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On the centennial of British administration in Palestine, reflections on the subsequent military and then civil government should be linked with the prevailing reality that the geographical territo...

One certainty is that the emergence of new approaches to studying the 1917 Russian Revolution will be determined not solely by the current historiographic situation but also by society’s expectatio...

Last year marked the centennial of the 1917 February Revolution. Throughout the intervening century, it has been overshadowed by the October coup, a testament, in part, to the incommensurable quant...

Roberto: Since we are approaching the centennial of the British Mandate for Palestine I would like to ask you to reflect on the mandate one hundred years on.Jacob: What I find, at the general level...

This article explores a group of texts focused on Martin Garcia Island. Through readings of Domingo F. Sarmiento, Mariano Moreno, Giuseppe Garibaldi, Ruben Dario, and Lucrecia Martel, I examine the question of the transnational in nineteenth-century Latin America. Although it was conceptualized as the cen-tury of the nation, the nineteenth century also offers the opportunity to articulate multidirectional approaches. I argue that Martin Garcia should be studied as a modernity experiment, a place where the main projects of modernity were tested. Among these projects, I include the modern forms of capitalist exploitation, bio-political demands, and different ways of disciplining populations. In Lucrecia Martel’s short film, Nueva Argiropolis, I analyze the idea of conspiracy, study-ing the resignification of the nineteenth century during the second centennial of Independence celebrations in 2010. I analyze the idea of conspiracy in her film. In doing so, I suggest that the twenty-first century revisits the legacy of modernity and reconfigures the idea of the nation. Focusing on main topics like gender, race, and language, Martel addresses the ideas of the founding fathers of the nation by introducing minor characters that foment conspiracy.

The occurrence of owls in the urban environment has been of interest, with recent records of the Eastern Barn Owl Tyto alba delicatula in highly urbanised locations in Sydney, New South Wales. During the long-term monitoring of bird assemblages in the Centennial Parklands, Barn Owls were consistently found roosting under the crowns of Canary Island Date Palms Phoenix canariensis in six major time periods between 2013 and 2018. Atlas records show two earlier records of this species in the Parklands. Since December 2013, there have been some site visits in which 2–3 Barn Owls have been found roosting in the Parklands.

Spatial patterns in centennial-scale variations of the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) during the Holocene are poorly constrained due to the lack of high-resolution records with detailed chronologies, especially in southern China. Here we present high-resolution (~35-yr) proxy records spanning the last 7500 years from a well-dated sediment core (YJ Core) from the northern inner shelf of the South China Sea. Al, Ti and Fe variations were employed as indicators of terrigenous influx and K/Al ratios were used as a tracer of chemical weathering to document variations in the intensity of the EASM. The results show a series of centennial-scale weak EASM events, which are generally synchronous with those inferred from other geologic archives from monsoonal regions in the eastern and southern China. Moreover, these events are synchronous with periods of weak solar activity, and the spectral analysis demonstrates that the EASM and solar activity share some general cyclicity patterns. We therefore suggest that solar activity is a fundamental driving force for the spatial synchronisation of the EASM on centennial timescales across the monsoon region.

For more than seventy years the memory of the October revolution of 1917 had been the basis for Soviet identity. The article discusses the development of the main elements of Soviet historical narrative dedicated to the event, as well as the reloading of the commemorative program of the revolution in post-Soviet Russia; as a result, the centennial of the revolution turned out to be not only «inconvenient», but also «doubtful» in view of the modern Russian government. The historical policy of the current elite, the century-old distance from the events in 1917, as well as postmodern realities of the XXI century, making it increasingly difficult to perceive the metanarratives of past times, all these could not but affect the collective memory of modern Russian society regarding events and actors of the revolution and its general perception. Taking into account the typology of social forgetting phenomenon by P. Connerton, the authors of the article highlight oblivion practices relating to the revolution, which are used within the framework of official history politics in postSoviet Russia.

espanolEn Peru, el descubrimiento de Machu Picchu ha resultado ser una manzana de la discordia desde que Hiram Bingham ascendiera la montana y llegara por vez primera a la llacta incaica. La disputa librada por la Universidad de Yale y el gobierno peruano en torno a la posesion de los materiales arqueologicos que Bingham se llevo 'temporalmente' del Peru, solo sirvio para agriar la discusion aun mas. El centenario de su 'descubrimiento' vio como las partes finalmente llegaron a un acuerdo, asi como la aparicion de diversas publicaciones que o bien estudian estos materiales arqueologicos, o bien exploran su vida y obra. Y, sin embargo, a pesar de la firma del acuerdo, Bingham sigue siendo motivo de discusion en el Peru, el cual solo podra resolver esta relacion de amor-odio que mantiene con el explorador estadounidense una vez que acepte y asimile su pasado, pues lo que esta en juego no es Bingham, sino la forma en que el Peru concibe y entiende su historia. EnglishIn Peru, the discovery of Machu Picchu has proved to be a bone of contention ever since Hiram Bingham first climbed the mountain and reached the Inca settlement. The dispute between Yale University and the Peruvian government over the possession of the archaeological artefacts which Bingham «temporarily» removed from Peru only soured the discussion further. The centennial of Bingham’s 'discovery' saw both parties finally reach a settlement, as well as the publication of several books which either study these archaeological materials or explore Bingham’s life and work. And yet Bingham still remains an issue in Peru, the agreement notwithstanding. This love-hate relationship with the American explorer will only be solved once Peru comes to terms with its past, for what is at stake is not so much Bingham, but how Peru conceives and understands its history.

The Revolution of 1848–1849 is still perceived in Hungary as one of the cult events of national history. In the European context, it became the first largescale social turmoil that demonstrated clearly the destructive power of nationalism. The mismatch of the goals of the different national movements, each formulating their own program, led to sharp collisions which echoed up to the First World War. Later, prominent representatives of European political thought reconsidered this experience. The article shows how the centennial anniversary of the Revolution, which was to be celebrated at the highest level in the interest of expanding the cooperation in the Danube region, unexpectedly coincided with the onset of an acute international conflict in which Hungary was involved - and in turn that affected the celebrations profoundly.

As the centennial of the First Red Scare arrives, the time has come to revisit our understanding of it. This methodological article makes the case that the field still struggles with the fundamental problem that the incidents we have collected as the “Red Scare” and “Red Summer” and madenational, manifested often as disparatelocalevents that responded to immediate conditions. It argues that responding to the local events of the Red Scare/Red Summer to better understand regional history is not an inadequate response that distracts us from a more worthy attempt to synthesize national currents. Through analyzing smaller-scale strikes and incidents of racial violence, looking at the variance in form and response of local governments, and seeing the global interconnections of the Red Scare through the lens of localities, we can gain new ground toward a broader, more multifaceted understanding of this transformative era.

Life which reflects the epoch (to Prof. D.P. Chukhriyenko centennial)

This historically-themed critical paper reappraises selective progressive education writings by John Dewey in relation to two questions: firstly, how was physical education organised and taught in the Gary Schools, a programme Dewey widely praised in Schools of Tomorrow and secondly, how might the educational aspirations of Dewey benefit current subject purposes in physical education. This exercise highlights points of disconnection between the ideas of Dewey and areas of practice in the Gary Schools and the modest engagement Dewey’s theorizing has had in informing the educational contribution of physical education over the last century. Both points are problematic in pursuing progressive education agendas and the latter point highlights the continuing need for a more convincing educational account of physical education to be advanced. The paper concludes by arguing for a Deweyan and Merleau-Pontian informed account of physical education which is primed by embodied learning and social and moral development.

The results of the digitalization of the centennial series of solar activity are considered. The data contain information on sunspots since 1918, sunspot umbra since 1917, plages since 1907, and spectral corona since 1939. In particular the digitalization of prominences from the observations in the Ca II K line in 1910–1954 and solar filaments from the observations in the H-alpha line in 1912–2002 acquired at the Kodaikanal Observatory are described. The methods of constructing composite maps of solar activity and presenting the resulting data series on the Internet are described. The long-term variations in solar activity are analyzed.

Zsigmond Purjesz (1846–1918) was born at Szentes (Hungary), and he became MD at Budapest in 1870. In 1880 he applied for and won by competition the professor’s chair of Internal Medicine at Cluj/Kolozsvár University. He taught there for three decades, and founded a medical school. In 1911 he retired and moved to Budapest. According to his wish, he was buried at Kolozsvár. The first part of our study presents the preliminaries of Purjesz’s appointment to Kolozsvár, based on the documents of the Kolozsvár Medical Faculty kept in the State Archives at Marosvásárhely/Târgu Mureş. Endre Takács from Budapest and Ignác Büchler from Kolozsvár were the other two applicants. A board of three university professors proposed Purjesz on the first, Takács on the second and Büchler on the third place to be appointed as professor. On ministerial proposal the king decided to appoint Purjesz on the 2nd of May, 1880. In the second part of the study we take into account the recognitions and decorations Purjesz got. In 1893 for his activity during the cholera epidemic he was awarded with the Iron-Crown Order, 3rd class. In 1901 he got the title of Court councilor, which implied the form of address “Right Honorable”. In 1906 at the 25th anniversary of his professorship his students and colleagues compiled a memorial volume dedicated to him. In 1910 the Royal City of Kolozsvár declared him Honorary Citizen. Following his retirement his bust made by György Vastagh was unveiled at the courtyard of the hospital. In 1911, the king recognizing his healing and teaching activity raised him to the rank of Hungarian nobility.

This paper presents my own recollections of the difficult relations that existed between the IAU and a fraction of the public, especially in the USA, following the IAU decision to reclassify Pluto as a dwarf planet at the 2006 General Assembly in Prague, and which ultimately led the IAU to organize the NameExoWorlds international contest to give public names to selected exoplanets and their host stars. In spite of the success of the International Year of Astronomy in 2009, the Pluto controversy continued, and its consequences climaxed during my term (2012-2015), as NASA’s New Horizons probe approached Pluto for a flyby just before the 2015 General Assembly in Honolulu. It was during this period that the IAU launched the NameExoWorlds contest, which also came to a conclusion in Honolulu after over half a million votes were cast from all over the world. While the inside story of how the contest was organized has appeared elsewhere, here I focus on the historical and sociological context that made Pluto such a sensitive issue, especially in the USA, explaining why this contest generated another controversy between the IAU and the New Horizons team. However, after the world-wide success of NameExoWorlds, the IAU and the New Horizons team eventually reached an agreement on finalizing the characterization and names of a number of newly discovered Pluto and Charon surface features (an on-going process), while a new edition of NameExoWorlds is in preparation for the IAU centennial in 2019.

The early twentieth-century women’s suffrage campaign was the most visual of all those conducted by contemporary pressure groups. This chapter discusses the wide range of art and artefacts—posters, postcards, cartoons, banners, china and jewellery—used to promote the suffrage cause and tells something of their creators, the majority of whom were women. These included members of both the constitutional and the militant wings of the suffrage movement, with many affiliated to the suffrage artists’ societies, the Artists’ Suffrage League and the Suffrage Atelier. Based on a keynote speech given at a University of Surrey’s 2018 conference, ‘Centennial Reflections on Women’s Suffrage and the Arts’, the chapter highlights the work of Surrey suffrage artists. Although many of their names are now forgotten, they played a vital part in the conduct of the twentieth-century women’s suffrage campaign and, 100 years later, some of their work is still being reproduced.

Based on the previous literature review and relevant theories, like history, sociology and policy, this paper draws a picture of the centennial development of physical health promotion policies in Chinese school with comparative study and logical analysis. The research holds that advocates cannot get its essence and the implementers cannot get its law. It has become an indisputable fact that the physic health of teenagers has been declining continuously; During historical evolution, we do not have a relatively independent position, and lack of new perspectives and theories to grind and interpret. This leads to the dominance of "borrow-ism", so that we have not formed a more systematic theoretical interpretation scientifically; For today's China, we should insist on the position and principle of "restarting".

Dr. Peter Stone is the David Bruton, Jr. Centennial Professor and Associate Chair of Computer Science, as well as Director of Texas Robotics, at the University of Texas at Austin. In 2013 he was awarded the University of Texas System Regents’ Outstanding Teaching Award and in 2014 he was inducted into the UT Austin Academy of Distinguished Teachers, earning him the title of University Distinguished Teaching Professor. Professor Stone’s research interests in Artificial Intelligence include machine learning (especially reinforcement learning), multiagent systems, and robotics. Professor Stone received his Ph.D in Computer Science in 1998 from Carnegie Mellon University. From 1999 to 2002 he was a Senior Technical Staff Member in the Artificial Intelligence Principles Research Department at AT&T Labs - Research. He is an Alfred P. Sloan Research Fellow, Guggenheim Fellow, AAAI Fellow, IEEE Fellow, AAAS Fellow, Fulbright Scholar, and 2004 ONR Young Investigator. In 2007 he received the prestigious IJCAI Computers and Thought Award, given biannually to the top AI researcher under the age of 35, and in 2016 he was awarded the ACM/SIGAI Autonomous Agents Research Award. Professor Stone co-founded Cogitai, Inc., a startup company focused on continual learning, in 2015, and currently serves as Executive Director of Sony AI America.

Durante el desarrollo de este trabajo investigativo se expondrán consideraciones teóricas y académicas alrededor de las categorías Juventud, Identidad y Centennial, lo mismo con la intención de comprender cómo se construye y desarrolla la identidad en los y las jóvenes pertenecientes a la generación centennial, residentes en la ciudad de Bogotá, Colombia. El presente se llevó a cabo desde una metodología cualitativa sostenida en la narrativa, donde se implementó el uso de dos técnicas en cuanto a la recolección de datos; grupos de discusión y análisis de textos audiovisuales, estos se dieron con ocho jóvenes nacidos a partir del año 2.000. Se realizó un estudio y se generó una discusión respectivamente. Los resultados obtenidos posibilitaron contrastar las concepciones populares acerca de la generación centennial y la postura de estos jóvenes acerca de su generación, los resultados dieron cuenta además del valor y la importancia del contexto social y su incidencia en el desarrollo de la identidad de los y las jóvenes pertenecientes a esta generación. Abstract During the development of this research work, theoretical and academic considerations will be presented around the categories of Youth, Identity and centennial, as well as with the intention of understand. During the development of this research work, theoretical and academic considerations will be presented around the categories of Youth, Identity and centennial, as well as with the intention of understanding how identity is built and developed in young people who belong to the centennial generation, residing in the city of Bogotá, Colombia. The present was carried out from a qualitative methodology sustained in the narrative, where it was implemented the use of two techniques in terms of data collection; discussion groups and analysis of audiovisual texts, these were given with eight teenagers born from the year 2,000, from this, an analysis and a discussion were generated respectively. Psicólogo Pregrado

The influence of the North Atlantic on the margins of Europe means the region is particularly sensitive to changes in the ocean–atmospheric system. During the Last Glacial–Interglacial Transition (16–8 cal ka bp) this system was repeatedly disrupted, leading to a series of abrupt and short-lived shifts in climate. Despite much research, the number and magnitude of these ‘centennial-scale’ events is not well understood. To address this, we expand upon investigations at Quoyloo Meadow, Orkney, Scotland, one of the best chronologically constrained palaeoclimate records in northern Britain. By coupling stable isotope and chironomid fossil analyses with existing data, this study identifies multiple phases of centennial-scale disturbance at: c. 14.0, 11.1, 10.8, 10.5, 10.45 and 10.3 cal ka bp, with the events at 14.0 and 10.3 exhibiting a particularly pronounced cold-climate signature. During the Holocene, the strongest response to climate forcing was at c. 10.3–10.0 cal ka bp, expressed as a two-stage drop in mean July temperatures, a shift in pollen spectra indicative of ‘less-stable’ climatic regimes, and a depletion in δ18O values. We interpret this as the first reliably dated incidence of the ‘10.3-ka event’ in the British Isles and consider the wider impact of this climatic reversal in other Holocene records.

Based on Singular Spectral Analysis (SSA) analysis of global earth surface temperature and solar activity (sunspots), Le Mouël et al. (2020, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019EA000671) suggest that the variability in Earth surface temperature observed since 1850 is natural and controlled by the Sun. We cannot agree with their conclusions for several reasons: the lack of compelling results from the Fourier spectra and SSA estimates which are provided without confidence intervals, the small radiative forcing associated with the sunspot variability, and finally the simple evidence that the slowly varying components of the temperature and sunspots time show opposite trends in the last 30 years.

This chapter uses college football’s first season in 1869 and its centennial season in 1969 to discuss key aspects of its history. It discusses how myths have been used to celebrate and promote the game. The game played between Rutgers and Princeton in 1869 is generally considered to be the first intercollegiate football game and is celebrated in art and lore, especially during the centennial season of 1969. That year students and players used the game to protest racism and the Vietnam War. This introductory chapter also provides an overview of the rest of the book.

We thank the authors (hereafter referred to as CCC) for providing us an opportunity to clarify some points of our original paper. CCC list in their abstract three “key points”that we respond to in this Reply. The first comment is the central one and the most developed. It deals mainly with discussion of features of methods of spectral analysis, mainly SSA. We have quoted the sub‐parts of that comment as items 1a to 1k. The replies to comments/key points 2 and 3 are shorter. We disagree with most of the comments by CCC and explain why. We conclude that we have successfully countered CCC's criticism and shown many of their points to be unsubstantiated. The main problem seems to reside in differences concerning the literature on Singular Spectral Analysis and our use of it. Much of our response to the comments can be found in textbooks and review papers on SSA and time series analysis; we quote extensively, both in our original paper and in this response to CCC, Golyandina and Zhigljavsky (2013).

The modern Republic of Turkey is close to its 100th anniversary but it has substantially changed in comparison to the secular and Western-oriented state of its initial days. After almost two decades of the AKP rule and the dazzling Erdoğan leading figure, several transformations have been experienced as in politics, because of the ascending and consolidation of an Islamist ruling party; in economy, since Turkey had an impressive performance during the first decade of the AKP in power; as well as in social sphere, due the emergence of identities that challenged the prevalent Kemalist narrative. All these changes involve complexities and provoke tense debates within Turkish society, some of which can start to be solved through next elections. Hence year 2023 becomes a watershed in Turkish History and certain questions regarding if the current trend will persist or if new transformations will take place become relevant. The discussion necessarily implies to envisage a hypothetical scenario without Erdoğan and the consequences of his absence on Turkey’s near future.

The American Library Association (ALA) was founded on October 6, 1876, on the last day of a three-day meeting for the Conference of Librarians during the Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia. Now known as the largest and oldest library association in the world, the ALA started with humble beginnings. Prior to 1917, the association was an insular professional organization rather than driven by advocacy and service. Burton Stevenson, a librarian and writer, described it during this period as “...

The Western Mediterranean region including the North African desert margin is considered one of the most sensitive areas to future climate changes. In order to refine long-term scenarios for hydrological and environmental responses to future climate changes in this region, it is important to improve our knowledge about past environmental responses to climatic variability at centennial to millennial timescales. During the last two decades, the recovery and compilation of Holocene records from the subtropical North Atlantic and the Mediterranean Sea have improved our knowledge about millennial-scale variability of the Western Mediterranean palaeoclimate. The variabilities appear to affect regional precipitation patterns and environmental systems in the Western Mediterranean, but the timescales, magnitudes and forcing mechanisms remain poorly known. To compare the changes in Holocene climate variability and geomorphological processes across temporal scales, we analysed a 19.63-m long sediment record from Lake Sidi Ali (33°03’ N, 5°00’ W, 2080 m a.s.l.) in the sub-humid Middle Atlas that spans the last 12,000 years (23 pollen-based radiocarbon dates accompanied with 210Pb results). We use calibrated XRF core scanning records with an annual to sub-decadal resolution to disentangle the complex interplay between climate changes and environmental dynamics during the Holocene. Data exploration techniques and time series analysis (Redfit, Wavelet) revealed long-term changes in lake behaviour. Three main proxy groups were identified (temperature proxies: 2ky, 1ky and 0.7ky cycles; sediment dynamic proxies: 3.5ky, 1.5ky cycles; hydrological proxies: 1.5ky, 1.2ky, 0.17ky cycles). For example, redox sensitive elements Fe and Mn show 1ky cycles and higher values in the Early Holocene and 1.5ky cycles and lower values in the Mid- to Late Holocene. All groups show specific periodicities throughout the Holocene, demonstrating their particular climatic and geomorphological dependencies. Furthermore, we discuss these periodicities relating to global and hemispheric drivers, such as the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), El-Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO), Innertropical Convergence Zone variability (ITCZ) and North Atlantic cold relapses (Bond events).

We investigate the decadal-to-centennial ENSO variability based on nonlinear data-driven stochastic modeling. We construct data-driven model of yearly Niño-3.4 indices reconstructed from paleoclimate proxies based on three different sea-surface temperature (SST) databases at the time interval from 1150 to 1995 [1]. The data-driven model is forced by the solar activity and CO2 concentration signals. We find the persistent antiphasing relationship between the solar forcing and Niño-3.4 SST on the bicentennial time scale. The dynamical mechanism of such a response is discussed.The work was supported by the Russian Science Foundation (Grant No. 20-62-46056)1. Emile-Geay, J., Cobb, K. M., Mann, M. E., & Wittenberg, A. T. (2013). Estimating Central Equatorial Pacific SST Variability over the Past Millennium. Part II: Reconstructions and Implications, Journal of Climate, 26(7), 2329-2352.

A century of publications in the Poultry Science journal is celebrated with Centennial papers. It is relevant, therefore, to explore trace mineral (TM) research with an emphasis on manganese and selected aspects of skeletal development. Some of the initial observations on the topic appeared in the earliest volumes of our journal. Published studies in the late 1920’s and 1930’s confirmed the importance of the diet and unidentified organic (i.e., vitamins) and inorganic nutrients (i.e., TM) relative to skeletal development. The early nutrition research emphasized requirement studies, the search for unknown factors to alleviate recognized deficiencies, and lastly important nutrient interactions, especially in the gut. This review will discuss TM research with an emphasis on manganese (Mn). Some of the fundamental discoveries on the mechanisms underlying embryonic and post-hatch skeletal development led directly to research directed at the role of Mn in the synthesis of the epiphyseal matrix. The TM research agenda today is considerably different with respect to all trace nutrients and is largely driven by gut health, antibiotic free production, food safety and environmental outcomes. A significant proportion of the published research over the last 2 decades has focused on the form (i.e., organic, inorganic) of a given TM relative to a given physiologic or production response under the pretext that modern commercial genotypes and production realities have changed considerably since the last NRC publication ( NRC, 1994 ). If one closely reviews the more recent scientific literature, however, it could be argued that the term “trace mineral requirement” is often a misnomer. Many of the TM levels recommended or in use today are not the result of quantifiable requirement studies but are often based on efficacy comparisons with the different organic and inorganic forms of commercially available TM.

In global climate models, low-frequency natural variability related to the Atlantic Ocean overturning circulation is a common behaviour. Such intrinsic climate variability is a potential source of decadal climate predictability. However, over longer term scenario simulations, this natural variability becomes a major source of uncertainty. In this study, we document a large and sustained centennial variability in the 3500-year pre-industrial control run of the CNRM-CM6 coupled climate model which is driven by the North Atlantic ocean, and more specifically its meridional overturning circulation (AMOC). We propose a new AMOC dynamical decomposition highlighting the dominant role of mid-depth density anomalies at the western boundary as the driver of this centennial variability. We relate such density variability to deep convection and overflows in the western subpolar gyre, themselves controlled by and intense salinity variability of the upper layers. Finally, we show that such salinity variability is the result of periodic freshwater recharge and descharge events from the Arctic Ocean, themselves triggered by stochastic atmospheric forcing.

Here we present a 4200-year-old high-resolution peat core reconstruction from southern Patagonia. Our detailed carbon isotope (δ13C) record and testate amoeba-inferred water table depth reconstruction point to a progressive wetting of the peatland surface from 4200 to 1500 cal. yr BP, followed by a dry event at 1200-800 cal. yr BP and drier conditions since then. Superimposed on this trend are centennial-scale dips in δ13C values and water table depths that we associate with warm/dry spells. We interpret these shifts, which are akin to positive phases of the Southern Annual Mode (SAM), as reflecting century-scale changes in the Southern Westerly Wind belt during the late Holocene. Other records from southern South America and Tasmania have revealed synchronous changes in local vegetation and fire activity, strengthening our hypothesis. We know that millennial-scale shifts in the Westerly winds influence ocean upwelling in the Southern Ocean, with effects on global atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations. Our study, along with a few others, may help elucidate whether centennial-scale SAM-like shifts could also modulate the global carbon cycle via CO2 degassing from the deep ocean. This is important because instrumental and reanalysis records indicate strengthening and poleward contraction indicate a positive phase of the SAM since the late twentieth century.

A pronounced multi-centennial variability of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) is found to be regulated by the salinity exchanges between the Atlantic and Arctic ocean in the IPSL-CM6A-LR atmosphere-ocean coupled model. The AMOC variations are preceded by salinity-driven density anomalies in the main deep convection sites in the Labrador and Greenland seas. Associated with a strong AMOC, the Arctic sea ice export through the Fram Strait reduces due to the decreased sea ice volume and anomalous northward currents. Anomalous freshwater hence accumulates at the surface in the Central Arctic. Meanwhile, the enhanced Atlantic inflow enters the Arctic through the Barents Sea and leads to a positive salinity in the Eastern Arctic subsurface. The surface freshwater anomalies last for 4 to 5 decades before they eventually reach the Lincoln Sea north of Greenland. The associated oceanic currents around Greenland reorganize, favoring the anomalous Arctic freshwater export to the North Atlantic and intensifying the stratification in deep convection sites. The AMOC then weakens, and the Central Arctic presents a positive surface salinity anomaly in turn. The oscillation switches to the opposite phase. These AMOC and sea ice fluctuations modulate climate worldwide, with a strong AMOC leading to a warming of 0.4°C in the northern extratropics, reaching up to 1°C in the Arctic lower troposphere during winter. In all seasons, a northward displacement of the intertropical convergence zone is also simulated.

Paleoclimate records from the Pyrenees covering last glacial period are scarce since many lakes were covered by the glaciers, glacier deposits just provide discontinuous information and in very few caves we can find speleothem growth during that cold and generally dry time period. Las Gloces cave, located close to Ordesa and Monte Perdido National Park (Central Pyrenees, Iberian Peninsula) at 1240 m a.s.l., is one the few examples to study that time interval. Thus, for the first time, we present a speleothem in the Pyrenees that was growing during the Maximum Ice Extent in the last glacial period in a cave located just 3 km away from the glacier. Two speleothems from las Gloces were sampled, one covering the Holocene and last deglaciation (last 16.6 ka) and the other one growing from MIS4 (67.8 ka) to Mid-Holocene (4.7 ka), with two hiatuses at 50-47 ky and 30-21 ka coinciding with cold/dry periods. Both stalagmites were dated and analyzed for stable i sotopes and trace elements. During MIS4, the lowest growth-rates correspond with Heinrich Stadial (HS) 6 while there is an increase in growth rate during MIS3 onset, reaching the maximum at Greenland Interstadial (GI)-14. After this, and corresponding with HS5, the growing stopped and it will reactivate again during GI-12, but with low growth rates. A new interruption took place 30 ka ago, with a second hiatus (30-21 ka), corresponding with an important retreat of Central Pyrenees glaciers and maximum regional aridity. During last glacial period, δ13C and δ18O records vary with rather small amplitude of change (4 ‰ and only 1‰, respectively) and showing low correlation between them indicating they were likely affected by different influences. At 21 ka BP, there is a new speleothem growth that will be characterized by the heaviest δ13C and δ18O values in the record (0‰ and -7‰, respectively) that occurred during the global LGM period. Changes in the growth rate in those stalagmites could be related to precipitation oscillations during GS-GI cycles while the variation in δ13C could respond with changes in the temperature and rainfall on a glacial landscape with reduced vegetation cover. Differences in mean values of δ13C between MIS3 (-5‰) and Holocene (-9‰) represent a forest revegetation over the cave related with the climatic amelioration experienced during last deglaciation due to the increase in temperature and humidity. Drivers on δ18O change during MIS 3 are multiple and more complex but they may correspond to changes in amount of rainfall, temperature or moisture source. The drastic change in d18O during last deglaciation (from -10‰ at HS1 to -7 ‰ at the onset of the Holocene) could be additionally related to the well-known isotopic change of sea surface water due to the massive entrance of freshwater into the north Atlantic region.

Global atmospheric reanalyses are commonly applied for the validation of climate models, diagnostic studies, and driving higher resolution numerical models with the emphasis on assessing climate variability and long-term trends. Over recent years, longer reanalyses spanning a period of more than hundred years have become available. In this study, the variability and long-term trends of storm activity is assessed over the northeast Atlantic in modern centennial reanalysis datasets, namely ERA-20cm, ERA-20c, CERA-20c, and the 20CR-reanalysis suite with 20CRv3 being the most recent one. All reanalyses, except from ERA-20cm, assimilate surface pressure observations, whereby ERA-20C and CERA-20c additionally assimilate surface winds. For the assessment, the well-established storm index of higher annual percentiles of geostrophic wind speeds derived from pressure observations at sea level over a relatively densely monitored marine area is used.The results indicate that the examined centennial reanalyses are not able to represent long-term trends of storm activity over the northeast Atlantic, particularly in the earlier years of the period examined when compared with the geostrophic wind index based on pressure observations. Moreover, the reanalyses show inconsistent long-term behaviour when compared with each other. Only in the latter half of the 20th century, the variability of reanalysed and observed storminess time series starts to agree with each other. Additionally, 20CRv3, the most recent centennial reanalysis examined, shows markedly improved results with increased uncertainty, albeit multidecadal storminess variability does not match observed values in earlier times before about 1920.The behaviour shown by the centennial reanalyses are likely caused by the increasing number of assimilated observations, changes in the observational databases used, and the different underlying numerical model systems. Furthermore, the results derived from the ERA-20cm reanalysis that does not assimilate any pressure or wind observations suggests that the variability and uncertainty of storminess over the northeast Atlantic is high making it difficult to determine storm activity when numerical models are not bound by observations. The results of this study imply and reconfirm previous findings that the assessment of long-term storminess trends and variability in centennial reanalyses remains a rather delicate matter, at least for the northeast Atlantic region.

Black carbon (BC) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are potentially proxies of changes in natural and human activities during the past century. It is important to identify historical BC sources and differentiate human activities contribution to BC in the environment. In this study, a 30 cm peat profile from the Jiadengyu (JDY) peatland in Altay Mountain was dated by the 137Cs and 210Pb methods. BC, total PAHs content and δ13CBC in JDY peat were tested. The results showed that the TOC, BC and PAHS contents in JDY peat core were 17.09 ~ 47.16%, 1.14 ~ 67.138 mg/g and 260.58 ~ 950.98 ng/g, respectively. The value of δ13CBC ranged -31.5‰ ~ -27.43‰, with an average of -30.52‰. The range of total PAHs concentrations in JDY peat core were between 260.59 ng/g and 950.98 ng/g. The BC was significantly correlated with PAHs and regional population. The BC fluxes have slightly increased since 1900s with the increasing population and cultivate area, and more significantly in 1980s. The burning of biomass and yak dung, fossil fuels, and human activities (mining, coking coal) may have important effects on the BC emission of soil in the Altay region. The change of BC and δ13CBC reflected the change of local energy structure. With the regional reclamation increasing and environment- friendly industry developing, the BC source of JDY peatland is mainly the result of the interaction between biomass combustion and fossil fuel combustion.

Recent Antarctic surface climate change has been characterized by greater warming trends in West Antarctica than in East Antarctica. Although the changes over recent decades are well studied, the short instrumental record limits our ability to determine if such asymmetric patterns are common for Antarctica and the processes at their origin. Here, we will focus on the years 0-1000 CE as some ice core records display very contrasted trends during this period. Furthermore, the climate models are unable to reproduce the warming displayed in some reconstructions from 1 to 500 CE over East Antarctica. In order to understand the origin of these apparent incompatibilities and investigate the effect of proxy selection on regional reconstructions over 0-1000 CE, we performed several offline data assimilation experiments based on different groups of d18O records and the isotope-enabled general circulation models (iCESM). When assimilating different d18O data sets, large differences appear in the pattern of temperature trend over 0-500 CE, but the patterns over 500-1000 CE are more consistent among the various experiments. This implies that the spatial pattern of temperature trend over 0-500 CE is still uncertain because of this high sensitivity on the choice of the proxies to constrain the model results, while the pattern over 500-1000 is more robust, with the greater cooling over West Antarctica than East Antarctica. This pattern over 500-1000 CE relates to the intensifying of the low pressure centered in the Amundsen Sea, which induces enhanced southerly flow through most of WAIS.