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The characteristics of the patients may favour the appearance of complications. Taking into account the high morbimortality of the process, we believe that is convenient knowing main features of acute peritonitis in postoperatory in our surgical area.We have retrospectively studied the radical cystectomies having postoperative peritonitis. Variables considered can be classified in four main categories: patient physiology, operation, peritonitis and morbimortality.During considered time, 9 of 80 cystectomies showed complications related with peritonitis (11,25%). Except one patient, 44-year-old, all others where 50-year-old or older males. 5 surgeries were curative and 4 palliative. 5 of the peritonitis appeared during first week. Initial mechanism was dehiscence, necrosis or hypertension (6.2 and 1 respectivelly). In 6 patients, origin was ureteroileal anastomosis, 2 intestinal anastomosis and I cutaneous ureterostomy. 3 of 9 patients died due to peritonitis.The incidence of intra-abdominal complications during the immediate post operative period of radical cystectomy is high and, often, difficult to diagnose. In patients subjected to this surgery as a palliative method, possibility of showing complications is higher. To correct this medical profile, early intervention is fundamental, determining patient prognosis.

OBJECTIVE To investigate the incidence of tuberculosis (TB) in a cohort of contacts and to analyze the variables associated with the disease. METHODS A prospective analysis was undertaken of all the contact investigations carried out in a health district in the Basque Country in northern Spain between January 1, 1995 and December 31, 2004. The dependent variable was the number of cases of TB detected among the contacts. Independent variables were age, sex, tuberculin skin test result, and the degree of contact. In index cases, additional variables were the site of the disease and smear test result. RESULTS Analysis of 5444 contacts of 596 patients with TB yielded 66 secondary cases of TB (40 at the time of the contact investigation and 26 at a later stage); the majority (73%) developed the disease within 12 months. Multivariate analysis revealed a significant relationship between the detection of secondary cases and the following variables: close contact (odds ratio [OR], 3.05; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.75-5.31), positive smear test (OR, 8.54; 95% CI, 2.06-35.43), induration of 10 mm or larger (OR, 10.18; 95% CI, 4.27-24.26), and age under 30 years (OR, 3.35; 95% CI, 1.88-5.98). The final predictive model constructed on the basis of these 3 variables had a sensitivity of 77.4%, a specificity of 80.3%, and an area under the curve of 0.83 (95% CI, 0.78-0.88). CONCLUSIONS The contact investigation is a valid strategy for the detection of new cases of TB. Prophylactic treatment should be implemented at an early stage, and priority should be given to young contacts of smear-positive patients using an induration size of 10 mm or more as a reference.

La redacción del primer Código de Derecho Canónico que tuvo la Iglesia latina fue ordenada por el Papa san Pío X en 1904. La tarea codificadora, empero, no fue obra de un grupo cerrado de expertos, sino que tuvo en cuenta el parecer del episcopado mundial, el que fue consultado en dos momentos; en ambos fueron consultados los obispos chilenos, pero la documentación ha permanecido guardada en el Archivo Secreto Vaticano hasta tiempos recientes. En esta oportunidad se publica un proyecto parcial, hasta ahora desconocido, de Código de Derecho Canónico enviado a Roma por el obispo chileno Rafael Fernández Concha en 1904. Pope Pius X ordered in 1904 the writing of the first Code of Canonical Law that the Latin Church had. The codification task resulted not only from the work of a closed group of experts, but also from considering the opinión of the world episcopate, which was consulted at two moments; in both moments, Chilean bishops were consulted, but the documentation has been kept in the Secret Archive of the Vatican until recent times. In this opportunity, a partial project of the Canonical Law Code sent to Rome in 1904, written by Chilean bishop Rafael Fernandez Concha, unknown until now, is published.

Se presenta un listado y se discuten las edades K/Ar de 54 muestras de rocas ígneas y metamórficas de varias localidades de México determinadas en el marco de un convenio entre el Consejo de Recursos Minerales (ahora Servicio Geológico Mexicano) y el Instituto de Geología de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Se analizaron rocas de los siguientes estados: Baja California Sur, Colima, Durango, Estado de México, Guerrero, Jalisco, Oaxaca, San Luis Potosí, Sinaloa y Zacatecas. Se reporta la información relevante de cada muestra, ubicación, unidad geológica, descripción petrográfica, mineral analizado, edad calculada y el contexto geológico regional. Asimismo, se proporcionan en forma de tabla los datos analíticos de todas las muestras. El rango de las edades obtenidas varía de 2 Ma a 249 Ma; alrededor del 30% de las muestras fechadas corresponden a cuerpos de rocas volcánicas y plutónicas del Oligoceno, distribuidos en la Sierra Madre Occidental y Sierra Madre del Sur.

OBJETIVOS Las caracteristicas de los pacientes que actualmente se intervienen podrian favorecer la aparicion de complicaciones (tumores avanzados, pluripatologia, etc.).Teniendo en cuenta la elevada morbimortalidad del proceso, creemos necesario conocer las caracteristicas principales de la peritonitis aguda postoperatoria en nuestro area quirurgica. METODOS Se estudian las cistectomias radicales realizadas que presentaron en el postoperatorio peritonitis. Las variables a estudio fueron clasificadas en cuatro categorias: fisiologia del paciente, intervencion, peritonitis y morbimortalidad. RESULTADOS En el plazo estudiado, 9 de las 80 cistectomias se complicaron con peritonitis (11,25%). Todos ellos varones por encima de 50 anos excepto un paciente de 44 anos. La intencion quirurgica fue en 5 de ellos curativa y paliativa en 4. 5 de las peritonitis aparecieron dentro de la primera semana. El mecanismo inicial fue por dehiscencia, necrosis o hiperpresion (6,2 y 1 respectivamente) y el origen fue en la anastomosis uretero-ileal en 6 pacientes, en 2 la anastomosis intestinal y en 1 la ureterostomia cutanea. 3 de los 9 pacientes fallecen consecuencia de la peritonitis (3,75% del total) CONCLUSIONES La incidencia de las complicaciones intraabdominales en el postoperatorio inmediato de las cistectomias radicales es elevada y muchas veces dificil de diagnosticar. En los pacientes sometidos a esta intervencion con caracter paliativo, la posibilidad de presentar complicaciones es mayor. La actuacion precoz en estos casos es fundamental para corregir el cuadro clinico, condicionando el pronostico del paciente.

Studies of high-altitude populations, and in particular of maladapted subgroups, may provide important insight into underlying mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of hypoxemia-related disease states in general. Over the past decade, studies involving short-term hypoxic exposure have greatly advanced our knowledge regarding underlying mechanisms and predisposing events of hypoxic pulmonary hypertension. Studies in high altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE)-prone subjects, a condition characterized by exaggerated hypoxic pulmonary hypertension, have provided evidence for the central role of pulmonary vascular endothelial and respiratory epithelial nitric oxide (NO) for pulmonary artery pressure homeostasis. More recently, it has been shown that pathological events during the perinatal period (possibly by impairing pulmonary NO synthesis), predispose to exaggerated hypoxic pulmonary hypertension later in life. In an attempt to translate some of this new knowledge to the understanding of underlying mechanisms and predisposing events of chronic hypoxic pulmonary hypertension, we have recently initiated a series of studies among high-risk subpopulations (experiments of nature) of high-altitude dwellers. These studies have allowed to identify novel risk factors and underlying mechanisms that may predispose to sustained hypoxic pulmonary hypertension. The aim of this article is to briefly review this new data, and demonstrate that insufficient NO synthesis/bioavailability, possibly related in part to augmented oxidative stress, may represent an important underlying mechanism predisposing to pulmonary hypertension in high-altitude dwellers.

La deformación intencional craneana tiene como consecuencia la alteración permanente de los atributos anatómicos externos del cráneo humano. Entre las poblaciones prehispánicas del extremo norte de Chile esta práctica se extendió por un lapso de cinco mil años. En algunos casos, la presencia en el cráneo de restos bioculturales impide la aplicación de las técnicas morfométricas normalmente utilizadas en cráneo seco. Con el fin de superar esta limitación y conocer el patrón de variación de la forma craneana de muestras representativas de las poblaciones prehispánicas de Arica, se obtuvieron radiografías laterales que fueron analizadas mediante morfometría geométrica. Los resultados del presente trabajo muestran que: (1) la variación de los componentes de la forma craneana depende de la magnitud y dirección con que se aplicaron y orientaron originalmente los aparatos deformadores sobre los ejes anatómicos mayores del cráneo, (2) la deformación intencional involucra a los hitos anatómicos del neurocráneo y de la cara y (3) el tipo de la deformación intencional sería independiente del período cronológico durante el cual se llevó a cabo esta práctica, sugiriendo la ocurrencia de una continuidad morfológica entre las poblaciones arqueológicas de la costa y valles de Arica. Se discuten las consecuencias de esta discrepancia con los resultados obtenidos al aplicar morfometría convencional, se constata la importancia del uso de las técnicas radiográficas y la morfometría geométrica para comprender las consecuencias morfológicas de la deformación intencional del cráneo, y se discuten las eventuales aplicaciones clínicas de este enfoque morfométrico en poblaciones actuales

El fuero eclesiástico fue una herencia del derecho indiano al derecho patrio, si bien, desde los inicios de la vida republicana fue una aspiración la supresión del mismo. La oportunidad la brindó la discusión de la ley de organización y atribuciones de los tribunales, aprobada en 1875. Se estudia el desarrollo de las discusiones desde la particular perspectiva de la intervención que cupo en ellas a los Obispos chilenos y a la Santa Sede a la que acudieron tanto éstos como el gobierno de Chile. El fuero terminó por ser suprimido conjuntamente con los recursos de fuerza, en una solución que satisfizo a ambas partes. Ecclesiastic privileges were a legacy from the Indiano law to the national law, although, from the beginning of the republican life, its abolition was expected. The opportunity to do that was given by the analysis of the law governing both the organization and attribution of courts, passed in 1875. The development of the arguments is studied from the special perspective of the intervention made by the Chilean bishops and the Holy See, to which these bishops and the government of Chile went. The privileges were revoked because they were abolished along with the resource to force, a solution with which each party was satisfied.

Se estudia la cinética del secado convencional y bajo vacío de pino radiata (Pinus radiata D. Don). Se analiza la evolución de la humedad de la madera durante el secado convencional basándose en el cálculo de un coeficiente global de secado. Bajo vacío se explora la velocidad del secado apoyándose en la determinación de una curva característica. La madera utilizada en los experimentos es recogida al azar y recién aserrada en una planta industrial de la Octava Región, Chile. Se realizan tres ensayos de secado convencional utilizando un programa con condiciones ambientales constantes 70/60 (ºC/ºC) y un ensayo de secado bajo vacío con temperatura ambiente de 70 (ºC), humedad de equilibrio de la madera igual a 9 (%) y un nivel de vacío de 20 %. Mediciones experimentales de la evolución de la masa y la temperatura del aire y de la madera son recogidas durante el transcurso de todos los ensayos de secado. Los resultados muestran que durante el secado convencional de pino radiata, la evolución de la humedad de la madera puede ser representada satisfactoriamente con un coeficiente global de secado de 6.5*10-5 (kg/m².s). Durante el secado bajo vacío del pino radiata, la curva característica presenta una etapa inicial de secado constante de 11 horas, un contenido de humedad crítico de 58 (%) y una velocidad de secado máxima de 1.45 (%/h) The drying kinetic during conventional temperature drying and vacuum drying of radiata pine (Pinus radiata D. Don) was studied. The evolution of the wood moisture content based on the calculation of a global drying coefficient was analyzed. In vacuum drying the drying rate was explored and a characteristic drying curve was determined. The lumber used in this experiment was obtained after sawed from an industrial plant of 8th Region, Chile. Three run of conventional drying were carried out using constant conditions (70/60 ºC/ºC) and one run of vacuum drying was carried out with constant temperature of 70 (ºC), equilibrium moisture content of 9 (%) and a vacuum level of 20 %. Periodically, the evolution of mass and the air and wood temperature were recorded in a data acquisition system. The results shows that during the conventional drying of radiata pine, the evolution of wood moisture content was satisfactorily represented by a global coefficient of drying of 6.5*10-5 (kg/m².s). During the vacuum drying of radiata pine, the characteristic drying curve suggest a constant drying rate of 11 hours, a critical moisture content of 58 (%) and a maximal drying rate of 1,45 (%/h)

A new civil marriage law was published in Chile on May 17, 2004, thus replacing a law that had been in force since 1884. The new law introduces significant changes, the most important of which is the law of absolute divorce (divorce a vinculo matrimonii) in its three forms: sanction divorce, mutually agreed divorce and unilateral divorce or repudiation. In an attempt to mitigate the impact of this new legislation on a mainly Catholic society, the possibility of giving civil recognition to religious marriages, following the model of Spanish legislation, was contemplated. There was, however, one important difference -there are no agreements between the State and religious denominations. The final legislation on this issue completely distorted the original idea, so it is possible to say that in Chile there is only one civil marriage, in two modes. The first one is celebrated before civil authorities and the second, having started before a religious authority, must also be concluded by a civil authority. In the latter case, the validity of the marriage begins with the procedures before the civil authority, with complete disregard for any previous religious commitment.

El Derecho canónico ha influido en el Código Civil de Chile en diversas modalidades. Una de ellas es el denominado influjo implícito específico, que consiste en que el contenido de un artículo del Código Civil reproduce el contenido de una norma canónica sin que se haga referencia en el artículo respectivo ni en los proyectos del Código a dicha procedencia. Esta modalidad de influjo ocurre en dos artículos del Código Civil ya derogados, el art. 594 que impedía ser tutores o curadores a los que pertenecían al fuero eclesiástico; y el art. 2342 que establecía la incapacidad para que obispos, religiosos y ordenados in sacris fuesen fiadores. Los contenidos de estos dos artículos fueron obtenidos de las Siete Partidas, las que, a su vez, habían sido influidas, en la materia respectiva, por el Derecho canónico. Se analizan ambas situaciones en sus orígenes canónicos, su paso a las Siete Partidas y de éstas a los proyectos y al Código Civil de Chile. Canon law has influenced Chile's civil code in various ways. One of them is the specific implicit influence, in which the content of a civil code article reproduces the content of a canon norm with reference to its original source neither in the corresponding article nor in the bill of the code. This mode of influence occurs in two of the articles of the civil code already repealed: Art. 594, which prevented those having ecclesiastical privileges from being tutors or curators; and Art. 2342, which established the ineligibility for bishops, the clergy, and those ordained in sacris to be guarantors. The contents of these articles were obtained from the Siete Partidas*, which, in turn, had been influenced by canon law in the respective matter. Both situations in their canon origins, their transit to the Siete Partidas and from there to the bills and to Chile's civil code are analyzed.

El presente trabajo dice relación con la modelación numérica bidimensional de la cinética del secado de madera basada en el concepto de potencial hídrico. El modelo matemático contempla ecuaciones de transporte del tipo diferencial parcial no lineal de segunda orden resuelto numéricamente a través del Método de Volumen Finitos en coordenadas generalizadas. Resultados de curvas de secado e isoconcentraciones son mostrados para madera de Populus sp. comparados con datos experimentales y/o publicados en la literatura especializada. Se concluye que el método numérico propuesto permite simular satisfactoriamente el secado de la madera obteniendo información transitoria detallada de las distribuciones de humedad al interior de ésta The present work says relationship with the two-dimensional numerical model of the wood drying kinetics based on the water potential concept. The mathematical model is based on a set of non-linear second partial differential equations, which is solved by a numerical procedure using the Finite Volume Method in a generalized coordinates system. Results of drying curves and isoconcentrations are shown for Populus sp. wood and compared with experimental data. It has been concluded that the present numerical method allows to simulate the wood drying satisfactorily obtaining detailed information about the wood moisture content distributions

The Ecclesiastical Law of the State is a new branch of Law, which, in contrast to what has happened in Europe, has not been greatly developed in Chile; nor has it been treated in the rest of the continent until recent years. One of the reasons for this has been the consideration of religion in Chile has been a non-controversial subject, at least in the way it has been handled juridically, as opposed to what happened in the 19 t h century. This lack of development has not, however, hindered the production in the country of an interesting bibliography, which deals with specific aspects of the State of Chile's regulation of religion in its various juridical declarations. It is a literature which has arisen in a disjointed way, dealing with isolated subjects which have not always been agreed in (legal) doctrine; there has not been however any attempt to work into an organic system the various Chilean norms on religion. In this article a first preview is presented of a bibliography of titles published in Chile or abroad, referring to subjects which today in general form part of the general Ecclesiastical Law of the State, and which are dealt with in the same order as they have been dealt with by Chilean Law since 1925, the year in which the new Constitution, which gave freedom of worship in the country for the first time, was approved.

In this note we present the high prevalence of silicosis found in a marble workshop after exposure to an innovative silica product. A prospective, observational study was conducted with 11 workers who have been exposed to different types of quartz surfaces since 1995. In the shop, the work is divided into two groups: 4 subjects dedicated to the cutting workshop, and the remainder to assembly. At the time of the study, they had not been using any specific respiratory protection apparatus. Six cases of silicosis have been diagnosed, which means a disease prevalence of 54.5% in this setting. Out of the 6 affected workers, 5 (83.3%) are assemblers. We highlight the high risk of developing silicosis in the handling of different products within the range of quartz surfaces.

Resumen En esta nota mostramos la elevada prevalencia de silicosis encontrada en una marmoleria tras una exposicion a una novedosa presentacion de silice. Se trata de un estudio observacional, prospectivo, en el que se han estudiado 11 trabajadores que se exponen desde 1995 a diversas presentaciones de superficies de cuarzo. Los puestos de trabajo se dividen en dos grupos: por una parte 4 sujetos desarrollan trabajos de corte en el taller; el resto de los trabajadores trabaja en el montaje. Hasta la fecha no han utilizado sistemas de proteccion respiratoria especificos. Se han diagnosticado 6 casos de silicosis, lo que supone una prevalencia de enfermedad para este ambito del 54,5%. De los 6 afectados, 5 (83,33%) son montadores. Destacamos el elevado riesgo de desarrollo de silicosis en el manejo de los diversos productos que conforman la gama de superficies de cuarzo.

Se presenta la modelación fenomenológica del secado a temperatura convencional (T ≤80 °C) y se describe su ecuacionamiento unidimensional sobre la base de un coeficiente global de secado. Resultados numéricos transitorios de humedad y temperatura en la madera y en el aire ambiente, para el caso del secado de coigüe Nothofagus dombeyi, son concordantes con aquellos obtenidos por otros autores. Se concluye que el modelo predice satisfactoriamente el proceso de secado a baja temperatura de una madera refractaria. La validación experimental de la simulación se abordará en la parte 2 de este estudioA one-dimensional phenomenological model for low temperature (T ≤80 °C) wood drying process based in the global drying coefficient curve is described. Transient numerical values of moisture content and temperature in wood and ambient air conditions were found to agree with results described in the literature. The Chilean coigüe Nothofagus dombeyi was used. The numerical model properly predicts the transient drying variables for low permeability wood. The experimental validation of the drying simulation will be explained in part 2 of this study

Background: Longitudinal studies of the glycoproteinoses have been undertaken to detail the natural course of these rare diseases, assess genotype–phenotype correlations, and establish clinical and laboratory databases. The Greenwood Genetic Center hosted Glycoproteinoses Clinics in July, 2012 in conjunction with the Third International Conference for Glycoproteinoses in Charleston, South Carolina. Methods: Every patient attending the multi-disciplinary clinic was evaluated by a geneticist, cardiologist, dentist, neurologist, ophthalmologist, orthopedist, and psychologist. All patients had electrocardiogram, transthoracic echocardiogram, and cognitive testing (KBITII or DAYC). Adaptive functioning measures (Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scale) and Parent Stress Index were completed for most patients. Blood, urine, and fibroblasts were collected from patients and parents. Diagnoses were confirmed with biochemical studies, and causative genes were sequenced. Results: Six different glycoproteinoses disorders were represented in this cohort of thirty patients, ages 2–40 years: alpha-mannosidosis (7), mucolipidosis (ML) II (2), ML III (17, including four patients best categorized as having intermediate ML II/III), fucosidosis (1), galactosialidosis (1), and aspartylglucosaminuria (2). Analysis of the extensive data collected is ongoing but has already yielded new insights for each condition. For example, findings in patients with alphamannosidosis include normocephaly 7/7, retinal vasculature tortuosity 6/7,mandibular torus or buccal exostosis 4/7, and tooth discoloration 5/ 7. For the first time, GNTPAB genotype/cardiac phenotype correlations are made. Novel mutations are reported for FUCA1, MAN2B1, AGA, and GNPTAB genes. Conclusions: Glycoproteinoses Clinics 2012 yielded extensive natural history data and rare laboratory samples. Clinical, biochemical, and molecular data will be presented.