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The validities of six MMPI repression scales were compared using each of the other five and an independent measure as criteria (N = 190). The data gave little support to the Eichman, Welsh, and Haan Repression scales as operational definitions of this construct. The results for the Little-Fisher Denial, Byrne et al. R-S, and Haan Denial scales showed more promise.

Four of the most influential psychological explanations for the development of anxiety attribute it to (1) repressed awareness of undesirable emotions; (2) the emergence of unacceptable feelings from the unconscious; (3) adherence to irrational, self-defeating philosophies; and (4) perceived helplessness/lack of control over one's affairs. To test these theories, the authors administered the Trait Anxiety, Denial, Irrational Beliefs, and Locus of Control scales to 190 psychiatric inpatients. Appropriate zero-order, attenuation-corrected, multiple, and partial correlations were run. Denial was correlated negatively with Trait Anxiety; this is consistent with the view that awareness of unpleasant emotions generates anxiety, but does not support the claim that it is the result of repression. The correlations of Trait Anxiety with the Irrational Beliefs scale were substantial. However, its relationships with Locus of Control were limited and nonsignificant after the effects of the Denial and Irrational Beliefs scales were removed statistically. The findings lend support to the positions that anxiety results from self-defeating philosophies and/or the emergence of unpleasant thoughts about oneself, but give only modest support to the "perceived helplessness" hypothesis and seem to contradict the "excessive repression" explanation.

The average length of stay for patients on the psychiatric service of a large VA hospital in California was nine days in mid-1977. Such brief hospitalizations often led to insufficient discharge planning and rapid readmissions, within one month of discharge. VA policy changed in July 1977, and longer lengths of hospital stay were initiated. The experiences with brief and longer-term hospitalization enabled the authors to study the rapid-readmission rates for each length of stay. Their data showed that an increase in length of stay from nine to 26 days was associated with a 55 per cent reduction in the rate of rapid readmission. They admit that it is too early to conclude that the longer patient stay was responsible for the decrease, and feel that additional longitudinal study is necessary.

Preventive screening measures for low back pain are limited. Despite considerable evidence that anatomic narrowing of the lumbar spinal canal is a risk factor for specific back problems, difficulty in measuring the canal without unacceptable radiation exposure, cost, or discomfort has limited the assessment of its clinical significance. Using ultrasound to measure the lumbar canal is relatively easy to do, and provides accurate values. In this paper we review the reports on this use of ultrasound, including our own experience in a case control study, and discuss the potential use of ultrasonic measurement as a screening tool to identify narrow lumbar canals.

ESTUDO DA PRECIPITACAO DO OXIGENIO EM SILICIO CZOCHRALSKI TIPO-P STUDY OF OXYGEN PRECIPITATION IN SILICON CZOCHRALSKI TYPE-P

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AS more than one reader has observed, Emily Dickinson's poetry reaches its maturity almost immediately. Beginning with the verse valentine of 1850 (P-1), she is in full possession of the technical and thematic powers that distinguish her finest lyrics.1 In particular, Dickinson is ready at the outset of her creative life to give memorable expression to what E. M. W. Tillyard has called the conflicting claims of two worldsclaims that will fully occupy her attention through almost forty years of writing. Certainly her fondness for contrasting the earthly with the heavenly, the artificial with the natural, is clear to the most casual reader. In some things, even this lover of indirection is direct: "I taste a liquor never brewed/ From Tankards scooped in Pearl-"; "Some keep the Sabbath going to Church/ I keep it, staying at Home-"

That article gave playwrights everywhere a vicarious thrill. We'd begun to suspect that new play development, an industry which has enjoyed geometric growth in the past three decades, had become counter-productive. Have we, in fact, lost sight of what does and what doesn't serve the playwright? I decided to follow it up. Armed with a grant and a Dramatists Sourcebook (Osborn 1986), I set out in the summer of 1987 to talk to anyone who has had anything to do with the new play movement. I've since visited writers' retreats, regional companies, workshops, foundations, dramaturgs' conventions. I've amassed over 50 hours of taped interviews, several notebooks full of observations, and the sinking feeling that many established notions about play development-notions which have determined the direction of our decentralized theatre-are misguided, ineffective, and perhaps downright dangerous. One of the problems that confronts anyone who tries to write or think about the American theatre is the immense size of the industry. It's hard to see what's really going on. A distinct thread running through my many

The first volume of Louis R. Harlan's biography of Booker T. Washington was published to wide acclaim and won the 1973 Bancroft Prize. This, the second volume, completes one of the most significant biographies of this generation. Booker T. Washington was the most powerful black American of his time, and here he is captured at his zenith. Harlan reveals Washington's complex personality--in sharp contrast to his public demeanor, he was a ruthless power borker whose nod or frown could determine the careers of blacks in politics, education, and business. Harlan chronicles the challenge Washington faced from W.E.B. Du Bois and other blacks, and shows how growing opposition forced him to change his methods of leadership just before his death in 1915.Also available: Volume 1, $10.95k, 501915-6, 394 pp., plates