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In spite of the lack of evidence regarding the clinical benefits of oral 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) compounds in Crohn's disease (CD), these drugs are frequently used in daily clinical practice, particularly for colonic CD. Our aim is to assess the use and clinical outcomes of 5-ASA of those patients with colonic CD treated with 5-ASA as monotherapy.

El virus de la gripe ha acompañado al ser humano desde tiempo inmemorial, en forma de epidemias anuales y pandemias ocasionales. Se trata de una infección respiratoria con múltiples repercusiones sobre la vida de las personas a nivel individual y social y supone una importante sobrecarga para el sistema sanitario. El presente documento de consenso surge de la colaboración de diversas sociedades científicas españolas implicadas en la atención de la infección por el virus de la gripe. Las conclusiones extraídas se han fundamentado en las evidencias de mayor calidad disponibles en la literatura científica y, en su defecto, en la opinión de los expertos convocados. En el documento de consenso se abordan los aspectos clínicos, microbiológicos, terapéuticos y preventivos (respecto de la prevención de la transmisión y en relación con la vacunación) de la gripe, tanto en población pediátrica como en adultos. Este documento de consenso aspira a contribuir a facilitar el abordaje clínico, microbiológico y preventivo de la infección por el virus de la gripe y, consecuentemente, a disminuir sus importantes consecuencias sobre la morbimortalidad de la población.

This paper presents the design and economic evaluation of an industrial plant for the production of e-fuels, specifically oriented to e-kerosene. The study deals with the conceptual design of the process, focusing on equipment sizing and thermal integration to optimize energy efficiency and kerosene yield. Key components of the plant include the synthesis gas production (reverse water gas shift), the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis unit, the hydrocracking reactor and distillation train. Auxiliary services (cooling water service and steam production and use) are included as well. Both hydrogen (produced electrolytically from wind energy) and carbon dioxide (captured from exhaust gas turbine nearby the plant) are considered as raw materials for the process under study. Results indicate a consumption of 0.8 kgH2/kgfueland 3.1 kgCO2/kgfuelwith a kerosene yield of ca. 75%. The economic assessment considers capital and operating expenditures (CAPEX and OPEX), market conditions. Profitability indicators, such as Net Present Value (NPV), Internal Rate of Return (IRR), Payback Period (PBP) and Levelized Cost of Fuel (LCoF), are used to evaluate the plant's financial viability. A sensitivity analyses explores the influence of hydrogen costs and kerosene selling pricing over the internal rate of return.

The influenza virus has accompanied humans since time immemorial, in the form of annual epidemics and occasional pandemics. It is a respiratory infection with multiple repercussions on people's lives at an individual and social level, as well as representing a significant burden on the health system. This Consensus Document arises from the collaboration of various Spanish scientific societies involved in influenza virus infection. The conclusions drawn are based on the highest quality evidence available in the scientific literature and, failing that, on the opinion of the experts convened. The Consensus Document addresses the clinical, microbiological, therapeutic, and preventive aspects (with respect to the prevention of transmission and in relation to vaccination) of influenza, for both adult and pediatric populations. This Consensus Document aims to help facilitate the clinical, microbiological, and preventive approach to influenza virus infection and, consequently, to reduce its important consequences on the morbidity and mortality of the population.

ABSTRACTObjective: This study explored cortical auditory evoked potential (CAEPs) elicited by speech sounds in children with unilateral congenital aural atresia (CAA). Design: Twelve children (8 males) aged 7–16 years (Mage10.0, SD3.1) with unilateral CAA took part in the study. Results were compared to a control group of 15 children 5–16 years (Mage9.5, SD 3.4 years) with normal hearing bilaterally. CAEPs to speech in noise (+5 dB signal-to-noise ratio) were recorded. Results: P1 amplitudes were larger for frontal locations regardless of the stimulus, ear of presentation, group (CAA vs. normal hearing), or age. Younger participants had larger P1 amplitude across electrodes. For N250 responses, CAEPs evoked by /ti/ had the shortest latency, followed by /di/and/gi/. Older children presented with shorter N250 latencies for /ti/, regardless of electrode location or group or ear of presentation. Conclusions: CAEPs in children with a moderate conductive congenital unilateral hearing loss showed typical developmental and stimulus effects. We did not find group differences when CAEPs of children with atresia were compared to control participants. Better understanding of typical development and changes in CAEPs over time in children with CAA is needed to ascertain whether unilateral hearing loss due to CAA has effects on CAEPs that correlate with perceptual effects.

Schizophrenia is a chronic and severe mental disorder with high heterogeneity in its symptoms clusters. The effectiveness of drug treatments for the disorder is far from satisfactory. It is widely accepted that research with valid animal models is essential if we aim at understanding its genetic/ neurobiological mechanisms and finding more effective treatments. The present article presents an overview of six genetically-based (selectively-bred) rat models/strains, which exhibit neurobehavioral schizophrenia-relevant features, i.e., the Apomorphine-susceptible (APO-SUS) rats, the Low-prepulse inhibition rats, the Brattleboro (BRAT) rats, the Spontaneously Hypertensive rats (SHR), the Wisket rats and the Roman High-Avoidance (RHA) rats. Strikingly, all the strains display impairments in prepulse inhibition of the startle response (PPI), which remarkably, in most cases are associated with novelty-induced hyperlocomotion, deficits of social behavior, impairment of latent inhibition and cognitive flexibility, or signs of impaired prefrontal cortex (PFC) function. However, only three of the strains share PPI deficits and dopaminergic (DAergic) psychostimulant-induced hyperlocomotion (together with prefrontal cortex dysfunction in two models, the APO-SUS and RHA), which points out that alterations of the mesolimbic DAergic circuit are a schizophrenia-linked trait that not all models reproduce, but it characterizes some strains that can be valid models of schizophrenia-relevant features and drug-addiction vulnerability (and thus, dual diagnosis). We conclude by putting the research based on these genetically-selected rat models in the context of the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) framework, suggesting that RDoC-oriented research programs using selectively-bred strains might help to accelerate progress in the various aspects of the schizophrenia-related research agenda.