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Remote sensing satellite data have been used to recognize structures having tectonic significance. Based on satellite data, lineament map of Nurpur and its adjoining area of Kangra district, Himachal Pradesh, India, has been generated. LR-115 plastic track detectors have been used for the measurement of soil gas radon at 71 different locations of the study area. The results indicate zones of tectonically induced soil gas radon and the lineament density, which are co-relatable with the regional geology of the area.

The rapidly increasing demand of energy and depletion of fossil fuel resources initiated developments to renewable energy in from of vegetable oils, animal fats and their derivatives. Biodiesel derived from vegetable oils such as their methyl esters and ethyl esters are promising as performance parameters are comparable with diesel fuel and exhaust emissions are lower than that of diesel fuel. In the present study, methyl ester of corn oil is prepared through transesterification using methanol. The physical and chemical properties of corn oil methyl ester (COME) are comparable with diesel fuel. Tests have been worked out to evaluate performance and emission characteristics of a stationary compression ignition (CI) engine using COME100 and its blends (COME25, COME50 and COME75) with diesel fuel. The acquired data are compared and analysed under different load conditions for the diesel fuel.

Internal combustion (IC) engines emit harmful gases such as HC, CO2, and NOx, etc. Search is on for better alternatives to the fossil fuels and engine modifications are also being tried to lower the harmful emissions. NOx is very toxic gas and is responsible for very horrible effects such as acid rain, water quality deterioration, ground level ozone, and visibility impairment. Uses of vegetable oil as fuel, water injection, exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) and after treatment technique are the basic ways to minimise the NOx. EGR technique is worldwide opted technique to reduce the NOx emission by diluting fresh charge with recirculation of some amount of exhaust gas. In this review, modelling and analysis of different types of EGR have been reported and compared. Out of them, analytical results favour the use of long route (LR) EGR over short route (SR) EGR.

Microstructured optical fibers (MOFs) have generated broad interest due to their extraordinary optical properties which arises from the combination of wavelength scale features in the photonic crystal cladding and the high index contrast between the background material and the air. We analytically study the optical properties of nonsilica glasses such as tellurite (TeO2) glass based MOFs by using our earlier developed analytical field model. We have compared the accuracy of our simulated results with numerical simulation results available in the literature.

Effective entrepreneurship in emerging markets is a strategic process, and strategic management in emerging markets can hardly succeed without entrepreneurial orientation. Therefore, integrating the entrepreneurship and the strategic perspectives, we develop a construct of entrepreneurial strategy. Using managerial data from Jammu—an emerging market within India—the reliability of the construct is established. The construct provides a sound characterization of the relationship between contextual conditions and the opportunities for the entrepreneurial strategy in the sample.

Schwannoma is a rare neoplasm of nose and PNS which develops from Schwann’s cells of neural sheath and most are benign and encapsulated and amenable to surgical excision. The aim of this write-up is to report a rare case of schwannoma of nose and PNS. We report a case of 40 year old female, a housewife, presented in ENT OPD with complaints of nasal obstruction on right side, post nasal drip and headache. On diagnostic nasal endoscopy, there was a polypoidal mass coming from the middle meatus which was pushing the medial turbinate medially. NCCT and MRI of nose and PNS showed soft tissue density mass involving right ethmoidal air cells, maxillary sinus and bilateral sphenoid sinuses and eroding the lateral wall of right maxillary sinus reaching upto infratemporal fossa, superiorly mass was seen eroding the inferior wall of right orbit. The tumour was removed endoscopically piecemeal and sent for histopathology which showed it to be a schwannoma. The conclusion of the finding was schwannoma involving nasal cavity, maxillary sinus and sphenoid sinus eroded the lateral wall of maxillary sinus going into infratemporal fossa and floor of the orbit. Schwannoma should also be kept as a possibility in the differential diagnosis of tumors of nose and PNS.

Objective: There is an increase demand of herbal remedies due to their effective and safer way of treating various disorders. In today’s scenario, the herbal medicines are much efficient for the treatment of various disorders as they have minimal side effects in comparison to the allopathic medicines. Madhuca longifolia , commonly called Mahua/Mahwa, belongs to the family Sapotaceae . It grows up to a height of about 20 m. The objectives of this study are to investigate various pharmacognostic, phytochemical analysis, and pharmacological properties of M. longifolia . Methods: The powdered drug was used for estimating the loss on drying, ash values, fluorescence studies, chemical tests, and extractive values. Macroscopic and microscopic studies were also performed. Results: The leaf microscopy revealed the presence of upper and lower epidermis, palisade tissue, and well-developed vascular bundle. The fluorescence characteristics of leaf powder were studied both in visible light and ultraviolet (UV) light (254 nm and 365 nm) after treatment with various reagents. Mahua is composed of glycosides, sapogenins, steroids, saponins, flavonoids, and triterpenoids. It was reported that the total ash value was 5.56±0.2% w/w. The acid-insoluble and water-insoluble ash values were 0.62±0.025% w/w and 0.47±0.025% w/w, respectively. Water soluble, ethanol, methanol, petroleum ether, and chloroform extractive values were 25.9±0.51% w/w, 28.1±1.38% w/w, 1.73±0.20% w/w,0.83±0.20% w/w, and 25.5±2.29% w/w, respectively. Conclusions: The main pharmacological activities of M. longifolia are anthelmintic, antiulcer, antitumor, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory,antigoitrogenic, and hepatoprotective. The present investigation provides the information on its pharmacognostic, phytochemical analysis, and pharmacological properties.

Objective: Now-a-days, the herbal medicines are much efficient for the treatment of various disorders as they have minimal side effects in comparison to the allopathic medicines. Cassia angustifolia, commonly called Senna belongs to the family Leguminosae and is a well-known laxative throughout the world. Senna is mostly found in Tirunelveli, Madurai, and Ramnathpuram districts of Tamil Nadu. Carbohydrates, tannins, alkaloids, flavonoids, and amino acid are the important chemical constituents of C. angustifolia. The objectives of the present study are to investigate various pharmacognostic, phytochemical analysis, and pharmacological properties of C. angustifolia.Methods: The powdered drug was used for estimating the loss on drying, ash values, fluorescence studies, chemical tests, and extractive values. Macroscopic and microscopic studies were also performed.Results: The transverse section (T.S). of leaf showed isobilateral structure along with paracytic stomata, nonlignified unicellular trichomes with warty walls, and fibrovascular bundle. The fluorescence characteristics of leaf powder were studied both in visible light and ultraviolet (UV) light (254 nm and 365 nm) after treatment with various reagents. Senna is composed of carbohydrates, tannins, alkaloids, flavonoids, and amino acid. It was reported that the total ash value was 11.23±0.25 w/w. The acid insoluble ash value was 1.4±0.1% w/w. Water soluble, ethanol, methanol, petroleum ether, and chloroform extractive values were 16.6±0.26% w/w, 3.7±1.75% w/w, 0.83±0.05% w/w, 1.6±0.1% w/w, and 3.2±0.25% w/w, respectively.Conclusion: The main pharmacological activities of Bauhinia variegata are anthelmintic, antiulcer, antitumor, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, antigoitrogenic, and hepatoprotective. The present investigation provides the information on its pharmacognostic, phytochemical analysis, and pharmacological properties.

Objective : In today’s scenario, the herbal medicines are much efficient for the treatment of various disorders as they have minimal side effects in comparison to the allopathic medicines. Bauhinia variegata L. (Mountain Ebony), commonly called Kachnar, belongs to the family Leguminosae. It is a medium-sized tree, mostly found at an altitude of 1300 m in the Himalayas. The objectives of the present study are to investigate various pharmacognostic, phytochemical analysis, and pharmacological properties of B. variegata. Methods : The powdered drug was used for estimating the loss on drying, ash values, fluorescence studies, chemical tests, and extractive values. Macroscopic and microscopic studies were also performed. Results : The leaf microscopy revealed the presence of upper and lower epidermis, palisade tissue, well-developed vascular bundle. The fluorescence characteristics of leaf powder were studied both in visible light and ultraviolet light (254 nm and 365 nm) after treatment with various reagents. Kachnar is composed of carbohydrates, tannins, alkaloids, flavonoids, amino acid. It was reported that the total ash value was 8.15%. The acid insoluble ash value was 5.5%. Conclusion : The main pharmacological activities of B. variegata are anthelmintic, antiulcer, antitumor, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, antigoitrogenic, and hepatoprotective. The present investigation provides the information on its pharmacognostic, phytochemical analysis, and pharmacological properties. Keywords : Flavonoids, Kachnar, Alkaloids, Antioxidant, Leguminosae.

Microstructured optical fibers (MOFs) have wavelength scale periodic microstructure running along their length. Their core and two-dimensional microstructured cladding might be based on varied geometries and materials, enabling light guidance due to different propagation mechanisms over an extremely large wavelength range, extending to the terahertz (THz) frequency region. As a result, these fibers have revolutionized the optical fiber technology by means of creating new degrees of freedom in the fiber design, fabrication and applicability. We analytically study the modal properties of terahertz microstructured optical fiber (THz MOF), by using our analytical field model, developed for optical waveguides.

In the present paper goal programming technique has been developed to test the empirical relationship between capital structure and cost of capital, financial leverage earning before income taxes (EBIT) and risk. The study was carried out by using balance sheet of the year 1989-90 of nine different companies in India.

Microstructured optical fibers (MOFs), made entirely from undoped fused silica consisting of a central defect region surrounded by multiple air holes that run along the length of the fiber are attracting much attention in recent years because of unique properties which are not realized in case of conventional optical fibers

An eco-compatible method is presented for the synthesis of title compounds (IV) (8 examples) through sequential reaction of benzoxazinone (II) with 2-aminobenzothiazoles using the halogen-free SO3H-functionalized ionic liquid IMS as recyclable medium.

The mode-field expander (MFE) is a microstructured optical fiber (MOF) based device that enlarges the modal field distribution and can couple light from large mode area (LMA) fibers into small core fibers or vice-versa and other optical waveguides. Using our earlier developed analytical field model, we studied the mode-field expansion in MOFs having triangular lattice, and low-loss splicing of MOFs to standard single-mode fibers (SMFs), based on the controlled all airhole collapse method, which leads to an optimum mode-field match at the joint interface of the MOF-SMF. Comparisons with available experimental and simulation results have also been included.

Background: This study aimed to evaluate cognition in patients with alcohol dependence. During the past decade, there has been an increasing interest in the evaluation of cognitive function in substance use disorders. Substance use includes the use of licit substance such as alcohol, tobacco, and diversion of drugs as well as illicit substances. Alcohol in beverage form is among the most widely used psychoactive drugs in the world, and it has dependence-producing properties. Ethanol in alcohol is a chemical and after consumption has a multitude of effects. Aims and Objectives: The aim of this study was to assess the cognitive functions in patients with alcohol dependence as compared to the normal controls using Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA). Materials and Methods: This study included 44 patients with alcohol dependence diagnosed as per international classification of disease tenth edition criteria with a mean age of 43.61 ± 7.38. Cognition was tested using a sensitive battery of psychometric testing MMSE and MoCA. Results: Compared with healthy controls (n = 44), patients had lower total scores of cognitive testing MMSE (P = 0.010) and MoCA (P = 0.000). Conclusion: Our results indicted cognitive impairment in patients with alcohol dependence. This is important to determine prognosis and managing patients.

Using our earlier developed analytical field model, which retains the required azimuthal variation of field for the index-guiding microstructured optical fibers (MOFs), we show that Gaussian approximation based analysis for the mode field diameters (MFDs) is likely to give inaccurate results and suggest improvements.

Myringoplasty is one of the various surgical techniques for the management of chronic supurative otitis media of tubotympanic type (CSOM-TT). The presence of a perforation of tympanic membrane with intermittent discharge and hearing loss of conductive nature are the indications of myringoplasty. Myringoplasty can be performed by any of the three approaches, i.e. permeatal, endaural, or post-aural. It is a beneficial procedure done for closing tympanic membrane perforation and improving hearing.The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare different approaches of myringoplasty and various factors influencing surgical outcome.Myringoplasty was done in 90 cases of tympanic membrane perforation with temporalis fascia graft by underlay or onlay technique through one of the three approaches, i.e. permeatal, endaural and post-aural.The overall success rate in this study was 81.11% with majority of patients had improvement in hearing. Statistically there was no significant difference in results with different approaches. Age, sex, site, size and duration of disease had no bearing on graft take in this study.In repairing tympanic membrane perforations similar success rates are achieved with postaural or endaural approaches. A permeatal approach is most limited in the exposure obtained. What is important in choosing the appropriate approach is the location and size of the perforation and size of external auditory canal.

Based on variational principle, we have earlier developed an analytical model for the modal field of indexguiding microstructured optical fibers (MOFs). Using the model, we study the linear properties of MOF such as spot-sizes; their application in calculating numerical aperture NA and splice loss between an MOF and SMF-28 with transverse offset. Comparisons with available experimental and simulation results have also been included.

Diallyldisulfide (DADS), an active principle of garlic (Allium sativum) is known for its antihypertensive properties. The present study was designed to evaluate the effect of novel DADS analogs, against L-NAME induced hypertension in Wistar rats. The daily administration of L-NAME (50 mg/kg) for six weeks along with DADS analogs (20 mg/kg) significantly decreased the elevated systolic blood pressure (SBP) and the activity of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) and also inhibited the decline in nitrite/nitrate (NOx) concentrations and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) levels. Adverse changes such as lipid peroxidation, protein damage and a decrease in the levels of antioxidant enzymes, were rectified after the administration of DADS analogs. Oral administration of DADS analogs preserved the expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS). The ability of the DADS analogs to inhibit L-NAME induced hypertension was compared with Enalapril (15 mg/kg), which was taken as a standard. The DADS analogs prevented L-NAME-induced cardio toxicity, which was also reflected at the microscopic level indicative of its cardio protective effects. DADS analogs induced vasorelaxation was completely abolished by the removal of the endothelium or by pre-treatment with L-NAME, an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase. DADS analogs inhibited the calcium influx induced by phenylephrine (0.3 μM) and high K+ (60 mM) and this effect was completely abolished by pretreatment of L-NAME. Taken together, our results show that the DADS analogs induce vasorelaxation and have antihypertensive properties, which may be mediated through activation of eNOS.

The presence of environmental fluoride and its impact on human health is well documented. When consumed in adequate quantity, fluoride prevents dental caries, assists in the formation of dental enamels, and prevents deficiencies in bone mineralization. At excessive exposure levels, ingestion of fluoride causes dental fluorosis skeletal fluorosis, and manifestations such as gastrointestinal, neurological, and urinary problems. The distribution of fluoride in the environment is uneven and largely is believed to derive from geogenic causes. The natural sources of fluoride are fluorite, fluorapatite, and cryolite, whereas anthropogenic sources include coal burning, oil refining, steel production, brick-making industries, and phosphatic fertilizer plants, among others. Among the various sources of fluoride in the environment, those of anthropogenic origin have occasionally been considered to be major ones. The gourndwater is more susceptible to fluoride accumulation and contamination than are other environmental media, primarily because of its contact with geological substrates underneath. The high fluoride concentration in water usually reflects the solubility of fluoride (CaF₂). High concentrations are also often associated with soft, alkaline, and calcium-deficient waters. The fluoride compounds that occur naturally in drinking water are almost totally bioavailable (90%) and are completely absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. As a result, drinking water is considered to be the potential source of fluoride that causes fluorosis. Because the bioavailability of fluoride is generally reduced in humans when consumed with milk or a calcium-rich diet, it is highly recommended that the inhabitants of fluoride-contaminated areas should incorporate calcium-rich foods in their routine diet. Guidelines for limiting the fluoride intake from drinking water have been postulated by various authorities. Such limits are designed to protect public health and should reflect all fluoride intake sources, including dietary fluoride. The toxicological risks posed by fluoride could be better understood if epidemiological surveillance for dental and skeletal fluorosis would be systematically conducted in fluoride-affected areas. Such input would greatly improve understanding of the human dose-response relationship. Such surveillance of potentially high fluoride areas is also important because it would help to delineate, much earlier, the remedial measures that are appropriate for those areas.

We have recently developed a simple method based on variational principle for the scalar analytical approach to study the propagation characteristics of MOFs. The model retains required azimuthal variation of field unlike Effective index method (EIM). We have analyzed, based on this model, the splice loss between two MOFs and that between an MOF and a conventional step‐index fiber (SMF‐28). As expected, the splicing between two MOFs depends on the relative orientation of air‐holes. For typical fibers, this loss could be as high as 0.23 dB.

An analytical approximation for the modal field of a single mode index-guiding microstructured fiber is developed further to obtain the evolution of the far-field pattern of these fibers. Comparison with available experimental results is also included.

The larynx serves to protect the lower airways, facilitates respiration and plays a key role in phonation. Based on anatomic location, the larynx is divided into the supraglottic larynx, the glottis or glottic larynx, and the subglottic larynx. The tumours of larynx can be divided into benign or malignant. Laryngeal granulomas, Vocal cord nodules, Vocal cord polyps are tumour-like lesions of larynx. Benign laryngeal tumors include a large number of lesions like papillomas, hemangiomas, fibromas, chondromas, myxomas, and neurofibromas. About 95% of laryngeal carcinomas are typical squamous cell tumours. Rarely adenocarcinomas are seen, presumably arising from mucous glands. The exact cause of laryngeal cancer is still unknown. Diagnosis is based on direct or indirect visualization of the larynx, supplemented by CT scan and confirmed by histopathological examination. Objective: The aim of the present study was to study the clinical aspects, histopathological patterns of tumours of the larynx to study the various predisposing factors of laryngeal tumours. The present study was undertaken on 50 patients clinically diagnosed as cases of tumour of larynx. These patients were made to undergo direct laryngoscopy and the biopsy taken from the growth in the larynx was sent to the department of pathology for histopathological examination. Smoking played the main role in benign growths (25%). The main predisposing factor (73.2%) for malignant growths was smoking, tobacco chewing and alcohol abuse. The most common benign tumour of larynx was the vocal polyp. Out of the 30 cases of squamous cell carcinoma, 15 (50%) were well differentiated, 8 (26.6%) were moderately differentiated and 3 (10%) were poorly differentiated. The symptoms of laryngeal tumours can vary from mild hoarseness of voice to life threatening respiratory distress. All available methods of study should be utilized to make the diagnosis as early as possible. Early diagnosis of the lesion can lead to effective management.

Benign nerve cell tumours have been given various names like schwannoma, neurilemmoma, neurinoma, neurofibroma, spindle cell tumours etc. Extra cranial head and neck schwannomas usually present as solitary and well-demarcated lesions. The lesion can cause secondary symptoms, such as nasal obstruction, dysphasia, and hoarseness, depending upon the location of the lesion. Fine needle aspiration cytology, CT scans, and MRI may be of limited help in the diagnosis of schwannomas. The treatment is complete surgical excision of the benign tumour and postoperative histopathological examination establishes the final diagnosis.

Mental illness is one of the leading diseases all over the world. Families are an integral part of the care system for persons with a chronic mental illness. Educating and training caregivers can increase compliance with discharge plans and prevent re-admissions. Informational booklet is an effective teaching strategy for giving information to caregivers. This study was conducted to find out the effectiveness of informational booklet for caregivers regarding care of a patient receiving antipsychotic drugs. The study was conducted in Mansik Arogya sala, Mental Hospital Gwalior with 250 beds. An evaluator approach with one group pre-test – post-test design was used for the study. The sample consisted of 30 caregivers selected by convenience sampling method. Data were collected by administering a structured knowledge questionnaire prepared by the investigator. After collection of the baseline data informational booklet was given to the subjects and on the seventh day post-test was conducted using the same questionnaire used for collecting the baseline data. The collected data were analyzed by using descriptive and inferential statistics (‘t’ test). This study revealed that the mean post-test knowledge score (x2 = 24) was higher than the mean pre-test knowledge scores (x2 = 16). The ‘t’ value computed (‘t’ = 13.38; P < 0.05) showed a significant difference suggesting that the IB was effective in increasing the knowledge of caregivers. The mean post-test area-wise scores x2 = 2.43, 1.8, 3.73, 2.3, 4.03, and 10.13 respectively were higher than the mean pre-test area-wise scores (x1 = 1.6, 1.06, 2.46, 1.76, 2.83, and 3.96). There was no association between the pre-test knowledge scores and selected variables like education, religion, income and previous experience of caring for mentally ill patients.

The field experiment was conducted at CRC Farm Chirrori, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Agriculture University Meerut during rabi 2011–12 and 2012–13. Influence of organic and inorganic sources on nutrient uptake and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in Western Uttar Pradesh. Addition of 100% NPK (RDF-recommended dose of fertilizer i.e 120: 60: 40 kg NPK ha−1 was recorded significantly higher value of nutrient uptake and yield in terms, biological yield and grain yield (q ha−1) in grain (41.50 and 43.78 q ha−1) yield followed by 75% NPK + 1 t/ha vermicompost + Azosprillium which is in grain (41.08 and 42.36 q ha−1) yield. Nitrogen, phosphorous and Potash content in grain is also increased with the application of 100% NPK. Which was at par with the 75% NPK + 1 t ha−1 vermicompost+Azosprillium. Integrating of 75% NPK + 1 t/ha vermicompost+ Azosprillium found more productivity by maintain or improving the soil health.

We read with interest the article Branchial fistula arising from pyriform sinus: CT diagnosis of a case and discussion of radiological features by Chauhan et al. [1]. The authors have reviewed the literature well and presented the classic computed tomography findings of a rarely encountered condition. In their patient, the barium swallow study did not visualize the fistulous tract. We would like to share a similar case and highlight the barium study findings. A 21-year-old male presented with history of repeated neck infections since the age of 3 years. He had been treated multiple times with antibiotics and repeated incisions and drainage. On examination, he had extensive scar tissue in the left anterior neck; along with multiple cutaneous openings (Fig. 1). There was a soft fluctuant swelling at the local site. The patient underwent needle aspiration, which drained approximately 20 ml of pus. Subsequently, on the same day, a barium study was performed. The barium examination revealed a blind-ending tract extending from the tip of left pyriform sinus coursing anteroinferiorly, with increased pretracheal soft tissue (Figs. 2, 3). The contrast enhanced MRI performed 3 days later revealed a rim enhancing air-filled cavity in the soft tissue in the anterior neck (Fig. 4), which might have formed following the aspiration of pus. There was no intrathoracic extension; however, we need to be wary of it because of multiple pathways of spread of infections between cervical and thoracic regions [2]. We concluded the diagnosis of pyriform sinus fistula because of the clinical features and the characteristic radiological findings. It has been suggested that barium studies should be performed after clearing the acute infection to decrease the rate of false–negative results [3,4]. In an article published by J Bar Ziv et al. [3], they reported two patients with negative initial esophagograms during the acute phase. Subsequent esophagogram following treatment was successful in filling up the tract in both the patients. Gan et al. [5] also reported a case in which the barium examination was negative despite it being performed 2 weeks following the

The authors report an unusual case of a chondral lesion in the knee joint in an adolescent. The lesion produced a clunk in the knee joint on flexion. A low-resolution MRI scan failed to image the lesion. Arthroscopy revealed a unique shape of chondral flap from the weight bearing surface of the lateral femoral condyle, which resembled a meniscal bucket handle tear. Chondrectomy resolved all the symptoms. This case report highlights the point that special resolution MRI scan sequences are required to accurately assess these injuries and also that clunking in an adolescent can be produced by a chondral lesion.

The results of radon activity recorded in 70 dwellings of Nurpur area, Kangra district, Himachal Pradesh, India are reported. LR-115 Type 2 films in the bare mode were exposed for four seasons of three months each covering a period of one year for the measurement of indoor radon levels. The calibration constant of 0.020 tracks cm(-2) d(-1) per Bq m(-3) has been used to express radon activity in Bq m(-3). The annual average indoor radon concentrations in 17 different villages of the area are found to vary from 168+/-46 to 429+/-71. Most of the indoor radon values lie in the range of action levels (200-600 Bq m(-3)) recommended by International Commission on Radiological Protection.

Remote sensing satellite data have been used to recognize structures having tectonic significance. Based on satellite data, lineament map of Nurpur and its adjoining area of District Kangra, Himachal Pradesh, has been generated. LR-115 solid state nuclear track detectors have been used for the measurement of soil gas radon at 71 different locations of the study area. Radon monitoring in underground water at 26 different locations of the study area has been carried by scintillometry. The results indicate zones of lineament density and tectonically induced radon in soil and underground water. The results are co-relatable with regional geology of the area.

Annulated benzothiazoloquinazolines have been synthesized by a diversity oriented simple and convenient synthesis involving one-pot three-component reaction of substituted 2-aminobenzothiazoles with α-tetralone and aromatic/heteroaromatic aldehydes in ethanol in the presence of catalytic amount of triethylamine. The synthesized compounds have been characterized by their elemental analyses and spectral data.

We elucidate attributes of the slow-light facilitated by stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) in chalcogenide (As 2 Se 3 ) glass based one-rod core microstructured optical fiber (MOF). Our theoretical results comprise the assessment of Brillouin gain spectrum, Brillouin gain coefficient and Brillouin frequency shift by taking into account of acoustic mode. The time-delay up to 137.1ns can be accomplished from 1m length of fiber with pump power of 100mW. Our theoretical results nominate that slowlight can be adapted by tailoring the structural parameters of an MOF, and thereby tunable slow-light features can be acquired.

For inscription of long-period grating in microstructured optical fibers (MOFs), their cladding parameters need to optimize. Using our earlier developed field model for index-guiding MOFs with triangular lattice of voids these parameters can be optimized.

Modifying our earlier developed analytical field model we have studied the modal properties of index-guided microstructured optical fibers with square-lattice of air-holes in photonic crystal cladding. Comparison with available numerical simulation results has been included.