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With the proliferation of machine-to-machine communication, there are many communication protocols standardized for IoT applications. Performances of these protocols may significantly deviate from each other even under the same operating conditions. In this paper, we quantitatively compare the performances of a set of well-known IoT communication protocols, namely CoAP (Constrained Application Protocol), MQTT (Message Queuing Telemetry Transport) and XMPP (Extendible Message Persistent Protocol) in a real-world testbed. CoAP employs UDP packets for transmission while others use TCP. For this purpose, we design as small testbed that collects real-time environmental data. By designing such a system, we aim to reveal the differences among protocols in terms of packet creation time and packet transmission time. The obtained results show that XMPP is worse than other protocols in both metrics and MQTT and CoAP perform almost equally.

Internet of Things (IOT) has emerged as a worldwide network, which wisely connects different devices or systems which are having self-configuring capabilities. The key ideas is to bind or to connect various devices or objects via wireless or wired connections along with unique addressing system and make ubiquitous environment where an individual can communicate at any time with digital and physical word. It has obvious vulnerabilities because of increasing number of omnipresent devices. That is why for transmission data at application layer, resource constrained devices are supposed to exploit constrained application protocol (CoAP) which has standardized by Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). CoAP has previously accepted as the model protocol for IOT systems. But privacy of CoAP is yet an open challenge. As it influence an individual's daily life it is necessary to allow security services like authentication, confidentiality, authorization etc. This work presents an overview of CoAP as well as present condition of security and privacy in Internet if Things that is compulsory to be solve and will decide the further work.

In the context of the Internet of Things (IoT), a new service model has emerged, namely, the Sensing as a Service (S²aaS). In such model, sensing data is available for external users as resources, and can be provided on demand, as services. Typically, the devices providing sensing resources are powered by batteries, thus the lifetime of devices becomes a concern to IoT service providers. A common strategy to reduce the number of tasks to be performed by the devices, thus saving energy, is caching data, reusing a prior response message to satisfy a current request. However, on the side of IoT service consumers, the freshness of the data is also a critical concern. That is, the time elapsed since the data is collected until it is delivered to the requesting user should be small. In high workload scenarios, addressing both lifetime and data freshness requirements may be challenging, mainly because commonly used application protocols, such as the Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP), only allow specifying the data freshness requirement in a strict way. This paper introduces an extension to CoAP, namely, CoAP-XED, aiming at supporting the relaxation of requests to sensing resources. Simulation results show that our approach supports maximizing the lifetime of devices and, at the same time, fulfill data freshness requirements.

Nowadays, the improvement in technology is growing highly which makes the internet extended to everything such as temperature sensors. Such sensors require protocols to send and receive data such as the Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP). Nevertheless, these protocols must be light, therefore, these sensors are restricted with energy however these light protocol must be secure also. In this paper, an enhancement on a CoAP protocol will be done by focusing on the message integrity, the authors will attempt to find the optimal hash function that can be added to the CoAP protocol in order of increasing the security without influencing the performance. Three types of hash function have been considered with the CoAP protocol, which are SHA-1, SHA224, and SHA256. The enhanced protocol has been evaluated using the Contiki OS simulation tool on a smart home application, and the results show that SHA 224 is the best hash algorithm according to the performance.

As a lot of sensors are connected to the Internet, many works have been made to support group communication for constrained application protocol. The existing multicast-based group communication may be efficient, but not reliable in wireless sensor networks. The existing unicast-based group communication is reliable, but it tends to give low performance. Recently, an observe-based group communication scheme was proposed, which uses the constrained application protocol–observe option. This is very effective, but tends to generate too many notification messages in the network. In this article, we thus propose an enhanced scheme of the observe-based group communication. In the proposed scheme, a broker is employed to monitor the status information of resources for a group of sensors. Each sensor will update its resource status to the broker using the constrained application protocol–observe option, and the broker sends the aggregate updated information to the constrained application protocol client, as done in the existing observe-based scheme. To reduce the number of notifications between the broker and the client, in the proposed scheme, the broker sends an aggregated notification to the client only when the client requests the information on resource status. In addition, the proposed scheme uses a hash function and the max-age timer of constrained application protocol in order to reduce unnecessary notification messages from the sensors to the broker. For performance analysis, we compare the existing and proposed schemes in terms of total delay and the amount of generated packets. From the results, we can see that the existing and proposed observe-based schemes improve total delay by almost 60%–80%, compared to the existing multicast-based and unicast-based schemes. In terms of the number of generated packets, the proposed scheme improves the existing observed-based scheme by almost 30%. We also performed the testbed experimentation of the proposed scheme for validation in the real-world network.

In this paper, we leverage the well-known Californium CoAP code set maintained by the Eclipse Foundation, as well as the Negative-Acknowledgment Oriented Reliable Multicast (NORM) code set implemented by the US Naval Research Laboratory (NRL), and propose a reliable MANET transport protocol denoted CoAP over NORM (CoNORM). Our protocol design introduces three distinct transport types to CoAP: Data Object Transport, File Transfer Transport, and Stream Transport. The proposed scheme also provides for reliable multicast transport. To validate our designed protocol, we conduct a performance evaluation in an emulation environment with Hardware-In-The-Loop (HITL) implementation. Our performance results demonstrate that CoNORM outperforms CoAP over UDP with respect to hop counts, mobility patterns, and packet loss, in addition to providing reliable multicasting, file transferring, and streaming capabilities.

The Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP), although inspired by HTTP, was designed to use UDP instead of TCP. The message layer of CoAP over UDP includes support for reliable delivery, simple congestion control, and flow control. Some environments benefit from the availability of CoAP carried over reliable transports such as TCP or Transport Layer Security (TLS). This document outlines the changes required to use CoAP over TCP, TLS, and WebSockets transports. It also formally updates RFC 7641 for use with these transports and RFC 7959 to enable the use of larger messages over a reliable transport.

Among billions of Internet enabled devices that are expected to surround us in the near future, many will be resource constrained, i.e., will have limited power supply, processing power and memory. To cope with these limitations, the Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) has been recently introduced as a lightweight alternative to HTTP for connecting the resource limited devices to the Web. Although the new protocol offers solid technical advantages, it remains uncertain whether a successful uptake will follow, as it depends also on its economic feasibility for the involved stakeholders. Therefore, this paper studies the techno-economic feasibility of CoAP using a systematic methodological framework. Based on eleven expert interviews complemented with a literature survey, the paper identifies potential deployment challenges for CoAP, both technical and business-related, and suggests approaches to overcome them. The findings should facilitate the uptake of CoAP by supporting the potential adopters of the protocol in their decision-making.

The Internet of Things (IoT) is being hailed as the next industrial revolution and it promises billion of IoT devices connected to the Internet in the near future. Emerging networking and back-end support technologies not only have to anticipate this dramatic increase in connected devices, but also the heterogeneity of devices. To this end, a management architecture which combines current management approaches to manage devices in the home network is presented. By inheriting advantages of these approaches, the proposed architecture is able to support multiple device classes, enables management services for time sensitive devices and sleepy devices, mitigates home gateway bottleneck issues and enables local management in the home network. To validate this architecture, a prototype based on the proposed architecture for managing ECHONET LITE devices and Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) enabled devices was developed.

The Linked Data Platform (LDP) W3C Recommendation defined resource management primitives for HTTP only, pushing into the background not-negligible use cases related to Web of Things (WoT) scenarios where HTTP-based communication and infras- tructures are unfeasible. This paper proposes a mapping of the LDP specification for Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) in order to publish Linked Data on the WoT. A general translation of LDP-HTTP requests and responses is provided, as well as a fully comprehensive framework for HTTP-to-CoAP proxying. The theoretical work is corroborated by an experimental campaign using the W3C Test Suite for LDP.

The Internet of Things (IoT) will include billions of smart “things” connected to the Web and characterized by sensing, actuating, and data processing capabilities. In this context, also known as Web of Things (WoT), the user should ideally be able to collect information provided by smart things, and to mash-up them to obtain value-added services. However, in the current solutions, the access to physical objects is poorly scalable and efficient, the communications are often unidirectional (from the devices to the users), and only tech-savvy people are able to develop mash-up applications. Based on these assumptions, we propose a software architecture to easily mash-up constrained application protocol (CoAP) resources. It is able to discover the available devices and to virtualize them outside the physical network. These virtualizations are then exposed to the upper layers by a REpresentational State Transfer (REST) interface, so that the physical devices interact only with their own virtualization. Furthermore, the system provides simplified tools allowing the development of mash-up applications to different-skilled users. Finally, the architecture allows not only to monitor but also to control the devices, thus establishing a bidirectional communication channel. To evaluate the proposal, we deeply modify and integrate some existing software components to realize an instance of the architecture.

This paper discusses the Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP), an application layer protocol introduced by Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) Constrained RESTful environment (CoRE) Working Group for use with low power and resource constrained nodes in the internet of things. The paper discusses the CoAP architecture supported with suitable examples. CoAP protocol message format, types, methods and security feature is also discussed. In this paper, we present a CoAP based car parking system implemented using Contiki, an open source operating system for resource constrained device. The Cooper (Cu) CoAP user agent for Firefox browser is used for handling CoAP URI scheme.

The novel trend of IPv6 over Low power Wireless Personal Area Networks (6LoWPAN) has enlivened the compromise of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) and Smart objects with the ubiquitous Internet. Meanwhile, the Term CoAP stands for Constrained Application Protocol has made it possible to bestow resource obliged devices all along RESTful web services functionalities and thus to organize Wireless Sensor Networks and smart things or objects with the Web. The exercise of Web services on top of IP based Wireless Sensor Networks holds up the software reusability and reductions the capriciousness of the application change. This exertion spotlight RESTful Wireless Sensor Networks. It depicts CoAP, highlights the principal appears differently in relation to Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) and reports the delayed consequences of a fundamental investigation exhibiting the benefits of CoAP in regards to compel usage diverged from Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP). We have depicted the arrangement and progression of an end-toend IP based auxiliary arranging (architecture) joining a CoAP more than 6LowPAN Contiki based Wireless Sensor Networks with a Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) over IP based application. The application consents a customer to get to Wireless Sensor Networks data particularly from a Web program.

The Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) has been designed by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) for Internet of Things (IoT) devices. Due to the limited radio channel capacities and hardware resources of such devices, congestion can be a serious problem. CoAP addresses this important issue with a basic congestion control mechanism. CoCoA, an Internet-Draft proposal, introduced alternative congestion control mechanisms for CoAP. Yet, there has been limited evaluation of these congestion control mechanisms in the literature. In this paper, we assess the methods applied in CoCoA in detail and propose improvements to address the shortcomings observed in the congestion control mechanisms. We carry out simulations to compare the congestion control performance for default CoAP, CoCoA, and our new proposal, CoCoA+, in a variety of network topologies and use cases. The results show that CoCoA+ outperforms default CoAP and achieves better results than CoCoA in the majority of considered cases.

It is predicted that billions of intelligent devices and networks, such as wireless sensor networks (WSNs), will not be isolated but connected and integrated with computer networks in future Internet of Things (IoT). In order to well maintain those sensor devices, it is often necessary to evolve devices to function correctly by allowing device management (DM) entities to remotely monitor and control devices without consuming significant resources. In this paper, we propose a lightweight RESTful Web service (WS) approach to enable device management of wireless sensor devices. Specifically, motivated by the recent development of IPv6-based open standards for accessing wireless resource-constrained networks, we consider to implement IPv6 over low-power wireless personal area network (6LoWPAN)/routing protocol for low power and lossy network (RPL)/constrained application protocol (CoAP) protocols on sensor devices and propose a CoAP-based DM solution to allow easy access and management of IPv6 sensor devices. By developing a prototype cloud system, we successfully demonstrate the proposed solution in efficient and effective management of wireless sensor devices.

In this paper, a smart constrained application protocol (CoAP)-based gateway with a border router is proposed for home safety services to remotely monitor the trespass, fire, and indoor air quality. The smart CoAP gateway controls a home safety sensor node with a pyroelectric infrared motion sensor, a fire sensor, a humidity and temperature sensor, and a non-dispersive infrared CO2 sensor and gathers sensing data from them. In addition, it can convert physical sensing data into understandable information and perform packet conversion as a border router for seamless connection between a low-power wireless personal area network (6LoWPAN) and the Internet (IPv6). Implementation and laboratory test results verify the feasibility of the smart CoAP gateway which especially can provide about 97.20% data throughput.

Just as Internet connectivity has enabled intuitive information sharing and interaction through the Web, so the Internet of Things might be the basis for the Web of Things, enabling equally simple interaction among devices, systems, users, and applications.

A set of smart home control system based on Internet of Things is proposed due to the rapid development of smart home. This paper designs a system platform which people can use to make a remote query and control the home applications. Constrained Application Protocol is utilized in the communication between terminal devices which have limited memory and low calculation efficiency. The system has the characteristics of smart sensor, reliable transmission and intelligent processing. With the devices connected to the Internet, the results show that the system runs steadily so that it can provide the basis for further research of smart home.

Open authorization (OAuth) is an open protocol, which allows secure authorization in a simple and standardized way from third-party applications accessing online services, based on the representational state transfer (REST) web architecture. OAuth has been designed to provide an authorization layer, typically on top of a secure transport layer such as HTTPS. The Internet of Things (IoTs) refers to the interconnection of billions of resource-constrained devices, denoted as smart objects, in an Internet-like structure. Smart objects have limited processing/memory capabilities and operate in challenging environments, such as low-power and lossy networks. IP has been foreseen as the standard communication protocol for smart object interoperability. The Internet engineering task force constrained RESTful environments working group has defined the constrained application protocol (CoAP) as a generic web protocol for RESTful-constrained environments, targeting machine-to-machine applications, which maps to HTTP for integration with the existing web. In this paper, we propose an architecture targeting HTTP/CoAP services to provide an authorization framework, which can be integrated by invoking an external oauth-based authorization service (OAS). The overall architecture is denoted as IoT-OAS. We also present an overview of significant IoT application scenarios. The IoT-OAS architecture is meant to be flexible, highly configurable, and easy to integrate with existing services. Among the advantages achieved by delegating the authorization functionality, IoT scenarios benefit by: 1) lower processing load with respect to solutions, where access control is implemented on the smart object; 2) fine-grained (remote) customization of access policies; and 3) scalability, without the need to operate directly on the device.

This paper presents the performance evaluation of Low-power and Lossy Networks (LLN) and Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) in terms of Round-Trip delay Time (RTT) and Packet Loss Ratio (PLR). We test the RTT and PLR of LLN using Linux Ping6 utility. On top of that, we test and evaluate performance of CoAP. Both tests are conducted with different number of wireless link hops and packet size in real networks. The test result indicates the following properties of LLN and CoAP: (i) The number of wireless hops affects RTT significantly; (ii) Fragmentation of large packets by 6LoWPAN adaptation protocol also has considerable impact on RTT, (iii) the time interval between requests is a main factor of pocket loss, and (iv) CoAP processing takes longer time compared with ICMPv6.

Internet of Things (IoT) has drastically modified the industrial services provided through autonomous machine-to-machine interactions. Such systems comprise of devices manufactured by various suppliers. Verification is a challenge due to high heterogeneity of composing devices. In this paper, we present initial results of model-based interoperability testing for IoT systems to facilitate automatic test case generation. We utilize messaging model of Constrained Application Protocol so as to deduce complex relations between participating devices. We use Complex-Event Processing (CEP) techniques in order to streamline the verification process after generating proper runtime monitors from sequence diagrams. We demonstrate our solution on a fictitious healthcare system.

Nowadays, Machine-to-Machine and Internet of Things traffic sources puts the terrestrial networks under great pressure. While 5G is still on its way, satellites are used to deliver a fraction of such an enormous traffic rate. In this work, we investigate the use of the Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) to reliably deliver Machine-to-Machine and Internet of Things traffic in a push fashion, which also implements a Selective Repeat Automatic Repeat reQuest and a sender-based variant of the TCP Friendly Rate Control protocol. We aim at providing an analytical model to evaluate the working point of the system in non-saturated conditions as a function of the MAC parameters in use, when such a closed-loop congestion control mechanism is in use over a random access satellite channel. The proposed analytical model is then validated against simulation results, showing a good precision.

The dissemination of digital devices across the seas and oceans of the world is becoming a reality, laying the foundations for sophisticated operations such as autonomous shipping or exposed fish-farming. This reflects the importance of maritime regions as well as the growing demand for more data and knowledge in these remote areas. Currently, the presence of information and communication technologies (ICTs) in offshore settings is limited by the lack of infrastructures, with communications being typically decoupled from the standard Internet or relying on expensive satellite solutions. This paper proposes integrating a commonly available maritime radio-technology, namely very high frequency (VHF) communications, with protocols used in the Internet of Things (IoT). By using the Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) over a low-power wireless personal area networks and the constrained application protocol (CoAP), interoperability is ensured between already existing maritime systems and the Internet. An experimental setup is evaluated under different settings and using different configurations. In addition, an analytical assessment of the solutions’ reliability is presented. The obtained results prove the feasibility of using IoT protocols over a VHF link and demonstrate that such an approach outperforms IPv4-based solutions. The conducted assessment reveals that, in constrained settings, configurations at the application layer (e.g., CoAP’s block size in Block-wise transfers) strongly impact the overall performance and reliability of the system. This motivates the development of new maritime solutions based on IPv6 for ensuring a sustainable and ubiquitous development of ICTs even in the most remote locations. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License. For more information, see http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/.

With the advent of Smart Grid systems, the digitalization of electrical grid infrastructures aims to improve energy saving and efficiency. The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is one of the organizations that create and manage norms and standards in areas related to electricity and electronics, such as IEC 61850. In recent years, the research community have proposed mappings of different communication protocols to IEC 61850. However, most of the proposals focused on heavyweight interaction paradigms and protocols such as Common Object Request Broker Architecture (CORBA), Data Distribution Service (DDS), HTTP-REST or Web Services. With the proliferation of the Internet of Things (IoT), new lightweight protocols are appearing opening new perspectives to the standard. Hence, this paper firstly presents a validation of a mapping of the IEC 61850 standard to the Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) and then compares its performance implementing the IEC's mapping against HTTP-REST and Web Services/SOAP. For comparison purposes, the communication latency, the number of total bytes sent, and the size of the overhead are presented for each of the three approaches. To conclude, future perspectives on the suitability of lightweight protocols to the IEC 61850 are provided.

Objectives: To design a visualization of a network containing wireless meters installed with RF modules which uses RPL protocol for routing. Methods/Statistical analysis: Meters are linked wirelessly for obtaining the packets containing its details and other parameters, by using a Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP). Thus, details collected from each meter are used for the construction of the visualization, by dynamically assigning the position of each node. Findings: RPL, routing protocol, is used for the construction of the network. The advantage of its self-healing nature makes the whole system stable by removing the irresponsive meters, when detected, from the network and reconstructing it from the starting. Application/Improvements: Maintenance of such a network which switches its neighbors at different instances may be complicated. In such cases, these visualization methods can be included. In future, the firmware update options for each meter can be implemented along with visualization.

Recently, the Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) has been developed for remote control of sensor devices in Internet of Things (IoT) networks. In CoAP, since the sensor and the server communicate with each other on a one-to-one basis, the load on the server will increase as the number of sensors increases. To overcome this limitation of CoAP, there is a simple extension of the CoAP using a clustering approach: cluster-based CoAP for message queueing. In this paper, we propose an enhanced cluster-based CoAP scheme for efficient gathering of sensing data. By using a cache memory on the cluster head, the communication performance can be improved in the IoT networks. From testbed experimentation of the enhanced cluster-based CoAP, we can see that the proposed scheme provides better performance than the CoAP and existing cluster-based CoAP scheme, in terms of bandwidth utilization. In addition, the load given to sensor can be alleviated with the help of the proposed scheme.

Robot communication is an essential element in robot operation. There are several protocols that serve robot communication applications, but the protocols used are not optimized for mobile and battery-operated robots. To operate in such condition, an optimized protocol for such environment must be used. This paper will evaluate Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) and MQ Telemetry Transport for Sensor Nodes (MQTT-SN) which are designed for such devices. Result from experiment shows that MQTT-SN performs 30% faster than CoAP when transmitting the same payload.

In this paper, we present the design of a Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) proxy able to interconnect Web applications based on Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) and WebSocket with CoAP based Wireless Sensor Networks. Sensor networks are commonly used to monitor and control physical objects or environments. Smart Cities represent applications of such a nature. Wireless Sensor Networks gather data from their surroundings and send them to a remote application. This data flow may be short or long lived. The traditional HTTP long-polling used by Web applications may not be adequate in long-term communications. To overcome this problem, we include the WebSocket protocol in the design of the CoAP proxy. We evaluate the performance of the CoAP proxy in terms of latency and memory consumption. The tests consider long and short-lived communications. In both cases, we evaluate the performance obtained by the CoAP proxy according to the use of WebSocket and HTTP long-polling.

Cyber physical systems consists a crowd of computing nodes and the material processes associated with it. The objects correlated with these embedded things may embrace of a central processor, sensor and actuator units annotated around various communication devices. These device capabilities with least human intercession are proficient to seize data from various environments that requires “smartness” and hence IoT can be briefed as Smart devices centre. As massive numbers of devices are coupled with IoT, there exists a colossal take up on the protocol standards wide with various communication capabilities. This is in regard of assuring the security standard diffusion between the objects of data transfer and the terminal it reaches to. The heterogeneity between these objects and application platforms is an encumbrance to the developers for implementing the architecture for particular services. Cloud platforms rescue the situation by storing, computing and visualizing data before transforming them into meaningful information. Botnets or Zombie army is a malware that takes control of a computer in which the attacker can squeeze into the network raising threat to the authenticity of devices and access to networks. Phishing and Spamming attacks are causing a severity to networks through insecure connections. The security facet of IoT has to be redefined in terms of confidentiality so that the end user is guaranteed with secure data and data integrity can be retained. Various technologies lay around Transport layer Security (TLS) that helps the network to maintain its privacy. This chapter first discusses the Constrained Application Protocol (COAP) associated with 6LoWPAN network. A 6LoWPAN network is a cluster of LoWPAN networks which comprises of low cost and low power devices. These networks are bearing passive and active attacks that affect the network’s confidentiality causing its performance malfunction. In passive attacks, the attacker is abiding to spy on network and steal the confidential information. Denial of Service attacks make obscure scene to network causing performance degradation to the network; active attack is a label in the case. Next focus is to discuss on the protocol stack that congregate the standardized notations of the ISO/OSI and TCP/IP stacks. The stack is being dealt in industrial applications and then turn into de-facto standard that saturates the existing IoT growth on wireless nodes. Next we confer about the IPv6 Routing Protocol (RPL) for Low-Power and Lossy Networks. It consists of constrained nodes with low processing power which are typically unstable with low packet delivery rates. They are mainly battery controlled devices consuming less memory and energy; their traffic patterns are generally multipoint or multipoint-to-point and hence requires compromises with thousand of interconnected nodes. It integrates the method of multipoint-to-point traffic from devices inside the LLN towards a central control point and the point-to-multipoint traffic from the central control point to the devices inside the LLN. Following this, Time-based secure key generation approach that convolutes the local key generation at the both transmission ends is discussed. A time stamp is put up on the local transmitter. The validity of the secure keys is limited to a time interval and the reply attacks comprised on valid messages are removed. The key generation process is a procedure performed separately by both communication objects. Finally, the chapter perceive with Cognitive Security in IoT devices in which the arena uses authentication through well defined user properties and patterns. Cognitive solutions in wireless security become concrete, since conventional static security is meant with lack of privacy. The user is able to learn continuously from the network and machine learning approaches can be incessantly applied with the stipulated security problems. The mediators in the capillary network can monitor the parameters related with Cognitive security standard and raise the security with time based solutions.

With the growth of the Internet market, a number of communication protocols and corresponding equipment have developed. Due to heterogeneity issues with the use of various communication protocols, the interoperability between different devices, middleware or gateway based interoperable systems have been studied. In this paper we suggest a DDS (Data Distribution Service) based CoAP (Constrained Application Protocol) adaptor in order to solve the problem of the DDS middleware based interoperable system when used with external accessibility or resource-constrained devices. By using the CoAP adaptor, we provide a data transfer service where in previous researches were to be seen as hard to access.

Service discovery is one of the key requirements to realize the vision of the Internet of Things (IoT). Constrained application protocol (CoAP) is a well-accepted model that utilizes both centralized and distributed service discovery methods for lightweight and constrained IoT networks. Since CoAP is in its early stage of adoption for the IoT networks, it is important to select an efficient method for the service discovery requirement. In this paper, we implement both centralized and distributed models of the CoAP based service discovery techniques. We have used Contiki OS and Cooja simulator to build the experimental setup for our prototype systems. Our detailed empirical analysis finds the gaps in general CoAP based service discovery techniques to recommend further improvement scopes.

As sensor networks, embedded and wireless communication technology is constantly developing mature, more and more equipment accesses to the Internet of things. However, most of the Internet of Things equipment called constrained device is limited by its power, memory and CPU. These devices are usually small in size, inexpensive, and have low power consumption. In this article, we propose a new architecture named RMN (Resource Management Network) for constrained device based on Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP). The architecture provides a decentralized peer-to-peer resource management overlay network. It defines the constrained device resource model, designs the methods of resource interaction between user and device and build efficient resource management network. By using the model, the system of IoT devices can be optimized effectively.

IoT devices will be everywhere, will be context-aware and will enable ambient intelligence. This provides a possibility of a framework that would allow direct machine-to-machine communication. This vision has produced an exemplar which is often referred to as the Internet of things (IoT). We have studied the application level IoT protocols namely, The Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP), Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT) and the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)/REpresentational State Transfer (REST). We have used the cooja simulator for carrying out the simulation. We have simulated the above protocols in the cooja simulator demonstrating a simple scenario of three motes. We have read the sensor information from the server with the help of browser. We can also make use of different topologies and simulate the scenario according the requirement.

IoT devices usually are battery-powered and directly connected to the Internet. This makes them vulnerable to so-called path-based denial-of-service (PDoS) attacks. For example, in a PDoS attack an adversary sends multiple Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) messages towards an IoT device, thereby causing each IoT device along the path to expend energy for forwarding this message. Current end-to-end security solutions, such as DTLS or IPsec, fail to prevent such attacks since they only filter out inauthentic CoAP messages at their destination. This demonstration shows an approach to allow en-route filtering where a trusted gateway has all necessary information to check the integrity, decrypt and, if necessary, drop a message before forwarding it to the constrained mote. Our approach preserves precious resources of IoT devices in the face of path-based denial-of-service attacks by remote attackers.

Smart Grids are one of the main consequences of the digitalization of electrical grid infrastructures that aim to improve energy saving and efficiency. Within Smart Grids, different devices and electrical substations communicate with each other and need to be accessible from the outside. Thus, the need of embracing standards, such as those of International Electrotechnical Commission's (IEC), is pivotal. IEC 61850 is a standard that covers such a need, and different communication protocols have been proposed to fulfill the features that the standard proposes. Most proposals focus on heavyweight protocols. However, the growth of the Internet of Things (IoT) demands resource-constrained devices to also participate in IoT networks. In this regard, new protocols have been designed and developed, such as the Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP). The work presented in this paper adopts CoAP to provide a full mapping of the functionalities specified in IEC 61850 for electrical substations. Furthermore, an analytical and critical review of the already proposed mapping approaches is provided. Future lines of research towards accelerating the adoption of IoT and Web of Things standards in Smart Grid scenarios are also provided.

Majority of devices in IoT are low power, small and battery operated. These devices are energy constrained. Minor energy leakage can significantly impact device lifetime. A key challenge is to secure IoT devices from battery exhaustion exploits. In this paper we propose a battery exhaustion exploit that performs anomalous drainage of battery energy by exploiting Resource Observation feature of Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP), an application layer protocol in IoT Protocol stack. Our work is the first attempt in modelling and studying the anomalous battery drainage at CoAP-server. We have designed an experimental IoT testbed to develop and test abnormal energy side-leakage in IoT devices. The experiment results demonstrate the effectiveness of the attack to abnormally escalate battery energy usage.

The constant and rapid evolution of hardware and software components, along with the proliferation of newer standards and technologies, makes the creation of IoT environments devoted to test purposes extremely complicated. In this work, we present the design of an IoT emulation platform (ELIoT), which aim on making the deployment of IoT test environments easier and more flexible. ELIoT provides support for well-known IoT protocols — e.g., Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) and Lightweight M2M (LWM2M) —, facilitating the study of interactions between different IoT entities. In order to make ELIoT easily portable and highly customizable, we exploit the lightweight and flexible characteristics of emerging virtualization technologies, such as Docker containers, for emulating both simple and complex IoT devices. A comprehensive performance evaluation aims to assess the feasibility of our implementation, by testing ELIoT scalability properties and other relevant performance metrics such as communication latency and throughput.

Using Commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) software over networks that are Disconnected, Intermittent and Limited (DIL) may not offer acceptable performance. Frequent network interruptions for both shorter and longer periods, as well as long delays, low data and high packet error rates characterize DIL networks. In this paper, we designed and implemented a prototype proxy to improve the performance of Web services in DIL environments. The main idea of our design was to deploy a proxy pair to facilitate robust HTTP communication for Web services. We evaluated using alternative transport protocols to carry information across these types of networks: The Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), the Advanced Message Queuing Protocol (AMQP) and the Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP). This work was performed in context of the NATO RTG-IST-150 “NATO Core Services profiling for Hybrid Tactical Networks” group.

Internet-of-Things (IoT) is emerging as one of the popular technologies influencing every aspect of human life. The IoT devices equipped with sensors are changing every domain of the world to become smarter. In particular, the majorly benifited service sectors are agriculture, industries, healthcare, control a automation, retail a logistics, and power a energy. The data generated in these areas is massive requiring bigger storage and stronger compute. On the other hand, the IoT devices are limited in processing and storage capabilities and can not store and process the sensed data locally. Hence, there is a dire need to integrate these devices with the external data sources for effective utilisation and assessment of the collected data. Several existing well-known message exchange protocols like Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT), Advanced Message Queuing Protocol (AMQP), and Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) are applicable in IoT communications. However, a thorough study is required to understand their impact and suitability in IoT scenario for the exchange of information between external data sources and IoT devices. In this paper, we designed and implemented an application layer framework to test and understand the behavior of these protocols and conducted the experiments on a realistic test bed using wired, wifi and 2/3/4G networks. The results revealed that MQTT and AMQP perform well on wired and wireless connections whereas CoAP performs consistently well and is less network dependent. On the lossy networks, CoAP generates low traffic as compared to MQTT and AMQP. The low memory footprint of MQTT and CoAP has made them a better choice over AMQP.

This paper proposes the service discovery and the remote control for Internet-of-Things (IoT) devices based on the Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) and Domain Name System (DNS). As the number of devices increases, the manual configuration of domain names and services might be unmanageable for users. A legacy DNS Name Autoconfiguration (DNSNA) for IPv6 networks can be used to register the DNS names of IPv6 devices automatically into a DNS server. However, DNSNA is not applicable for the service discovery and remote control because of providing only for the DNS names of IoT devices. Therefore, we provide a strategy, which is suitable for IoT devices based on the CoAP. Our proposed remote control architecture is based on a standard protocol called CoAP for IoT devices, which have limited computing power. It uses using DNSNA to provide appropriate services to our remote control system. In this scheme, an IoT device can register its DNS name and service list into a DNS server. Through our remote control system, users can autoconfigure devices and their services. Thus, we can easily monitor and remote-control any IoT device using a smartphone or tablet PC.

The Internet of Things (IoT) and Cloud Computing both are developing technologies. Cloud Computing blows up to provide support to IoT by working as a sort of front-end and it is based on the concept of permitting users to do computing tasks using services delivered with internet. The cloud computing empower an appropriate, on-demand, and scalable network access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources. The cloud-based IoT architecture includes features of cloud-based IoT platform and its interaction with three main cloud computing models: IaaS (infrastructure as a service), Paas (platform as a service), and SaaS (software as a service). The cloud and IoT integration empowers new scenarios, for smart services and applications, as Sensing as a Service (SaaS), DataBase as a Service (DBaaS), Video Surveillance as a Service (VSaaS), and many more. Various live company products, research projects, and projects with freely available source code in various areas of Cloud Computing and IoT integration are Nimbits, ThingSpeak, Paraimpu, Device Cloud, Sensor Cloud. REpresentational State Transfer (REST) architectural style web services and Constrained Application Protocol (COAP), Message Queue Telemetry Transport (MQTT), web transfer protocols are used for communication for the IoT resource-constrained things. Networking protocols like IPv6 over Low power Wireless Personal Area Network (6LoWPAN) and IPv6 over Bluetooth Low Energy are used for constrained networks in IoT and cloud integration. The data link layer protocols for IoT devices like IEEE 802.15.4, IEEE 802.11ah, Z-Wave, WirelessHART, Bluetooth, Zigbee are used for short range communication for IoT things. The applications of integrated cloud and IoT include agriculture, video surveillance, healthcare, smart city, smart home and smart metering, etc. IoT and cloud integration involves several challenges and issues as standardization of machine to machine (M2M) communication and interoperability, power and energy efficiency of devices for data transmission and processing, big data generated by several devices, security and privacy, integration methodology, pricing and billing, network communications, storage, etc. In this chapter, the introduction of cloud and IoT, their integration architecture, integration applications, and challenges and issues involved are discussed.

The increasing pervasiveness of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) in diverse application domains including critical infrastructure systems, sets an extremely high security bar in the design of WSN systems to exploit their full benefits, increasing trust while avoiding loss. Nevertheless, a combination of resource restrictions and the physical exposure of sensor devices inevitably cause such networks to be vulnerable to security threats, both external and internal. While several researchers have provided a set of open problems and challenges in WSN security and privacy, there is a gap in the systematic study of the security implications arising from the nature of existing communication protocols in WSNs. Therefore, we have carried out a deep-dive into the main security mechanisms and their effects on the most popular protocols and standards used in WSN deployments, i.e., IEEE 802.15.4, Berkeley media access control for low-power sensor networks, IPv6 over low-power wireless personal area networks, outing protocol for routing protocol for low-power and lossy networks (RPL), backpressure collection protocol, collection tree protocol, and constrained application protocol, where potential security threats and existing countermeasures are discussed at each layer of WSN stack. This paper culminates in a deeper analysis of network layer attacks deployed against the RPL routing protocol. We quantify the impact of individual attacks on the performance of a network using the Cooja network simulator. Finally, we discuss new research opportunities in network layer security and how to use Cooja as a benchmark for developing new defenses for WSN systems.

Internet of Things (IoT) has emerged as a new paradigm which aims to connect millions of devices that communicate and exchange data amongst each other. However, this communication between devices makes IoT vulnerable to security threats. Different security solutions have been proposed for constrained IoT devices such as Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) integrated with Datagram Transport Layer Security (DTLS). However, DTLS is computationally expensive for constrained devices. Furthermore, it is vulnerable to the Denial of Service (DoS) attacks. This research aims to propose an enhanced and lightweight DTLS for constraint IoT devices named as Enhanced Lightweight DTLS for IoT (E-Lithe). The enhancement to the proposed E-Lithe is made by adding the concept of a Trusted Third Party (TTP) for the pre-exchange of secret keys. This TTP makes the DTLS resilient against DoS attacks. Furthermore, to make the proposed DTLS lightweight, a compression scheme called Next Header Compression (NHC) is used. To implement the proposed E-Lithe, Contiki OS with Cooja simulator is used. We evaluate the performance of E-Lithe and the results reveal that the proposed E-Lithe outperforms the existing approaches in terms of three parameters, i.e., power consumption, packet size and running time.

IoT has enormous potential of growth. The application layer protocols used are key drivers of internet traffic. Appropriately chosen protocols can reduce network traffic, improve reliability. Here in this paper are discussing performance of three application layer protocols, Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP), Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT) and REST (Representational State Transport). These protocols are implemented on arm based device Raspberry Pi3 which as as Gateway. Performance is measured experimentally and compared in terms of bandwidth consumed and time taken. Two different networks are used: cellular 4G and High speed broadband connection. Results show that CoAP is best performer for small payloads and bad performer for bigger payloads.

With the advent of high precision sensors and Internet of Things (IoT) enabled medical devices, healthcare has seen a gradual decentralization from the traditional health center based approach. These smaller form factor IoT healthcare devices have reduced the cost of healthcare leading to affordability and wider adoption. This paper enunciates recent advances in the architecture as well as system design of IoT based healthcare systems. Healthcare systems like mHealth and 6LoWPAN based architectures are explored. Healthcare systems involving IEEE 11073 and Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) are described. Multisensor based system designs that sense blood glucose, body temperature, heart rate and electrical activity (ECG) etc. are explored. The paper provides a comprehensive survey of recent advances in IoT based healthcare system and proposes Intel Curie based healthcare system design.

The Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) is an HTTP-like protocol for RESTful applications intended to run on constrained devices, typically part of the Internet of Things. CoAP observe is an extension to the CoAP specification that allows CoAP clients to observe a resource through a simple publish/subscribe mechanism. In this paper we leverage Information-Centric Networking (ICN), transparently deployed within the domain of a network provider, to provide enhanced CoAP services. We present the design and the implementation of CoAP observe over ICN and we discuss how ICN can provide benefits to both network providers and CoAP applications, even though the latter are not aware of the existence of ICN. In particular, the use of ICN results in smaller state management and simpler implementation at CoAP endpoints, and less communication overhead in the network., IFIP Networking Workshops, IFIP, 2017. arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:1707.03233

As the Internet of Things developed, many devices organized into network, which collects and exchanges the data among themselves. The Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) is presented in this paper which is an application layer protocol of IoT protocol stack. It is used with low power, resource constrained nodes and constrained networks in the Internet of Things. CoAP is introduced by IETF CoRE Working Group. CoAP provides low overhead and supports machine to machine M2M communication. This paper shows the implementation of CoAP and comparison of CoAP with HTTP with regard to energy consumption and response time of both client server transaction and the results shows that CoAP is more appropriate compared to HTTP. The simulations has been carried out using Contiki Operating system and Cooja simulator which serves for networked, memory constrained systems and low power wireless IoT devices.