as well as informing gaps for future research programmes.

The health needs of the lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) population are traditionally overlooked by the health care community and are rendered invisible by most nursing school curricula. Initial contact with a nurse during a health history and assessment can have an impact on whether the person will feel comfortable disclosing his or her identity, returning for services, or following plans of care. Because the first interaction with a nurse can be critical, the health assessment course is an appropriate place in the curriculum to discuss the needs of the LGBT community. This article includes a discussion of unique health risks to the LGBT population, benefits, and challenges of incorporating these issues into the classroom and recommendations for including the care of this population into a health assessment nursing course. Specific communication techniques are provided that may be helpful during history taking and physical examination with a patient who is LGBT. Guidance regarding physical examination of the transgender patient is also included. These suggestions will be helpful to nurse faculty who teach health assessment, nursing students, educators who design and implement professional development and continuing education for established nurses, preceptors in the clinical setting, and any nurse who is unfamiliar with the needs and concerns specific to the LGBT population.

There has been a call for further research regarding immigrant experience in second- and third-tier Canadian cities. This study examines perceptions of immigrant quality of life (QOL) in three smaller urban areas: 1) Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island; 2) Hamilton, Ontario; and, 3) Saskatoon, Saskatchewan. The underlying objective is to further our knowledge of immigrants' perceptions of QOL in these smaller centres and, in so doing, contribute to the understanding of immigrant integration and adaptation. This article employed a mixed-methods approach consisting of a household-based telephone survey (n=1,529) and a series of focus groups (n=11). Four components of QOL were examined: 1) overall perceptions of QOL, 2) the direction in which research respondents feel their city is headed, 3) perceptions of the quality of schools and recreation programs in the research respondent's neighbourhood, and 4) cultural integration. The research found that immigrants have lower perceptions of QOL than Canadian-born individuals, a finding that echoes research into immigrant QOL in the country's largest urban centres. Resume Les perceptions par les immigrants de la qualite de vie dans trois villes canadiennes de deuxieme et troisieme rang On a reclame des travaux de recherche portant sur l'experience des immigrants dans des villes canadiennes de deuxieme et troisieme rang. Cette etude s'interesse aux perceptions de la qualite de vie des immigrants dans trois milieux urbains de petite taille : 1) Charlottetown, Ile-du-Prince-Edouard; 2) Hamilton, Ontario; et, 3) Saskatoon, Saskatchewan. Elle a pour principal objet de contribuer a l'avancement des connaissances sur la perception de la qualite de vie (QdV) par des immigrants vivant dans ces petits centres urbains et, ce faisant, contribuer a la comprehension de l'integration et de l'adaptation des nouveaux arrivants. L'etude a privilegie une methodologie mixte : un sondage telephonique mene aupres de menages (n = 1529) et la tenue de groupes de discussion (n = 11). L'accent a ete mis sur les quatre composantes de la QdV suivantes : 1) la perception globale de la QdV, 2) l'idee que les repondants se font quant a l'avenir de leur ville, 3) la perception de la qualite des ecoles et des programmes de loisirs de leur quartier de residence, et 4) l'integration culturelle. Il ressort de ces travaux que les personnes issues de l'immigration ont des perceptions moins bonnes de la QdV que celles nees au Canada. Cette conclusion presente des similitudes avec les travaux effectues sur la QdV des immigrants dans les grands centres urbains du pays.

Aim Broadly distributed reef fishes tend to have high gene flow mediated by a pelagic larval phase. Here, we survey a reef-associated fish distributed across half the tropical oceans, from the Red Sea to the central Pacific. Our goal is to determine whether genetic structure of the broadly distributed Yellowstripe Goatfish (Mulloidichthys flavolineatus) is defined by biogeographical barriers, or facilitated via larval dispersal. Location Red Sea, Indian Ocean, Pacific Ocean Methods Specimens were obtained at 19 locations from the Red Sea to Hawai'i. Genetic data include mtDNA cytochrome b (n = 217) and 12 microsatellite loci (n = 185). Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA), structure, a parsimony network and coalescence analyses were used to resolve recent population history and connectivity. Results Population structure was significant (mtDNA ϕST = 0.68, P

We compare simulations of mesospheric tracer descent in the winter and spring of 2009 with two versions of the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model (WACCM), both with specified dynamics. One is constrained with data from the Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications which extends from 0 to 50 km; the other uses the Navy Operational Global Atmospheric Prediction System-Advanced Level Physics High Altitude (NOGAPS-ALPHA) which extends up to 92 km. By comparison with Solar Occultation for Ice Experiment data we show that constraining WACCM to NOGAPS-ALPHA yields a dramatic improvement in the simulated descent of enhanced nitric oxide (NO) and very low methane (CH4). We suggest that constraining to NOGAPS-ALPHA compensates for an underestimate of nonorographic gravity wave drag in WACCM. Other possibilities, such as missing energetic particle precipitation or underestimated eddy diffusion, are less likely for the Arctic winter and spring of 2009.

We use data from the Aeronomy of Ice in the Mesosphere (AIM) explorer and from the NASA Modern Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA) stratospheric analysis to explore the variability in the onset of the Northern Hemisphere (NH) Polar Mesospheric Cloud (PMC) season. Consistent with recently published results, we show that the early onset of the NH PMC season in 2013 was accompanied by a warm springtime stratosphere; conversely, we show that the late onset in 2008 coincides with a very cold springtime stratosphere. Similar stratospheric temperature anomalies for 1997 and 2011 also are connected either directly, through observed temperatures, or indirectly, through an early PMC onset, to conditions near the mesopause. These 4 years, 2008, 1997, 2011, and 2013 represent the extremes of stratospheric springtime temperatures seen in the MERRA analysis and correspond to analogous extrema in planetary wave activity. The three years with enhanced planetary wave activity (1997, 2011 and 2013) are shown to coincide with the recently identified stratospheric Frozen In Anticyclone (FrIAC) phenomenon. FrIACs in 1997 and 2013 are associated with early PMC onsets; however, the dramatic FrIAC of 2011 is not. This may be because the 2011 FrIAC occurred too early in the spring. The link between NH PMC onset and stratospheric FrIAC occurrences represents a new mode of coupling between the stratosphere and mesosphere. Since FrIACs appear to be more frequent in recent years, we speculate that as a result, PMCs may occur earlier as well. Finally we compare the zonal mean zonal winds and observed gravity wave activity for the FrIACs of 2011 and 2013. We find no evidence that gravity wave activity was favored in 2013 relative to 2011, thus suggesting that direct forcing by planetary waves was the key mechanism in accelerating the cooling and moistening of the NH mesopause region in May of 2013.

International audience; The second messenger cyclic diguanylate (c-di-GMP) controls diverse cellular processes among bacteria. Diguanylate cyclases synthesize c-di-GMP, whereas it is degraded by c-di-GMP-specific phosphodiesterases (PDEs). Nearly 80% of these PDEs are predicted to depend on the catalytic function of glutamate-alanine-leucine (EAL) domains, which hydrolyze a single phosphodiester group in c-di-GMP to produce 5'-phosphoguanylyl-(3',5')-guanosine (pGpG). However, to degrade pGpG and prevent its accumulation, bacterial cells require an additional nuclease, the identity of which remains unknown. Here we identify oligoribonuclease (Orn)-a 3'→5' exonuclease highly conserved among Actinobacteria, Beta-, Delta- and Gammaproteobacteria-as the primary enzyme responsible for pGpG degradation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa cells. We found that a P. aeruginosa Δorn mutant had high intracellular c-di-GMP levels, causing this strain to overexpress extracellular polymers and overproduce biofilm. Although recombinant Orn degraded small RNAs in vitro, this enzyme had a proclivity for degrading RNA oligomers comprised of two to five nucleotides (nanoRNAs), including pGpG. Corresponding with this activity, Δorn cells possessed highly elevated pGpG levels. We found that pGpG reduced the rate of c-di-GMP degradation in cell lysates and inhibited the activity of EAL-dependent PDEs (PA2133, PvrR, and purified recombinant RocR) from P. aeruginosa. This pGpG-dependent inhibition was alleviated by the addition of Orn. These data suggest that elevated levels of pGpG exert product inhibition on EAL-dependent PDEs, thereby increasing intracellular c-di-GMP in Δorn cells. Thus, we propose that Orn provides homeostatic control of intracellular pGpG under native physiological conditions and that this activity is fundamental to c-di-GMP signal transduction.

A cloud pattern matching technique is applied to polar mesospheric cloud (PMC) images taken by the Cloud Imaging and Particle Size instrument (CIPS) to infer the wind velocities in the mesopause region. CIPS measurements are analyzed to detect patterns that repeat from one orbit to the next but are displaced in location; the displacement provides a measure of the wind velocity. Pattern matching is achieved by resampling the CIPS data to longitude and latitude grids with the grid-box size forced at ~5 km in both directions. The correlated patterns are searched within a geographic region referred to as a “frame” of ~500 km in longitude × 400 km in latitude. The histograms of the derived velocities indicate that easterly winds prevail, with a mean zonal wind of −20 to −15 m/s. Mean meridional winds are overall small, but in late summer the histogram indicated a poleward wind of ~20–30 m/s. The variability of CIPS cloud albedo on consecutive orbits is also examined at fixed geolocations. The statistical results suggest that ~86% of pairs underwent mean cloud albedo variation of < 50% on consecutive orbits, suggesting a moderate change. It is also found that the correlation of the cloud structures between two consecutive orbits at a fixed location is generally poor. These findings suggest that cloud patterns are subject to wind advection, but the cloud patches are more extended in size than the movement that occurs. Cloud voids are found to be more likely to remain at the same geolocations.

Nadir viewing observations of Polar Mesospheric Clouds (PMCs) from the Cloud Imaging and Particle Size (CIPS) instrument on the Aeronomy of Ice in the Mesosphere (AIM) spacecraft are compared to Common Volume (CV), limb-viewing observations by the Solar Occultation For Ice Experiment (SOFIE) also on AIM. CIPS makes multiple observations of PMC-scattered UV sunlight from a given location at a variety of geometries and uses the variation of the radiance with scattering angle to determine a cloud albedo, particle size distribution, and Ice Water Content (IWC). SOFIE uses IR solar occultation in 16 channels (0.3–5 μm) to obtain altitude profiles of ice properties including the particle size distribution and IWC in addition to temperature, water vapor abundance, and other environmental parameters. CIPS and SOFIE made CV observations from 2007 to 2009. In order to compare the CV observations from the two instruments, SOFIE observations are used to predict the mean PMC properties observed by CIPS. Initial agreement is poor with SOFIE predicting particle size distributions with systematically smaller mean radii and a factor of two more albedo and IWC than observed by CIPS. We show that significantly improved agreement is obtained if the PMC ice is assumed to contain 0.5% meteoric smoke by mass, in agreement with previous studies. We show that the comparison is further improved if an adjustment is made in the CIPS data processing regarding the removal of Rayleigh scattered sunlight below the clouds. This change has an effect on the CV PMC, but is negligible for most of the observed clouds outside the CV. Finally, we examine the role of the assumed shape of the ice particle size distribution. Both experiments nominally assume the shape is Gaussian with a width parameter roughly half of the mean radius. We analyze modeled ice particle distributions and show that, for the column integrated ice distribution, Log-normal and Exponential distributions better represent the range of masses that contribute to the IWC. We further show that agreement between SOFIE and CIPS is further improved with the assumption of either Log-normal or Exponential ice particle size distributions. This improvement suggests that the range of mass bearing particle radii is larger, but not significantly shifted from what is obtained by assuming a Gaussian distribution. The assumption of an Exponential particle size distribution, as shown to be justifiable here, has the attractive benefits of being characterized with a single parameter, the mean radius, which greatly facilitates studies of the spatial and temporal variation of PMC particle size distributions as well as comparisons between observations and models. Overall, our results represent a validation of both the CIPS and SOFIE datasets.

The NASA Aeronomy of Ice in the Mesosphere (AIM) satellite is the first spaceborne mission dedicated to studying high-altitude (~83 km) Polar Mesospheric Clouds (PMCs). Since its launch in 2007, the Cloud Imaging and Particle Size (CIPS) instrument onboard AIM has obtained large-field, high resolution (25 km2/pixel) images of the PMCs, enabling a unique investigation of mesospheric gravity wave activity in the summer polar mesosphere where previous measurements have been sparse. In this study, we have analyzed 12 consecutive seasons of AIM/CIPS PMC albedo data to determine the statistical properties of medium and large horizontal scale (>100 km) gravity waves present in the PMC data. Over 60,000 wave events with horizontal scale-sizes ranging up to >2000 km have been identified and measured, revealing a wealth of wave events particularly in the ~300–800 km range where our analysis sensitivity is largest. These data are ideal for investigating the intra-seasonal, inter-annual and hemispheric variability of these waves as observed over the whole summer polar cap regions. Throughout this 6 year study, the wave activity in the southern hemisphere was found to be consistently 10–15% higher than in the northern hemisphere and both the northern and southern hemisphere wave activity was determined to decrease systematically (by ~15%) during the course of each summer season. This decrease agrees well with previous seasonal stratospheric studies of variations in the wave energy, suggesting a direct influence of the lower atmospheric sources on polar mesospheric dynamics. Very similar and consistent results were also found from season to season in both hemispheres providing new information for gravity wave modeling and dynamical studies of the high-latitude summer-time mesosphere.

The fractal perimeter dimension is a fundamental property of clouds. It describes the cloud shape and is used to improve the understanding of atmospheric processes responsible for cloud shapes. von Savigny et al. (2011) determined the fractal perimeter dimension of noctilucent clouds (or polar mesospheric clouds) for the first time based on a limited data set of cloud images observed with the CIPS (Cloud Imaging and Particle Size) instrument on board the AIM (Aeronomy of Ice in the Mesosphere) satellite. This paper builds on von Savigny et al. (2011) by first presenting a sensitivity analysis of the determination of the fractal perimeter dimension, and secondly presenting results on the seasonal and interhemispheric differences of the perimeter dimension of noctilucent clouds (NLCs). The same method as in the earlier study is applied to an extended data set of satellite images of noctilucent cloud fields taken with the CIPS experiment. The sensitivity studies reveal that cloud holes play an important role for the area–perimeter method, since excluding clouds with holes reduces the dimension value by up to 3%. The results on the fractal perimeter dimension over six NLC seasons from 2007 to 2009 demonstrate that the dimension values of the NLCs neither show significant differences between the seasons nor between the hemispheres.

The new species Tosanoidesannepatricesp. n. is described from four specimens collected at depths of 115–148 m near Palau and Pohnpei in Micronesia. It differs from the other three species of this genus in life color and in certain morphological characters, such as body depth, snout length, anterior three dorsal-fin spine lengths, caudal-fin length, and other characters. There are also genetic differences from the other four species of Tosanoides (d ≈ 0.04–0.12 in mtDNA cytochrome oxidase I). This species is presently known only from Palau and Pohnpei within Micronesia, but it likely occurs elsewhere throughout the tropical western Pacific.

Youth shifting to adult mental health services often report experiencing frustrations with accessing care that adequately replaces the youth services they had received. This systematic review assesses the peer reviewed evidence on services/programs aimed at addressing youth to adult transitions in mental health services. Findings suggest little data exists on the effectiveness of transition services/programs. While the available evidence supports meetings between youth and youth caseworkers prior to transitions occurring, it also verifies that this is not common practice. Other identified barriers to effective transitions were categorized as logistical (ineffective system communication), organizational (negative incentives), and related to clinical governance.

S U M M A R Y Methods for detecting, associating and locating infrasound events recorded on the global International Monitoring System (IMS) infrasound network are presented. By using likelihood arguments, and reducing the use of empirically determined parameters, our techniques enable us to formally quantify the false alarm rate at both station and network levels, and to calculate confidence areas for event localization. We outline a new association technique that uses graph theory for associating arrivals at multiple spatially separated stations, and perform Monte Carlo simulations to quantify the performance of the scheme under different scenarios. The detection, association and location techniques are applied to 10 large events in the Reviewed Event Bulletin of the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty Organization. Out of 10 events, a total of seven were automatically detected and associated. By analysing the three missed events, we identify improvements that might be made to improve the algorithms.

The effect of abrogating the interferon (IFN) response on human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) replication was investigated using primary human cells engineered to block either the production of or the response to type I IFNs. In IFN-deficient cells, HCMV produced larger plaques and spread and replicated more rapidly than in parental cells. These cells demonstrate the vital role of IFNs in controlling HCMV replication and provide useful tools to investigate the IFN response to HCMV.

Bronchiolitis is a common respiratory illness and is a leading cause of hospitalisation in infancy. We aimed to appraise three recent national bronchiolitis guidelines produced by the Australasian Paediatric Research in Emergency Departments International Collaborative, the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence in the UK and the American Academy of Pediatrics.A group of final-year medical students and one senior clinician used the AGREE II tool to appraise each guideline in two stages. First, two students appraised each guideline independently and presented their results. Second, two self-selected students met with the senior clinicians to review all scores to ensure completeness of the appraisal and consistency of AGREE II application.The guidelines scored well overall, with particular strengths in the domains of clarity of presentation, scope and purpose and rigour of development. Comparison of the recommendations across each guideline demonstrated a high degree of consistency. Notable differences included recommendations for the role of palivizumab in prevention of bronchiolitis, the use of continuous pulse oximetry monitoring in the hospitalised patient and the value of respiratory virus testing.Our appraisal of bronchiolitis guidelines from three high-income countries demonstrated that they were of high quality, with substantial areas of agreement. Most aspects of clinical practice should be uniform for this common paediatric condition. Areas of guideline weakness were in the domains of applicability and editorial independence. We identified three areas of controversy where further research is needed to support stronger evidence-based recommendations.

Soil biosolarization is a promising alternative to conventional fumigation. Volatile fatty acids (VFAs) produced in the soil through fermentation of amended organic matter can affect pest inactivation during biosolarization. The objective was to determine how soil amended with organic wastes that were partially stabilized through either composting or anaerobic digestion affected the inactivation of Brassica nigra (BN; a weed) and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lactucae (FOL; a phytopathogenic fungus).The mortality of BN seeds in the biosolarized soil was 12% higher than in the solarized soil, although this difference was not significant. However, a significant correlation between BN mortality and VFA accumulation was observed. The number of FOL colony-forming units (CFU) in solarized samples at 5 cm was 34 CFU gThe organic waste stabilization method can impact downstream biosolarization performance and final pest inactivation levels. This study suggests that organic waste management practices can be leveraged to improve pest control and soil quality. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.

The transition from Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services (CAMHS) to Adult Mental Health Services (AMHS) can be challenging for youth, their families, and healthcare providers. The purpose of this study was to identify, summarize, and assess evidence found in scholarly literature regarding the economic impact on youth and their families during the transition from CAMHS to AMHS. Relevant studies were identified through a search of 7 electronic platforms. The search identified 829 articles; 5 of which met all inclusion criteria. Evidence from the included studies suggests that, when continuity of care is lacking, transitions from CAMHS to AMHS have substantial impacts on the financial demands of youth and their families. These demands are due to increases in the cost of care, loss of employment income and productivity, and changes in insurance coverage. However, there remains limited information in this area, which highlights the need for further research.

As the ease of obtaining genetic information for both the diagnosis and treatment of diseases has become increasingly common, so have concerns about the misuse of such information. The obstacles Canada faces in adopting genetic non-discrimination legislation have left health leaders with a lack of clear direction. Using the Kingdon agenda-setting framework, this article will identify lost opportunities for policy change and will analyze the potential for the adoption of a genetic non-discrimination policy in Canada. Windows of opportunity for policy change have existed in the past, but these windows have closed prior to a policy being adopted. More recently, the alignment of problem, policy, and politics streams in the agenda-setting process has resulted in a new window of opportunity. The adoption of a clear and coherent policy will provide the public with protection and health leaders with greater direction around genetic information.

This chapter examines the role of the Port in fostering economic development. It pertains to the traditional perspective on economic development at the public port and how it is measured by economic impact studies. The chapter shows the trends that have led port authorities to expand their economic development efforts into the provision of "noncargo" goods and services. These are defined as functions that are intended to generate revenue and/or employment, but are not directly related to the cargo-handling mandate of the port authority. The chapter discusses a number of the new economic tools that have been implemented at US seaports, with particular attention to recreation, tourism, and communications. These examples show that public ports have adopted a rich diversity of functions with varying levels of success in order to meet the challenges of rapid change at the seaport.

The second messenger, cyclic diguanylate (c-di-GMP), regulates a variety of bacterial cellular and social behaviors. A key determinant of c-di-GMP levels in cells is its degradation by c-di-GMP-specific phosphodiesterases (PDEs). Here, we describe an assay to determine c-di-GMP degradation rates in vitro using 2'-O-(N'-methylanthraniloyl)-cyclic diguanylate (MANT-c-di-GMP). Additionally, a protocol for the production and purification of recombinant Pseudomonas aeruginosa RocR, a c-di-GMP-specific PDE that may serve as a control in MANT-c-di-GMP assays, is provided. The use of the fluorescent MANT-c-di-GMP analogue can deliver fundamental information about PDE function, and is suitable for identifying and investigating c-di-GMP-specific PDE activators and inhibitors.