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We propose a fast quality metric for depth maps, called fast depth quality metric (FDQM), which efficiently evaluates the impacts of depth map errors on the qualities of synthesized intermediate views in multiview video plus depth applications. In other words, the proposed FDQM assesses view synthesis distortions in the depth map domain, without performing the actual view synthesis. First, we estimate the distortions at pixel positions, which are specified by reference disparities and distorted disparities, respectively. Then, we integrate those pixel-wise distortions into an FDQM score by employing a spatial pooling scheme, which considers occlusion effects and the characteristics of human visual attention. As a benchmark of depth map quality assessment, we perform a subjective evaluation test for intermediate views, which are synthesized from compressed depth maps at various bitrates. We compare the subjective results with objective metric scores. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed FDQM yields highly correlated scores to the subjective ones. Moreover, FDQM requires at least 10 times less computations than conventional quality metrics, since it does not perform the actual view synthesis. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via the original article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, a revised Ghent nosology has been established for the diagnosis of Marfan syndrome (MFS) that puts more weight on the aortic root aneurysm and ectopia lentis. We compared the application of the Ghent and revised Ghent nosologies in adult Korean patients for whom there is suspicion of MFS. From January 1995 to June 2010, we enrolled 106 patients older than 20 years for whom there was suspicion of MFS, and who had undergone genetic analysis of the fibrillin-1 gene ( FBN1). Of 106 patients, 86 patients (81%) fulfilled the criteria of the Ghent nosology, and 84 patients (79%) met the criteria of the revised Ghent nosology. The two patients who met the Ghent nosology criteria, but not the criteria of the revised Ghent nosology were diagnosed with Loeys-Dietz syndrome and MASS phenotype. The level of agreement between both nosologies was very high (κ = 0.94, 95% confidence interval: 0.86 to 1.0). Marfan-like syndromes were diagnosed in 30% (6/20 patients) with negative Ghent and revised Ghent criteria and no FBN1 mutations. These results suggest that adult Korean patients who fulfill the old Ghent criteria almost all fulfill the new criteria for the diagnosis of MFS. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Loeys-Dietz syndrome (LDS) is an inherited disorder that is characterized by the triad of arterial tortuosity and aneurysms, hypertelorism and a bifid uvula or cleft palate. The disease is caused by heterozygous mutations in the genes encoding transforming growth factor β receptors 1 and 2 (TGFBR1 and TGFBR2, respectively). However, studies of patients with LDS are limited in Korea. From June 2000 to December 2010, 13 patients (10 probands) diagnosed with LDS were enrolled. The multidisciplinary data of the patients were reviewed retrospectively. The frequency of each clinical manifestation in Korean patients with LDS was compared with Western populations as described in the report by Loeys et al. Twelve (92%) of the 13 LDS patients had arterial tortuosity, 9 (69%) patients had hypertelorism and 11 (85%) patients had bifid uvula or cleft palate. Mutations in either TGFBR1 or TGFBR2 were detected in nine probands (90%). Of the mutations, five novel mutations were detected; three in TGFBR2 and two in TGFBR1. Blue sclera and atrial septal defect were not observed in the Korean patients, and the frequency of blue sclera was significantly lower in our Korean population than previously-described Western population (0 vs 40%; P=0.005). Despite the restricted number of patients in our study, we identified five novel mutations in the TGFBR1 and TGFBR2 genes and, except for blue sclera, no differences in phenotype are apparent between Korean patients and Western patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: While there have been several analytical studies to estimate the vibratory power of damaged structures, only a few attempts have been tried to identify the damage for practical implementations. In order to understand the characteristics of the vibratory power in damaged structures, it is necessary to trace the time histories of the instantaneous power in the vicinity of the damage. The spatial distribution of the vibratory power should also be investigated, and a proper damage index is required to diagnose the damage. In this paper, a practicable local damage detection method is proposed using the vibratory power estimated from the accelerations measured on the damaged beam structure. A new damage index is defined based on the proposed damage detection method and is applied to identify the structural damage. Numerical simulation and experiment are carried out on a beam to confirm the validity of the proposed method. In the experiments, the damage considered as an open crack such as slit inflicted on the top surface of the beam. Changes in the vibratory power of the damaged beam are investigated, and the results show that the proposed method identifies successfully the structural damage in the beam. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Purpose: To evaluate the occurrence of cataract in eyes with low vaulting after phakic intraocular lens (pIOL) implantation for myopia and suggest guidelines for such cases. Setting: Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea. Design: Cross-sectional study. Methods: Eyes with low Implantable Collamer Lens pIOL vaulting (<250 μm) were followed 1, 3, and 6 months as well as 1, 2, 3, and 4 years postoperatively. Frequency and time to cataract development were evaluated. Risk factors for cataract development were assessed using logistic regression analysis. Cutoff values for differentiating eyes at higher risk for cataract development were evaluated using Fisher exact and chi-square tests. Results: Cataract developed in 8 (30.8%) of 26 eyes (6 of 20 patients) a mean of 18.7 months ± 10.1 (SD) postoperatively. Risk factors that were significant for cataract formation included lower vaulting (mean 42.4 ± 34.0 μm versus 141.4 ± 82.2 μm; odds ratio [OR], 1.05), older age (mean 42.6 ± 7.3 versus 34.9 ± 6.9 years; OR, 1.22), and higher preoperative spherical equivalent (SE) (mean −17.1 ± 4.4 diopters [D] versus −10.7 ± 2.7 D; OR, 1.64). The optimum cutoff values were 51.7 μm, 45 years, and −14.00 D (P=.0095, P=.0367, and P=.0342 respectively). Conclusion: In cases of low pIOL vaulting, close follow-up should be considered when central vaulting is less than 52 μm, patient age is more than 45 years, or the preoperative SE is greater than −14.00 D because these factors increase the risk for cataract. Financial Disclosure: No author has a financial or proprietary interest in any material or method mentioned. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: An efficient compression algorithm for multi-view video sequences, which are captured by two-dimensional (2D) camera arrays, is proposed in this work. First, we propose a novel prediction structure, called three-dimensional hierarchical B prediction (3DHBP), which can efficiently reduce horizontal inter-view redundancies, vertical inter-view redundancies, and temporal redundancies in multi-view videos. Second, we develop a view interpolation scheme based on the bilateral disparity estimation. The interpolation scheme yields high quality view frames by adapting disparity estimation and compensation procedures using the information in neighboring frames. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed multi-view video coding algorithm provides significantly better rate–distortion (R–D) performance than the conventional algorithm, by employing the 3DHBP structure and using interpolated view frames as additional reference frames. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

To evaluate binocular function (BF) and changes in axial length (AL) bilaterally in pseudophakic eyes of children after lensectomy and scleral fixation of an intraocular lens (IOL) for nontraumatic ectopia lentis. In 15 children who had undergone bilateral lensectomy and scleral fixation of an IOL for nontraumatic ectopia lentis, AL was measured preoperatively and at last follow-up, and BF was assessed at last follow-up. Axial growth was compared with the expected and observed patterns of normal eyes, and the results were compared between patients with isolated ectopia lentis and those with Marfan syndrome. Ten of the 15 patients had Marfan syndrome. Mean age at surgery was 5.2 ± 2.4 years; mean follow-up was 51.7 ± 29.2 months. A mean axial growth rate of 0.39 mm/year during 51.7 postoperative months was greater than the expected (0.07 mm/year) or the observed (0.09–0.24 mm/year) rates in age-matched normal eyes. The axial growth rates in isolated ectopia lentis patients and Marfan patients were not significantly different ( P = 0.159). Binocular fusion and stereoacuity of ≤800 seconds of arc were achieved by nine patients, and worse or no BF was achieved by the remaining six patients. These six patients were significantly more likely to have pre- or postoperative anisometropia of ≥3.0 D (66.6%) than the other nine patients (0%). Because of greater than normal axial growth, more undercorrection of the IOL power is required than is usual in bilateral surgery for nontraumatic ectopia lentis. Good or moderate levels of postoperative BF were achieved in more than half of patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: We investigate the incidence and characteristics of IOL dislocation among the pseudophakic population after phacoemulsification. Methods: National data were collected from the health claims recorded with the Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service of South Korea from 2009 to 2016. Pseudophakic patients aged 40 years or older were included. The incidence estimates of phacoemulsification and IOL dislocation were analyzed, and the cumulative probabilities of IOL dislocation among the pseudophakic population and general population were calculated as a proportion. Results: Of 51,307,821 total subjects, 25,271,917 of whom were aged 40 years or older, 3,906,071 cataract cases in 2,650,104 pseudophakic patients were identified, and 72,309 patients experienced IOL dislocation. The cumulative probability was 2.73% per person and 1.85% per surgery among patients 40 years of age or older. The eight-year incidence rate for IOL dislocation in the pseudophakic population aged 40 years or older was 7671 per 1,000,000 person-years (95% CI: 7616–7727), including 10,341 cases in men and 5814 in women. Incidence peaked in the seventh decade of life for cataract surgery but in the fifth decade of life for IOL dislocation. The cumulative probability of IOL dislocation after phacoemulsification was approximately 2%, and the incidence rate was about 7000 per 1,000,000 pseudophakic patients. Conclusions: There was a significantly higher incidence of IOL dislocation among young males, even though the higher incidence of cataract surgery was observed among older females. These estimates of the nationwide, population-based incidence of IOL dislocation can help increase understanding of the population vulnerable to IOL dislocation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this retrospective study is to investigate clinical outcomes of bilateral implantation of diffractive trifocal intraocular lenses (IOLs) and extended depth of focus IOLs in Koreans. The clinical outcomes of cataract surgery with bilateral implantation of PanOptix, FineVision, Symfony, and MiniWell were evaluated. Uncorrected distant, intermediate (80 cm, 60 cm), near (40 cm) visual acuity, defocus curve, manifest refraction, contrast sensitivity, and higher-order aberrations, quality of vision, spectacle independence, and subjective satisfaction at postoperative 3 months were assessed. A total of 136 eyes in 68 patients were included in the analyses. PanOptix and FineVision performed better visual acuity compared to Symfony and MiniWell at 40 cm distance. Defocus curve showed broad range of vision in PanOptix and FineVision with visual acuity of more than 0.1 logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution at −2.5 diopter (D) of defocus power, while Symfony and MiniWell presented excellent intermediate vision without a dip at defocus power of −0.5 D to −1.0 D. Glare, halo, and starburst were significantly less in MiniWell compared to others. In conclusion, all four IOLs presented satisfactory clinical outcomes. PanOptix and FineVision provided good near and intermediate vision, while Symfony and MiniWell provided good intermediate vision. MiniWell induced little dysphotopsia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study compared the visual outcome, visual quality, and satisfaction following implantation of the Mix-and-Match bifocal IOLs (+ 2.75 D and + 3.25 D add power Tecnis Multifocal Model), EDOF IOL (Tecnis Symfony IOL), and Trifocal IOL (FineVision PodFT, PhysIOL). All outcomes were compared among the three groups. The manifest refraction indicated that the EDOF group had significantly higher myopic spherical equivalent values than did the others. In the terms of visual acuity, there were no significant differences in far or intermediate visual acuity among the three groups. Only in near (33 cm), the EDOF group had significantly worse binocular visual acuity than did the Trifocal group (p = 0.002). Regarding to defocus curve, the Trifocal group had better defocus curves at near distances (− 2.0 to − 3.5 D; p = 0.001 vs. EDOF) than did the other two groups. In contrast sensitivity test, the EDOF group had relatively lower value than did the other two groups. In reading speed, only at 0.3 logMAR (6.5-point font), Mix-and-Match group had a significantly higher reading speed than did the other two groups (p = < 0.001 vs. EDOF, p = 0.007 vs. Trifocal). also Mix-and-Match group showed significantly fewer visual artifacts. There were no differences between the three groups in terms of patient satisfaction. ClinicalTrials.gov number: NCT04019691. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via the original article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study is aim to compare the clinical effectiveness between the two most prominent dry eye disease (DED)-specific eye drops, 0.05% cyclosporine (CN) and 3% diquafosol (DQ).Methods: This is a multi-centered, randomized, masked, prospective clinical study. A total of 153 DED patients were randomly allocated to use CN twice per day or DQ six times daily. Cornea and conjunctival staining scores (NEI scale), tear break-up time (TBUT), Schirmer test scores, and ocular surface disease index (OSDI) score were measured at baseline, 4 and 12 weeks after treatment.Results: At 12 weeks after treatment, NEI scaled scores were significantly reduced from the baseline by - 6.60 for CN and - 6.63 for DQ group (all P < 0.0001, P = 0.9739 between groups). TBUT and Schirmer values for CN were significantly improved from the baseline at 4 and 12 weeks (P = 0.0034, P < 0.0001 for TBUT, P = 0.0418, P = 0.0031 for Schirmer test). However, for DQ, TBUT showed significant improvement at 12 weeks only (P = 0.0281). Mean OSDI score differences from the baseline to 12 weeks were improved by - 13.03 ± 19.63 for CN and - 16.11 ± 20.87 for DQ, respectively (all P < 0.0001, P = 0.854 between groups). Regarding drug compliance, the mean instillation frequency of CN was less than that of DQ (P < 0.001). There were no statistically significant intergroup differences in safety evaluation.Conclusions: The level of improvement regarding NEI, TBUT, and OSDI scores were not significantly different between the two treatment groups. However, with regards to the early improvement of TBUT and patient compliance, patients using CN improved faster and with greater adherence to drug usage than did those treated with DQ.Trial Registration: KCT0002180 , retrospectively registered on 23 December 2016. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: To evaluate the 6-month clinical outcomes of Flexivue Microlens refractive corneal inlay in emmetropic patients in Asia for the surgical compensation of presbyopia.Methods: In this retrospective study, corneal inlay implantation was done using a femtosecond laser. The follow-up period was 6 months. Near/intermediate/distant visual acuities, refraction, keratometry, defocus curve, wavefront aberrations, contrast sensitivity, Scheimpflug corneal scanning, endothelial cell density, dry eye test, confocal microscopy scanning, and patient questionnaires were evaluated.Results: The inlay implantation was performed in 21 eyes from June 2015 to April 2017. 6 months after surgery, the uncorrected near visual acuity of the operated eyes increased significantly from 0.55 ± 0.22 logMAR preoperatively to 0.25 ± 0.15 logMAR (p < 0.05) but mean bilateral uncorrected distant visual acuity did not change significantly (p = 0.90). Total higher-order aberration and spherical aberration increased, and the contrast sensitivity of the operated eyes decreased. Endothelial cell density and central corneal thickness did not change from preoperative values. Patient satisfaction for near vision was increased 6 months after implantation, and 50.0% of patients were independent of near spectacles. Explantation was done in 2 cases.Conclusion: The Flexivue Microlens refractive corneal inlay was effective for improving near visual acuity at 6 months follow-up But proportion of spectacle independency and patient satisfaction were lower in this Korean population than in previous reports. Further study with a longer follow-up period is needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses that the shortage of human donor corneas has stimulated interest in corneal xenotransplantation, with porcine corneas being considered a feasible source. Partial-thickness acellular porcine corneal grafts are in use but there has been no clinical application of fresh (cellular) porcine corneas, which is considered true “xenotransplantation” by the World Health Organization.

Background: Xenotransplantation using fresh porcine corneas has been suggested as a feasible alternative to overcome the shortage of human donor corneas. Successful long‐term survival of grafts without evidence of xenozoonosis in clinically applicable pig‐to‐non‐human primate corneal transplantation model has brought researchers close to human clinical trials. Accordingly, we aimed to prepare a clinical trial protocol to conduct the first corneal xenotransplantation. Methods: We developed the clinical trial protocol based on international consensus statement on conditions for undertaking clinical trials of corneal xenotransplantation developed by the International Xenotransplantation Society. Detailed contents of the protocol have been modified with reference to comments provided by ophthalmologists and multidisciplinary experts, including an infectionist, an organ transplantation specialist, a clinical pharmacologist, a neuropsychiatrist, a laboratory medicine doctor, and a microbiologist. Results: Two patients with bilateral legal corneal blindness (best‐corrected visual acuity ≤20/200 in the better eye and ≤20/1000 in the candidate eye) or with (impending) corneal perforation will be enrolled. During the screening period, participants and their family members will have two separate deep consideration periods before signing informed consent forms. Each patient will undergo corneal xenotransplantation using fresh corneas from Seoul National University miniature pigs. Commercially available immunosuppressants will be administered and systemic infection prophylaxis will be performed according to the program schedule. After transplantation, each patient will be monitored at a specialized clinic to investigate safety up to 2 years and efficacy up to 1 year. Conclusions: A detailed clinical trial protocol for the first corneal xenotransplantation reflecting the global guidelines is provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study is to elucidate the associations between female reproductive factors and pterygium. A total of 1,339,969 postmenopausal women in a retrospective cohort of Korean National Health Insurance Service data on ages 40 and above in 2009 was included. Cox proportional hazards regression was conducted to assess the hazard ratio (HR) for pterygium according to reproductive factors. Late menarche, early menopause, short reproductive period, increasing parity (≥ 2 children), breastfeeding (≥ 6 months), and no use of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) or oral contraceptive (OC) were significantly associated with risk of pterygium. In multivariate analysis, the HR for pterygium was 1.764 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.529–2.035) for menarche age ≥ 17 years (reference: menarche age < 12 years). The HR of menopause age ≥ 55 years was 0.782 (95% CI, 0.724–0.845) (reference: menopause age < 40 years). The HR of parity ≥ 2 was 1.261 (95% CI, 1.148–1.385) (reference: nulliparity). The HR of breastfeeding ≥ 1 year was 1.663 (95% CI, 1.564–1.768) (reference: no breastfeeding). The HRs of HRT and OC use for any length of time were lower than those for the non-user groups (reference). Reproductive factors that increase estrogen exposure have protective effects against pterygium in females. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following publication of the original article [1], the authors notified us of that due to miscommunication during proofing their given names were not presented in their full form, but only using the initials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: To compare the clinical outcome of Precizon toric intraocular lens (IOL) (Ophtec Inc.) to that of Tecnis toric IOL (Abbott Medical Optics Inc.).Methods: This randomized comparative study included 40 eyes (Precizon, 20 eyes; Tecnis, 20 eyes) of 40 patients with visually significant cataract and corneal astigmatism who underwent cataract surgery. Changes in uncorrected distant visual acuity (UCDVA), best corrected distant visual acuity (BCDVA), uncorrected intermediate visual acuity (UCIVA), refraction, residual astigmatism, rotation of the IOL axis, and higher order aberrations at 3 months postoperatively were evaluated. Vector analysis was performed using the Alpins method.Results: Both groups showed significant reduction in refractive astigmatism after the surgery (Precizon: - 1.06 ± 0.94 Diopter (D) to - 0.31 ± 0.29 D, p = 0.042; Tecnis: - 1.83 ± 1.29 D to - 0.41 ± 0.33 D, p = 0.015). There was no significant (p > 0.05) difference in postoperative UCDVA, BCDVA, or residual astigmatism between the two groups, although a tendency of better UCIVA was observed in the Precizon group. Vector analysis parameters showed no statistically significant difference beween groups(P > 0.05). Significant difference in rotation of toric IOL axis was found between the two groups (Precizon: 1.50° ± 0.84, Tecnis: 2.56° ± 0.68, p = 0.010). Spherical aberration in the Precizon group was significantly (p = 0.005) lower than that in the Tecnis group.Conclusions: The Precizon toric IOL group had better rotational stability at 3-month postoperatively. Both Precizon toric IOL and Tecnis toric IOL could be effectively used by cataract surgeons to correct preexisting corneal astigmatism through cataract surgery.Trial Registration: http://clinicaltrials.gov , NCT03085901 , retrospectively registered on 21 March 2017. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: To identify risk factors for the development of presenile nuclear cataract in health screening test.Methods: The cross sectional study included a total of 532 eyes of 266 participants aged 30 to 49 years of Samsung Medical Center from February 2013 to April 2015. Presence of nuclear cataract was defined when the log MAR visual acuity with correction was greater than or equal to 0.2 and one or more of the following were met: Pentacam Nuclear Staging (PNS) grading score ≥ 1, average value of nuclear density ≥ 15%, maximum value of nuclear density ≥ 30%. Possible risk factors were obtained from blood tests and questionnaires of a health screening test of Samsung Medical Center. Association between nuclear cataract and risk factors was investigated using univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis by generalized estimating equation (GEE) models.Results: Five factors were significantly associated with presenile nuclear cataract: current smoking [odds ratio (OR) = 2.80, 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.10-7.12, p = 0.0310], non-exercise and high amount of daily physical exercise (OR = 3.99, 95% CI, 1.27-12.52, p = 0.0178; OR = 2.92, 95% CI, 1.38-6.22, p = 0.0053), asthma (OR = 8.93, 95% CI, 1.12-71.15, p = 0.0386), tuberculosis (OR = 4.28, 95% CI, 1.36-13.50, p = 0.0131), and higher total iron binding capacity (OR = 1.01, 95% CI, 1.00-1.02, p = 0.0059).Conclusions: Presenile nuclear cataract is related to current smoking, non-exercise or high amount of physical exercise, asthma, tuberculosis, and iron deficiency status. The association of non-exercise group and presenile nuclear cataract seems to be related to co-morbidity. Patients with asthma, tuberculosis, or iron deficiency anemia are recommended to receive frequent ophthalmic examination to detect cataract. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: To evaluate monocular and binocular visual outcomes for near, intermediate, and far distance in patients implanted with diffractive multifocal intraocular lenses (IOLs) with different add power contralaterally.Methods: This is a prospective contralateral study. Two diffractive multifocal IOLs with different added power were implanted bilaterally in twenty patients. TECNIS® ZKB00 (+ 2.75 D) was implanted in a dominant eye, and TECNIS® ZLB00 (+ 3.25 D) was implanted in a non-dominant eye. Uncorrected distance visual acuity (UDVA), uncorrected intermediate visual acuity (UIVA), uncorrected near visual acuity (UNVA), and manifest refraction (MR) values were measured at 1 month and 3 months postoperatively. At the 3-month follow-up, defocus curve, contrast sensitivity, and reading performance were evaluated. Quality of vision, overall satisfaction, and spectacle independence were evaluated by questionnaire.Results: Postoperative binocular UDVA, visual acuity at 80 cm, 60 cm, 50 cm, 43 cm, 33 cm were - 0.08 ± 0.10, 0.12 ± 0.14, 0.09 ± 0.09, 0.07 ± 0.11, 0.14 ± 0.09, 0.25 ± 0.11 logMAR. The binocular defocus curve showed an extended range of good visual acuity with sharp vision being observed from 0 D to - 2.50 D defocus (logMAR≤0.1). Reading performance was significantly improved compared to baseline. All patients were spectacle-free at distance, and 94.74% of the patients did not require glasses for near and intermediate vision.Conclusions: Mix-and-match implantation of diffractive multifocal IOLs with different add power provides an excellent wide range of vision, as well as high levels of visual quality and patient satisfaction.Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov , NCT02556944, https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02556944. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Visual dysfunction in Parkinson's disease (PD) is well known from previous reports, but the association of visual deficits with PD development has not yet been studied. The aim of this research was to evaluate the association of visual acuity with the risk of PD occurrence using a nationwide cohort in South Korea.Methods: Among the population participating in the National Health Insurance Service, which is mandatory for all South Koreans, 6,055,113 individuals who had taken part in health screening programs between January 1, 2009, and December 31, 2012, were included in the cohort and followed until December 31, 2017. The hazard ratio was calculated for groups with high and low visual acuity using multivariate adjusted Cox regression analysis.Results: A total of 22,872 subjects (0.38%) were diagnosed as having PD within the study period. Groups with low visual acuity showed a higher incidence of PD compared with groups with good visual acuity. Compared with the reference group (visual acuity better than 20/20), the adjusted hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) was 1.315 (95% CI, 1.261-1.371) for the group with visual acuity between 20/20 and 20/60, 1.357 (95% CI, 1.277-1.442) for the group with visual acuity between 20/60 and 10/100, and 1.267 (95% CI, 1.193-1.343) for the group with visual acuity less than 10/100.Conclusions: Low visual acuity was associated with the development of PD. This suggests that visual dysfunction is one of the premotor symptoms for PD development. © 2020 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]