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As a result of development works, which were carried out by Wroclaw University of Science and Technology and by HYDROMAR company and which focused on a new design of hydraulic cylinders characterized by, among others, an increased degree of reliability, it was possible to develop and test a prototype of the new solution. During the implementation of the project, a new hydraulic cylinder testing stand was designed, which allows the identification of dynamic phenomena occurring in the hydraulic power system. Tests of the new solution were carried out in the area of both dynamic and thermal phenomena associated with the exchange of liquid in the cylinder chambers. In terms of dynamics, the research allowed identifying the responses of the cylinder system with supply lines and flow control valves to a variable, external dynamic excitations. The tests also allowed determining the response of the hydraulic cylinders with supply lines and control valves to rapid overloading. The dynamic load was simulated by switching the control valves in a cut-off position during the movement of a working system arm with specific mass parameters. Comparative tests of dynamic response systems were carried out using a classic cylinder and a new design of a hydraulic power supply system. The article presents the results of tests and of the preliminary analysis of the impact that the type of hydraulic power supply system has on the dynamic response of the system. It should be emphasized that the presented results are part of a broad research and implementation project carried out in cooperation between the research and scientific unit and the industrial partner.

A radio frequency identification (RFID) tag can be used to identify and track objects wirelessly through electromagnetic fields. Application in today's markets include logistics and goods tracking. An innovative way to use RFID could be integration with control valves at plants, leading toward digitalization of the plant and IR4.0. RFID enabled control valves, integrated with IR4.0, can give a holistic view of control valves across the plant. In this case, an RFID tag could be attached to a Smart Control Valve Head, acting as a controller and actuator. Any alarm or malfunction could be reported through the Smart Control Valve Head to a central control system. A web-based solution could be added in layers, which enables the notification to of appropriate workgroups. It can also enable improved preventive maintenance. The solution will be based on a wireless identification and sensing platform (WISP), which will use the concept of RF Energy Harvesting using RFID with a rectenna — a combination of antenna and rectifier. An antenna is used to collect ambient RF energy, which is available around us in the form of electromagnetic waves from mobile phones and wireless networks. A rectifier converts the RF energy into electricity for powering up RFID, thereby offering a wireless and battery-less RFID solution. A RFID tag connected to the Smart Control Valve Head will form a localized control loop with wireless communication to the central control system for data sharing and smart analytics. The proposed concept of RF energy harvesting using a rectenna with an RFID-enabled control valve can lead toward the possibility of a decentralized wirelessly controlled valve, digitalization of plants with superior maintenance, and a new paradigm of IR4.0.

The paper deals with the control of the test rig for measurement of the stiffness of the spring. The test rig is equipped with the integrated hydraulic actuator which allows to control the piston velocity and position and to produce the force needed for the spring compression and stiffness measurement. The integrated hydraulic actuator was developed at the department, it and has an integrated manifold with four proportional flow control valves connected as the full hydraulic resistance bridge. Each control valve is controlled separately using the input signal. That makes it possible to realize different connections and control strategies of the hydraulic cylinder using the different control algorithms. The hydraulic circuit was modelled and simulated, and the achieved simulation results are presented in the paper. The test rig is controlled using the microprocessor control system and is equipped by different transducers – position transducer, pressure transducers, force transducer to be able to collect data important for the stiffness characteristic evaluation. The experimentally obtained results and evaluated stiffness characteristic of the tested spring are presented in the following chapters.

Proportional control valves are characterized by smooth opening of flow channels by means of the spool control. At the initial stage of opening, the flow gap is of a small cross-section which then gradually expands. This enables smoother start-up of a device as well as more precise control of the working motion compared to conventional control valves. Among the electromagnetically controlled proportional control valves, some complex solutions equipped with spool displacement transducers, compensating valves, advanced electronics, etc. can be distinguished. This allows compensation for the harmful effects of flow-related forces.

This book provides detail on pneumatic directional control valve and regulator and pneumatic circuitry. It emphasizes on component construction and function, as well as the installation, maintenance, and troubleshooting of malfunctioning components. It is useful to plant and design engineers.

The problems of participation of PGU-450 in regulating the frequency and power of the power system are considered. It is shown that, despite the high maneuverability characteristics of gas turbines, gas turbines do not always provide the load change rates required by the energy system if the manufacturer's restrictions on the set load/unload speed are met. Based on model tests performed on a full-scale PGU-450 simulator, it is shown that the use of accumulated heat in the high-pressure drums of heat recovery boilers by acting on the control valve of a steam turbine allows a quick but short-term response to frequency deviation. For different outdoor temperatures and base loads, the initial position of the steam turbine control valve is determined. The real possibility of active participation of PGU-450 in regulating the frequency and power of the energy system using the proposed technology of active participation of a steam turbine without violating the manufacturer's restrictions on gas and steam turbines is shown, practical recommendations are given and a possible improvement of the existing CCGT power control system is proposed.

Microfluidic biochips enable low-cost automation of biochemical protocols with numerous applications to medical diagnostics, forensics, molecular biology, and drug design. An important component of protocol design is sample preparation, which involves dilution or mixing of two or more fluids in a desired ratio of concentration factors (CF). Existing continuous-flow microfluidic biochips deploy either free-flowing networks where only a single layer of flow-channels is used devoid of any control valves, or valve-based technology where the flow-layer is augmented with a control layer of valves. While the former is easy to fabricate, reliable, and less expensive, they are typically hardwired for specific applications only. The latter class, although programmable, is expensive and prone to various manufacturing and operational defects. In this paper, we present the physical design of a microfluidic network that is free-flowing as well as programmable. The proposed valve-free network resembles a complete binary tree with serpentine obstacles embedded within its channels, and can be used to achieve a desired dilution of a sample just by proper selection of fluid concentrations to be fed as inputs under constant pressure. Simulation with COMSOL Multiphysics Software shows that the proposed network provides a powerful and versatile architecture for solution preparation with minimal control, outperforming prior approaches in terms of the accuracy of CFs and time for convergence.

This paper proposes a multistage method for burst leak localization through valve operations (VOs) and smart demand metering in district meter areas (DMAs) of water distribution systems (WDSs). Each stage includes partitioning of the DMA into two subregions using VOs and identification of potentially leaking pipes within the subregions through water balance analysis based on smart demand meters. Such a process is performed repeatedly (multiple stages) to narrow down the spatial range for pinpointing leak locations. To improve efficiency, a bisection optimization problem is formulated to localize the minimum leak areas using the lowest number of VOs, which is solved by a graph theory-based method. The utility of the proposed method is demonstrated using two DMAs (DMA1 and DMA2) of a real WDS with different topological properties. Results show that the proposed method can efficiently localize artificial burst leaks in DMA1 within 7–15% of the total pipe length, implying that the proposed method is theoretically effective in localizing pipe burst leaks. The real application to DMA2 has identified two leak regions with 2.3 and 4.2 km of pipe length (around 3–6% of the entire DMA2) using 18 VOs. These two burst leaks have been subsequently confirmed and pinpointed using listening rods by practitioners of the local water utility. These results indicate that the proposed multistage method is effective and efficient for burst leak localization, which can be promising for wide practical applications due to rapid developments of smart WDSs (e.g., smart demand meters or control valves).

Integrating vertical-axis runners into ball valves for energy harvesting from pressurized pipes in water supply systems has become a promising scheme of self-supplying power (referred to as the &ldquo, GreenValve&rdquo, scheme). In addition to energy harvesting, the GreenValve configuration also has the function of fluid regulating, which makes a qualitative breakthrough in both structure and function. However, the runner specially used to match the ball valve has not been fully studied and designed. Hence, based on the traditional Savonius rotor, a modified semi-elliptical runner is proposed in this study. To better match the ball valve structurally, the roundness of the runner at blade tip position is improved and, thus, the initial runner configuration is obtained. Moreover, research on blade profile flatness and runner aspect ratio is conducted in FLUENT software to be more functionally compatible with the ball valve. Numerical results indicate that the GreenValve always performs best in terms of shaft power at 25% opening regardless of the aspect ratio and the flatness. When the flatness value is equal to 0.7, the GreenValve presents the maximum shaft power and the second highest flow coefficient which is only 1.9% lower than the maximum value. Comparison results of three models with different aspect ratios reveal that the model with the smallest aspect ratio has a slight reduction in flow capacity while a significant improvement in shaft power, reaching a maximum shaft power of 78.6W.

In this research work, the main objective is to enhance the performance, combustion characteristics and reduce emissions of compression ignition engine using alternative fuel. Four experimental investigations and one numerical analysis are carried out to identify the optimum biodiesel blend and modification methods. Mahua oil issued. In this study due to its ease of availability compared with other non-edible oils. Two types of engine modifications were made. First one is Low Heat Rejection (LHR) and second one is Low Temperature Combustion (LTC). In the LHR modification the engine parts such as the cylinder head and the piston head is coated by the alumina (Al2O3) with a thickness of 350 μm. For the LTC modification the Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) process was adopted with help of control valves. CFD analysis was done through ANSYS FORTE software comparing with the experimental results. The variation between the CFD analysis and experiment results was 4% to 9%. Hence from this study, ANSYS FORTE is one of the suitable CFD software for evaluating the performance of the IC engine. The biodiesel blends B20 and the LHR modification technique by ceramic coating, along with LTC modification of 15% EGR yields better performance and lower emissions.

Complicated friction characteristics of control valves, such as the asymmetric valve property, restrict the applicability of some existing data-driven models for efficiently replicating the valve stiction phenomena in practice. The authors have previously proposed a modelling strategy for asymmetric valve stiction. The strategy is based on a piecewise linear Hammerstein (PWL-HMM) identification approach with BIC-based knot refinement for simplifying the model. In this work, we validate the practical applicability and significance of this technique on data from a laboratory pilot plant. Description and illustration are outlined for the pilot plant setup. The control valve is modified such that various friction levels can be introduced to the valve stem to simulate different features of the asymmetric stiction property. The results suggest that the proposed algorithm seems to be a valid technique for identifying asymmetric behaviours of sticky valves.

Steam turbines are among the most important systems in commercial and industrial power conversion. As the amount of renewable energies increases, power plants formerly operated at steady state base load are now experiencing increased times at part load conditions. Besides other methods, the use of control valves is a widely spread method for controlling the power output of a steam turbine. In difference to other throttling approaches, the control valve enables fast load gradients as the boiler can be operated at constant conditions and allows a quicker response on variable power requirements. At part load, a significant amount of energy is dissipated across the valve, as the total inlet pressure of the turbine is decreased across the valve. At these conditions, the flow through the valve becomes trans- and supersonic and large pressure fluctuations appear within the downstream part of the valve. As a result, unsteady forces are acting on the valve structure and vibrations can be triggered, leading to mechanical stresses and possible failures of the valve. Besides more complex valve geometries, a spherical valve shape is still often used in smaller and industrial steam turbines. Because of the smooth head contour, the flow is prone to remain attached to the head surface and interact with the flow coming from the opposite side. This behaviour is accompanied by flow instabilities and large pressure fluctuations, leading to unsteady forces and possible couplings with mechanical frequencies. The spherical valve shape was therefore chosen as the experimental test geometry for the investigation of the unsteady flow field and fluid-structure-interactions within a scaled steam turbine control valve. Using numerical methods, the test valve is investigated and the time dependent pressure distribution in the downstream diffuser is evaluated. The evolution of the flow stability will be discussed for different pressure ratios. Pressure signals retrieved from the control valve test rig will be used to compare the numerical results to experimental data.

Many technological processes require a smooth change in the parameters of compressed air, which is provided by the use of control valves with an electropneumatic actuator. Regulator with electropneumatic actuatorss are becoming more popular than mechanical actuator devices due to their high degree of automation, easy setup, self-diagnostics, and the ability to transmit data to the upper automatic control system. One of the main problems in creating this type of regulator is to ensure the quality of the control system and the reliability of the diaphragm actuator control valves, which are prone to clogging and jamming in low-purity environments. This work is devoted to the study of gas pressure regulator with a pneumatic diaphragm actuator and a digital positioner based on a block of on/off solenoid valves operating in pulse-width modulation mode. Due to the use of on/off solenoid valves, instead of proportional valves, the cost of the regulator is reduced and low sensitivity to contamination is provided, because on/off solenoid valves have a relatively large flow area compared to proportional valves. The paper describes the mathematical model of the regulator developed in Simcenter Amesim software package. The influence of the pulse width modulation carrier frequency on the on/off valve control characteristic is shown. The transient characteristics of the regulator are obtained with a step change in the set pressure and the value of the consumer load. The results presented in the article may be interest to designers of control valves with pneumatic diaphragm actuators controlled by programmable logic controllers.

In the paper, results of theoretical and experimental study of the pressure distribution between pulsation damper stages and the gas pressure control valve are presented. It is shown that the pressure distribution mode affects the damper efficiency and allows to provide required vibroacoustic characteristics of the gas pressure control system as a whole. There are considered several typical modes of pressure distributions. The most effective design solution is a multistage throttling type pressure pulsation damper having equal pressure ratios at each damper stage. The calculated data were confirmed experimentally.

The main concept is to design the novel autotuner in a way that it will introduce benefits that arise from the effect of the fusion of the quantitative and qualitative knowledge gained from identification experiments, long-time expertise, and theoretical findings. The novelty of this approach is in the manner in which the expert heuristic knowledge is used for the development of an easy-to-use and time-efficient tuning process. In the proposed approach, the positioner simply learns, mimics, and follows up the tuning process that is performed by an experienced human operator. The major strength of this approach is that all parameters of positioner PID controller can be estimated by only identifying one single parameter that is the effective time constant of the pneumatic actuator. The elaborated autotuning algorithm is experimentally examined with different commercially available pneumatic actuators and control valves. The obtained results demonstrate that the proposed autotuning approach exhibits good performance, usability, and robustness. This should be considered as particularly relevant in the processes of installing, commissioning, and servicing single-action final control elements.

Intelligent wells armed with the interval control valve (ICV) are more and more widely applied in the oilfields. In an ICV, the metal seal pair composed of the metal seal ring and the sliding sleeve is designed to isolate the produced fluid flow between the casing annulus and the tubing. The evaluation of the metal seals for ICVs is necessary to enhance the reliability. In this paper, the influences of medium pressure and initial interference on the contact mechanical behaviors of the metal seal for the ICV are studied by using finite element analysis (FEA) when both of the metal seal pair elements have roundness errors. The results indicate that when the both long axes of the metal seal pair’s elliptical sections coincide or are orthogonal, the contact stresses on the core area for the seal face present cosine or sine curve distributions. Each distribution curve becomes smoother with the increase of medium pressure, initial interference or the reduction of sliding sleeve roundness error. And for the contact stress distribution curves, the maximum at the peaks and troughs and the average increase with the increase of the medium pressure, the initial interference and the roundness error of the sliding sleeve. Moreover, when the angle between the metal seal pair elliptical sections’ long axes increases from 0 ° to 90 °, the contact stress distribution curves on the core area for the seal face change from cosine to sine type, and the maximum at the peaks and troughs and the average first decrease and then increase. The relationship curves between the maximum or average contact stress and the angle of two long axes are approximately symmetrical about the line θ = 45° . This paper provides a simulation evaluation for the ICV metal seal pair with roundness error.

In normal condition of thermal power plant, the boiler feed-water pump (BFP) speed modulates to control economizer feed-water (FW) flow, and/or the regulation valve is used for start-up and low load. However, super-critical motor-BFP at its minimum speed can not sufficiently modulate to control economizer FW flow during low pressure boiler start-up. Moreover, the requirement of high drop pressure can not be achieved with one control valve given the wide flow control range required. Therefore, the study conducts the experiment and evaluation for a novel design with additional letdown control valves downstream pump in series with regulation valve to control feed-water during unit start-up and low load for the configuration of super-critical Motor-BFP. The results show that the ramp rates of temperature and pressure per minutes are equivalent and within permission of ASME codes in comparison with the configuration of sub-critical Motor-BFP with one control valve during start-up time tests. From the results of the study, it is advisable that Vietnam can apply this viable design for the new thermal power units in order to proof against the increase of periodic start-ups or partial shutdowns caused by the problems related to variable renewable electricity and potential grid stability in the near future.

At several natural gas compressor stations control valves have experienced low-frequency vibrations when placed directly downstream of pipe bends. It is know that at pipe bends a pair of counter-rotating vortexes form and extend several diameters downstream. These vortexes are not symmetric and instead oscillate back and forth at a low-frequency phenomenon referred to as swirl-switching. It is suspected that these upstream flow oscillations enter the valve and are the cause of the valve vibrations. Large-eddy simulations have been performed on pipe bends with two different bend radius at a Reynolds number of 80,000. The simulations showed that the frequency of the vortexes decreased as the bend radius increased. When non-dimensionalized the frequency obtained from the simulation is comparable to the field measurement from the compressor station. This consistency provides support to the argument that upstream flow-induced oscillations are the cause of the low-frequency valve vibrations. The velocity fluctuations due to swirl-switching dissipate downstream of the bend and by placing several diameter lengths of straight pipe between a control valve and a pipe bend, the issue of low-frequency vibrations induced at the valve could be avoided. The objective of this study is to provide evidence that low-frequency valve vibrations can be linked to upstream pipe geometry and put forward a plausible explanation of why.

Various academic studies show that in the use of common ICE Off-road Vehicles only about 10-15% of the available power at fuel level is actually transformed into useful energy for the actuators. Particularly the Directional Control Valves are responsible for the dissipation of about 35-40% of the hydraulic energy available at the pump level. The machine electrification trend makes it even more urgent to optimize the hydraulic system to ensure greater performance and higher battery autonomy. Traditional Directional Control Valves design solutions neglect important opportunities for reducing losses and improve internal regeneration. Especially, energy recovery is rarely applied and in any case by means of important superstructures which considerably increase the costs of the system. This paper presents an innovative Directional Control Valve layout, based on the Downstream Compensation approach that, in a simple and cost-effective design, allows to recover a considerable amount of energy from both the inertial loads and the simultaneous use of multiple actuators at different pressure level. The proposed layout performance and efficiency are studied through lumped element simulation and laboratory experimental tests.

The paper study the possibility of using the OPC protocol to transmit data in real time between DeltaV distributed system and Simulink environment in order to develop a level control system in a real plant. The DeltaV system is configured in order to acquire the level value from the transducer, and to transmit the commands for the control valve and the pump. The control algorithms, Proportional-Integral (PI) and Internal Model Control (IMC), are implemented in Simulink. In order to facilitate the real time connection between DeltaV and Simulink, OPC protocol functions are used. The developed level control system is studied for changes of set-point and disturbance. The results obtained for the two cases (PI and IMC algorithms) are compared in terms of transient time, time delay and overshoot. All the results are obtained for the real plant.

The article describes the device and the principle of operation of the steam generator on the example of the reactor core RBMK-1000 (High Power Channel Reactor). The description of the equipment included in the multiple forced circulation circuits forming the reactor is presented. The process of controlling the flow of coolant in the technological channel of the reactor using shut-off and control valves is considered in detail and the need for automation of this process is substantiated. The problem of synthesis of the automatic control system of shut-off and control valves is formulated and solved. The possibility of using the apparatus of extended frequency characteristics for the frequency analysis of systems with distributed parameters is considered. The problem is formulated and solved to develop a methodology for calculating the settings of a distributed PID controller. Software has been developed for modeling thermal fields in the reactor core.

This article presents the results of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis of an innovative directional control valve consisting of four poppet seat valves and two electromagnets enclosed inside a single body. The valve has a unique design, allowing the use of any poppet valve configuration. Both normally opened (NO) and normally closed (NC) seat valves can be applied. The combination of four universal valve seats and two electromagnets gives a wide range of flow path configurations. This significantly increases the possibility of practical applications. However, due to the significant miniaturization of the valve body and the requirement to obtain necessary connections between flow paths, multiple geometrically complex channels had to be made inside the body. Hence, the main purpose of work was to shape the geometry of the flow channels in such a way as to minimize pressure losses. During the CFD analyses velocity distribution in flow channels and pressure distribution on the walls were determined. The results were used to obtain pressure loss as a function of flow rate, which was then verified by means of laboratory experiments conducted on a test bench.

Simulation and experimental studies of pneumatic cylinder position control are introduced. High speed on-off solenoid air valve is used instead of the proportional control valve. Sliding mode control with error modification, SMCE, is proposed to drive the air valves with pulse width modulation (PWM) technique. Comparison of the performance of the closed loop position control using SMCE with the traditional PID is held. The simulation model is used to optimize the SMC and PID controller parameters to start the experimental test as a first trial. The experimental results for square and sinusoidal position reference show superiority of the SMCE over the PID in terms of lower steady state errors, faster settling time, and less overshoot. The root mean square error for a sinusoidal input of 0.1 Hz, is 0.22 mm for SMCE and 0.69 mm for PID controller. The maximum absolute errors are 0.66 mm and 1.46 mm for SMCE and PID respectively.

In moving with the modern era of Industry 4.0, it is required to understand the computation process to perform better. The process plant industry consists of many complicated versions of performance and stays update. Since the way system engineers work for reliability is still needed to revise as a present way only looks for the deterministic model, not a stochastic model to predict reliability. This research mainly focuses on the prediction of the reliability of the control valve used in the process plant. The Bayesian distribution and Weibull distribution both are used to visualize the reliability for control valves and also to visualize the mode of failure which can occur in control valve performance. These results also give information on the maintenance of the instrument. In sense, did component can be repaired or its life cycle is approaching to end.

This paper presents an approach to managing the thermal power plant&rsquo, s flexible operation based on the steam generation process optimization. A strategy at the process level, as a first step in the operational optimization of the entire power plant, is proposed. The proposed approach focuses on minimizing the drum boiler startup time, since it is considered the most critical element in the steam generation process and in the thermal power plant&rsquo, s efficient operation. An approach that addresses the problem to find the optimal sequences of control valves that minimize the drum boiler startup time as a dynamic optimization problem is proposed. To solve the optimization problem, a dynamic optimization framework based on a micro genetic algorithm (mGA) coupled with a dynamic simulation model is implemented. The dynamic simulation model is validated against data available in the literature, and the proposed optimization algorithm is characterized by the use of variable length chromosomes and the use of small population sizes. The results show that optimized operating profiles minimize the drum boiler startup time by at least 35 percent and generate control valve operating sequences that must be carried out to achieve the desired profile, while the structural integrity constraints are fulfilled at all times.

Heat recovery steam generator (HRSG) is an equipment part of the combined cycle power plant (CCPP), which consists of the gas turbine, HRSG, and steam turbine. HRSG performs a significant role in defining the efficiency of the CCPP. The fault condition at a subsystem or component of HRSG could cause failure in entire CCPP systems. Therefore, the fault potential should be identified, and the failure should be mitigated once it occurs. The objective of this study is to determine the alternative control structure which can be applied in the HRSG system in case of major fault and to determine which the most optimum alternative control structure based on reliability and cost analysis. First, the fault is determined and ranked based on the severity of the effect. Restructuration will be done for any major fault with severity rank 8 and above. The alternative control structure will be determined, then reliability and cost analysis will be applied to those structures to choose the most optimum alternative structure which will be applied in the system. Modeling and simulation will be done using MATLAB Simulink. Closing the blowdown valve, reducing the opening of the steam outlet control valve, and the combination of the previous two structures are the alternative structures that can be applied in HRSG systems in case of complete loss in the economizer outlet control valve. The third structure is the most optimum alternative structure based on a reliability and a cost analysis. It has reliability rate of 3.99 and cost of $12,078.87. The third structure also has the longest retention time of 436 s.

This paper presents not only a hardware-simulator development for hydraulic turbine generation systems (HTGS) in a district heating system (DHS) but also its control strategies and sequence. Generally, a DHS uses a differential pressure control valve (DPCV) to supply high-pressure&ndash, high-temperature fluids for customers depending on distance. However, long-term exposure of the DPCV to fluids increases the probability of cavitation and leads to heat loss in an event of cavitation. Therefore, a HTGS was introduced to solve this problem. It performs differential pressure control of the fluids, replaces the DPCV, and converts excess energy wasted by the DPCV to electrical energy. In this paper, the development of a hardware-simulator for HTGSs with a back-to-back converter, which uses two-level topologies, is proposed, moreover, control strategies and sequence used in this design are presented. The performance and validity of the proposed hardware-simulator and its control strategies are demonstrated by experimental results.

The deployment of real-time control (RTC) technology has improved the performance of stormwater management facilities. However, most of the current research focuses on individual pilot site...

Purpose This paper proposes new methods of fault detection for fuel systems in order to improve system availability. Novel fault systems are required for environmentally friendly lean burn combustion, but can carry high risk failure modes particularly through their control valves. The purpose of the developed technology is the rapid detection of these failure modes, such as valve sticking or impending sticking, and therefore to reduce this risk. However, sensing valve state is challenging due to hot environmental temperatures, which results in a low reliability for conventional position sensing. Design/methodology/approach Starting with the business needs elicited from stakeholders, a quality functional deployment process is performed to derive sensing system requirements. The process acknowledges the difference between test-bed and in-service aerospace needs through weightings on requirements and maps these customer requirements to systems performance metrics. The design of the system must therefore optimise the sensor suite, on- and off-board signal processing and acquisition strategy. Findings Against this systems engineering process, two sensing strategies are outlined which illustrate the span of solutions, from conventional gas path sensing with advanced signal processing to novel non-invasive sensing concepts. While conventional sensing may be feasible within a test cell, the constraints of aerospace in-service operation may necessitate more novel alternatives. Acoustic emission (detecting very high frequency surface vibration waves) sensing technology is evaluated to provide a non-invasive, remote and high temperature tolerant solution. Through this comparison, the considerations for the end-to-end system design are highlighted to be critical to sensor deployment success in-service. Practical implications The paper provides insight into different means of addressing the important problem of monitoring faults in combustor systems in gas turbines. By casting of the complex design problem within a systems engineering framework, the outline of a toolset for solution evaluation is provided. Originality/value The paper provides three areas of significant contributions: a diversity of methods to diagnosing fuel system malfunctions by measuring changes fuel flow distributions, through novel means, and the combustor exit temperature profiles (cause and effect); the use of analytical methods to support the selection (types and quantities) and placement of sensors to ensure adequate state awareness while minimising their impact on the engine system cost and weight; and an end-to-end data processing approach to provide optimised information for the engine maintainers allowing informed decision-making.

Productivity index is directly proportional to the total reservoir contact (RC) within the same reservoir, hence the applications of multilateral. The new generation of the smart multilateral well completions divides the lateral section into a number of segments through oil swell packers and integrated stations are placed against each segment. The integrated station consists of electrical ICVs, downhole liquid metering and WC and pressure measurements sensors. The unique smart completion allows real-time optimization and controlling of unwanted fluids on the segment level, utilizing the fast electrical ICVs. A comprehensive methodology has been developed to establish a production balance across the segments and the laterals utilizing the real-time downhole measurements rather than the tedious trial and error procedure. The methodology is divided into two components. In the first component: a single multilateral model is constructed using a single well modelling application. The model is calibrated to match the recent production test conducted on the well. Several simulation runs are performed on the calibrated model to test different combination of the downhole and surface choke settings until the well produces the target on condition that the laterals are producing equally. In the second component: a real-time production optimization process is conducted on the well using the outcomes of the first component. The proposed methodology was conducted on multilaterals well with hydraulic and electrical ICVs and successfully completed. A good match has been obtained between the outcomes of the calibrated modeland the actual performance of the well. The process brings the well to the target at a straightforward task and avoids the trial and error procedure that may.

To cater to the ever-increasing needs of customers, industries have to give more importance toward maintenance of health of industrial process equipments through better monitoring system. Thus, fault detection and diagnosis techniques have a vital role in maintaining industrial process health. Stiction is one of the commonly occurring control valve faults in most of the flow process industries. In this paper, an attempt is made to synthesis the Choudhury’s stiction model to analyze the behavior of the control valve with stiction fault. Behavior of control valve is analyzed under different stages like linear, deadband, undershoot, overshoot and no offset conditions.

The main objective of this research is to describe the LS hydraulic drive based on a multimode directional control valve, for the most important operation of the hydraulic drive, to develop a mathematical model, to describe the developed mathematical model in the MATLAB system, to develop a software module in the MATLAB system for conducting theoretical studies of the mathematical model of the hydraulic drive. The subject of research is working processes in the LS hydraulic drive, a mathematical model of the LS hydraulic drive. Methods of mathematical modelling of differential equations of a nonlinear mathematical model, development of software module analytical methods were used in the research. The result of the research is the mathematical model of the LS hydraulic drive in the form of a system of differential equations and the scheme in the MATLAB Simulink system, which provided the solution of mathematical model equations and obtaining graphs of transients in a hydraulic drive. The algorithm for data exchange in the MATLAB Simulink system and the GUI graphical interface program, which implements data exchange, allows us to investigate the influence of the parameters of a load-sensitive hydraulic drive on the amount of overregulation by the pressure of the hydraulic pump in the hydraulic drive.

In this study, we propose a multi-view data analysis approach that can be used for modelling and monitoring smart control valve system behaviour. The proposed approach consists of four distinctive steps: (i) multi-view interpretation of the available data attributes by separating them into several representations (views), e.g., operational parameters, contextual factors, and performance indicators; (ii) modelling different control valve system operating modes by clustering analyses of the operational data view; (iii) annotating each operating mode (cluster) by using the remaining views (i.e., contextual and system performance data); (iv) context-aware monitoring of the control valve system operating behaviour by applying the built model. In addition, the data points (daily profiles) observed during the monitoring can be annotated by comparing them with the known typical behavioural modes. This information can be further analysed and used for continuous updating and improvement of the model.The potential of the proposed approach has been evaluated and demonstrated on real-world sensor data originating from a company in the smart building domain. The obtained results show the robustness of the proposed approach in modelling, analysing, and monitoring the control valve system behaviour. © 2020 IEEE. open access

On the example of the analysis of modern engineering solutions, questions of rational design of flange joints of fittings of the pipelines having big technological misalignments are considered. It is shown that flange joints in many cases define operability of control valves of pipeline transport. The large amount of metal spent for production of flanges and their responsibility is demanded by applications of rational designs and evidence-based methods of calculation. Exact combination of holes under attachment bolts of pipeline fittings and the pipeline gives the chance to reduce the sizes and to limit bend of spindle of the control device that increases efficiency and reliability of pipeline transport. When designing flange joints, the value of eccentricity must be limited by the admissible size of the arrow deviation.

The Energy optimization is becoming fundamental in the Fluid Power world. University and industries are working hard to promote innovative and efficient ideas to optimize components that are the main cause of energy dissipation of ICE and recently Electric Off-Road vehicles. A new hydraulic layout based on the concept of “Downstream compensation” is introduced and then validated using real test data. Three architectures of this innovative Directional Control Valve are presented in this paper. The first idea of layout includes a compensator controlled by two pressure signals taken before and after the main spool of the hydraulic circuit. Thanks to its controlled stroke, this compensator diverts to a highpressure accumulator part of flow that otherwise would be delivered to the tank. Moreover, two different layouts able to satisfy the Flow Sharing characteristic were developed. In any configuration, the compensator, thanks to its downstream position, allows to control the return flow, realizing a remarkable energy recovery from the overrunning loads and the simultaneous use of multiple actuators at different pressure levels.For all the analyzed hydraulic circuit, lumped parameter models were realized, using a commercial software. These models, validated with experimental tests, have allowed to calculate the energy recovery achieved by the system. Moreover, an optimization of the most important system’s parameters and components were realized to improve the system efficiency. In every tested configuration, this compensator ensures great advantages for both the energy recovery and the economic point of view. Finally, an outlook is drawn of the reuse of recovered flow through the application of an electrohydraulic motor.

To minimize the complexity of existing process control valves, the authors derived a new control valve design by functional separation and functional integration of functions. One key element of this new valve design is the functional integration of teh actuator into the valve´s throttle. A hydraulic swivel motor is operated with the process fluid, in this case water. The pressure difference to operate the motor comes from the valve itself. Within this paper we present the control valve design and show in detail how we used the Fail-Early design method to develop the hydraulic swivel motor. The construction is discussed using the experience from manufacturing the prototype and the first exp erimental results are shown. The experiments yield, that the swivel motor principle is promising. Finally, the next development issues are discussed.

The reason for the destruction of shutoff equipment in water supply systems is found to occur due to low-cycle fatigue caused by thermal deformations of pipeline parts. At different temperature-induced strains, bending stresses arise in them, the cyclicality of these stresses being determined by hot and cold water consumption periodicity. The bending stresses are calculated by the method of initial parameters. Allowable stress under dynamic loading is calculated. The size of the pipeline portion where shutoff and control valve equipment can be safely installed is determined.

The purpose of this work is to analyze the coefficient of hydraulic resistance in the separator of a direct-flow control valve with a rotary lock according to the approximation of the superposition of pressure losses in elementary local resistances. In contrast to the known methods of constructing simulation models, the proposed analytical method of calculation is based on a qualitative assessment of the specified coefficient in the implementation of throttling of fluid flows in the “separator-rotary lock” unit, depending on the design and operating parameters of the process. It was found that, within the selected range of variation of the separator parameters, an increase in the valve opening degree from 20% to 50% leads to a decrease in the hydraulic resistance coefficient by 19.6 times, and an increase in this degree from 20% to 100% is associated with a 42.4-fold decrease in the studied characteristic. This circumstance justifies the effectiveness of the proposed method for throttling the flows of the working medium. The results obtained are used to study the influence of the main design parameters of the “separator-butterfly valve” unit on the flow capacity of the control valve and are relevant for stochastic modeling of the hydrodynamic cavitation process.

International audience; In the last two decades, new technologies have been introduced to equip wells with intelligent completions such as Inflow Control Device (ICD) or Inflow Control Valve (ICV) in order to optimize the oil recovery by reducing the undesirable production of gas and water. To optimally define the locations of the packers and the characteristics of the valves, efficient reservoir simulation models are required. This paper is aimed at presenting the specific developments introduced in a multipurpose industrial reservoir simulator to simulate such wells equipped with intelligent completions taking into account the pressure drop and multiphase flow. An explicit coupling or decoupling of a reservoir model and a well flow model with intelligent completion makes usually unstable and non-convergent results, and a fully implicit coupling is CPU time consuming and difficult to be implemented. This paper presents therefore a semi-implicit approach, which links on one side to the reservoir simulation model and on the other side to the well flow model, to integrate ICD and ICV.

When designing pipeline networks, the knowledge of loss coefficient respectively resistance coefficient when flowing through various types of fluids through hydraulic elements, e.g. control valves, which are often used in the engineering and energy industry. Their specification is performed mainly experimentally. However, there are applications where the experimental approach of their determination is unrealistic and then mathematical methods can be considered. The article presents a methodology for determining the static characteristics of the DN25 control valve for different opening. The measurement of the characteristics was performed with an incompressible flowing medium - water and with a compressible flowing medium - air. Subsequently, a comparison of measurement and evaluation of loss and flow coefficients was performed. The measured values will be further used to verify the results of modelling and to precisely define mathematical models, so that the models can be subsequently used at vapour flow, where the experimental method of determination is difficult. Frequent applications are found in the flow of saturated and superheated vapour through control valves.

Accurate measurement is the basis of fluid control. Valves as resistance components produce differential pressure which in turn can be used for flow measurement. This paper studies the function among valve position, pressure difference and flow rate of a new designed butterfly valve. In this paper, the flow model of butterfly valve is established based on Bernoulli equation, the discharge coefficient C and the permanent pressure loss ratio \( \varphi \) under different valve opening conditions are studied by CFD simulations. The results show that the discharge coefficient C reaches a stable value with the increase of Reynolds number, and the position of the pressure taps is very important for valve flowmeters. The effect mechanism of valve opening on discharge coefficient C which is a complex and non-linear process needs further study.

Pneumatic control valves are deployed in a wide variety of industrial applications and plants. The plethora of valve applications has a great span in required operational accuracy and time scales, from precise medical dosing valves to large valves used for level control in offshore separation tanks. It is common for these valves to have inherent position control deployed by the manufacturer, and as a result, these valve systems often receive a wanted opening degree, where the inherent position control drives the actual valve opening towards the wanted opening degree. From previous works utilizing pneumatic control valves for offshore produced water treatment, an inconsistent input-output delay was observed. This work presents experiments to detect and describe these delays, such that the model may be incorporated in the design of improved control solutions that account for these behaviors. A pin-cart model with state-dependent delay is proposed, validated using data from a continuously actuated valve, and compared to commonly used existing valve models. The proposed model exerts the state-dependent input-output delay successfully.

This paper presents a novel method for point-to-point path control for a hydraulic knuckle boom crane. The developed path control algorithm differs from previous solutions by operating in the actuator space instead of the joint space or Cartesian space of the crane. By operating in actuator space, almost all the parameters and constraints of the system become either linear or constant, which greatly reduces the complexity of both the control algorithm and path generator. For a given starting point and endpoint, the motion for each actuator is minimized compared to other methods. This ensures that any change in direction of motion is avoided, thereby greatly minimizing fatigue, jerky motion, and energy consumption. However, where other methods may move the tool-point in a straight line from start to end, the method in actuator space will not. In addition, when working in actuator space in combination with pressure-compensated control valves, there is no need for linearization of the system or feedback linearization due to the linear relationship between the control signal and the actuator velocities. The proposed solution has been tested on a physical system and shows good setpoint tracking and minimal oscillations.

In-rack sprinklers are occasionally used to protect rack storage, and are an essential part of some protection for options within NFPA 13. When they are optional they are still highly desirable since they are likely to lead to faster control of fire and less damage to the stored commodity. Aside from the added expense and less flexible storage arrangement, the big concern with in-rack sprinklers is mechanical damage, leading to water damage, from careless forklift operators. This is one of the reasons in-rack sprinklers are required to have a separate indicating control valve.

This study applies independent metering control in a forestry forwarder in order to improve its energy efficiency. The paper describes the control method, which enables smooth control mode switches and relatively accurate velocity tracking without position, velocity or acceleration feedback. The energy saving capability is analysed through measured, realistic, working cycle, which is repeated for the baseline system and independent metering system. The input energy taken by the control valves is compared. Further-more, the power losses of the supply pump and diesel engine are modelled to achieve semi-empirical estimate for the diesel fuel consumption. The results show an average reduction of 25% in the fuel consumption when compared to the baseline. acceptedVersion

Most of hydraulics valves are work as normally closed, while Magneto-rheological (MR) valve design to work as normally open. In this this work, developing the new design of Magneto-rheological (MR) control valve is proposed which works as normally close using permanent magnet. To achieve that the finite element analysis for proposed design of Magneto-rheological (MR) control valve is implemented to evaluate it. The new design of the proposed valve can be done using open source of magnetic finite element software (FEMM). The model of proposed Magneto-rheological (MR) control valve dimensions and all properties of assign materials to model are given to the appropriate work regions. The properties of electric circuit of magnetic coil of the proposed MR control valve are given. Mesh size is specified to the finite element model. The analysis results show the flux density of magnetic (B) and magnetic strength (H) in the effective gap of proposed valve are constant. The good performance of proposed Magneto-rheological (MR) valve design is achieved. The proposed new design is consider as normally closed MR control valve. It operates with variable flow rate (Q) when the value of current is changed, high flow rate at high current and vice versa. The proposal MR valve design can be considered as developed of Magneto-rheological (MR) control valve.

Данная работа посвящена методике проверки узлов управления и запорной арматуры как низкого, так и высокого давления. Задачи, которые решались в ходе исследования: 1. Разработка моделей испытательного стенда для проведения испытаний; 2. Разработка гидростанции для низкого давления в системе; 3. Разработка контрольной панели для снятия характеристик во время проведения испытаний; 4. Разработка методики испытаний узлов управления с учетом установок; 5. Проведение испытаний с помощью разработанной установки. Работа производилась на базе ООО «ФНПП «Гефест», где был разработан и произведен испытательный стенд, были проведены работы по сборке узлов управления и запорной арматуры с элементами обвязки, разработана модель узла управления высокого давления. В результате был испытан стенд для проверки узлов управления и запорной арматуры, произведена серия успешных испытаний, также были проанализированы нормативные документы, отмечены недостатки в них., The given work is devoted to methods for checking high and low pressure valves. The research set the following goals: 1. Development of models of a test bench for testing; 2. Development of a hydraulic station for low pressure in the system; 3. Development of a control panel for characterization during testing; 4. Development of a test procedure for control units taking into account installations; 5. Conducting tests using the developed installation. The work was fulfilled on the premises of FNPP “Gefest” Ltd., where a test bench was developed and produced, work was carried out on the assembly of control units and stop valves with strapping elements, and a model of a high-pressure control unit was developed. As a result, regulatory documents were successfully analyzed, the deficiencies noted in them. There were series of successful experiments of control valves.

The subject of research was an opposed reciprocating compressor (RC) providing gas injection into the underground gas storage. Issues concerning implementation of compressor start-up conditions to recirculating line have been considered. As a tool, the compressor-network analysis method is used, which consists in determining the system operating points through matching characteristics of the reciprocating compressor and the network, for which in this case the recirculating line with the control valve is considered. Recommendations have been received to select a control valve type for the reciprocating compressor operating in both single-stage and two-stage modes.