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In the last couple of years, energy management in the building environment has been a topic of interest to the research community. A number of renowned methods exist in the literature for energy management in buildings, but the trade-off between occupants comfort level and energy consumption is still a major challenge and needs more attention. In this paper, we propose a power control model for comfort and energy saving, using a fuzzy controller and genetic programming (GP). Our focus is to increase the occupants’ comfort index and to minimize the energy consumption simultaneously. First, we implemented a Genetic Algorithm (GA) to optimize the environmental parameters. Second, we control the environment using fuzzy logic and third, we predict the consumed power using GP. The environmental and comfort parameters considered are temperature, illumination and air quality. At the end of the work we compare the power consumption results with and without prediction. The results confirmed the effectiveness of the proposed technique in getting the solution for the above mentioned problem.

Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) have developed Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) to enable communication between sensor or actuator nodes in constrained environments, such as small amount of memory, and low power. IETF CoAP and HTTP are used to monitor or control environments in Internet of Things (IoT) and Machine-to-Machine (M2M). In this paper, we present a sleep-awake scheme based on CoAP for energy efficiency in Internet of Things. This scheme supports to increase energy efficiency of IoT nodes using CoAP protocol. We have slightly modified the IoT middleware to improve CoAP protocol to conserve energy in the IoT nodes. Also, the IoT middleware includes some functionality of the CoRE Resource Directory (RD) and the Message Queue (MQ) broker with IoT nodes to synchronize sleepy status.

Sensor web is a part of a larger IoT. Sensor Web encompasses a network of sensors where information shared by one sensor can be shared and used by other sensors. The goal of the sensor web is basically the collection of various types of information from wireless sensor networks (WSN). Wireless sensor networks are used in many fields nowadays. The main challenge of the WSN's is data integration and data provision for the applications using the data. WSN's consists of heterogeneous sensor devices; the data collected from these heterogeneous devices is used by many web applications. In this paper a middleware module is proposed that serves as an abstraction layer between the WSN and the rest of the system.

Environmental hazards or natural disasters can inflict serious damages in the form of human life, economic and structural losses. Although, the technological advances have enabled us to monitor and forecast these natural environmental hazards but still the vulnerabilities to damage are greater as observed in the recent environmental catastrophes in the form of flooding, hurricane and typhoons etc. In our view, the main reason behind the human casualties is the absence of information acquisition and sharing at local levels. This article presents a scheme for environmental hazard monitoring based on intersection gateways with a focus at on-road safety. The proposed scheme is aimed at local level monitoring of environmental hazards and sharing of information regarding the local situation with on-road vehicles.

This paper proposes an individual body weight prediction method using Kalman filter. The basic aim behind the idea of human body weight prediction is to predict and diagnose individual lifestyle diseases such as diabetes, high blood pressure and obsess. These lifestyle diseases are usually causes by the increase in human body weight. Human body weight is a best estimator of lifestyle diseases. In this paper we are considering a series of human body weight data of an American man whose height is 191cm and age is between 30~40 years. We predict the human body weights for different duration throughout the year and analyze the efficiency of the prediction algorithm.

Grow Model, which is developed by Alewander and is known by Whitmore is a single coaching model that is simple and easy to apply. Because of these features, coaches can efficiently use the model. Based on the questions presented by the GROW model, learners’ self-awareness, sense of responsibility and memory can be improved. For powerful effect of GROW model at anytime and anywhere, regardless of the person who coaches, a standardized modeling method is required. The actions and warnings that should be applied to every step of the existing coaching model are expressed in descriptive explanation. Once the model is started to be applied, there is no standardized method for the application of the model as time passes. So, the model could be applied in different ways based on the different interpretation among coaches. In this paper, we represent the GROW coaching model using sequence diagram which is part of the UML (Unified Modeling Language).

A smart phone subscriber needs wide bandwidth services for more fast data communication on the internet. The conventional MIMO system is now developing to resolve these problems with limited device space for antenna and frequency band environment reserved. One of a way to make it practically is to add the number of antennas theoretically. But it is difficult to increase the antenna element as a limited space on the system. Therefore an active beam forming scheme is known as a way of constructing a low power MIMO system for that. In this paper, the fast switching control block was suggested to adjust a reactance of the antenna element and verified experimentally the effects by switching signal on an orthogonal beam forming through a spatial domain.

Recently the wireless sensor networks have emerged as an attractive solution in a number of applications. The wireless sensor networks have found many applications in different areas, including environmental surveillance, intelligent building, health monitoring, etc. In this paper we present open sensor middleware model based on SOA (Service Oriented Architecture) in wireless sensor networks. The open sensor middleware model provides flexibility, and reusability based on Web services using open API (Application Programming Interfaces).

ASDE (Airport Surface Detection Equipment) is conducting research to ensure the safety of passengers and to support air traffic control services. This paper proposes a method of intersecting runway conflict alert for the air traffic control in ASDE data processing system. Proposed method of ASDE prevents aircraft collision in case of takeoff and landing of aircraft.

In last couple of years, energy efficiency and savings has become a key problem due to increase in energy consumption, increase in energy prices and concerns about the environmental changes. There are some major corporations like Google and Microsoft which started projects to present electric energy consumption data to the residents. But the two corporations' stop the projects because these two efforts have not received the expected level of goals, and are thus being discontinued. In this work, we present home power consumption visualization and a web-based application for the interactive graphical user interface of real power consumption data. We have used real power consumption data. We have analyzed the power consumption data on the basis of daily, weekly and yearly consumption. So aggregated data based on daily, monthly and yearly consumption are considered and visualized. As a case study, we analyzed the power consumption data in Korean buildings. The apartments in each building consist of 10 floors and each floor further contains 10 homes. We can visualized power accumulation consumption data for any home, which depends on the user query. We argue that electric energy consumption data become more useful if they are presented to the users visually through web application. This will help the residents to see the home power consumption easily through graphs and can change their consumption behavior which will have a positive impact on the electricity generation, distribution network and smart grid.

Recently, the marine accidents happened due to the ship deviation from the established route or seaway. Due to the sensitivity of the problem, the Automatic Identification System (AIS) has been studied to improve the safety in seaway traffic. In this paper, we propose the seaway deviation prevention scheme that makes use of the distance of ship from a seaway based on a triangulation method for preventing ship collision. This scheme devises a control strategy for ships which keeps the ship in the route range and prevents the ship deviation from the normal sea route with a route range. This scheme could be used to prevent marine accidents and increase the ship’s safety degree.

Recently, fire accidents in large buildings usually cause in tragic consequences. Many buildings are currently equipped with modern fire detection systems for preventing such accidents, but these support no clues as to how to escape. A lot of evacuation systems are aiming at providing more efficient means for alarming and guiding people. The evacuee guidance simulator provides to give clear navigation to nearest exit. This simulator must generate virtual objects such as sensors and guidance lights, connects it with nodes, inputs necessary information, and sets up virtual building environments. In this paper, we present the architecture for creating virtual objects to develop an evacuation guidance simulator. This simulator supports to evacuate people from the disaster area or the outbreak of fire with rapidity and safety for the virtual condition that a disaster or fire occurs in a large scale building.

Text classification is one of the important areas in data mining. Most of the Current text classification techniques concentrated on centralized/hierarchical approach. Due to the limited computing resources, these approaches could not classify large amount of data. The hierarchical approaches are also less robust and vulnerable due to system failure. We present a distributed documents classification technique using Multi-Agent technology. Naive Bays Classifier is used in a distributed environment for document classification. Experimental results show that the proposed technique is more robust, efficient and effective.

Demand Response (DR) is one of the core components of smart grid. Demand response is the management of electricity consumption of customer in response to supply conditions of smart grids, for example, during the peak hours or in response to electricity price the customers reduce their electricity consumption. In Demand response mechanisms, the shut off request is explicitly made, whereas the demand devices passively shut off when the grid observes the stress. Demand response curtail the power used and it can also start on-site power generation which may or may not be connected in parallel the smart grid. DR is different from the energy efficiency which means using less power to perform the same tasks or perform the same task on a continuous basis. At the same time, demand response is a component of smart energy demand, which also includes energy efficiency, home and building energy management, distributed renewable resources, and electric vehicle charging. In this paper, we propose a pricing policy mechanism based on the provider's prices announcement and control of the appliances remotely during peak hours of the day.

For spectral efficiency and power saving, an incremental best relay selection of a cooperative diversity scheme is proposed. However during the best relay selection process, there may exist a delay between channel estimation and actual data transmission. Consequently, this delay causes outdated channel state information (CSI). We analytically derive the effect of the outdated CSI to an incremental best relay selection diversity scheme. It is noted that the system performance deteriorates with decreasing the value of the correlation coefficient sensitively. When the correlation coefficient reduces from 1 to 0.9, the most performance degradation is denoted. However, the performance degradation is diminished with decreasing the correlation coefficient.

There has been an increasing interest in wireless sensor networks as a new technology to realize ubiquitous computing, and demands for internetworking technology between the wireless sensor networks and the Internet which is based on IP address. For this purpose, this paper proposes and implements the internetworking scheme which assigns IP addresses to the sensor nodes and internetworks based on the gateway-based integration for internetworking between the wireless sensor networks and the Internet. That is, the proposed scheme makes the access to the wireless sensor networks be serviced as like the Web service with internetworking Internet IP address and ZigBee address which is allocated to the sensor node in wireless sensor networks. For validating the proposed scheme, we made experiments using Berkeley TinyOS, Mica Motes, dual protocol stack based on ZigBee and IP, and showed the service result using browser (IE) and IPv6 address based on DNS.

Birds have become an increasing concern for ecological preservation and safety. This paper proposes architecture of semantic sensing information for bird acoustic data representation in bird ecological environment. This architecture provides various real-time sensing data such as bird calls using acoustic sensors in sensor networks. Information of this architecture supports to recognize bird calls, to identify birds, to classify species, and to track a bird behavior in bird ecological environment.

Electric vehicles are fueled by a battery charger that transfers electricity provided by electric utilities into the vehicle battery to recharge it. This paper proposes architecture for remote monitoring of electric vehicle based on M2M(Machine to Machine) in mobile platform. This architecture is composed of mobile terminal and electric vehicles. Mobile terminal includes monitoring module, buffer, communication module, etc. And electric vehicle includes monitoring agent, logical object, memory, etc. This architecture provides a variety of the real-time sensing data such as velocity, acceleration, temperature and energy in vehicles. We design the remote monitoring system in mobile platform and electric vehicles.

Wireless sensor networks consist of tiny sensor nodes whose only energy source is battery. So, it is very important to monitor and control energy consumption of each sensor node to prolong sensor networks’ lifespan. This paper proposes two efficient sensor node control schems to prolong sensor networks’ lifespan. The proposed schems are to adaptively change RF transmission period and power level of each sensor node based on its remaining energy. In the first scheme, each sensor node adaptively changes its RF transmission period in reverse proportion to its remaining energy. By doing so, each sensor node can increase its lifetime. In the second scheme, each sensor node changes its RF transmission power level adaptively based on its remaining energy. On the contrary to the first scheme, the value of RF transmission power level of each sensor node is defined in proportion to its remaining energy. The simulation results show that the proposed schemes have good performance in the energy efficiency by adaptively controling RF transmission period and power based on remaining energy of each sensor node.

A significant portion of aircraft accidents occur during takeoff and landing, and leads to the most serious accidents. ASDE (Airport Surface Detection Equipment) is conducting research to ensure the safety of passengers and to support air traffic control services. This paper proposes an algorithm of conflict alert of landing aircraft for the air traffic control in ASDE data processing system. Proposed algorithm of ASDE prevents runway incursion caused by runway collision.

Recently, a large-scale EPCglobal network rapidly increasing, the vision of a large-scale EPCglobal network is close to becoming a reality. However, there is neither a research for efficient accessing EPCIS(EPC Information Service) repository and distributing to the business application. In this paper, we propose a hierarchical architecture based on the contextual information acquired from RFID tag and reader in the conference and exposition place. This architecture can provide a lot of information services on the state of session attendee, doorway control, affairs, user certification, presentation progress using real-time context information for supporting smart conference service. This service provides the presentation state information included the current presenter, the paper list, the number of session attendee, the schedule and place of each session using the collecting RFID tag and the related information.

The sensor web supports finding, accessing and controlling repositories by utilizing data collecting devices such as conventional sensors, cameras and measuring equipment and those data collected from them. Sensor web is designed to store, manage and provide sensing data on the basis of sensor network for users on the internet. Accordingly, this paper presents mobile sensor web to support mobility of sensor node in sensor networks. We provide the context information of mobile sensor node included RFID tag, sensor, GPS, camera on web service. In future, this study will become the basic reference system for supporting mobile ubiquitous service.

Recent development in wireless sensor networks allows users to access sensor data over the web. However it is not easy to share sensors data over the web due to the variance in the underline technologies of sensor networks and the World Wide Web. The current approaches need a direct access to the sensors which is not feasible in most of the cases. We propose a service oriented architecture for sharing of sensor data to cope with the problem of direct access to the sensors. In our approach each sensor is represented as a physical entity in the data server, which has its own privacy policies and list of authorized users that can have access to it.

In this paper, we developed the vehicle collision warning system that detects car crash and warns the danger to drivers in advance. This vehicle collision warning system is implemented by using sensors and GPS system. Collision detection algorithm, vehicle identification module and management of collision warning system are implemented. With simulation, this system could help to reduce traffic accidents of tourists and enable drivers to predict possible accidents as well as to prepare for them.

Wireless sensor networks are used in various applications in several domains for measuring and determining physical phenomena and natural events. Wireless sensor networks can support to observe characteristics of physical objects and features of natural incidents. This paper proposes a hierarchical architecture of semantic information for heterogeneous sensor data representation in vehicle. This architecture includes 5 layers which have a physical layer, an event layer, a semantic layer, an awareness layer, and service layer. This architecture provides various real-time sensing data such as velocity, acceleration, temperature and steering wheel position in vehicles. Information of this architecture supports to detect sudden unexpected events such as accidents on the vehicle environment. We develop ontology description for sensor data and use the Protege for processing which includes querying and inference over sensor data.

Recently, a large-scale EPCglobal network rapidly increasing, the vision of a large-scale EPCglobal network is close to becoming a reality. However, there is neither a research for efficient accessing EPCIS(EPC Information Service) repository and distributing to the business application. In this paper, we propose a real-time architecture of effective accessing EPCIS repository based on RFID push services in distributed large-scale EPCglobal network. Proposed architecture provides the real-time monitoring and transferring EPC data to the business application when happen the event.

Recently, SWE (Sensor Web Enablement) working group of OGC (Open General Consortium) is carrying out a research on providing real-time sensor data and video collected in sensor networks through the Internet Web. However, the research does not deal with mobile objects such as cars, trains, ships, and persons. Therefore, we present an integrated processing method of video, sensor data, and location information collected in mobile sensing nodes for tracking and surveillance of mobile objects. The proposed method integrates and processes heterogeneous data from GPS devices, sensor networks, and video devices. Based on the proposed method, we designed and implemented a combine adaptor which receives the context data through a common interface and creates combined messages after parsing and queuing the data. We verified the proposed method works well with our integrated adaptor. The proposed method is expected to be helpful to develop various tracking and surveillance based on location.

With the technology of sensor, RFID, and GPS, many researches are recently being carried out on monitoring animal behavior and interactions with the environment. Plus, the technology is applicable to develop new zoological systems for animal trace ability, identification, and anti-theft. Yet, there is a lack of studies of providing zoos with intelligent animal tracking and management services based on RFID, GPS, and sensors. Accordingly, in this paper, we propose an intelligent animal situation tracking service for zoological gardens, based on GPS, RFID, and sensors. Firstly, we present a service scenario of animal situation tracking and introduce the tracking system configuration. The proposed system can provide real-time animal situation information such as the current location, bodily temperature, and pictures. Plus, it can track the animals based on the information even when they escape their cages. Next, we design and implement a prototype of the proposed animal situation tracking system.

Grid information services are an indispensable component of Grid computing and vital part of any Grid software infrastructure, providing fundamental mechanisms for discovery and monitoring, and thus for planning and adapting application behavior. However, existing Grid information services are unable to provide the all information for monitoring Grid resources. Accordingly, this paper presents three steps architecture models for an integrated Grid information service to enable the efficient discovery and monitoring of all Grid resources. These architecture models use the manager-of-managers method, the existing lower layer information systems and API for the discovery and monitoring of all Grid resources. Thereafter, an integrated Grid information system is designed and implemented based on the second architecture model using existing information systems. As such, the integrated Grid information system allows for the discovery and monitoring of all Grid resources, the usability of the system can be proliferated.

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) provide various environment data in the real-world, and also WSNss middleware is able to offer field data in real-time by user queries. For materialization of the future ubiquitous computing which enables networking with things at anytime, anywhere and any-devices, WSNs occupy the important position with RFID technologies, and it has evolved and advanced currently. This paper proposes a service-oriented sensor ontology which enables service-oriented services in future ubiquitous computing. Taking reuse of ontology into consideration, ServiceProperty, LocationProperty and PhysicalProperty classes were derived from Geography Markup Language (GML), Sensor Web Enablement(SWE), SensorML and Suggested Upper Merged Ontology(SUMO) and OntoSensor ontology, and its properties and constraints were also defined newly as service-oriented service. We presented the validation and consistency check of the proposed ontology using Protege 3.3.1 and RACER 1.9.0, respectively, and indicated the results of service query which used the SPARQL query language.

In this paper, we propose a cooperative-aided routing protocol (CARP) in mobile ad-hoc wireless sensor networks (MAWSN). The main contributions and features of this paper are as follows. The CARP consists of two parts. The first part is the decision of routing routes which are decided on route stability based on mobility of mobile nodes to increase the operational lifetime of routes. The second part is the data forwarding via the cooperative-aided routing routes to increase packet delivery ratio with advanced SNR. We consider a realistic approach, in the points of view of the MAWSN, based on mobile sensor nodes as well as fixed sensor nodes in sensor fields while the conventional research for sensor networks focus on mainly fixed sensor nodes. The performance evaluation of the proposed CARP is performed via simulation and analysis.

Wireless sensor networks forms the self-organization network, and transfers the real-time information between sensor nodes. Recently, the research of application services in wireless sensor networks is in progress. Therefore, in this paper, we propose the architecture of the real-time monitoring application service and implement the real-time alarm application service for monitoring of the disaster on Internet. First, we present the real-time monitoring architecture composed of the sensor network, local server, monitoring service platform, and application server. Secondly, we develop the prototype composed of the database using MySQL, the algorithm program with the detection of temperature change, the interworking program between MySQL database and sensor network using JDBC(Java database connectivity), and the application program with graphic user interface. This architecture and service can allow for the real-time discovery and monitoring using sensor network and Internet.

A load sharing control based on the frequency and voltage droop concept for parallel operation of two three-phase uninterruptible power supply (UPS) systems with no control interconnection lines is presented in this paper. First of all, due to the use of active power and reactive power as control variables, the characteristics of output powers according to amplitude and phase differences between output voltages of two UPS systems are analyzed. Secondly, simulation results with different line impedance are demonstrated the feasibility of the wireless load sharing control. Finally, experiments are presented to verify the theoretical discussion with two three-phase 20 kVA UPS systems employed TMS320C32, a kind of real time digital signal processor (DSP).

Connecting the sensing devices present in the physical world to detect and measure various physical phenomenon such as temperature, humidity, and pollution into a network and presenting them as web resources to the end users have become the goal of a variety of research activities. As the physical network of these devices inherently possesses a heterogeneous nature thus most of the sensor web studies are based on providing domain specific solutions. Service-oriented architecture (SOA) has proven successes to resolve the scalability and evolvability of the web. The present solutions for the SOA based sensor web allows the users to access the sensor data as services but to integrate these services the client must put extra effort to implement the logic. We present an improved SOA based sensor web architecture which offers an easy approach to integrate sensor providers’ services with information provider services and enable the users to access it as a single, integrated, and searchable service. This approach offers the functionality present in the existing solutions as well as an integrated data access or service mashup. We discuss in detail an instance architecture for indoor environment monitoring, based on the proposition of this study.

Wireless ATM (WATM) will be used for supporting multimedia services in mobile networks. Accordingly, there has been a recent increase in research on the development of a Wireless ATM handover to support terminal mobility. The paper proposes a new lossy handover scheme for wireless ATM networks to cope with an unreliable wireless link environment. The proposed scheme adopts a forward handover method using common control channels instead of the establishment of a signaling channel on the radio link in order to reduce handover delay. In addition, this scheme applies an inband-marking cell to the existing lossy handover in order to minimize cell loss. We compared the performance of the proposed lossy forward handover with the existing backward handover. Analysis results showed that the proposed scheme could reduce handover delay and complexity by applying the forward handover with common control channels, and decrease downlink service disruption time and cell losses due to an inband-marking cell.