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In this paper, the influence of the modulation index of LiNbO3 Mach–Zehnder modulator on the radio over fiber (RoF) link based on single sideband (SSB) optical millimeter (mm)-wave with ASK signal is theoretically and numerically investigated. Our investigation shows that there exists an optimal modulation index to generate the SSB optical mm-wave with a maximal RF photocurrent. Although the fiber dispersion distorts the code form and degrades the performance of the RF signal demodulated from the SSB optical mm-wave after fiber transmission, it does not cause the closure of the eye diagram. However, the influence of the fiber dispersion becomes more obvious as the modulation index increases. For the duplex RoF link with the optical carrier of the uplink recovered from the downlink, a larger modulation index of the downlink causes a worse crosstalk from the downlink to the uplink.

This paper has investigated the transmission performance of the single sideband (SSB) optical millimeter (mm)-wave with signal carried by the sideband in BPSK format in duplex radio-over-fiber (RoF) system theoretically and numerically. The SSB optical mm-wave signal is generated by a LiNbO 3 Mach–Zehnder modulator and there exists an optimal modulation index to generate the SSB optical mm-wave with a maximal RF photocurrent. The SSB optical mm-wave is much suitable for the duplex ROF link with the uplink lightwave recovered from the downlink because the optical carrier carries no signal. In such a duplex RoF link, although there are the spurs on the optical carrier, they have little influence on the downlink and the uplink signal even if the modulation index is large.

We have investigated the generation of the 40-GHz double-sideband optical millimeter (mm)-wave with signal carried only by its optical carrier via an embedded LiNbO3 Mach–Zehnder modulator (LN-MZM). Since the optical carrier and its two first-order sidebands are dominant and their powers are well balanced, the first-order harmonic in the photocurrent gets maximal. As the optical mm-wave signal is transmitted along the fiber, there is no code outline distortion because the signal is only modulated on the optical carrier. Although the first-order harmonic shows the periodical fading effect when the optical mm-wave signal is transmitted along the fiber, its degradation on the radio-over-fiber link can be avoided by adjusting the position of the fading nodes via varying the main MZM bias voltage, and the signal still keeps much good eye diagram even after 50-km fiber transmission. The experimental results prove our theory.

A Y-junction optical planar lightwave circuit (PLC) interleaver is analyzed and a polymeric interleaver is fabricated. This interleaver is composed of two identical but reversed Y-junction components. The formula for channel spacing of this device is generated and influence factor of channel spacing is analyzed. The fabrication tolerance of this device is provided. Our analysis shows that there is a less than 2% deviation from the design value of 1.6 nm when the core width varies by 10%.

In this paper, we have proposed a new scheme to generate double-sideband (DSB) optical millimeter-wave (mm-wave) with signal carried only by optical carrier, and its transmission performance is investigated. The theoretical and numerical results show that the DSB optical mm-wave signal generated by our scheme suffers only from the fading effect, the time shift of the sidebands has little influence on its transmission performance. The signal demodulated from the harmonic photocurrent shows a clear and open eye diagram and has good performance even if the transmission distance is very close to but not just at the fading nodes. The theoretical results are in good agreement with our numerical simulation.

We have theoretically investigated the transmission of the optical mm-wave generated by the double-sideband (DSB) intensity-modulation. According to our analysis and simulation, the data signals, carried by DSB optical mm-wave after transmission along fiber, are degraded greatly because of the fading effect and the time shift of the codes caused by the chromatic dispersion in fiber, and these effects limit the transmission distance of the signals. Our theory is confirmed by the experimental results.

A compact channel spacing tunable polymeric three-dimensional (3D) comb filter has been designed and fabricated. This comb filter is made of three waveguides laid in two different but parallel layers: one is in the lower layer and the other two are in the upper layer. These two waveguides in upper layer do not cross each other but instead each twice cross over the waveguide in the lower layer. At each crossing point an electrode heater is deposited on the top surface to adjust the coupling ratio between these guides. By supplying power to each heater pair, respectively, the channel spacing can be selected to be either 1.6 nm or 0.8 nm; in addition a flat-top spectral response may be obtained at the 1.6 nm channel spacing if power is supplied to both the heater pairs simultaneously.

We have investigated the transmission performance of the label signal in the optical double sideband subcarrier multiplexing (DSB-SCM) label switching link and clarified that the degradation of the label signal results from the fiber chromatic dispersion and the incomplete filtering out of the payload carrier. Our theoretical results show that the DSB-SCM label can immune the fading effect, and the degradation mainly results from the crosstalk from the payload and the time shift of the code edge. The deep suppression of the optical carriers at the receiver can eliminate the crosstalk. The time shift of the code edges leads to the eye closure of the label codes and is independent of the code rate, but it does not degrade the label code with a low bit rate greatly, although it is serious for the label with a high bit rate and ultimately limits the transmission distance of the label. The simulation results validate our analysis very well. As we theoretically predict that the single sideband (SSB)-SCM can eliminate the time shift of the code edges and extend the transmission distance of the label signal.

We have theoretically investigated the transmission performance of the optical mm-wave generation by using an external modulator based on single sideband (SSB) intensity modulation. Though the SSB millimeter (mm)-wave can immune the fading effect, the baseband signals with a high bit rate are degraded greatly after transmission along fiber. The main reason is that the fiber dispersion causes the time shift of the code edges; therefore the maximum transmission distance of the baseband signals is limited. The experimental and simulation results agree well with our theoretical analysis. We also propose a novel scheme to extend the transmission distance. In this novel scheme, the data signals are modulated only onto one of the two optical carriers; hence the shift of the code edges in the down-converted signals after transmission is eliminated.

We have investigated the generation and transmission of optical millimeter (mm)-wave signal based on optical phase modulator (PM) and fiber Bragg grating (FBG) filter. With an optimized modulation depth of PM and a higher carrier suppression ratio via a notch filter, the generated optical mm-wave can be transmitted over a long-distance without fading. We have also theoretically analyzed the impact of time shift on the eye closure of optical and electrical signal due to the fiber dispersion, which is well in accord with the experimental results. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 49: 1787–1793, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.22622

A three-dimensional (3D) display with smooth motion parallax and large viewing angle is demonstrated, which is based on a microlens array and a coded two-dimensional (2D) image on a 50 inch liquid crystal device (LCD) panel with the resolution of 3840 × 2160. Combining with accurate depth cues expressing, the flipping images of the traditional integral imaging (II) are eliminated, and smooth motion parallax can be achieved. The image on the LCD panel is coded as an elemental image packed repeatedly, and the depth cue is determined by the repeated period of elemental image. To construct the 3D image with complex depth structure, the varying period of elemental image is required. Here, the detailed principle and coding method are presented. The shape and the texture of a target 3D image are designed by a structure image and an elemental image, respectively. In the experiment, two groups of structure images and their corresponding elemental images are utilized to construct a 3D scene with a football in a green net. The constructed 3D image exhibits obviously enhanced 3D perception and smooth motion parallax. The viewing angle is 60°, which is much larger than that of the traditional II.

Stereo matching plays a significant role in three-dimensional (3D) display applications. The estimation of the regularization parameter, which strikes a balance between the spatial distance and color difference, is essential for successfully solving ill-posed image-matching problems. Based on the cost-filtering algorithm, a degree of texture overlapping is designed to simultaneously estimate the optimal regularization parameter and achieve accurate matching results. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed model can estimate the smoothing parameter well, and the accuracy is comparable to other methods with manual adjustment. The application of the presented stereo-matching method in the 32-view 3D display is demonstrated.

Microring-based photonic fractional differentiators play an important role in the on-chip all-optical signal processing. Unfortunately, the previous works do not consider the time-reversal and the time delay characteristics of the microring-based fractional differentiator. They also do not include the effect of input pulse width on the output. In particular, it cannot explain why the microring-based differentiator with the differentiation order n > 1 has larger output deviation than that with n n > 1. In this paper, a comprehensive theoretical model is proposed. The critically-coupled microring resonator is modeled as an ideal first-order differentiator, while the under-coupled and over-coupled resonators are modeled as the time-reversed ideal fractional differentiators. Traditionally, the over-coupled microring resonators are used to form the differentiators with 1 n n

A high sensitivity refractive index (RI) sensor based on a tapered small core single-mode fiber (SCSMF) structure sandwiched between two traditional single-mode fibers (SMF28) is reported. The microheater brushing technique was employed to fabricate the tapered fiber structures with different waist diameters of 12.5, 15.0, and 18.8 μm. Experiments demonstrate that the fiber sensor with a waist diameter of 12.5 μm offers the best sensitivity of 19212.5 nm/RIU19212.5 nm/RIU (RI unit) in the RI range of 1.4304 to 1.4320. All sensors fabricated in this Letter show good linearity in terms of the spectral wavelength shift versus changes in RI. Furthermore, the sensor with the best sensitivity to RI was also used to measure relative humidity (RH) without any coating materials applied to the fiber surface. Experimental results show that the spectral wavelength shift changes exponentially as the RH varies from 60% to 95%. A maximum sensitivity of 18.3 nm per relative humidity unit (RHU) was achieved in the RH range of 90.4% to 94.5% RH.

We investigate the strong modulation instability at telecommunication band in a silicon-organic hybrid slot waveguide. The pulse train is obtained via pump pulses with pulse width of 10 ps and peak power of 250 mW.

Second-harmonic generation of near ultraviolet wavelength by the surface nonlinearity polarization is experimentally demonstrated in a silica photonic crystal fiber. The maximum conversion efficiency of second-harmonic centered at 410 nm can be up to 1.6×10−6.

We demonstrate experimentally an enhanced intermodal four-wave mixing (FWM) process through coupling positively chirped femtosecond pulses into the deeply normal dispersion region of the fundamental mode of an in-house fabricated photonic crystal fiber (PCF). In the intermodal phase-matching scheme, the energy of the pump waves at 800 nm in the fundamental mode is efficiently converted into the anti-Stokes waves around 553 nm and the Stokes waves within the wavelength range of 1445-1586 nm in the second-order mode. The maximum conversion efficiency of η(as) and η(s) of anti-Stokes and Stokes waves can be up to 21% and 16%, respectively. The Stokes frequency shift Ω is 5580 cm(-1). The fiber bending and intermodal walk-off effect of pulses do not have significant influence on the nonlinear optical process.

A novel scheme for the real-time optical demultiplexing by using the linearly chirped and time-broadened pulses is proposed. Simulation results show that the demultiplexing from 160 Gb/s to sixteen 10 Gb/s tributaries can be achieved.

A three-dimensional display combining digitally generated tomograhic images with a lenticular-lens-array is demonstrated. Angular spectrum analysis method is used to analyze the parallax images. Experiment results show the 3D display with the smooth parallax.

The conversion of existing 2D to 3D videos is important in 3D display. A depth extraction method based on geometric information and grab cut matting is presented, which can generate depth maps with high quality.

Distributed high speed and fully-synchronized rendering of super-multiview videos for a frontal projection system based on a projector array is demonstrated. Experimental result shows a stable frame-rate at 60 frame- per-second could be achieved.

A novel method for generating intermediate images based on feature points matching, Delaunay triangulation and image morphing is presented. Experimental results show that the proposed method can achieve a better visual image quality.

We propose a high refractive index contrast AlGaAs-on-insulator waveguide. The simulation results show that highly coherent supercontinuum over the -50 dB bandwidth of 1350 nm can be generated when the pump wavelength is 1550 nm.

In this paper, we have theoretically investigated the transmission performance of the optical millimeter (mm)-wave generated by using an external modulator based on optical carrier suppression for the first time. According to our theory, the data signals carried by the optical mm-wave are transmitted in the dispersion fiber without fading but are degraded greatly because of the time shift of the code edges, which still limits the transmission distance. The experimental results agree well with our theory.

The dual-pump all-optical wavelength conversion based on a four-wave mixing (FWM) in a high-nonlinear dispersion shifted fiber (HNL-DSF) is demonstrated experimentally. The polarization sensitivity of the wavelength converter based on this dual-pump figuration is investigated experimentally and theoretically. The experimental results indicate that the wavelength-conversion configuration with copolarization pumps shows the smallest polarization sensitivity. A model of the beating-wave modulation from the dynamic wave equation is erected to explain the experimental phenomena, and the theoretical analyses agree well with the experimental results.

The spectrum of a Bragg grating in a multimode optical fiber can be controlled by the number of irradiation pulses during the writing procedure. Hence, a single mode grating can be fabrication readily within a multimode fiber. The width of the stop band of the grating can also be controlled by means of the number of irradiation pulses. A tilted grating leads to the coupling of core mode to cladding mode, and when the tilt is sufficiently large, eventually to radiation mode. In the case of small tilt, the grating spectrum is the sum of the core–core mode spectrum and the core–cladding mode spectrum.

Polarization insensitivity is a fundamental requirement for wavelength conversion technique in the future all-optical networks. Our experimental results show that a co-polarization pump configuration based on four-wave mixing in high-nonlinear fiber can reduce largely the polarization sensitivity. We have theoretically investigated those experimental phenomena, and the theoretical analyses are in good agreement with experimental results.

Unique dispersion characteristics and enhanced nonlinearity make the small-core photonic crystal fiber (PCF) an ideal candidate for nonlinear optical devices to telecommunication applications. Some technical reasons behind great research interest of highly nonlinear PCFs in optical communication components are reviewed. Nonlinear effects in highly nonlinear PCFs and their research progress are presented. Several typical applications including WDM sources, optical amplification, optical switching, wavelength conversion, optical regeneration and all-optical demultiplexing etc are introduced, together with state-of-the art performances. Some new possible applications and future prospects are discussed.

Some new phenomena in the writing process of Bragg gratings in B/Ge co-doped non-hydrogenated optical fibre are observed at relatively low irradiation power. The grating reflectivity continues to grow even after the irradiation is turned off. Meanwhile the Bragg wavelength continues to shift to the blue. Several hours later, there are no noticeable changes in the grating characteristics.

Anti-Stokes signals at the near-ultraviolet wavelength are efficiently generated based on degenerate four-wave mixing by coupling the femtosecond pulses into the fundamental mode of a photonic crystal fibre. When the pump pulses with the central wavelength of 840 nm and the average power of 300 mW are used, the conversion efficiency η s of the anti-Stokes signal at 432 nm can be up to 40℅, and the pulse width is measured to be 42 fs by the Talbot effect.

An analysis of how to obtain arbitrary channels with equal reflectivity of sinc-sampled fiber Bragg gratings is provided. The conclusion is that the influence of different sinc-shaped sampling functions on the reflectivity of the multiple channels is significant. In order to obtain equal reflectivity of odd-numbered or even-numbered channels, two kinds of sinc-shaped sampling functions are needed.

With a highly birefringent photonic crystal fiber (HB-PCF) specially designed and fabricated in our laboratory, the two-colored solitons and small spectral component formed by the balance between the dispersion and birefringence effect are generated above 2000 nm when the polarization direction of pump pulse is aligned along the fast and slow axis of HB-PCF. When the average power of the pump at 870 nm increases from 100 to 300 mW, the broadband solitons at the fast and slow axis and small spectral component can be efficiently generated from 2120 to 2230 nm, 2070 to 2180 nm, and 2260 to 2370 nm, and the tunable wavelength range can be up to 300 nm. To the best of our knowledge, the largest span of soliton wavelength shift over 1300 nm is achieved. The widely tunable soliton pulse and small spectral component can provide the particularly useful short-pulse source for the mid-infrared photonics and spectroscopy.

An optical 3D screen usually shows a certain diffuse reflectivity or diffuse transmission, and the multi-projection 3D display suffers from decreased display local contrast due to the crosstalk of multi-projection contents. A tone mapping based optimizing method is innovatively proposed to suppress the crosstalk and improve the display contrast by minimizing the visible contrast distortions between the display light field and a targeted one with enhanced contrast. The contrast distortions are weighted according to the visibility predicted by the model of human visual system, and the distortions are minimized for the given multi-projection 3D display model that enforces constrains on the solution. Our proposed method can adjust parallax images or parallax video contents for the optimum 3D display image quality taking into account the display characteristics and ambient illumination. The validity of the method is evaluated and proved in experiments.

A high sensitivity refractive index sensor based on a single mode-small diameter no core fiber structure is proposed. In this structure, a small diameter no core fiber (SDNCF) used as a sensor probe, was fusion spliced to the end face of a traditional single mode fiber (SMF) and the end face of the SDNCF was coated with a thin film of gold to provide reflective light. The influence of SDNCF diameter and length on the refractive index sensitivity of the sensor has been investigated by both simulations and experiments, where results show that the diameter of SDNCF has significant influence. However, SDNCF length has limited influence on the sensitivity. Experimental results show that a sensitivity of 327 nm/RIU (refractive index unit) has been achieved for refractive indices ranging from 1.33 to 1.38, which agrees well with the simulated results with a sensitivity of 349.5 nm/RIU at refractive indices ranging from 1.33 to 1.38.

In this Letter, polarization-dependent intermodal four-wave mixing (FWM) is demonstrated experimentally in a birefringent multimode photonic crystal fiber (BM-PCF) designed and fabricated in-house. Femtosecond pump pulses at wavelengths ∼800 nm polarized along one of the principal axes of the BM-PCF are coupled into a normal dispersion region away from the zero-dispersion wavelengths of the fundamental guided mode of the BM-PCF. Anti-Stokes and Stokes waves are generated in the 2nd guided mode at visible and near-infrared wavelengths, respectively. For pump pulses at an average input power of 500 mW polarized along the slow axis, the conversion efficiencies ηsubas/suband ηsubs/subof the anti-Stokes and Stokes waves generated at wavelengths 579.7 and 1290.4 nm are 19% and 14%, respectively. For pump pulses polarized along the fast axis, the corresponding ηsubas/suband ηsubs/subat 530.4 and 1627 nm are 23% and 18%, respectively. We also observed that fiber bending and intermodal walk-off have a small effect on the polarization-dependent intermodal FWM-based frequency conversion process.

A breathing sensor has been experimentally demonstrated based on a singlemode–multimode– singlemode (SMS) fiber structure which is attached to a thin plastic film in an oxygen mask. By detecting power variations due to the macro bending applied to the SMS section by each inhalation and exhalation process, the breath state can be monitored. The proposed sensor is capable of distinguishing different types of breathing conditions including regular and irregular breath state. The sensor can be used in a strong electric/magnetic field and radioactive testing systems such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) systems and computed tomography (CT) examinations where electrical sensors are restricted.

In this paper, a new millimeter-wave (mm-wave) wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) system based on radio-over-fiber (ROF) technology is proposed. In this approach a multi-wavelength light source is obtained by supercontinuum (SC) technique, and mm-wave signals are obtained by using optical heterodyning method. We experimentally demonstrate the generation of optical carriers for 6-WDM channels, obtain 40 GHz mm-wave signals by employing optical heterodyne technique, and successfully achieve low error rate transmission of 2.5 Gbit/s in WDM channels over a distance of 25 km in a G.652 fiber. The experimental results verify that the proposed solution is feasible and cost effective.

Highly efficient and broadband Cherenkov radiations (CRs) by soliton self-frequency shift (SSFS) are generated in the fundamental mode of photonic crystal fiber (PCF) fabricated in our laboratory. The dependences of CR on the pump wavelength and power are investigated, and the corresponding nonlinear-optical processes are discussed. When the average power of the 120-fs pump pulse increases from 100 to 300 mW, the Raman soliton shifts from 1970 to 2130 nm, the conversion efficiency of CR in the range of 580 to 545 nm increases from 8% to 31%, and the width of output optical spectrum at the visible wavelength broadens from 11 to 54 nm.

We have proposed a novel multiamplitude minimum shift keying orthogonal frequency-division-multiplexing (MAMSK-OFDM) technology for the optical access network. In our experiment, the 5-Gb/s 2AMSK-OFDM signal and 2.5-Gb/s upstream on-off keying (OOK) signal are transmitted over 20-km single-mode fiber (SMF) successfully. We further compare the MAMSK-OFDM signal with 4-quadrature amplitude modulation (4QAM)/8QAM-OFDM and MSK-OFDM signals, and the results show the prospect of this technology in future optical access networks.

All-optical analog-to-digital converters based on the third-order nonlinear effects in silicon waveguide are a promising candidate to overcome the limitation of electronic devices and are suitable for photonic integration. In this paper, a 2-bit optical spectral quantization scheme for on-chip all-optical analog-to-digital conversion is proposed. The proposed scheme is realized by filtering the broadened and split spectrum induced by the self-phase modulation effect in a silicon horizontal slot waveguide filled with silicon-nanocrystal. Nonlinear coefficient as high as 8708 W(-1)/m is obtained because of the tight mode confinement of the horizontal slot waveguide and the high nonlinear refractive index of the silicon-nanocrystal, which provides the enhanced nonlinear interaction and accordingly low power threshold. The results show that a required input peak power level less than 0.4 W can be achieved, along with the 1.98-bit effective-number-of-bit and Gray code output. The proposed scheme can find important applications in on-chip all-optical digital signal processing systems.

Three-dimensional (3D) tabletop display is a kind of display with wide range of potential applications. An auto-stereoscopic 3D tabletop display system is designed to provide the observers with high level of immersive perception. To improve the freedom of viewing position, the eye tracking system and a set of active partially pixelated masks are utilized. To improve the display quality, large number of images is prepared to generate the stereo pair. The light intensity distribution and crosstalk of parallax images are measured respectively to evaluate the rationality of the auto-stereoscopic system. In the experiment, the high immersive auto-stereoscopic tabletop display system is demonstrated, together with the system architectures including hardware and software. Experimental results illustrate the effectiveness of the high immersive auto-stereoscopic tabletop display system.

In this paper, a dual-core polymer-filled photonic crystal fiber (PCF) is designed for broadband dispersion compensation. Large negative dispersion value from −255 to −823 ps/(nm•km) over the entire C band is achieved. Furthermore, the effective refractive index of the polymer-filled outer core can be well tuned by changing the temperature. This PCF can be used for the dynamical dispersion compensation in wavelength-division-multiplexing (WDM) systems.

Normally, it requires a huge amount of spatial information to increase the number of views and to provide smooth motion parallax for natural three-dimensional (3D) display similar to real life. To realize natural 3D video display without eye-wears, a huge amount of 3D spatial information is normal required. However, minimum 3D information for eyes should be used to reduce the requirements for display devices and processing time. For the 3D display with smooth motion parallax similar to the holographic stereogram, the size the virtual viewing slit should be smaller than the pupil size of eye at the largest viewing distance. To increase the resolution, two glass-free 3D display systems rear and front projection are presented based on the space multiplexing with the micro-projector array and the special designed 3D diffuse screens with the size above 1.8 m× 1.2 m. The displayed clear depths are larger 1.5m. The flexibility in terms of digitized recording and reconstructed based on the 3D diffuse screen relieves the limitations of conventional 3D display technologies, which can realize fully continuous, natural 3-D display. In the display system, the aberration is well suppressed and the low crosstalk is achieved.

In this paper, a cascade optical quantization scheme is proposed to realize all-optical analog-to-digital converter with efficiently enhanced quantization resolution and achievable high analog bandwidth of larger than 20 GHz. Employing the cascade structure of an unbalanced Mach-zehnder modulator and a specially designed optical directional coupler, we predict the enhancement of number-of-bits can be up to 1.59-bit. Simulation results show that a 25 GHz RF signal is efficiently digitalized with the signal-to-noise ratio of 33.58 dB and effective-number-of-bits of 5.28-bit.

We studied the excitation of whispering gallery modes (WGMs) in a cylindrical microresonator formed by a short length of a multimode fiber. The light was evanescently coupled into the fiber from a micro-cylinder whose tilt angle was varied from perpendicular to parallel with respect to the fiber taper. Narrow WGM resonances are observed in the transmission spectrum of the fiber taper with a maximum Q factor of ~10 5 . Evolution of the transmission spectrum with the change of tilt angle involved changes in the number of WGMs in the spectrum for smaller tilts and the disappearance of WGM resonances at large tilt angles.